Exploring the Link Between Body Composition and Strength in Young Male Basketball Players

Aydın, 2025. Uluslararası Sağlık, Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, (2025) International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences (IJOSS) ISSN: 3023-8382 RESEARCH ARTICLE / Araştırma Makalesi Open Access/Açık Erişim IJOSS © The Author(s), 2024. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows for unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided proper credit is given to the original author(s) and the source. A link to the Creative Commons license must be included, and any changes made to the original work must be clearly indicated. Unless otherwise specified in a credit line, all images or third-party materials included in this article fall under the article’s Creative Commons license. If any material is not covered by the Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by law or exceeds the permissible scope, you must obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Exploring the Link Between Body Composition and Strength in Young Male Basketball Players Genç Erkek Basketbolcularda Vücut Kompozisyonu ile Kuvvet Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi Serkan Aydın1 Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the link between body composition and strength in young male basketball players. 13 young male licensed basketball players voluntarily participated in the study. Body composition of young basketball players such as body weight, body fat weight, muscle weight, core muscle weight and basal metabolic rate values were measured by Tanita TBF-300 body composition analyser. In the determination of strength performances, hand grip, back-leg strength test data and Sayer's formula of anaerobic power data obtained from jump tests were used. SPSS 21.0 package program was used to analyse the data. Pearson correlation coefficient method was used as a statistical method. When body composition analyses and strength test data were compared, a significant relationship was observed between body mass index, muscle weights, basal metabolic rates and core muscle weights and hand grip, back-leg strength, and anaerobic power values of young basketball players (p<0.05). No significant relationship was observed between body fat weight and hand grip and back-leg strength values (p>0.05). The results showed that the elements of body composition such as muscle weight, core area and basal metabolic rate were highly correlated with the strength performances of young basketball players. Keywords Basketball Players, Body Composition, Core Area, Strength. Öz Bu çalışmanın amacı, genç erkek basketbolcularda vücut kompozisyonunun ile kuvvet arasındaki ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya lisanslı 13 genç erkek basketbolcu gönüllü olarak dahil edilmiştir. Genç basketbolcuların vücut ağırlığı, vücut yağ ağırlığı, kas ağırlığı, core bölge kas ağırlığı ve bazal metabolizma hızı gibi vücut kompozisyonu değerleri Tanita TBF-300 vücut kompozisyon analiz cihazı ile ölçülmüştür. Kuvvet performanslarının belirlenmesinde el pençe, sırt-bacak kuvveti test verileri ve sıçrama testlerinden elde edilen Sayer’s formülü anaerobik güç verileri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için SPSS 21.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel yöntem olarak Pearson korelasyon katsayısı yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan vücut kompozisyon analizi ve kuvvet testlerine ait veriler karşılaştırıldığında; genç basketbolcuların beden kitle indeksi, kas ağırlıkları, bazal metabolizma hızları ve core bölge kas ağırlıkları ile el pençe, sırt-bacak kuvveti ve anaerobik güç değerleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmiştir. (p<0.05). Vücut yağ ağırlığı, el pençe ve sırtbacak kuvveti değerleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmemiştir (p>0.05). Çalışma sonunda vücut kompozisyonunu oluşturan kas ağırlığı, core bölge ve bazal metabolizma hızı gibi unsurların genç basketbolcuların kuvvet performansları ile yüksek düzeyde ilişkide olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Basketbolcular, Core Bölge, Kuvvet, Vücut Kompozisyonu https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/issue2-volume3/ijoss-Volume2-issue3-26.pdf *Correspondence: Serkan Aydın [email protected] 1Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Sport Sciences, [email protected] Orcid: 0000-0003-3618-8028 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17448584 Received / Gönderim: 10.04.2025 Accepted / Kabul: 01.09.2025 Published / Yayın: 24.10.2025 Volume 2, Issue 3, October, 2025 Cilt 2, Sayı 3, Ekim, 2025 Aydın, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, Issue 3, October 2025 Page 321 of 327 Introduction Basketball ranks among the most widely played sports around the world and it is thought that elite basketball players should be tall and have high anaerobic power. Studies on the performance determinants of basketball players have mostly focused on physiological parameters (Attene et al., 2015; Ostojic et al., 2006). It has been reported that there are a limited number of studies examining the effect of body composition on motor performance, especially in young basketball players (Akkoç et al., 2018; Shaun et al., 2022; Nikolaidis et al., 2015). When the studies were conducted, it was found that while the focus was on creating a physical fitness profile in basketball (Delextrat and Cohen, 2008), achieving an optimal body mass index has become the main purpose of basketball training (Ziv and Lidor, 2009). Another issue that should be monitored for this purpose is body fat percentage (Ode et al., 2007). Studies have revealed the negative relationship between body fat percentage and performance (Artero et al., 2009; Mak et al., 2010; Nikolaidis and Ingebrigtsen, 2013; Nikolaidis, 2013). One of the main research topics for sport education specialists is anthropometric measurements and somatic profiles (Dezman et al., 2001; Montgomery et al., 2008; Ostojic et al., 2006; Sampaio et al., 2006). Somatic profiles of basketball players play an important role in the athlete selection process and help to predict players' performances (Bayios et al., 2006; Berri et al., 2011; Hoare, 2000). Along with this prediction, technical, tactical physiological, psychological, and motor characteristics of basketball players also appear as factors affecting sportive performance (Popowczak et al., 2022; Rinaldo et al., 2020; Yel et al., 2023). It is seen that studies on anthropometric characteristics and motor characteristics (agility, speed, vertical jump) have been carried out (Akkoç et al., 2018; Nikolaidis et al., 2015; Popowczak et al., 2022). It is reported that high levels of muscular strength (Guimarães et al. 2021) and explosive power (Guimarães et al., 2019) are needed to demonstrate these motor characteristics at the desired level. An effective core muscle stabilises the kinetic chain during functional exercises and transfers force between the lower and upper extremities (Başkaya et al., 2023). Therefore, it is thought that revealing the relationship of body composition and strength performance will guide coaches in athlete selection and training programming. According to the information, the main objective of this study is to explore the link between body composition and strength in young male basketball players. Material and Methods Research Model This study examined the relationship between body composition and strength performance in young male basketball players using a cross-sectional correlational approach. Research Group A total of 13 male basketball players participated in the research on a voluntary basis. The participants had a mean age of 17.32 ± 0.46 years, with a height of 184.65 ± 5.39 cm and a body weight of 79.62 ± 16.15 kg. The inclusion criteria: being in the 17–18 age category, minimum 5 years of continuous basketball training, not reported any musculoskeletal injuries, chronic illnesses, to be engaged actively in basketball training during the study. The exclusion criteria: reported chronic medical conditions such as cardiovascular or neurological disorders, current or recent musculoskeletal injuries Aydın, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 322 of 327 within the last six months. The study was conducted with the principles in Declaration of Helsinki to ensure the rights, safety, and well-being of the participants. Data Collection Tools The measurement of height was taken to the nearest 1cm unit with using a portable stadiometer (Holtain Ltd, UK). During the measurement process, participants were required to maintain a stable posture, ensuring their hands and feet remained in contact with the designated measurement points. Body composition assessment was performed using Tanita TBF-300 body composition analyser. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat weight, muscle weight, core muscle weight and basal metabolic rate were determined. Participants were instructed to remove metal objects and shoes before stepping into the analyser. Takei (T.K.K.5401 model-Japan) brand hand dynamometer was used to measure the hand grip strength of the participants. The participants were asked to spread their arms 45° to the side and squeeze the hand dynamometer using their maximum force. The participants were asked to squeeze the dynamometer with maximal effort for two trials. A one-minute rest period was given between each trial. The highest value was recorded. Takei (T.K.K.5402 model-Japan) brand back-leg dynamometer was used for back-leg strength of the participants. The feet were placed on the dynamometer stand with both knees in the stretched position. The dynamometer bar held with the hands was pulled vertically upwards while both arms were tense, the back was in a straight position and the trunk was slightly tilted forward. The highest value of the two trials was recorded with a one-minute rest period between each trial. Anaerobic power was assessed through jump tests. The jump height was determined with the Opto-jump (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) device. Jump height was calculated as anaerobic power peak data using Sayers equation formula. Anaerobic power data were analysed using Sayers equation peak power: [60.7 x jump height (cm)] + [45.3 x body weight (kg)] - 2055 (Sayers et al., 1999). Data Analysis The data of the participants in the study were analysed using IBM SPSS 21.0 package program. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-wilk tests were used for normality assumption. Pearson correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between the variables according to the distribution of the data. The significance level was accepted as (p<0.05) (Özdamar, 2002). All analyses were performed following established statistical procedures. Findings Table 1: Descriptive statistics on body composition of the participants. Variable n ± SD Min Max Age (years) 13 17.32 ± 0.46 17 18 Height (cm) 13 184.65 ± 5.39 175 196.5 Body Weight (kg) 13 79.62 ± 16.15 62.7 120.4 BMI (kg/m²) 13 23.22 ± 3.77 19 32.2 Muscle Weight (kg) 13 38.6 ± 5.42 30.5 46.6 Body Fat Weight (kg) 13 11.77 ± 8.98 5.8 39.6 Basal Metabolic Rate (kcal) 13 1835 ± 196.11 1555 2121 Core Muscle Weight (kg) 13 29.25 ± 3.96 24 35.9 According to descriptive statistics in Table 1. participants’ mean age was 17.32±0.46 years, mean height was 184.65±5.39 cm, mean weight was 79.62±16.15 kg and mean BMI was 23.22±3.77 kg/m2. Participants’ mean muscle weight was 38.6±5.42 kg, mean body fat weight was 11.77±8.98 kg, mean basal metabolic rate was 1835±196.11 kcal, the mean core muscle weight was 29.25±3.96 kg. Aydın, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 323 of 327 Table 2: Descriptive statistics on strength performance of the participants. Variable n ± SD Min Max Hand Grip Strength (kg) 13 40.12 ± 5.44 32 49.3 Back-Leg Strength (kg) 13 129.23 ± 23.10 101.5 170.5 Anaerobic Power (w/kg) 13 3555.49 ± 585.76 2818.76 4813.43 Table 2. presents mean hand grip strength score was 40.12 kg ± 5.44 kg, mean backleg strength score was 129.23 kg ± 23.10 kg, mean anaerobic power score was 3555.49 w/kg ± 585.76 w/kg of the participants. Table 3: The relationship of body composition and strength performance of participants. Variable BMI Weight (kg/m²) Muscle Weight (kg) Body Fat Weight (kg) Basal Metabolic Rate (kcal) Core Area Muscle (kg) Hand Grip Strength (kg) r= p= 0.405 0.170 0.637* 0.019 0.223 0.465 0.638* 0.019 0.595* 0.032 Back-Leg Strength (kg) r= p= 0.589* 0.034 0.656* 0.015 0.411 0.163 0.659* 0.014 0.656* 0.015 Anaerobic Power (w/kg) r= p= 0.926** 0.000 0.932** 0.000 0.771** 0.002 0.939** 0.000 0.940** 0.000 *p<0.05, **p<0.01 According to Table 3. a significant relationship was observed between BMI and backleg strength (r=0.589) at medium level and between anaerobic power (r=0.926) at high level (p<0.05). Also, a significant relationship was observed between muscle weight and hand grip strength (r=0.637) and back-leg strength (r=0.656) at medium level, and between anaerobic power (r=0.932) at high level (p<0.05). On the other hand, no significant correlation was observed between body fat weight and hand grip strength (r=0.120) and back-leg strength (r=0.325) (p>0.05), while a highly significant correlation was observed with body fat weight and anaerobic power (r=0.686) (p<0.05). A significant relationship was observed between basal metabolic rate and hand grip strength (r=0.638) and back-leg strength (r=0.659) at medium level, and a significant relationship was observed between basal metabolic rate and anaerobic power (r=0.939) at high level (p<0.05). Similarly, a significant relationship was observed between core muscle weight and hand grip strength (r=0.595) and back-leg strength (r=0.656) at a moderate level and between anaerobic power (r=0.940) at a high level (p<0.05). Discussion and Conclusion To sum up; medium level significant relationship was observed between BMI and backleg strength and a high-level significant relationship between back-leg strength and anaerobic power in young basketball players. A medium-level significant relationship was observed between muscle weight and hand grip strength, as well as between muscle weight and back-leg strength. A high-level significant relationship was also found between anaerobic power and all body component variables. A highly significant relationship was observed between body fat weight and anaerobic power. A moderate significant relationship was observed between basal metabolic rate and hand grip strength and back-leg strength, while a high significant relationship was found between basal metabolic rate and anaerobic power. A moderate significant relationship was observed between core muscle weight and hand grip strength and back-leg strength, as well as between anaerobic power. Aydın, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 324 of 327 When similar studies in the literature were examined, a strong negative correlation was observed between jump and sprint values of young basketball players and skinfold thickness and fat percentage, while a positive correlation was found with lean body mass (Nedim et al., 2023; Tuna and Yalçınkaya, 2023). While the body fat percentage of basketball players was observed to be high before the season, it was observed that this ratio decreased during the season and remained low after the season (Nishisaka et al., 2022; Stanforth et al., 2014; Torres-McGehee et al., 2012). It is also observed that elite players are taller, have more lean mass, more strength, power, and agility, and are more technically skilful than non-elite players (Guimarães et al., 2020). In all branches involving anaerobic energy system, excess body fat percentage and low lean muscle mass negatively affect performance (Bilge and Tuncel, 2003). Similarly, in a study on basketball players, it was stated that changes in body fat percentage were related to hand grip strength and explosive strength (Rinaldo et al., 2020). In our study, there was a high positive correlation between the body fat percentage of young basketball players and their anaerobic capacity, which is consistent with previous research. It was observed that high body mass index (BMI) negatively affects sprint and jumping performance, especially in young basketball players, and it was recommended that young basketball players should focus on exercise and nutrition programs targeting optimal body mass index (Nikolaidis et al., 2015). In addition, it is known that body mass index decreases in parallel with the duration in a regular training process (Shaun et al., 2022). It has been stated that the relationship between BMI and most motor performances follows an inverted ‘U’ model rather than linear (Bovet et al., 2007; Nikolaidis, 2013). This statement may explain the lack of statistically significant differences between normal and overweight groups, as well as the relatively weak correlations between BMI and motor performances (Nikolaidis et al., 2015). In the proportion between BMI body mass with fat and fat-free mass, the increase in fat will result in the decrease in power per kg (Öncen and Tanyeri, 2019). In our study, there was a moderate correlation between back strength and anaerobic power, and a highly significant correlation between back strength and anaerobic power. The results of our study are consistent with the findings in the relevant literature. In conclusion, muscle mass, basal metabolic rate, and core muscle mass values appear to be related to the strength and anaerobic power of young male basketball players. In addition, the results emphasize the importance of lean body mass and BMI for motor performance. The results support the implementation of conditioning programs to optimize body composition and support skill development. Finally, the significant correlations between body composition parameters and handgrip strength, hamstring strength, and anaerobic power measurements highlight their theoretical importance in understanding the physiological determinants of adolescent athletes' performance. Kısaltmalar / Abbreviations SD Standart sapma (Standard deviation) X Ortalama (Mean) SPSS Sosyal bilimler için istatistik paketi (Statistical package for the social sciences) p value Anlamlılık değeri (Significant value) r value Korelasyon değeri (Correlation value) N Katılımcı sayısı (Number of participant) Min Minimum (Minimum) Max Maksimum (Maximum) BMI Vüvut kütle indeksi (Body mass index) Kg Kilogram (Kilogram) Cm Cantimeter Kcal Klokalor (Klocalore) W Wat (Watt) Aydın, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 325 of 327 Beyanlar / Declarations Etik Onay ve Katılım Onayı / Ethics approval and consent to participate Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma ve yazım sürecinde ‘‘Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi’’ kapsamında bilimsel, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş olup; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamış ve bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir. Makale ile ilgili doğabilecek her türlü ihlallerde sorumluluk yazara aittir. Çalışma için etik onay, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulu tarafından verilmiştir (belge no. 02/04/20242024/03). Katılımcılar için, etik kurallara uygun olarak katılımcıların ebeveynlerinden veya yasal vasilerinden bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmış ve tüm katılımcılar bu çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. / During the preparation and writing of this study, scientific, ethical and citation rules were followed in accordance with the ‘Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Guidelines’; no alterations were made to the collected data, and this study has not been submitted for evaluation to any other academic publication medium. The author is solely responsible for any violations that may arise in connection with this article. The Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee of Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences (document no. 02/04/2024-2024/03). For participants, informed consent was obtained from the participants' parents or legal guardians following ethical guidelines, and all participants voluntarily participated in this study Veri Ve Materyal Erişilebilirliği / Availability of data and material Bu çalışmanın bulgularını destekleyen veriler, makul talepler üzerine sorumlu yazardan temin edilebilir. Veri seti yalnızca akademik amaçlar için erişilebilir olacak ve verilerin herhangi bir kullanımı, orijinal çalışmayı referans gösterecek ve katılımcıların gizliliğini koruyacaktır. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The dataset will be accessible only for academic purposes, and any use of the data will recognize the original study and maintain the confdentiality of the participants. Çıkar Çatışması / Competing interests Yazarlar, bu makalede sunulan çalışmayı etkileyebilecek herhangi bir çıkar çatışması veya kişisel ilişkiye sahip olmadıklarını beyan etmektedirler. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Yazar Katkıları / Authors’ Contribution Statement Çalışmanın tasarımı ve planlanması: S.A.; Veri toplama, analizi veya yorumlanması: S.A.; Makalenin yazımı: S.A.; Veri düzenleme, yöntem belirleme, yazım --- özgün taslak, yazım --- gözden geçirme ve düzenleme: S.A.; Tüm yazarlar, makalenin önemli noktalarını eleştirel bir şekilde gözden geçirmiştir. Tüm yazarlar makalenin son halini onaylamıştır. Design and planning of the study: S.A.; Data collection, analysis or interpretation: S.A.; Manuscript preparation: S.A.; Data organization, methodology development, writing - original draft, writing --- review and editing: S.A.; All authors critically reviewed the key points of the manuscript and approved the final version. Fon Desteği / Funding This Bu çalışma, kamu, özel veya kar amacı gütmeyen sektörlerdeki fon sağlayıcı kurumlardan herhangi bir özel destek almamıştır. This research received no external funding. Teşekkür / Acknowledgements None. APA 7 Citation Aydın, S. (2025). Exploring the Link Between Body Composition and Strength in Young Male Basketball Players. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, 3 (2), 320–327. https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/issue2-volume3/ijoss-Volume2-issue3-25.pdf https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17440985 References / Kaynaklar Akkoç, O., Caliskan, E., & Bayramoglu, Z. (2018). 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