Effluent treatment via non-thermal plasma and its effect on chickpea crop development
Abstract
The unprocessed outlet of textile industrial effluent can cause the harm to water and soil eco-system. To address this issue related to effluent mineralization, majority of literature addressed on the single pollutant as effluent mineralized by photocatalysis or non-thermal plasma or hybrid treatments; without implementing the use of post processed water. The goal of this study is to show the abilities of non-thermal plasma technology on the removal of mixed organic dye contaminations from water, considering it further use for agricultural purposes. For this a number of diagnostic techniques are employed to comprehensively characterize plasma physical properties and plasma induced gas and liquid phases chemistry, providing important fundamental insights. It is shown that reactive oxygen species (like O, OH., O3, etc.) are mostly responsible for the removal of parent organic contaminations. Meanwhile, the effect of by-products formed after plasma treatments is experimentally evaluated by monitoring the growth efficacy of chickpea seeds. This experiment illustrates that the effluent water irrigated soil and eventually grown chickpea crop showed adverse effect on soil eco-system. Whereas, irrigating with plasma treated water boosts the soil micro-flora and positive crop development.
Full text
Effluent treatment via non-thermal plasma and its effect on chickpea crop development Supriya More1,2, Sunil Swami1, Shital Sable3, Mikhail Gromov2, Sudha V. Bhoraskar1, Kisan Kodam3, Vikas L. Mathe1, Nathalie De Geyter2, Rino Morent2 1 Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Geneshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra, India 2Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Ghent 9000, Belgium. 3Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Geneshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra, India Contact Dr. Supriya More, Post-Doctoral Fellow [email protected] Introduction: Conclusion: Plasma Liquid Interactions Acknowledgment: FEARS 2025 Team Past & present research group promotor. Advantages Primary RONs Secondary RONs half-life time No reagent formation No residue formation No additional expensive gases used OH radicals, H 2O2, O3and various nitrogen oxides (NOx) Peroxynitrite (ONOO -), nitrates (NO 3-) and Nitrites (NO 2-) minutesdays (Bold) & nanosecondsseconds (rest) Result: Process Potential Power supply Geometry Discharge Gas Effluent Pulse -DC 24kV/50Hz 1.8mJ pulse energy Needle -plate (W -Cu) Air (Naturally available) Organic Dyes 1. Methylene blue (MB), 2. Methyl Orange (MO), and 3. Rhodamine B (RhB) •Untreated textile effluents harm water and soil ecosystems. •Prior studies mostly target single pollutants, without evaluating reuse of treated water. •This work assesses non-thermal plasma for removing mixed organic dyes (mixture of pollutant), with focus on agricultural reuse. •Plasma chemistry reveal reactive oxygen species (O, •OH, O₃) as key agents in contaminant degradation. •Chickpea seed experiments show untreated effluents damage soil and crops, whereas plasma-treated water enhances soil microflora and crop growth. Where dissolved nitrogen species acts as a nutrition source /fertilizer for the growth. Degradation of Textile effluent 3x10-5Mt = 3h 1. Liquid Phase Analysis: Spectroscopic Analysis 2. Crop growth: 3. Soil Toxicity: Tests Method Used Tap Water (TW) Plasma Treated Water pH IS 3025 (Part 11) 6.8 2.6 Colour (<5) APHA 23rd Edition 2120B <1 Hazen <1 Hazen Total dissolved solids (<500mg/L) IS 3025 (Part 16) 59mg/l 760mg/l Total alkalinity(asCaCO3)(<200) IS 3025 (Part 23) 22.33mg/l <0.5mg/l Chlorides (<250mg/L) IS 3025 (Part 32) 7.71mg/l 13.5mg/l Sulphates SO4(<200mg/L) APHA 23rd Edition 4500SO4 E 3.2mg/l 7.93mg/l Nitrates NO3(<45mg/L) APHA 23rd Edition 4500NO3 B <0.2mg/l 670.54mg/l Free residual chlorine(min 0.5mg/L ) IS 3025 (Part 25) 0.197mg/l <0.1 mg/l Wavelength corresponds to max. absorbance: Mixed Dye solution : 569nm Methylene Blue : 661nm Methyl Orange : 465 nm Rodamine B : 555nm SET I SETII SET III ‒Treated water with pH maintained ‒Treated water ‒Normal Tap water ‒Dye based water TW DW pH-PTW A3Positive mode Negative mode MB RhB MO a) UV-Visible Spectroscopy b) Standard Water test c) Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) 400 500 600 700 800 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Absorbance (a.u) Wavelength (nm) Control solution 1.20 h 1.40 h 2.10 h 2.40 h 3 h (final) a) Irrigated with different water (seeds socked in NTW) Figure: Average height of crops plotted as a function of day for each set of water sample chosen for irrigation. Photograph: Field Study recorded for different days starting from day of sowing seeds for comparison. Photograph: The early flowering and healthy crop field photo of SET A crop captured at Day 39.. Figure: Amount of water given to the crop as a function of day per set. b) Irrigated with different water (seed socked in different water) Photograph: field photo of SET I (seeds socked in NTW), SET II (seeds socked in pH-PTW) and SET III (seeds socked in PTW) crops captured at three different instances.. Figure: Average height of crops plotted as a function of day 5, 21, 30 and 39 for respective set of water sample chosen for irrigation. Photograph of natural microbial flora recorded for soil sample irrigated at different types of water samples spreading over the agar plates namely; control (without spreading of any sample), DDW (double distilled water), TW (tap water), DW (dye water), PTW (plasma treated water), and pH-PTW (plasma treated water with pH maintained) Table: Drinking water test parameters of pre and post plasma treated effluent (TW-Tap water, PTWPlasma Treated Water) Table: Positive and negative ion mode LCMS of 2.10h treated water sample for identification of parent molecule. Oil emulsion optical microscopic images of Gram staining taken after microflora grown over agar plate of soil irrigated with (a) Tap water, (b) Dye Water (DW) and (c) pH-Plasma Treated Water respectively. 1. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020, 103783. 2. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 (2012) 253001 (37pp) 3. Muhammad M. Ghaffar, Plasma Chem Plasma Process. (2010), 30, 21-31. 4. Houria G., Anton N., J. Adv. Oxid. Technol., (2014), 17, 372-384. References: Future Scope: •Successfully demonstrated advanced oxidation process for removal of effluent using spectroscopic techniques. •The post plasma treated water act as fertilizer which develops the positive crop growth and soil microbes compared to effluent water. •Effect of post plasma treated water on soil-based pathogens. •Nutrition level of crop irrigated with post plasma treated water •Overall plant defence system to the pest. Acknowledgement: