CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTORS

JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 18, issue 01, 2025 ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431 www.wordlyknowledge.uz ILMIY METODIK JURNAL Rakhmatullayeva Mohirakhan Muhammad al-Khwarizmi TATU named after, Associate professor of the department of physics Asadbek Aliyev Muhammad al-Khwarizmi TATU named after, 813-24 WCBEu group student CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTORS Abstract: The article describes the physical nature of semiconductor materials, their electrical and structural properties, main types and directions of use in modern electronic systems. Development trends and existing problems of semiconductor technologies are also analyzed. Key words: semiconductor, PN diode, diode, transistor, integrated circuit, nanoelectronics. Introduction Semiconductors are the main element of modern electronics and electrical engineering. They determine not only the principle of operation of electronic devices, but also have become an integral part of information technology, energy and automation systems. Semiconductor materials are distinguished by their unique electrical conductivity, sensitivity to external influences and high reliability. In recent years, the development of semiconductor technologies has created new opportunities in the global economy and science and education. In particular, semiconductor elements form the basis of microprocessors, sensors, energy-saving devices and artificial intelligence systems. Therefore, in-depth study of the physics of semiconductors and the creation of their new types is one of the most relevant areas of modern scientific research. a main part A semiconductor is a material whose energy structure contains a small energy gap (Eg) between the valence band and the conduction band. This gap is in the range of 0.1–2 eV. When electrons gain energy and overcome this gap, the material begins to conduct electricity. As the temperature increases, the number of electrons increases, resulting in an increase in the conductivity of the semiconductor. This is the opposite of the case for metals. The movement of electrons under the influence of light or radiation gives rise to the photoelectric effect, which is widely used in photovoltaic devices [1]. Figure 1-2 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a semiconductor with a conductivity graph. quoted . JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 18, issue 01, 2025 ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431 www.wordlyknowledge.uz ILMIY METODIK JURNAL 1 . Schematic diagram of a semiconductor structure. 2 . of a semiconductor permeability schedule . Semiconductors are divided into natural and artificially doped types: 1. N-type semiconductors - these materials have electrons as the main charge carriers. They are doped with elements from the V-group (for example, phosphorus, arsenic). 2. P-type semiconductors - in this case, the main charge carriers are holes, doped with group III elements (boron, aluminum). The connection of these two types of semiconductors creates a PN junction , which allows current to flow in one direction. This is the physical basis for the operation of diodes and transistors. Various functional devices are created from semiconductor materials: Diodes are elements that conduct current in only one direction. They are used to correct and stabilize the signal. Transistors are elements that act as amplifiers and switches. They are the basis of microprocessors and logic circuits. Photocells and photodiodes - convert light energy into electrical energy. JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 18, issue 01, 2025 ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431 www.wordlyknowledge.uz ILMIY METODIK JURNAL Integrated circuits - high-speed systems are created by placing hundreds of thousands of transistors on one chip. Semiconductors are used in almost all areas of human activity: Information technologies - microprocessors, memory chips, computer systems; Telecommunications - mobile communication, radio systems, internet devices; Energy - inverters, solar elements, energy-saving systems; Medicine - biosensors, tomography and diagnostic devices; Automation and robotics - sensor systems, intelligent control units. Semiconductor technologies provide the fundamental technical basis for any industry that requires high precision, reliability, and speed [2]. Scientific directions in the field of semiconductors are being formed as follows: 1) Nanoelectronics - speeding up computing systems by reducing the size of transistors to 3 nanometers; 2) 2D materials – ultra-thin structures based on graphene and dichalcogenides; 3) Quantum devices are a new type of computing systems based on quantum bits (qubits); 4) Energy-saving electronics - low-voltage and high-efficiency circuits; 5) Intelligent sensor networks (IoT) are systems connected by artificial intelligence and data analytics. of the semiconductor industry is also creating a number of problems. Among them are: - Inefficiency of heat dissipation in devices; - High cost of technological processes; - Ensuring the sustainability of new materials; - Environmental impact and waste treatment issues. To solve such problems, new types of materials (e.g., GaN, SiC), 3D structures, and energysaving algorithms are being developed [3]. Conclusion Semiconductors play an important role in all spheres of human life as the main factor of scientific and technical progress. Modern electronic computing systems, artificial intelligence, optical communication and solar energy technologies are unthinkable without them. In the future, quantum computers, intelligent sensor networks and energy-saving electronic systems based on semiconductor technologies will be widely used. Therefore, it is of strategic importance to expand scientific research and develop local production in this area. Used literature 1. Сиддиқов А., Электроника асослари. – Тошкент, 2020. 2. Sedra & Smith. Microelectronic Circuits . - Oxford, 2021. 3. Millman , Halkias . Integrated Electronics. - McGraw-Hill, 2019 .