THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN PRESERVING HISTORICAL URBAN FABRIC

PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION (Scientific and technical journal) 09.2025 № ISSUE 9 E-ISSN: 2901-7845, ISSN: 2091-9004, https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2091-5004 4 THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN PRESERVING HISTORICAL URBAN FABRIC Farrukh Madiev1, a),, Taniyeva Komila1, a),, Musatava Var 2, , 1 Department of Urban Planning, Samarkand State Architecture and Construction University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. 2Dept of City and Regional Planning, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey a) Corresponding author: a)[email protected] Annotation: This comprehensive study investigates the optimal planning of vehicular traffic in historical cities of Uzbekistan, focusing on Samarkand. The research employs a multi-disciplinary approach encompassing statistical analysis, infrastructure assessment, and urban mobility studies. Using the IMRAD format, the study provides a thorough evaluation of traffic patterns, road infrastructure efficiency, and sustainable transport planning in the context of cultural heritage preservation. Keywords: historical cities, transport planning, Samarkand, road network, cultural heritage, urban mobility INTRODUCTION. Urbanization in historical cities poses a significant challenge in preserving their cultural and architectural legacy. In Uzbekistan, cities like Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva are experiencing rapid population growth and urban expansion, demanding an efficient and sustainable transport infrastructure. The integration of modern transportation systems within historically significant urban fabrics requires contextsensitive planning strategies. This study aims to examine the current transport dynamics in historical cities, with a focus on Samarkand, and propose sustainable solutions tailored to the city's unique character. The rapid growth of urban populations and the increasing demand for mobility present significant challenges for historical cities around the world. In countries like Uzbekistan, where cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva are recognized not only for their cultural and architectural heritage but also as active urban centers, optimizing urban mobility while preserving historical integrity has become a critical issue. [1] [2] [3] Historical cities are often characterized by narrow streets, irregular street networks, and infrastructure that was not designed for modern vehicular traffic. These characteristics, while integral to the cities' identities, can hinder efficient transportation and contribute to congestion, pollution, and degradation of cultural sites. As tourism continues to grow and urbanization intensifies, the need for sustainable and intelligent transport planning becomes increasingly urgent. This study focuses on exploring urban mobility optimization strategies that are sensitive to the context of historical preservation. It analyzes existing traffic conditions, transport infrastructure limitations, and the impacts of vehicular movement near heritage sites. Using the case of Samarkand as a primary example, this research aims to develop recommendations for improving accessibility and reducing traffic pressure without compromising the historical and aesthetic value of urban heritage environments. PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION (Scientific and technical journal) 09.2025 № ISSUE 9 E-ISSN: 2901-7845, ISSN: 2091-9004, https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2091-5004 5 Figure 1 1 The integration of smart technologies, pedestrianfriendly planning, and sustainable transport models are central to the proposed approach. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader discourse on how cities can evolve and adapt their mobility systems in a way that respects the past while addressing the demands of the present and future. Materials and Methods. This research employs a multi-method approach to assess and optimize urban mobility within the unique context of historically significant cities. The methodology integrates both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis, focusing particularly on Samarkand as a case study due to its rich cultural heritage and current mobility challenges. [3] [4] [5 1. Data Collection Data was collected from multiple sources:  Demographic and traffic statistics from local government agencies and municipal planning departments.  On-site field observations of traffic patterns, vehicle flows, and pedestrian movements in key historical areas, such as Registan Square and Shah-iZinda complex.  Interviews and surveys with urban planners, traffic engineers, and residents to gather insights on perceived transportation issues and user preferences. 1 https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentationsustainable-urban-mobility.html  Satellite imagery and GIS mapping tools to assess the spatial structure of the road network and urban density in heritage zones. 2. Analytical Tools The study employed the following tools and techniques:  Geographical Information Systems (GIS): Used to map transport networks and identify spatial constraints and mobility bottlenecks in the historical urban core.  Traffic flow simulation software (e.g., VISSIM): Applied to model existing traffic conditions and test the effectiveness of proposed interventions.  Sustainability indicators: Environmental impact (emissions, noise), accessibility, travel time, and preservation sensitivity were used to evaluate mobility solutions.  Heritage impact assessment (HIA): Assessed the potential effects of mobility plans on culturally significant structures and landscapes. 3. Evaluation Criteria Urban mobility solutions were evaluated based on:  Efficiency: Reduction in travel time and congestion.  Sustainability: Minimization of ecological and cultural degradation.  Accessibility: Enhanced access for residents, tourists, and emergency services.  Preservation sensitivity: Low physical and visual impact on heritage assets. This study utilized a mixed-method research design incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data. The primary methods include:  Population growth analysis using historical demographic data from national statistics. PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION (Scientific and technical journal) 09.2025 № ISSUE 9 E-ISSN: 2901-7845, ISSN: 2091-9004, https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2091-5004 6  GIS-based spatial analysis of the road network in Samarkand.  Evaluation of transportation system efficiency using performance indicators: average vehicle speed, intersection delay, modal split, and traffic congestion.  Surveys and interviews with city planners, transportation officials, and local residents.  On-site observations and photographic documentation of key urban corridors and intersections. ] [6] [7] Results. The analysis of urban mobility in the historical core of Samarkand has revealed several key findings related to traffic efficiency, environmental impact, and the interaction between mobility infrastructure and cultural heritage preservation. 1. Traffic Congestion Hotspots Field observations and traffic simulations identified persistent congestion zones near historical landmarks, particularly around:  Registan Square, where high tourist foot traffic and vehicle flow intersect.  Bibi-Khanym Mosque, with narrow road access and minimal parking infrastructure.  Shah-i-Zinda complex, which experiences seasonal traffic surges during holidays and religious events. These areas demonstrated limited capacity for vehicular circulation due to the street geometry, absence of alternative routes, and competition between pedestrian and vehicular spaces. 2. Impact on Heritage Sites Environmental impact assessments showed increased air and noise pollution levels near heritage sites, particularly during peak traffic hours. Vibrations from heavy vehicles were also noted as potential risks to structural integrity in older buildings with fragile foundations. In addition, unregulated parking and informal vendor setups near monuments contributed to visual pollution and reduced pedestrian accessibility. 3. Efficiency of Proposed Interventions Several mobility optimization strategies were tested through simulation:  Vehicle exclusion zones around the most sensitive heritage clusters showed a 35% reduction in local emissions and a 40% improvement in pedestrian accessibility.  Redirection of traffic through ring roads eased congestion in the old city core by up to 25%.  Dedicated pedestrian and cycling paths, when implemented in heritage corridors, improved flow continuity without compromising cultural aesthetics. 4. Stakeholder Feedback Interviews and surveys indicated broad public support for pedestrianization and smart traffic control systems, particularly among tourists and younger residents. However, local vendors expressed concern over reduced vehicle access potentially affecting their business operations. Figure 2. 2 PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION (Scientific and technical journal) 09.2025 № ISSUE 9 E-ISSN: 2901-7845, ISSN: 2091-9004, https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2091-5004 7 1. Demographic Trends in Historical Cities: Between 2010 and 2024, the population of Samarkand increased by over 25%, significantly impacting traffic volume and mobility demand. The demographic trend shows urban sprawl towards the periphery, increasing reliance on personal vehicles. 2. Structure of the Street and Road Network: Samarkand's road network demonstrates a radial-ring pattern in the historical center, transitioning into a grid layout in newly developed areas. Narrow streets, low turning radii, and heritage site preservation constraints limit capacity upgrades in central zones. 3. Transportation Efficiency Analysis:  Average peak-hour vehicle speed in central areas: 18 km/h  Intersection delay at key heritage-adjacent nodes: 45–60 seconds  Public transport modal share: 28%  Congestion index (2023): 0.71 (scale 0–1, where 1 is maximum congestion) These indicators reflect an urgent need for efficiency improvements in traffic circulation. 4. Infrastructure Around Heritage Sites: Iconic sites like Registan Square, Gur-e-Amir, and Shah-iZinda attract high tourist traffic but suffer from inadequate pedestrian infrastructure and insufficient public transport connectivity. Analysis shows high emissions and vibration levels near monuments, which may accelerate structural degradation. Discussion: The intersection of heritage preservation and urban mobility calls for innovative approaches. The following strategies are proposed:  Establishment of pedestrian-only zones near historical landmarks.  Construction of multi-story parking facilities at the city perimeter.  Deployment of electric shuttle buses connecting heritage zones with transit hubs.  Smart traffic management systems using IoTbased signal optimization.  Implementation of dynamic traffic control during peak tourist seasons.  Encouragement of non-motorized transport through safe bike lanes and walkways.  Heritage impact assessment as a prerequisite for any transport-related construction project. Samarkand's future urban mobility can benefit from integrating these strategies into a HeritageSensitive Urban Mobility Plan (HSUMP) that aligns with national transport policy and UNESCO urban heritage guidelines. The findings of this research highlight the complex relationship between urban mobility needs and the preservation requirements of historical cities. In the 2 https://mavink.com/explore/Sustainable-TransportationPlan-with-Sustainable-Urban-Design-Benefits case of Samarkand, the study demonstrates that while vehicular access remains essential for residents and commerce, unrestricted traffic in culturally sensitive zones undermines both the physical integrity and aesthetic value of heritage assets. Balancing Access and Preservation The introduction of pedestrian-only zones and traffic redirection strategies yielded promising results in improving environmental conditions and pedestrian safety. These approaches align with global best practices observed in historical cities such as Florence (Italy) and Fez (Morocco), where mobility restrictions in core heritage areas have enhanced tourist experience and extended the lifespan of historic structures. However, complete vehicle exclusion in historical zones may not be feasible without proper logistics planning. Stakeholder feedback revealed the necessity for a hybrid approach that incorporates:  Timed vehicle access windows for delivery and emergency services.  Designated parking and shuttle systems at peripheries.  Smart navigation tools to optimize real-time traffic flow. Cultural and Social Sensitivity An important consideration in transport planning in heritage cities is the need for cultural sensitivity. In Samarkand, streets and monuments are not only part of the built environment but also play a role in local traditions and daily life. Any intervention must therefore respect cultural practices while promoting modern urban efficiency. Engaging the local community in the planning process proved valuable. Their insights helped identify context-specific mobility challenges that generic models might overlook, such as the use of certain streets for processions or seasonal market events. Policy and Institutional Support One of the significant challenges remains the coordination between heritage preservation authorities and urban mobility planners. Institutional fragmentation can delay or hinder the implementation of integrated solutions. This calls for:  Unified urban-heritage management frameworks.  Cross-sector funding strategies (e.g., combining cultural tourism and smart city investments).  Capacity building programs for local planners and engineers in context-sensitive mobility planning. Conclusion. This study has demonstrated that optimizing urban mobility in historical cities like Samarkand requires a delicate balance between facilitating movement and preserving cultural heritage. The analysis of traffic PROBLEMS OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION (Scientific and technical journal) 09.2025 № ISSUE 9 E-ISSN: 2901-7845, ISSN: 2091-9004, https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2091-5004 8 patterns, stakeholder input, and simulation-based evaluations confirmed that unregulated vehicular access in heritage zones contributes to congestion, environmental degradation, and the deterioration of valuable historical assets. Implementing context-sensitive solutions—such as partial pedestrianization, the use of alternative routes, and environmentally friendly transport modes—can significantly improve traffic efficiency and sustainability without compromising the character of historic urban environments. Furthermore, the success of these interventions depends heavily on community engagement, institutional coordination, and the integration of smart technologies. Going forward, the development of a comprehensive urban mobility plan tailored to the unique needs of each historical city is essential. Such a plan should incorporate flexible traffic regulations, promote non-motorized transport, and ensure that infrastructure improvements respect and enhance cultural heritage. With thoughtful planning and inclusive governance, historical cities in Uzbekistan can evolve into models of sustainable, heritageconscious urban development. References: [ 1] Mirzaev , S., & Akramov, D. (2022). BUXORO VILOYAT HUDUDINING URBANIZATSIYASI. Евразийский журнал академических исследований, 2(5), 506–510. . [ 2] Mavlonov A.M., Vafoev A.Q. ―Buxoro regionda urbanizatsiya jarayoni rivojlanishining ayrim jihatlari‖ Xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi materiallari Toshkent shahri, 2019 yil 13-19 may. 184-b. [ 3] Mavlonov A.M., Cho‗l sharoitida shaharlarning shakllanish va rivojlanish muommolari (Buxoro region misolida) g.f.n darajasini olish uchun yozilgan dissertatsiya. 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