INFRARED SPECTRUM (IR) AND ULTRA VIOLET VISIBLE (UV VISIBLE) SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS OBTAINED FROM TREATED MAIZE CORN STRAW (ZEA MAYS) IN DALWA WARD BORNO STATE NIGERIA.

324 Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research Vol. 8 Issue.3 December, 2024. p-ISSN: 2579-1419 e-ISSN: 2814-1423 INFRARED SPECTRUM (IR) AND ULTRA VIOLET VISIBLE (UV VISIBLE) SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS OBTAINED FROM TREATED MAIZE CORN STRAW (ZEA MAYS) IN DALWA WARD BORNO STATE NIGERIA. 1Bala Adamu Thliza, 2Edmond Moses and 3Halima Nasir 1,3Department of pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri Borno State PMB 1069 Borno State Nigeria. 2Department of Chemistry Nigeria Army University Biu. No. 1 Biu - Gombe Road, P.M.B,1500 Biu, Borno State Nigeria. Corresponding author email; [email protected] http://doi.org/10.55639/607.phar.101101.0011 Abstract IR was used to determine the functional groups in the crystals, UV Visible spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify compounds in the crystals. This study provides valuable insights for researchers seeking to uncover the scientifically validated benefits of utilizing potassium carbonate, a common local ingredient, in various industrial applications. Its findings shed light on the authentic potential of this locally sourced material, highlighting its importance in our food production and beyond).The wavelength of the produced crystals was obtained using PerkinElmer Lambda 1050 model signifies wavelength at the range between 297 – 307 nm (n -ϭ transitions) and 320 – 346 nm (n – π transitions) which confirms the presence of carboxylate ion CO32and moisture making the crystals enhanced and have impact on decomposition, thermal stability, photo reactivity, catalytic property and optical properties, such features may have great opportunity for the crystal to be applied in industrial applications like photocatalysis, water treatment and material science. Introduction Corn, (Zea mays), other than called Indian corn or maize, is a cereal plant of the grass family (Poaceae) and it’s a consumable grain (Perez et al., 2002). The alter begun from the America and it is one of the most broadly scattered of the world’s food crops. Corn is utilized as human food, creatures reinforce, biofuel and as a foul fiber in industry. It can be eaten in its standard state and can as well be utilized as a deposited in arranged food. Corn (maize) is one of the most plenteous sources of starch and plant buildups, which as biomass gives different point of interest such as tall concentration of fiber (lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses) reliably amazing, cost-effectiveness, accessibility and biodegradable (Graham et al., 2007). The corn plant is a tall annually grass with a firm stem. The tremendous takes off have wavy and shaggy edges and are at that point once more on converse sides of the stem. The male blossoms (staminate) are on the bud finishing the crucial center of the stem and the female (pistillate) 325 inflorescences, which make to gotten to be the consumable ears, are spikes which thickened on a center, bearing coordinated spikelet’s in vertical columns; each pushed of combined spikelet’s at first produces two lines of grain. Each ear is encased by changed takes off called husks (Taiwo et al.,2001). Collections of yellow and white corn are the most overwhelming as food, other groupings with reddish, blue, pink, and dull parts, routinely joined together, spotted, or striped. Corn is a fundamental source of commercial starch, which is a sort of alphalinked glucose that is utilized broadly utilized in food fabricating plants as a gelling, water upkeep, and bulking pro (Ka and Lui , 2018). Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Panicoideae Genus: Zea Species: Z.mays Perez et al. (2002) Corn portion composed of starch, and the rest is sugar, protein, oil, and cinder. Be that as it may, various typical fibers can be removed from corn plant parts tallying the stalks, straws, takes off, and husk. Compared with other rustic byproducts, corn fiber has specific highlights such as saving 90 % of the taken a toll and being more available than other ordinary fibers (FAO, 2005). Different mechanical and feedstock groupings of corn are hereditarily changed life shapes (GMOs) built for resistance to the herbicide glyphosate or to create proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to kill specific unpleasant crawly bothers (S.M, 2023). Energize more, a few strains have been heretically built for more critical dry season adaptability and to increase their wholesome whole some regard. Most of the corn made in the Joined together States is GMO, which may diminish the require for herbicides and bug showers. Commercial classifications, based basically on bit surface, include scratch corn, shake corn, flour corn, sweet corn, and popcorn (Wilhem et al., 2007). Check corn comes in white and yellow on a very basic level created as animal feed and for food manufacturing, is characterized by a debilitation in the crown of the portion caused by unequal drying of the troublesome and sensitive starch making up the portion. Shake corn which is harder than sweet corn, comes in reddish, white, blue, dull, and gold colour containing little sensitive starch, it is utilized for beautification and is eaten as hominy in the Americas (Wikipedia, 2007). Flour corn which is white, is composed to an amazing degree of delicate starch. It has sensitive, coarse, viably ground bits and is an imperative source of corn flour. Sweet corn, is the sort of corn you eat at cookouts; it comes in yellow, white or combined in the two colours. They are commonly sold unused, cemented, or canned as a vegetable, has translucent seeds; the plant contains sugar which is not changed over to starch as in another sorts (FAO, 2006). Popcorn more routinely comes in yellow, having an unprecedented of sort shake corn characteristics; small troublesome parts, containing a fragile boring center, and warming causes the dampness in the cells to crump making the parts explode. Headways in corn have come around from 326 hybridization, based on crossbreeding of overwhelming characteristic strains (Kamara et al., 2009). Corn stalk is the principal solid structure which is thick and strong, it’s around 0.8-3 m long and 2-4.5 cm wide with self-evident center focuses and internodes. They are composed of clears outer, cortex, substance and stems (FAO, 2006). Few are tall gigantic wholes of quintessence in the stem and are one of the characteristics of corn stalks. The leaf, cortex, are incorporate up in the stalks at about 40 %, 35 %, and 15 %, exclusively (Wikipedia, 2007). Corn stalks have whole respect regard in both lively and totally made periods. The clears out in made corn straws contain the most vital entirety of foul protein, taken after by the beautifications and straws, with the slightest entirety in the bracts. For foul fiber, bark has the most conspicuous substance, substance has a lower substance and the smallest happens in the takes off. For grungy fat, the clears out have the most hoisted entirety and the enhancements have the most diminished wholes. The wholesome regard of the assorted parts is from most vital to slightest, in the organize: takes off, enhancements, stalks, bracts (Wilhem et al., 2007). The corn stalk bark which appear up to be smooth in colour which accounts for 64.8 %, the quintessence is 35.2 %, leaf accounts for 40 % and the entirety of strands is 30 % concurring to weight. The clears out are contract, have a modestly tremendous surface zone, a smooth bushy layer on the surface (Kaur et al., 2017). Materials and Methods Sample collection The plant samples of corn(maize) straws were collected from Dalwa ward, Jere Local Government agricultural area of Borno state in two locations A and B (CSA and CSB). The dried samples from all the two agricultural locations was collected as adopted from Tores et al. (2016) with little modifications, sorted and placed in a clean polythene bags and transported to the department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, stored for further analysis. Synthesis of Potassium Carbonate Powder The ashed samples of about two kilograms (2 kg) CSA and CSB were soaked in 400 mL distilled cold water for 24 hrs in further refinement to maximize alkali yield. Subsequently, the slurry were filtered using filter paper to obtain the alkali containing extract. The pH of the crystal was determined using a pH meter. The obtained extract was subjected to evaporation to dryness to obtain an offwhite powder product. The resulting powder was kept in plastic bottle for further analysis in order to examine the IR and UV Visible behavior of the synthesized potassium carbonate product Wilhem (2007). Results and Discussion Infrared Spectral Analysis IR spectrum was recorded by infrared spectrophotometer in the range 500 – 4000 cm-1. By changing the wave numbers, the different assignments obtained are given in the following table. 327 Table1. IR spectrum of CSA assign with vibrational modes. Wavenumber Assignment 3317 O-H stretching 1743 C=O stretching 1597 N-H bending 1373 N-O stretching 1234 C-O stretching 624 C-H bending Figure 1. IR spectrum of alkali crystal CSA Table 1. shows the vibrational modes of produced crystal CSA using FTIR. These modes at various ranges indicates the presence of water molecules at O-H stretching (medium) which suggests hydration or moisture absorption. This indicates the O-H stretching affects hydrogen bonding between potassium carbonate molecules thereby contributing to its thermal stability, as it helps distribute heat evenly and makes it viable for neutralization reaction. These crystals can be of great impact in the glass manufacturing and detergent industry as reported by Kaur et al., (2021). Assignment at vibrational modes at C = O stretching (1743cm-1) indicate contamination or impurity. Peaks at 1597 and 1234 cm-1 showing symmetric stretching indicates presence of potassium carbonate which makes the crystal capacity 328 to react in a high temperature application, increase its ability to absorb water and makes it very reactive. However, these crystals can be of high importance in the production of glass, detergent and act as a catalyst in a catalytic reaction as reported by Kumar et al., (2018). Peaks at 624 cm-1 show strong stretching indicating out-ofplane bending bond vibrations. This vibrational mode may affect the thermal stability of the crystal, but at the same time, allows the crystal to be reactive and enhances its ionic conductivity as reported by Chambers (2008). Table 2. The IR spectrum of the vibrational modes of CSB sample. Wavenumber Assignment 3024 O-H stretching 1735 C=O stretching 1381 C-O stretching 1211 C-O stretching 1056 C-O stretching 910 C=C bending 852 NH2 wagging 486 C-N bending Figure 2. IR spectrum of alkali crystal of CSB 329 Table 2. shows the vibrational peaks of the IR spectrum of the produced crystal CSB. This is obvious that the peak at O-H stretching (3024 cm-1) indicates the presence of hydrogen bonding between potassium carbonate molecules allowing this crystal to be thermally stable and water absorbing. Vibrational peak at C = O stretching (1735 cm-1) indicates carbonyl compound. The peaks at the ranges of 1381 - 1211 cm-1 (symmetry and asymmetry) indicates the presence of carbonyl. Furthermore, peaks at 1056 cm-1 shows C - O stretching indicating the crystal structure of the potassium carbonate allowing it to be thermally stable, reactive and enhances its solubility in water. Similarly, vibrational modes at 901, 852 and 486 cm-1 indicates out-of-plane bending, in-plane bending and bending vibrations respectively. These modes generally show the impact of the crystal in its effective solubility in water, good thermal stability, high reactivity and stable crystal structures. UV/Visible Spectral Data of the Produced Alkali Crystals UV/Visible spectra were recorded in UV/Visible spectrometry in the range of 200-800 nm in order to know the transitions of the produced alkali crystals CSA and CSB Table 3: shows the UV/Visible spectral data of the produced alkali crystals CSA Samples Wavelength (nm) CSA 297 CSA 310 330 Figure 3: UV-Visible absorption spectrum for sample CSA Table 4: shows the UV/Visible spectral data of the produced alkali crystals CSB Sample Wavelength (nm) CSB 346 331 Figure 4: UV-Visible absorption spectrum for sample CSB UV-Vis of the Produced Crystals CSA and CSB The wavelength of the produced crystals using PerkinElmer Lambda 1050 model signifies wavelength between 297 – 307 nm (n -ϭ transitions) which confirms carboxylate ion CO32presence Reddy et al., (2019). This may impact the crystal CSA decomposition, thermal stability, photo reactivity, catalytic property and optical properties, and such features may have great opportunity for the crystal to be applied in industrial applications like photocatalysis, water treatment and material science as reported by Emmanuella (2021). Moreover, wavelength between 320 – 346 nm (n – π transitions) suggesting presence of moisture making the crystal CSB enhanced in photostability, surface modification, optical properties and catalytic properties. This made it to be applied in applications like photocatalytic application, material science, water treatment and soil remediation. The ranges of wavelength in nm (charge transfer transitions) both in CSA and CSB indicates potential presence of transition metal ions or complexes. These ranges of wavelengths influence the carbonates capacity in surface modification, photostability, optical properties and catalytic properties Rehman et al., (2014). These makes the produced crystals suitable for applications such as water purification, environmental remediation, material science and photocatalysis as reported by Emmanuella (2021). 332 In conclusion, the wavelength of the produced crystals using PerkinElmer Lambda 1050 model, signifies wavelength at the range between 297 – 307 nm (n -ϭ transitions) and 320 – 346 nm (n – π transitions) confirms the presence of carboxylate ion CO32and moisture. This may impact the crystals decomposition, thermal stability, photo reactivity, catalytic properties and optical properties, and such features may have great opportunity for the crystals to be applied in industrial applications like photocatalysis, water treatment and material science etc. References Chambers, M.(2008). Potassium Carbonate [USP]- Similar Structures Search, Synonyms, Formulas, Resource Links, and other Chemical Information. Chem. sis. nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Emmanuelle, B. (2021). 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