Evaluación del crecimiento primaveral de una pastura de secano mediterránea
Abstract
Presented as a Poster; and in Book of Abstracts of XLVIII Congreso Nacional y XXIV Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia. Bilbao, España (1st-3th October, 2025).
Full text
-"#631&/-*#636" LIBRO DE RESÚMENES SEOC 2025
*[FOCVSVBTítulo: &TQBJOJBLP"SEJFUB"IVOU[)B[LVOU[B&MLBSUFBSFO9-7***/B[JP ,POHSFTVBFUB99*7/B[JPBSUFLPBXLVIII Congreso Nacional y XXIV Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia. © Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia. © 5FTUVBLTextos: &HJMFBLAutores "SHJUBSBUVPublica: Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia. ,PPSEJOBU[BJMFBLCoordinadores: Jesse Barandika, Teresa Manso, Iranzu Telletxea ISBN: 978-84-09-77233-9
(9$/8$&,Ï1'(/&5(&,0,(17235,0$9(5$/'(81$3$6785$'( 6(&$120(',7(55È1($ 62720$,25-3\&$'$9(=9$3 &HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQGHOD0RQWDxD(VFXHOD6XSHULRU$JUDULD,QVWLWXWR3ROLWpFQLFRGH %UDJDQoD&DPSXVGH6DQWD$SROyQLDVQ%UDJDQoD3RUWXJDO YFDGDYH]#LSESW 5(680(1 (OREMHWLYRGHHVWHHVWXGLRIXHHYDOXDUODHYROXFLyQGHOFUHFLPLHQWRSULPDYHUDO\ODFDOLGDG GHSDVWRVGHVHFDQRHQFRQGLFLRQHVPHGLWHUUiQHDVHQOD4XLQWDGR3LQKHLUR0DQVR%UDJDQoD 3RUWXJDO/DFRPSRVLFLyQIORUtVWLFDIXHGHWHUPLQDGDPHGLDQWHHOPpWRGRGH/HY\\VHHYDOXy TXLQFHQDOPHQWHODSURGXFFLyQGHPDWHULDVHFD06SURWHtQDEUXWD3%\ILEUDGHWHUJHQWHQHXWUR 1')6HDMXVWDURQPRGHORVQROLQHDOHV:HLEXOO*RPSHUW]5DWNRZVN\\/RJtVWLFRDODFXUYD GH FUHFLPLHQWR SULPDYHUDO /D IUDFFLyQ GH OHJXPLQRVDV DXPHQWy VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH GH RWRxR DSULPDYHUDPLHQWUDVTXHODVJUDPtQHDVQRYDULDURQ6HREVHUYyXQDUHGXFFLyQ VLJQLILFDWLYDHQOD3%\XQDXPHQWRHQ1')DORODUJRGHODSULPDYHUD(OPRGHORGH:HLEXOO SURSRUFLRQyHOPHMRUDMXVWHSDUDGHVFULELUODFXUYDGHFUHFLPLHQWRGHVWDFDQGRODUHOHYDQFLDGHO XVRGHPRGHORVSUHGLFWLYRVSDUDPHMRUDUODJHVWLyQVRVWHQLEOHGHSDVWRVPHGLWHUUiQHRV 3$/$%5$6 &/$9( SDVWRV PHGLWHUUiQHRV SURGXFFLyQ YHJHWDO FRPSRVLFLyQ IORUtVWLFD PRGHORVQROLQHDOHV ,1752'8&&,Ï1 /DVSDVWXUDVSHUPDQHQWHVRFXSDQJUDQSDUWHGHOWHUULWRULRDJUtFRODHQHO0HGLWHUUiQHR VLHQGRHVHQFLDOHVSDUDODDOLPHQWDFLyQDQLPDO\HOHTXLOLEULRHFROyJLFR0DUWLQV(VWRV VLVWHPDVIRUUDMHURVQRVRORUHSUHVHQWDQXQDIXHQWHYLWDOGHQXWULHQWHVSDUDORVUXPLDQWHVVLQRTXH WDPELpQFXPSOHQIXQFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVFODYHFRPRODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHOVXHORODELRGLYHUVLGDG\ ODILMDFLyQGHFDUERQR&DUOLHUHWDO 6X SURGXFWLYLGDG \ FDOLGDG YDUtDQ FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH VHJ~Q OD HVWDFLyQ GHO DxR HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQSULPDYHUDSHUtRGRFUXFLDOSDUD ODSURGXFFLyQDQXDOGHELRPDVD)UHL[LDOH %DUURV 'XUDQWH HVWD HVWDFLyQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV IDYRUHFHQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR DFHOHUDGRGHODVHVSHFLHVIRUUDMHUDVORTXHFRQYLHUWHDODSULPDYHUDHQXQSXQWRHVWUDWpJLFRSDUD HOPDQHMR\DSURYHFKDPLHQWRHILFLHQWHGHORVSDVWRVGHVHFDQR 3RUHOORFRPSUHQGHUODGLQiPLFDGHFUHFLPLHQWR\FDOLGDGGHHVWRVSDVWRVHVIXQGDPHQWDO SDUDVXPDQHMRVRVWHQLEOH$UDHWDO$GHPiVHOXVRGHKHUUDPLHQWDVGHPRGHODFLyQQR OLQHDO SXHGH RIUHFHU LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHGLFWLYD YDOLRVD SDUD OD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV HQ VLVWHPDV DJURVLOYRSDVWRULOHVRSWLPL]DQGRHOUHQGLPLHQWR\ODVRVWHQLELOLGDGSURGXFWLYD 0$7(5,$/<0e72'26 (O HVWXGLR VH OOHYy D FDER HQ OD 4XLQWD GR 3LQKHLUR 0DQVR XQ iUHD H[SHULPHQWDO SHUWHQHFLHQWHDOD(VFROD6XSHULRU$JUiULDGH%UDJDQoD3RUWXJDOORFDOL]DGDHQODUHJLyQQRUHVWH GHOSDtVFRQFRRUGHQDGDVDSUR[LPDGDVGHƍ1ƍ2\DXQDDOWLWXGPHGLDGHP(O FOLPDGHODUHJLyQHVPHGLWHUUiQHRFRQLQIOXHQFLDFRQWLQHQWDOFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRULQYLHUQRVIUtRV\ OOXYLRVRV\YHUDQRVVHFRV\FDOXURVRV$(0(7H,0/RVVXHORVSUHGRPLQDQWHVVRQGHWLSR &DPELVROHVFRQOLPLWDFLRQHVKtGULFDV\GHIHUWLOLGDGPRGHUDGD$JXLDUH9LOD9LoRVD 'XUDQWH HO SHULRGR GH SULPDYHUD GH PDU]R D MXQLR VH LQVWDOy XQ VLVWHPD GH H[FOXVLyQGHSDVWRUHRFRQFDMDVGHSURWHFFLyQSHUPLWLHQGRHOVHJXLPLHQWRSUHFLVRGHOFUHFLPLHQWR GHODSDVWXUDVLQLQWHUIHUHQFLDDQLPDO6HUHDOL]DURQPXHVWUHRVTXLQFHQDOHV FRPHQ]DQGRHOGH PDU]R\ILQDOL]DQGRHOGHMXQLRWRWDOL]DQGRVHLVPRPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
(QFDGDIHFKDVHGHOLPLWDURQFXDGUtFXODVGHîFPPðGRQGHVHFRUWyWRGDOD ELRPDVDDpUHDDFPGHOQLYHOGHOVXHOR/DVPXHVWUDVIXHURQSHVDGDVSDUDREWHQHUODELRPDVD IUHVFD\SRVWHULRUPHQWHGHVKLGUDWDGDVHQHVWXIDFRQYHQWLODFLyQIRU]DGDD&KDVWDSHVR FRQVWDQWHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODPDWHULDVHFD06$GLFLRQDOPHQWHXQDSRUFLyQGHODVPXHVWUDVIXH VHFDGDD&SDUDDQiOLVLVTXtPLFR /DSURWHtQDEUXWD3%IXHGHWHUPLQDGDSRUHOPpWRGR.MHOGDKO\ODILEUDHQGHWHUJHQWH QHXWUR1')PHGLDQWHHOVLVWHPDGH9DQ6RHVWDPEDVH[SUHVDGDVHQSRUFHQWDMHGHODPDWHULD VHFD/DFRPSRVLFLyQIORUtVWLFDIXHHYDOXDGDHQRWRxRLQYLHUQR\SULPDYHUDPHGLDQWHHOPpWRGR GHSXQWRVGH/HY\XWLOL]DQGRXQDFXDGUtFXODFRQSXQWRVGHLQWHUVHFFLyQSDUDFRQWDELOL]DUHO Q~PHURGHFRQWDFWRVGHFDGDJUXSRIXQFLRQDOOHJXPLQRVDVJUDPtQHDVRWUDVHVSHFLHV\VXHOR GHVQXGR 3DUDGHVFULELUODGLQiPLFDGHFUHFLPLHQWRSULPDYHUDOGHODSDVWXUDVHDMXVWDURQFXDWUR PRGHORVGHFUHFLPLHQWRQR OLQHDOHV/RJtVWLFR *RPSHUW]5DWNRZVN\\:HLEXOO/RVDMXVWHV IXHURQ UHDOL]DGRV XVDQGR HO SDTXHWH QOV GHO VRIWZDUH 5 YHUVLyQ HPSOHDQGR PtQLPRV FXDGUDGRVQROLQHDOHV6HHYDOXyODFDOLGDGGHDMXVWHPHGLDQWHHOFRHILFLHQWHGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQ DMXVWDGR5ðDMHOGHVYtRHVWiQGDUUHVLGXDO'35\ORVFULWHULRVGHLQIRUPDFLyQGH$NDLNH$,& \%D\HVLDQR%,& 5(68/7$'26<',6&86,Ï1 'XUDQWH HO SHULRGR GH HVWXGLR VH REVHUYy XQD HYROXFLyQ VLJQLILFDWLYD WDQWR HQ OD FRPSRVLFLyQ IORUtVWLFD FRPR HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ \ FDOLGDG QXWULFLRQDO GH OD SDVWXUD GH VHFDQR HYDOXDGD &RPSRVLFLyQIORUtVWLFD /DIUDFFLyQGHOHJXPLQRVDVDXPHQWyVLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHGHVGHHORWRxR KDVWDODSULPDYHUDSLQGLFDQGRXQDUHFXSHUDFLyQYHJHWDWLYDIDYRUDEOH EDMRFRQGLFLRQHVSULPDYHUDOHV3DUGRH*DUFÕғD(VWHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRHVWtSLFRGHHVSHFLHV FRPRTrifolium subterraneum\Ornithopus compressusELHQDGDSWDGDVDOFOLPDPHGLWHUUiQHR\ FDSDFHVGHDSURYHFKDUODVSULPHUDVOOXYLDVGHORWRxRSDUDJHUPLQDU\GHVDUUROODUVH)UHL[LDOH %DUURV /DV JUDPtQHDV VH PDQWXYLHURQ HVWDEOHV a VLQ YDULDFLRQHV HVWDGtVWLFDV UHOHYDQWHVS!PLHQWUDVTXHHOJUXSRGHRWUDVHVSHFLHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHGLFRWLOHGyQHDVQR OHJXPLQRVDV \ OD SURSRUFLyQ GH VXHOR GHVQXGR GLVPLQX\HURQ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH S UHIOHMDQGRXQDPD\RUFREHUWXUDYHJHWDO\HVWDELOLGDGHFROyJLFDGHOVLVWHPD 3URGXFFLyQGHPDWHULDVHFD /DSURGXFFLyQDFXPXODGDGHPDWHULDVHFD06GXUDQWHODSULPDYHUDIXHGHWKDFRQ XQSURPHGLRGHWKDSRUFRUWH/DPD\RUWDVDGHFUHFLPLHQWRVHUHJLVWUyHQWUHHO\HOGH DEULOFRLQFLGLHQGRFRQFRQGLFLRQHVySWLPDVGHWHPSHUDWXUD\KXPHGDG$SDUWLUGHPHGLDGRVGH PD\R OD SURGXFFLyQ GLVPLQX\y DEUXSWDPHQWH GHELGR DO DXPHQWR GH ODV WHPSHUDWXUDV \ OD UHGXFFLyQ GH OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG KtGULFD FRQGLFLRQHV WtSLFDV GH OD WUDQVLFLyQ KDFLD HO YHUDQR PHGLWHUUiQHR3LUHVHWDO &DOLGDGQXWULFLRQDO /RVQLYHOHVGHSURWHtQDEUXWD3%SUHVHQWDURQXQDGLVPLQXFLyQVLJQLILFDWLYDDORODUJRGHO SHULRGR SDVDQGR GH HQ PDU]R D HQ MXQLR S (VWH GHVFHQVR UHIOHMD OD PDGXUDFLyQGHORVWHMLGRVYHJHWDOHV\ODUHGXFFLyQGHOFRQWHQLGRGHQLWUyJHQRHQODELRPDVD(Q SDUDOHORHOFRQWHQLGRGHILEUDHQGHWHUJHQWHQHXWUR1')DXPHQWySURJUHVLYDPHQWHGH DLQGLFDQGRXQDXPHQWRGHODIUDFFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOPHQRVGLJHVWLEOHGHOIRUUDMH%HOR 7DEOD3URGXFWLYLGDG\FRPSRVLFLyQTXtPLFDGHODSDVWXUDGXUDQWHODSULPDYHUD )HFKD 06WKD 3% 1')
0RGHOL]DFLyQGHOFUHFLPLHQWR /RVPRGHORV/RJtVWLFR*RPSHUW]5DWNRZVN\\:HLEXOOIXHURQDMXVWDGRVSDUDGHVFULELU ODFXUYDGHFUHFLPLHQWRSULPDYHUDOGHODSDVWXUD7RGRVORVPRGHORVSUHVHQWDURQEXHQDMXVWHFRQ FRHILFLHQWHV GH GHWHUPLQDFLyQ DMXVWDGRV 5ðDM VXSHULRUHV D 6LQ HPEDUJR HO PRGHOR GH :HLEXOOIXHHOTXHPRVWUyHOPHMRUGHVHPSHxRHVWDGtVWLFRFRQ5ðDM PHQRUGHVYtRUHVLGXDO '35\PHQRUHVYDORUHVGH$,&\%,& (VWHPRGHORGHVFULEHFRQSUHFLVLyQODIDVHH[SRQHQFLDOGHFUHFLPLHQWRGHODELRPDVDHQ DEULODVtFRPRHOSXQWRGHLQIOH[LyQ\ODSRVWHULRUGHVDFHOHUDFLyQHQPD\RUHIOHMDQGRODHYROXFLyQ ILVLROyJLFDGHOHFRVLVWHPDKHUEiFHR6XXVRSHUPLWHSUHYHUFRQDQWHODFLyQHOSXQWRySWLPRGH DSURYHFKDPLHQWRIRUUDMHUR 'LVFXVLyQ /RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVFRLQFLGHQFRQHVWXGLRVSUHYLRVUHDOL]DGRVHQ]RQDVGHFOLPD VLPLODU%HORHWDOGRQGHVHKDGHPRVWUDGRTXHHOSLFRSURGXFWLYRGHODVSDVWXUDVGHVHFDQR RFXUUHHQSULPDYHUD\YDDFRPSDxDGRGHXQDUHGXFFLyQHQODFDOLGDGQXWULFLRQDO/DLQWHJUDFLyQ GH PRGHORV PDWHPiWLFRV FRPR HO GH :HLEXOO UHSUHVHQWD XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SRGHURVD SDUD OD SODQLILFDFLyQ GHO SDVWRUHR SHUPLWLHQGR PD[LPL]DU HO XVR GHO UHFXUVR VLQ FRPSURPHWHU OD VRVWHQLELOLGDGGHOVLVWHPD &21&/86,21(6 (OSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRSHUPLWLyFDUDFWHUL]DUFRQSUHFLVLyQODHYROXFLyQSULPDYHUDOGHXQD SDVWXUD GH VHFDQR PHGLWHUUiQHD PRVWUDQGR YDULDFLRQHV FODUDV HQ OD FRPSRVLFLyQ IORUtVWLFD SURGXFWLYLGDG\FDOLGDGQXWULFLRQDOGHOIRUUDMH/DSURGXFWLYLGDGGHPDWHULDVHFDDOFDQ]yVXSXQWR Pi[LPR HQ DEULO FRLQFLGLHQGR FRQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV FOLPiWLFDV PiV IDYRUDEOHV \ GHFD\y GUiVWLFDPHQWHDSDUWLUGHPD\R $QLYHOQXWULFLRQDOVHREVHUYyXQDUHGXFFLyQSURJUHVLYDHQORVQLYHOHVGHSURWHtQDEUXWD\ XQLQFUHPHQWRHQODILEUDHVWUXFWXUDO1')ORTXHUHIXHU]DODQHFHVLGDGGHSODQLILFDUHOSDVWRUHR SDUDDSURYHFKDUHOSLFRGHFDOLGDGDQWHVGHODVHQHVFHQFLDGHOSDVWR(QWUHORVPRGHORVHYDOXDGRV HOPRGHORGH:HLEXOORIUHFLyHOPHMRUDMXVWHSDUDGHVFULELUODFXUYDGHFUHFLPLHQWR (QFRQMXQWRHVWRVKDOOD]JRVVXEUD\DQODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOPRQLWRUHRUHJXODUGHORVSDVWRV \GHOXVRGHPRGHORVSUHGLFWLYRVHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVSDUDVLVWHPDVH[WHQVLYRVSURPRYLHQGR XQDJHVWLyQWpFQLFDPiVSUHFLVDHILFLHQWH\VRVWHQLEOH $*5$'(&,0,(1726 (VWHWUDEDMRIXHGHVDUUROODGRHQHOPDUFRGHO0iVWHUHQ7HFQRORJtDVGHOD&LHQFLD$QLPDO GHO ,QVWLWXWR 3ROLWpFQLFRGH %UDJDQoD ,3% FRQ HO DSR\RWpFQLFR \ FLHQWtILFR GHO &HQWUR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQGH0RQWDxD&,02 $JUDGHFHPRVDOSHUVRQDOGRFHQWH\WpFQLFRGHOD(VFROD6XSHULRU$JUiULDGH%UDJDQoDSRU VXFRODERUDFLyQGXUDQWHHOGHVDUUROORH[SHULPHQWDO(OHVWXGLRFRQWyFRQHOUHVSDOGRORJtVWLFRGH ODILQFDH[SHULPHQWDO4XLQWDGR3LQKHLUR0DQVR 5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5È),&$6 &DEDOOHUR-*DU]yQ$,2OLHWH%$ULDV5-LPpQH]/1~xH]10DUWtQH]$/ 5HODWLRQVKLSRIVRPDWLFFHOOFRXQWDQGFRPSRVLWLRQDQGFRDJXODWLRQSURSHUWLHVRIHZH¶V PLON0OMHNDUVWYR
$(0(7,0$WODV&OLPiWLFR,EpULFR,EHULDQ&OLPDWH$WODV0DGULG$(0(7 $JXLDU&9LOD9LoRVD&$IORUDHDYHJHWDomRGDVPRQWDQKDVGH3RUWXJDOFRQWLQHQWDO -$]HYHGR9&DGDYH]0$UUREDV-3LUHV(GV(P-$]HYHGR9&DGDYH]0 $UUREDV-3LUHV(GV6XVWHQWDELOLGDGHGD0RQWDQKD3RUWXJXHVDUHDOLGDGHVHGHVDILRV %UDJDQoD,QVWLWXWR3ROLWpFQLFRGH%UDJDQoD $UD,+DUULVRQ07:KLWHKHDG-:DOGQHU)%ULGOH.*LOIHGGHU/0DUTXHVGD6LOYD -0DUTXHV)5DZQVOH\50RGHOOLQJVHDVRQDOSDVWXUHJURZWKDQGERWDQLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQDWWKHSDGGRFNVFDOHZLWKVDWHOOLWHLPDJHU\LQVLOLFR3ODQWV± %HOR&&3DVWDJHQV H3DVWRUHLR ±9DORU1XWULWLYRH$OLPHQWDU$*527(&3UDGRV 3DVWDJHQVH)RUUDJHQV± &DUOLHU/5RWDU,9ODKRYD09LGLFDQ5,PSRUWDQFHDQGIXQFWLRQVRIJUDVVODQGV 1RWXODH%RWDQLFDH+RUWL$JURERWDQLFL&OXM1DSRFD± )UHL[LDO 5 %DUURV - 3DVWDJHQV 7H[WR GH DSRLR SDUD DV 8QLGDGHV &XUULFXODUHV GH 6LVWHPDVH7HFQRORJLDV$JURSHFXiULRV1Ro}HV%iVLFDVGH$JULFXOWXUDH7HFQRORJLDGR 6RORHGDV&XOWXUDV8QLYHUVLGDGHGHeYRUD 0DUWLQV$$YDOLDomRTXDQWLWDWLYDHTXDOLWDWLYDGDYDULDELOLGDGHHVSDFLDOGHXPDSDVWDJHP PHOKRUDGD GH VHTXHLUR QR $OHQWHMR 'LVVHUWDomR GH 0HVWUDGR ,6$8QLYHUVLGDGH GH /LVERD 3DUGR(*DUFÕғD&53UDGHUDV\IRUUDMHVSURGXFFLyQ\DSURYHFKDPLHQWR0DGULG 0XQGL3UHQVD 3LUHV - 0 )HUQDQGHV $ 3LUHV - 0RUHLUD 1 3DVWXUH LPSURYHPHQW LQ WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ PRXQWDLQV RI 1RUWKHDVWHUQ 3RUWXJDO <LHOG DQG ERWDQLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ &DKLHUV2SWLRQV0pGLWHUUDQpHQQHV± (9$/8$7,212)635,1**52:7+,1$0(',7(55$1($15$,1)(' 3$6785( 6800$5< 7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRHYDOXDWHWKHHYROXWLRQRIVSULQJJURZWKDQGWKHTXDOLW\ RI UDLQIHG SDVWXUHV XQGHU 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FRQGLWLRQV DW 4XLQWD GR 3LQKHLUR 0DQVR %UDJDQoD 3RUWXJDO7KHIORULVWLFFRPSRVLWLRQZDVGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJWKH/HY\PHWKRGDQGGU\PDWWHU'0 FUXGHSURWHLQ&3DQGQHXWUDOGHWHUJHQWILEHU1')SURGXFWLRQZHUHHYDOXDWHGHYHU\WZRZHHNV 1RQOLQHDUPRGHOV:HLEXOO*RPSHUW]5DWNRZVN\DQG/RJLVWLFZHUHILWWHGWRWKHVSULQJJURZWK FXUYH7KHOHJXPHIUDFWLRQLQFUHDVHGVLJQLILFDQWO\IURPIDOOWRVSULQJZKLOH JUDVVHVGLGQRWFKDQJH$VLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQLQ&3DQGDQLQFUHDVHLQ1')ZHUHREVHUYHG WKURXJKRXW VSULQJ 7KH :HLEXOO PRGHO SURYLGHG WKH EHVW ILW WR GHVFULEH WKH JURZWK FXUYH KLJKOLJKWLQJWKHUHOHYDQFHRIXVLQJSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOVWRLPSURYHWKHVXVWDLQDEOHPDQDJHPHQWRI 0HGLWHUUDQHDQSDVWXUHV .(<:25'6PHGLWHUUDQHDQSDVWXUHVYHJHWDWLRQSURGXFWLRQIORULVWLFFRPSRVLWLRQQRQOLQHDU PRGHOV