CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION AND CONTROL OF GREEN MASS GROWING PROCESSES

RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ISSN: 2181-3191 VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 9 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17478048 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATION AND CONTROL OF GREEN MASS GROWING PROCESSES Kalandarov P.I. – professor, eest[email protected] Abdullayeva D.A. – assistent, dabdull[email protected], Yerzakova R.K.-assistant, rozaergas[email protected] Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers. National Research University ABSTRACT For the development of livestock in agriculture, the issue of hydroponic green fodder production is an urgent issue, and in order to solve these issues, it is necessary to improve the network production system of high-quality fodder preparation [1]. For this, hydroponics uses an automated system for growing green food: temperature, humidity, light, etc. by controlling and correcting, it is possible to grow high-quality green fodder rich in various minerals. Key words: plant, green food, hydroponic method, automation system, sensor, temperature, humidity, nutrient solution. Introduction. For the development of animal husbandry in the current agricultural conditions, the issue of hydroponic green fodder production is an urgent issue, and the issue of applying best practices and scientific achievements in the field of animal husbandry still does not fully meet the demand. specific requirements, in particular, the introduction of advanced technologies in the field of breeding, animal husbandry, strengthening of the fodder base have not been sufficiently studied. [1] The solution to this is to develop high-quality varieties of green fodder for livestock with a high protein content, for this purpose, during the growing process, constantly creating appropriate climatic conditions, enriching the water content with appropriate minerals and its temperature, grain moisture and growth it is required to provide the necessary amount of lighting and to monitor them. This, in turn, leads to qualitative and innovative analysis of protein composition, in particular, adjustment RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ISSN: 2181-3191 VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 9 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 48 and correction of energy deficit of protein and useful nutrients, which allows for improvement of genetic potential in the republic [2]. Setting the problem. To solve the above-mentioned issues, first of all, it will be necessary to improve the network production system of high-quality feed preparation. This, in turn, is one of the important factors in increasing the productivity of livestock products in the production of high-quality and rich feed, which leads to an increase in productivity and an increase in livestock, that is, to the creation of a system of livestock improvement [3,4]. Figure 1. Placement of wheat in trays Today, there are several ways to prepare green fodder. One of them is the method of growing plants without soil. In many literatures, this system is called hydroponics and aeroponics. Based on this, our research is focused on the hydroponic production of green feed for livestock, poultry and fish. A number of data [5,6] show that when comparing the costs of feed preparation, hydroponic green feed is found to be 6-8 times cheaper than ordinary grass, 5-6 times cheaper than mixed feed (combikorm) and 3 times cheaper than hay. It has been observed that green feed contains necessary nutrients and many vitamins, it is well digestible, it is an environmentally friendly product, and it is distinguished by its simple and economical production [00]. Green fodder grown by the hydroponic method is of great biological importance in feeding all livestock, poultry and fish. It was observed that it contains 28.93% protein and 96.73% fat in addition to bioactive substances (carotene and chlorophyll) compared to other nutrients [7]. When using hydroponics technology and automation elements in greenhouses, in particular, when using sensors to obtain primary data on the quality of planting material (wheat), its parameters: temperature, humidity, nutrient content of the solution, pH level, granulometric composition, density and others will be able to regulate the concentration of gas content in the air, favorable for photosynthesis, water transfer for drip irrigation of crops, humidity of the root system, as well as the duration and intensity of light. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ISSN: 2181-3191 VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 9 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 49 Mistakes made in the process of growing plants can lead to the death of plants or their poor development. Automation of technological processes helps to prevent this, avoiding constant control of feed and climate. When using the automation system, the process of growing plants in the hydroponic method showed much higher efficiency. Automatic management of plant cultivation processes solves a number of issues, allows to increase the quality of hydroponics technology, as well as to find new possibilities of using automation systems. As a result of the control of the considered parameters, it will be possible to reduce the human factor by using the automation system for the cultivation of highquality hydroponic green food (HGF). Research method. Sensors, controllers and other equipment used to automate the hydroponics system, first of all, save time: there is no need to turn on / off the light, add nutrient solution and ventilate the greenhouse [8]. Automation is able to adjust almost all indicators in hydroponic systems: • air and substrate temperature; • humidity, amount of carbon dioxide; • duration and intensity of lighting; • content of nutrients in the solution; • pH level. Hydroponic system automation systems are based on timers and control units that adjust the operation schedule of fans, lighting, pumps and CO2 supply. Illumination. It is necessary to simulate the natural change of day and night, it is set depending on the type of plants and the period of growth. The timer sets the desired mode: for example, 18 hours "day" / 6 hours "night" or 12/12. Different types of lamps differ in light spectrum and intensity, as well as the ability to heat the air. Moisture in growbox. One of the most reliable systems is drip irrigation, which can be adjusted using a timer. An automatic system with humidity sensors is also used: if the humidity is below a given level, the irrigation system starts, if the humidity is high, the fans start working. Temperature in growbox. Thermostats are usually used for this. The temperature depends on the type of plants and their growth, fruiting or flowering stage, but it should not exceed 29-30 °C. The temperature in the growbox is adjusted as follows. Additional fans are used to lower the temperature, and heaters are used to raise it. The start-up sequence and the duration of their operation are adjusted using timers or automatic devices. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ISSN: 2181-3191 VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 9 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 50 Adjust the pH value of the solution. Over time, the pH level rises, and pH controllers measure the level of acidity and adjust it by supplying the necessary components. Providing nutrient solution. Automating the hydroponic system detects the nutrient level, and if it is below the desired level, it turns on the pump to deliver the solution. Due to the use of universal blocks, full automation is able to control several devices: light bulbs, nutrient solution and irrigation pumps, fans. One such block automatically adjusts almost all the main functions of the system. [9,19]. We will consider automatic control in the cultivation of hydroponic green mass as a set of complex technical tools and object management (green mass cultivation) methods. The automatic control system used is to turn on and off the supply of water and nutrients, to start and stop the auxiliary devices, to ensure their trouble-free operation and the optimal operation of the technological process, to maintain the required parameter values. is used. The technical device that manages the object, that is, the control device, is a microcontroller and others. The combination of control object (CO) and automatic control device (CD) is an automatic control system, the block diagram of which is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2. Block diagram of automatic control system In the used automatic control system, two types of information come to the input of the control device: g describes the normal (necessary, normative) state of the control object, and x describes the current state of the control object, taking into account the disturbance f. The control device processes all incoming data according to the algorithm included in it and extracts the control signal sent to the control object [10]. In ACS, all operations related to management processes (collection and processing of information, formation of management commands, influence on the managed object) are performed automatically without direct human participation. Automatic control is implemented in simple systems where the control object description and control algorithms are known. In complex systems, if the relationships between the elements and subsystems of the control object are not always clear and the performance criteria are not clear enough, the control system, in addition to the RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ISSN: 2181-3191 VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 9 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 51 computer working according to the given algorithms, is a decision-making human (operator) is added. The presence of an operator in the control process is a characteristic feature of this control system, and it is considered an automated control system [11,12,19]. Figure 3. Block diagram of the automated control system of the considered hydroponic system for growing green mass In the automated control system, the control cycle includes the most important decision-making functions and the person (operator) who is responsible for the decisions made. In Figure 3, Xo denotes the information X preprocessed after operator. To control the object, the operator uses 2 types of information: y - the proposed option of the control action, and z - informal information, which is the experience, knowledge and intuition of the operator. In order to obtain detailed information, it is necessary to approach the process of automating the control of the main indicators of green mass with sufficient knowledge and practical skills and experience. As a result, such approaches allow to manage the technical potential of the existing basic structure not only within the framework of the planned measures to change the existing value characteristics, but also to connect them with the parameters of the macroeconomic environment formed by potential customers. And the practical importance of scientific approaches and models is not only to predict the technical potential of the main structure with the direct requirements of customers, to anticipate future needs, but also to take into account the elements of advanced standardization, the best view of consumer characteristics. allows to create indicators [13,14]. Research results. There are various factors that affect the quality of the materials used in the introduction of an automatic control system in the cultivation of green fodder by the hydroponic method. Among these factors, the main ones are: the amount of plant macroand micronutrients, light, a certain temperature and humidity. It requires a large expenditure of human resources to continuously monitor a person. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ISSN: 2181-3191 VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 9 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 52 Automating the process of growing plants using the hydroponics method in closed conditions can reduce these costs and increase the production facility [15,16]. For this purpose, if we consider some studies for the automation of plant development, for example [17], the use of software-hardware modules based on the ARDUINO program and other microprocessors is considered in the studies. Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the electrical circuit of the rotor hydroponics system The data received from the sensors is transmitted to the hardware and software module, where the program corresponding to the actions on these indicators is read and executed according to the specified software, the arduino board itself controls the processes that occur in hydroponics will be able to adjust and control by requiring minimal labor. Conclusions. Based on the reviewed data, the use of hydroponics systems can become an alternative method of obtaining green crops under the conditions of greenhouses in the modern conditions of reduction of arable land and high urbanization, while such equipment occupies a small area and consumes energy efficiently. In order to reduce human labor costs, it will be possible to automate the process of plant growth in the future [18]. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ISSN: 2181-3191 VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 9 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 53 References 1.O‘zbekiston Respublikasi qishloq xo‘jaligini rivojlantirishning 20202030 yillarga mo‘ljallangan strategiyasini tasdiqlash to‘g‘risida. PF5853-son. 23.10.2019 2. Naumov, Jurij; Pugač, Igor (2019). Problemi i perspektivi razvitiya jivotnovodstva v Uzbekistane. Discussion Paper, No.188. Leibniz Institute of Agricultural. Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale), http://nbnresolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:2-112940. 3. Butler,W.R. 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