Exploring herbal medicine for anti-asthmatic activity: A review

Corresponding author: K.Praveena Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0. Exploring herbal medicine for anti-asthmatic activity: A review K.Praveena 1, *, S. Bharath2, G. Boominathan 2, A. Dhinakaran 2, S. Gopinath 2, M. Gowthamsingh 2, E. Imayaa 2, S. Naveenkumar 2, V. Ponni 2 and T. Sanjay girivasan 2 1 Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Gandhimathi College of Pharmacy, Tiruvannamalai. 2 Co-Author; Smt. Gandhimathi College of Pharmacy, Tiruvannamalai. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 Publication history: Received on 17 December 2024; revised on 18 December 2024; accepted on 23 December 2024 Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.21.1.0105 Abstract Asthma is a chronic inflammatory syndrome affecting 155 million people worldwide. Despite advances in modern medicine, herbal drugs remain a popular choice, with 70% of India's population using non-allopathic systems of medicine. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention plants with anti-asthmatic properties. Research has focused on evaluating traditional herbal remedies for asthma treatment. India has 45,000 plant species, many with medicinal properties. The study suggests isolating active chemical constituents and identifying key elements with pharmacological activity. Future research can focus on developing herbal treatments for asthma, providing a safer alternative to allopathic drugs. Keywords: Asthma; Treatment of Asthma; Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in Asthma; Allopathic drugs 1. Introduction Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway narrowing and associated with changes in eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, cytokines, and other inflammatory cell products. It is well known that asthma patients have elevated levels of specific IgE, which binds to receptors on mast cells and other inflammatory cells, triggering a cascade of inflammatory reactions that release mediators like histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. These mediators cause airway smooth muscle contraction and bronchoconstriction. Asthma is a prevalent disease affecting approximately 300 million people globally, Asthma is a global public health concern, with projections suggesting an additional 100 million cases by 2025, particularly in industrialized countries. Since the 1970s, the prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and economic burden of asthma have significantly increased, especially among children. Medicinal plants used for asthma treatment should exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihistaminic, smooth muscle relaxant, and anti-allergic properties. According to Ayurveda, effective anti-asthmatic drugs should have anti-kapha and anti-vata properties, while antioxidant supplements help reduce bronchoconstriction severity by neutralizing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Current asthma therapies often face limitations due to adverse effects, leading patients to seek complementary and alternative medicine. Quercetin, a widely consumed dietary flavonoid, has shown potential in managing asthma by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and the subsequent release of histamine (1,2,3). World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 724 Figure 1 Asthma 2. Epidemiology Asthma is a common condition that affects roughly 4 of the global population. Its prevalence has risen over the once many decades. According to epidemiologic studies by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the frequency of asthma in the United States increased from 3.0 in 1970 to 7.8 between 2006 and 2008. Presently, asthma affects 8.1 of grown-ups and 8.4 of children in the U.S. It's also a leading cause of exigency room visits, with 1.7 million visits in 2015 alone. Between 2001 and 2016,asthmarelated deaths in the U.S. dropped from 15 to 10 per million people. Still, asthma mortality remains nearly five times advanced in grown-ups than in children. Significant ethnical and gender difference persist in both asthma morbidity and mortality. Women and non-Hispanic Black individualities are particularly affected, with non-Hispanic Blacks being two to three times more likely to die from asthma than other ethnical groups. In terms of pathophysiology, asthma is believed to affect from a combination of geneterrain and genegene relations. Crucial threat factors in its development include exposure to tobacco bank, air pollution, respiratory viral infections, and rotundity. Also, inheritable factors play a significant part in the condition's onset. As we dish study set up that individualities with a family history of atopic asthma are four times more likely to develop the condition. Farther exploration has also shown that children of asthmatic parents are at a advanced threat of developing asthma themselves. As whole genome sequencing continues to identify new genes, the number of genes associated with asthma is steadily adding . Epidemiological studies also punctuate the frequent co-occurrence of asthma and other upper airway conditions. For case, over 80 of individualities with asthma report having rhinitis, which is characterized by vexation and inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes. Again, 10 – 40 of people with rhinitis also develop asthma. Those with rhinitis face a threefold increased threat of developing asthma, anyhow of whether they're atopic. A study by Linneberg et al. set up that sensitization to imperishable allerges significantly increases the threat of asthma development in individualities with antipathetic rhinitis(AR), compared to those exposed to seasonal allergen(4). 3. Etiology 3.1. Genetics The different phenotypes of asthma likely result from complex relations between environmental and inheritable factors. Twin and family studies have shown that heredity significantly influences the development of disinclinations and asthma, probably through several genes with moderate goods (i.e., genes associated with relative pitfalls in the range of 1.2 – 2). Genome-wide association studies have linked labels near the ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis controller 3( World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 725 ORMDL3) and gasdermin B (GSDMB) genes on chromosome 17q21, which render ORM1suchlike protein 3 and gasderminsuchlike protein, as being linked to nonageonset asthma. Other inheritable correlations include the IL1 receptorsuchlike 1( IL1R1), interleukin33( IL33), and a new vulnerability locus at the IFinducible protein X( PYHIN1) gene, particularly applicable in individualities of African descent. Increased expression of thymic stromallymphopoietin (TSLP) is also observed in asthmatic cases. Genetics can impact asthma treatment, as cases with the HSD3B1 genotype are more likely to repel glucocorticoids. Also, bronchodilator response (BDR) in Black children is linked to singlenucleotide polymorphisms in SPATA13AS1 and PRKG1. Variability in concordance rates among monozygotic halves highlights the significant part of environmental factors in asthma onset. Environmental exposures, similar as secondary bank, can modify the goods of specific alleles, as shown in the association between the NAT1 gene and nonage asthma. A study of 983 children set up that certain genotypes at the 17q21 locus (GSDMB and ORMDL3) give both inheritable threat and environmental protection against asthma(5). 3.2. Threat factors The Canadian Healthy child Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study linked several threat factors for asthma and disinclinations. Preterm birth, youthful motherly age, vitamin D insufficiency during gestation, and viral-convinced gasping in immaturity increase asthma threat. Beforehandlife rotundity, puberty, and exposure to adulterants further complicate this threat. Adultonset asthma is associated with rhinitis, atopy, smoking, and occupational exposures, with slight frequency increases in postmenopausal women on hormone relief remedy. Occupational asthma can affect from sensitizers like proteins and chemicals or annoyances similar as feasts and smothers. Asthma threat is told by colorful factors. Smoking, both active and secondary, increases asthma frequency, worsens symptoms, and reduces treatment effectiveness, particularly in women and children. Pollution, including out-of-door particulate matter( PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), as well as inner sources like smoking and gas appliances, exacerbates asthma, especially in civic areas. Rotundity contributes to more severe asthma through seditious pathways and reduced lung function. Occupational exposures and earlylife microbial factors, similar as respiratory infections or altered microbiomes, also heighten asthma threat. Also, limited microbial exposure during nonage (hygiene thesis) and habitual stress with inheritable tendencies further complicate asthma, especially in women (6). 4. Types of asthma The Education and Prevention of Asthma-disease at National position distributed this complaint in colorful types grounded on inflexibility, these are as follows • Intermittentasthma • Mild patientasthma • Moderate patientasthma • Severe patientasthma Intermittentasthma: If without any treatment any one of the factors given below prevails also it must be true, also the asthma is as intermittentasthma. Traits difficulty in breathing, cardiovascular affiliated problems, etc. Other traits encompass nightly events being like rise in body temperature, etc. The pathological test of estimating the functionality of lungs generally decrypt the normal values at case when the asthmaticattack is absent. Mild patientasthma: It's associated with the given factors In this type of asthma, the marks tend to do on diurnalbase and the specifics like thickset-acting inhalational specifics are used regularly. These traits intrude the dayto-day conditioning. The pathological test determining the functionality of lungs generally decrypt the normal values at case when the asthmaticattack is not prevailing. Moderate patientasthma: It's set up to be persistently-moderate when in the absence of any treatment any of the following factors are set up to be valid or considered to be true. The particularity are innovated to be associated with diurnal base and are treated with the use of inhalational specifics of asthma. The particularity tend to intrude with the diurnal conditioning. Lung function determination test is set up to be normal. Oppressively patientasthma: It's generally decrypted to be persistently severe if it doesn't prevail without treatment and the given points are set up to be valid in similar cases it's considered to be true. Nightly traits are veritably frequent. Lung function test is set up to parade abnormal results. 4.1. Classification of asthma by Etiology • Foreign or antipathetic asthma, • Natural asthma, World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 726 • Mixed asthma, • Potentially fatal asthma, • Aspirinconvinced asthma, • Occupational asthma, • Exerciseconvinced asthma, • Coughfellow, • Factitious asthma, • Cases with habitual obstructive pulmonary complaint (COPD). • Acute asthma language o Acute severe asthma, o Life hanging asthma, o Near-fatal asthma. • Common asthma subtypes o Nightly asthma, o Occupational asthma, o Antipathetic asthma, o Non/ antipathetic asthma, o Cough variant asthma and cough predominant asthma, o Adultonset( lateonset) asthma, o Asthma with patient tailwind limitation, o Asthma with rotundity, o Eosinophilic asthma (7, 8, 9, 10). 5. Pathophysiology of asthma Figure 2 Pathophysiology of Asthma Asthma results from habitual inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways, particularly the bronchi and bronchioles. This inflammation leads to increased contractility of the girding smooth muscles. Colorful common allergens, similar as pollen, dust diminutives, certain food accoutrements , and specific medicines, can precipitate asthmatic attacks. These factors contribute to bouts of airway narrowing, causing the classic symptom of gasping. The narrowing of airways is generally reversible with or without treatment. Still, in some cases, the airways suffer structural changes. Upon exposure to allergens, the product of IgE (immunoglobulin E) is stimulated, which binds to mast cells. On re-exposure to the same allergens, IgE triggers the degranulation of mast cells, releasing seditious intercessors similar as histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and bradykinins. Characteristic changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamella reticularis. Other changes involve elevated situations of tenacious mucus, bloodied mucociliary function, mucosal lump caused by increased vascular permeability, and vascular traffic. These differences lead to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Chronically, the smooth muscle of the airways may hypertrophy, and the number of mucus glands may increase. These changes are n't invariant throughout the lungs but are indigenous, World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 727 leading to increased intrapleural and alveolar gas pressure. This causes dropped perfusion of alveoli, performing in hypoxia. A latephase asthma response can do after significant allergen exposure. Symptoms may reappear 4 – 12 hours after the original attack due to patient cellular activation and can be more severe than the original occasion (11). 6. Signs and symptoms Asthma is marked by repeated episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, Tachycardia (100 beats/min), High Blood Pressure (more than 140/110mmHg), Chest tightness, Runny or stuffed up nose, Sore throat, Headache, Sneezing, Heavy sweating especially at night time, Trouble in speaking, Fatigue, Severe pain in back, neck and abdomen, Confusion , Coma and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lungs through coughing but is often difficult to expel. During recovery from an asthma attack, the sputum may appear pus-like due to high levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. Symptoms are typically worse at night, early in the morning, or in response to exercise or cold air. While some individuals with asthma rarely experience symptoms and only in response to specific triggers, others may frequently react and suffer from persistent symptoms (5, 11). 7. Diagnosis (1) This chart outlines the typical steps and tests that may be used in diagnosing asthma, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, and additional diagnostic requirements. Table 1 List of diagnosis in asthma Step Description Purpose Examples/Tests Medical History & Symptoms Review of symptoms, triggers, and family history Identify common asthma symptoms and triggers Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing - Allergies, respiratory infections, environmental triggers - Family history of asthma/allergies Physical Examination Physical examination of lungs and signs of allergies Detect respiratory signs and possible allergy indicators Listening to lungs for wheezing - Checking for eczema or nasal allergies Initial Lung Function Test Measure airflow obstruction and reversibility Assess baseline lung function and response to medication Spirometry: Measures amount and speed of exhaled air - Peak Flow Meter: Measures peak expiratory flow rate Bronchodilator Reversibility Test Repeat spirometry after using a bronchodilator Determine if symptoms improve with medication - Increased airflow after bronchodilator use may confirm asthma Additional Testing Additional tests as needed based on initial findings Further assess inflammation, sensitivity, and asthma control Methacholine Challenge: Tests airway hyperreactivity - FeNO Test: Measures nitric oxide in breath to detect inflammation - Oscillometry: Measures resistance in smaller airways Imaging (if needed) Imaging to rule out other conditions Assess structural lung changes or exclude other diseases HRCT or MRI: Used to visualize airways and lung structure Allergy Testing Identify potential allergens that trigger symptoms Detect allergic causes and guide treatment Skin prick tests - Blood tests for specific IgE antibodies Other tests Imaging tests, Sputum ecsinophils tests, Nitric-oxide tests, Provocative tests. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 728 8. Management and treatment of asthma Treatment of Asthma: Asthma operation focuses on longterm control and preventative measures. Effective strategies include relating and avoiding triggers, using specifics, and incorporating specific exercises. 8.1. Anti-asthmatic medicines • Bronchodilators: Include βadrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines to relax bronchial muscles. • Steroidalanti-inflammatory agents: Similar as corticosteroids and anti-leukotrienes to reduce inflammation. 8.2. Medication for Asthma Asthma specifics are distributed into quickrelief medicines for immediate symptom relief and longterm control specifics to help exacerbations. Antibiotics aren't generally needed for asthma operation. 8.3. QuickRelief specifics • SABAs(ShortAmusement Beta2Agonists) o Example: Salbutamol (albuterol) is the firstline treatment for acute symptoms and exercise-convinced asthma. o Frequently combined with anticholinergics like ipratropium for moderate to severe cases. o Sidegoodstemblors, pulsations, and agitation when combined with anticholinergics. • Anticholinergics o Give added benefit with SABA or asdruthers for those intolerant to SABAs. o Limited benefit for children under certain conditions. • Corticosteroids(ShortTerm) • Systemic corticosteroids can reduce relapse rates after acute exacerbations. 8.4. LongTerm Control specifics 8.4.1. Gobbled Corticosteroids(ICS) • Example: Fluticasone and beclomethasone. • Utmost effective for habitual control; oral forms are reserved for severe cases. 8.4.2. LABAs(LongAmusement BetaAgonists) • Examples: Salmeterol and formoterol. • Effective when combined with ICS; should n't be used without corticosteroids due to severe sideeffectpitfalls. • Anti-Leukotriene Agents • Examples: Montelukast, zafirlukast, and zileuton. • Beneficial as add-ons to ICS for perfecting lung function and reducing exacerbations, particularly inpatient asthma. • Limited benefit for acute exacerbations or as standalone remedy for certain age groups. 8.4.3. LOX Impediments • Example Zileuton, used for mild to moderate habitual asthma in aged children and grown-ups. These curatives are acclimatized grounded on individual requirements, with consideration for age, inflexibility, and response to former treatments. 8.5. Fresh Asthma Treatments • Aminophylline( IV) • Doesn't ameliorate bronchodilation compared to gobbled beta2 agonists and has further adverse goods. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 729 • Mast Cell Stabilizers • Example: Cromolyn sodium. • These aren't preferred druthers to corticosteroids for asthma operation. 8.6. Combination remedy( ICS LABA) • For wellcontrolled asthma in children, stopping LABA and using ICS-only treatment may have uncertain benefits and pitfalls. • In grown-ups, discontinuing LABA can increase the threat of asthma exacerbation staking oral corticosteroids, but its effect on overall asthma control and quality of life is minimum. • The effect of stopping LABA on serious adverse events or hospitalizations is still uncertain. 8.7. Anticholinergic specifics • Example: Ipratropiumplatitude. • Not salutary for treating habitual asthma in children over 2 times and not routinely used for habitual asthma in grown-ups. 8.8. Chloroquine and Methotrexate • Neither is recommended as backups for oral corticosteroids for asthma operation due to limited effectiveness and significant side goods. • Methotrexate is specifically not suggested due to adverse goods and minimum symptom relief. 8.9. Detector Avoidance Identifying and avoiding asthma triggers can significantly reduce symptoms and help exacerbations. Common triggers include: • Allergens: Pollen, dust diminutives, earth, pet dander, and cockroach patches. • Annoyances: Bank, air pollution, strong odors, and certain cleaning products. • Respiratory Infections: snap, the flu, and sinus infections. • Exercise: For exercise-convinced asthma, pre-treatment with a shortacting betaagonist(SABA) may be recommended. • Weather Changes: Cold air, high moisture, or unforeseen temperature shifts can complicate asthma symptoms. 8.10. Variations in life • Quitting Smoking: Smoking and exposure to secondary bank can worsen asthma. Quitting smoking is pivotal for better asthma operation. • Exercise: Regular physical exertion can ameliorate overall health and lung function. For individualities with exercise-convinced asthma, pre-treatment with a shortacting betaagonist( SABA) may be necessary before physical exertion. • Weight Management: Losing weight can significantly ameliorate asthma control in individualities with rotundityrelated asthma. • Vaccines: To help respiratory infections that could spark asthma exacerbations, individualities with asthma should stay up to date with their vaccinations • Influenza Vaccine: Annual flu vaccination is recommended. • Pneumococcal Vaccine: The pneumococcal vaccine is also important, particularly for individualities at advanced threat of respiratory infections. 8.11. Managing violent Asthma • Early Recognition: Cases should be educated to fete early warning signs of worsening asthma, similar as an increased need for deliverance inhalers, night symptoms, or briefness of breath. • Stepup Therapy: If symptoms worsen, oral corticosteroids and deliverance specifics (e.g., SABA) may be needed. • Emergency Care: Emergency medical attention is necessary if deliverance specifics don't relieve symptoms or if peak in flow measures are dangerously low. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 730 8.12. Special Consideration for Severe Asthma • Fresh curatives: For individualities with severe asthma who don't respond to conventional treatments, then suing options may be considered. • Biologics: As mentioned before, birth specifics similar as mepolizumab and omalizumab target specific asthma phenotypes to help control symptoms. • Bronchial Thermoplasty: This minimally invasive procedure reduces the smooth muscle in the airways, helping to drop the frequency and inflexibility of asthma attacks. • Referral to Specialists: In cases of severe asthma, referral to a pulmonologist or asthma specialist may be necessary for advanced care and operation. 8.13. Education and toneControl • Longterm Control: Effective longterm asthma operation relies on educating cases about their condition, their specifics, and the proper use of inhalers. • Healthcare Visits: During medical movables, tone-operation strategies are corroborated, and inhaler ways are routinely reviewed to insure proper use. The case and healthcare provide to manage asthma effectively, fastening on longterm control, precluding exacerbations, and icing highquality care. 9. Future directions for asthma Future directions in asthma management and research aim to improve treatment outcomes, enhance patients' quality of life, and potentially discover a cure. Advances in technology, personalized medicine, and a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of asthma are shaping the future of asthma care. Here are some key areas of development 9.1. Precision Medicine and Phenotyping • Tailored Treatments: Given that asthma is a heterogeneous disease, research is increasingly focused on personalized treatment approaches based on specific asthma phenotypes and biomarkers. By targeting therapies to the patient’s unique type of asthma (e.g., eosinophilic asthma, allergic asthma), treatment effectiveness is expected to improve. • Biomarkers: Identifying biomarkers, such as blood eosinophil levels, periostin, or fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), can help guide treatment decisions, enabling more precise and individualized care. 9.2. Advances in Biologic Therapies 9.2.1. Next-Generation Biologics • Current biologic therapies (e.g., anti-IL-5, anti-IL-4, and anti-IgE) have significantly advanced the treatment of severe asthma. Future research is focused on developing new biologics that target additional inflammatory pathways or mechanisms of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. 9.2.2. Expanded Use of Biologics • As understanding of asthma phenotypes grows, biologics may be expanded for use in a broader range of asthma types, including non-eosinophilic and non-allergic asthma. 9.2.3. Combination Biologics • Researchers are investigating the potential of combining different biologic therapies to target multiple pathways at once, which could improve outcomes for patients with severe asthma. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 731 9.3. Gene Therapy and CRISPR Technology 9.3.1. Gene Therapy • Research is ongoing to explore whether gene therapy could be used to correct genetic mutations linked to asthma. Although still in the early stages, this approach holds the potential for long-term or even permanent relief from asthma. 9.3.2. CRISPR • The gene-editing technology CRISPR is being investigated as a tool to modify genes that contribute to airway inflammation or hyperresponsiveness. While clinical applications are still far from realization, CRISPR has the potential to revolutionize asthma treatment in th 9.4. Microbiome Research 9.4.1. Role of the Microbiome • Emerging evidence suggests that both the gut and lung microbiomes play a significant role in the development and exacerbation of asthma. Future research is exploring how modifying the microbiome through probiotics, diet, or other interventions—might prevent asthma or reduce its severity. 9.4.2. Targeted Probiotics and Prebiotics • If further research confirms their potential, probiotics and prebiotics could become part of asthma management by helping to modulate immune responses and reduce airway inflammation. 9.5. Improved Inhaler Technology 9.5.1. Smart Inhalers • These devices are equipped with sensors and digital technology to track medication usage and improve adherence. They monitor when and how often patients use their inhalers, providing reminders or feedback to ensure correct usage. Data collected from smart inhalers can also be shared with healthcare providers to inform treatment decisions. 9.5.2. More Efficient Drug Delivery • Future inhalers may be designed to deliver medications more effectively, potentially requiring lower doses and minimizing side effects. 9.6. Environmental Monitoring and Predictive Tools 9.6.1. Real-Time Trigger Monitoring • Wearable technology and smartphone apps, integrated with air quality sensors, may alert patients to environmental conditions (e.g., pollen, pollution, humidity) that could trigger asthma. These tools could provide real-time, personalized recommendations to help patients avoid potential triggers. 9.6.2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning • AI and machine learning are being explored to predict asthma exacerbations by analyzing patient data, environmental factors, and lifestyle patterns. Predictive models could enable early intervention, potentially preventing asthma attacks. 9.7. Immunotherapy Advances 9.7.1. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy • Immunotherapy, which involves gradually exposing patients to increasing amounts of allergens to desensitize their immune response, may be enhanced to improve both effectiveness and safety for individuals with allergic asthma. Refinements in subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy could lead to better outcomes. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 738 14. Name: Pericarpium citri reticulatae, Family: Rutaceae, Uses: Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiplatelet, Anti-tumor, Anticancer etc. Solvent: Resins, Extraction: Ion exchange resins. In vivo: Bronchial hyperreactivity test. In vitro: Spasmolytic activity tests of isolated trachea. 15. Name: Piper longum linn, Family: piperaceae, Uses: pain reliver, Snake bite, Gonorrhea,Viral hepatitis, postpartum hemorrhage, Immunostimulant. Solvent: petroleum ether, Extraction: Distillation (soxhelt apparatus). Isolated Guinea pigs ileum preparation, Histamine-induced bronchospasm, Milk-induced leukocytosis, Haloperidol-induced catalepsy. 16. Name: Pistacia integerrima. Family: Anacardiaceae. Uses: Solvent: Methanol Extraction: Cold Maceration In Vitro method: Isolated chicken ileum, Goat tracheal chain preparation 17. Name: Portulace olerecea, Family: Portulecaceae, Uses: Anti-inflammatory, Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, Antidepressant, Antiapoptotic. Solvent: Ethanol, Extraction: Hydroethanolic extracts. Smooth muscle relaxant effects. 18. Name: Sururus chinensis, Family: Saururaceae, Uses: Anti-inflammatory, Murine neuroleptic, Hepatoprotective, Hypercholesterolemia activites. Solvent: Ethanol, Extraction: Decogtion. Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction. Protocol for Allergen Sensitization. Determination of Eosinophil number. 19. Name: Solanum xanthocarpum, Family: Solaneceae, Uses: Anti-inflammatory, Anti-bacterial, Hepatoprotective, Hypoglycemic etc. Solvent: Ethanol, Extraction: Distillation (Soxhlet apparatus). Histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, Acetylcholineinduced brochospasm in guinea pig, Dextran-induced oedema in rats, World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 739 Formaldehydeinduced hind paw volume Cotton pellet granuloma in rats . 20. Name: Tamarindus indica linn, Family: Caesapiniaceae, Uses: Anti-diarrhoea, Dysentery, Biliousness, Vaginal and uterine complaints, Antiinflammatory, Burning sensation. Solvent: Methanol, Extraction: maceration. Clonidine-induced mast cell degranulation in rats. Milk-induced Leukocytosis and Eosinophilia in mice. Clonidine-induced catalepsy in mice. 21. Name: Tinospora cordifolia, Family: Menispermaceae, Uses: Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Antispasmodic, Anti-leprotic, Antioxidant, Anti-diabetic, Anticancer, Anticomplementary, Immunomodulating activity etc. Solvent: Petroleum ether, Extraction:Distillation (Soxhlet apparatus). In vivo: Experimental design. In vitro: Induction of asthma. Experimental design. 22. Name: Vitis vinifera L. Family: Vitaceae, Uses: Anti-diabetic, Antiaging, Cardioprotective, Hypolipdemic, Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant. Solvent: Ethanol, Extraction: Rotary vacuum evaporator. Lung function and bronchoconstriction test. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collection. Serum preparation and cell count. Histamine analysis in lavaged lung tissue. 23. Name: Woodfordia fruticosa, Family: Lythraceae, Uses: Wound healing, Analgesic, antirheumatic, acrid, alexiritic, Anthelmintic properties, Anti-tumor, Aniviral, Antihyperglycemic, Hepatoprotective. Solvent: Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Methanol. Extraction: Hydroalcohol extract. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Egg albumin-induced rat paw edema. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 723-742 740 24. Name: Zingiber officinale, Family: Zingiberaceae, Uses: Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiepileptic, Anti-diarrhea, Heart problems etc. Solvent: Aqueous, Extraction: Decogtion. White blood cell and Eosinophils nalysis. Measurement of wet and dry weight of lungs. 11. Conclusion Asthma is a significant health issue affecting a large population globally. While synthetic medicines are effective, they often have harmful side effects, prompting a shift toward herbal remedies. Herbs are cost-effective, widely available, and generally safer, though not entirely risk-free. Medicinal plants like Ma Huang, Khellin, and snakeroot have provided molecules such as ephedrine, cromolyn sodium, and reserpine, which are now key treatments for asthma and other conditions. Ayurveda offers promising control for asthma, particularly through "Amoksha Ayurveda," with a 98% success rate and no side effects. Many medicinal plants, especially in India, remain underexplored for clinical use, presenting a research opportunity. Herbal medicines, with fewer side effects than allopathy, are gaining popularity. Researchers are challenged to develop inhibitors targeting leukotrienes, key asthma mediators, for effective treatment. Integrated medicine combining traditional and modern approaches holds promise for asthma management. Compliance with ethical standards Acknowledgments The author are very cordially grateful to my parents and my esteemed respected guide Dr. K. Praveena, H. Hariharan, Smt. Gandhimathi College of Pharmacy, Tiruvannamalai, For his supervision advice and guidance for providing encouragement and facilities for compiling this work. Disclosure of conflict of interest The author declare that they have no competing interests. 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