भारतीय समाज में लैंगिक असमानता: एक विश्लेषण

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 268 Hkkjrh; lekt esa ySafxd vlekurk % ,d fo'ys"k.k . 1, . 2 1 - , , ,   2 . - , , ,  [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-170951 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 9 Pp.268-273 September 2025 Submitted:22 Aug. 2025 Revised: 3 Aug. 2025 Accepted: 21 Sept. 2025 Published: 30 Sept. 2025 'kks/klkjka'k ySafxd vlekurk dksbZ lk/kkj.k leL;k ugha gS] cfYd ;g ,d ,slh lkekftd&vkfFkZd pqukSrh gS tks ekuo lekt dh çxfr dks tdM+s gq, gSA vk/kh vkcknh dks ;fn leku vf/kdkj vkSj volj ugha feysaxs] rks jk"Vª dHkh Hkh viuh iwjh {kerk dk mi;ksx ugha dj ik,xkA bl leL;k dh tM+sa lkekftd ekufldrk] ijaijk vkSj laLFkkxr <k¡pksa esa xgjkbZ ls QSyh gqbZ gSaA vr% vko';drk gS fd ge ySafxd vlekurk dks dsoy efgykvksa dh leL;k u ekusa] cfYd bls jk"Vªh; fodkl vkSj lkekftd U;k; ls tqM+k eqík le>saA tc rd iq#"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa dks leku volj] lEeku vkSj vf/kdkj ugha feysaxs] rc rd lPps vFkksaZ esa yksdra= vkSj lekurk dh LFkkiuk laHko ugha gSA gesa ;g le>uk gksxk fd ySafxd lekurk dsoy U;k; vkSj ekuokf/kdkjksa dk ç'u ugha gS cfYd ;g vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çxfr dh vfuok;Zrk Hkh gSA vkt vko';drk gS fd ge viuh lksp vkSj O;ogkj esa ifjorZu yk,¡A fL=;ksa dks cks> ;k ijkfJr u ekudj mUgsa lekt vkSj jk"Vª dh 'kfä ds :i esa Lohdkj djsaA f'k{kk] jkstxkj] jktuhfr vkSj lkekftd thou ds gj {ks= esa mUgsa cjkcjh dk LFkku nsdj gh ,d lerkewyd] U;k;iw.kZ vkSj çxfr'khy lekt dk fuekZ.k laHko gSA bl vkys[k esa ySafxd vlekurk ds dkj.kksa ij u dsoy ppkZ dh tk,xh cfYd bl leL;k dk lek/kku ryk'kus dk lkFkZd ç;kl Hkh fd;k tk,xkA cht 'kCn& ySafxd vlekurk] lerkewyd] U;k;iw.kZ] çxfr'khy] lkaL—frd ] fir`lÙkkRed ]yksdrkaf=dA lekt ds fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dh leku Hkwfedk jgh gSA fdarq ,sfrgkfld –f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks fL=;ksa dks iq#"kksa ds leku vf/kdkj vkSj volj çkIr ugha gks ik,A ;gh fLFkfr ySafxd vlekurk dgykrh gSA ySafxd vlekurk dk vFkZ gS & L=h vkSj iq#"k ds chp lkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkaL—frd voljksa esa HksnHkkoA ;g vlekurk u dsoy O;fäxr Lrj ij vU;k;iw.kZ gS cfYd ;g iwjs lekt dh çxfr vkSj fodkl dks Hkh ckf/kr djrh gSA ySafxd vlekurk dsoy efgykvksa dh leL;k ugha gS cfYd iwjs lekt dh çxfr ds ekxZ esa ck/kk gSA tc rd L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks leku volj] vf/kdkj vkSj lEeku ugha feysxk] rc rd fodkl v/kwjk jgsxkA ySafxd vlekurk ekuo lH;rk dh lcls iqjkuh vkSj xgjh lkekftd leL;kvksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g leL;k dsoy efgykvksa dks çHkkfor ugha djrh] cfYd iwjs lekt vkSj jk"Vª dh çxfr dks vo#) djrh gSA ftl lekt esa vk/kh vkcknh dks ghu le>k tk, vkSj mUgsa leku vf/kdkj rFkk volj u fn, tk,¡] ogk¡ U;k;] Lora=rk vkSj lekurk tSls yksdrkaf=d ewY; dsoy dkxth ?kks"k.kk,¡ cudj jg tkrs gSaA blfy, ySafxd vlekurk dk var djuk u dsoy efgykvksa dh Lora=rk vkSj l'kfädj.k dk ç'u gS] cfYd ;g ekuo lH;rk dh lexz çxfr dh vfuok;Zrk Hkh gSA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: . , - , , ,   How to cite this article: , . (2025).  : Journal of Research & Development, 17(9), 268-273. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 269 ;fn ge bfrgkl ij –f"Vikr djsa rks ik,¡xs fd L=h vkSj iq#"k us feydj lH;rk dks vkdkj fn;k gSA fQj Hkh lkekftd <k¡ps us efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa ds v/khu eku fy;k vkSj mudh Lora=rk ij vadq'k yxk;kA ifj.kkeLo:i f'k{kk] LokLF;] jktuhfr vkSj vkfFkZd {ks= esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lhfer gks xbZA vk/kqfud ;qx esa foKku vkSj rduhdh çxfr ds ckotwn ;g fLFkfr iwjh rjg ugha cnyhA ;g fojks/kkHkkl crkrk gS fd ekufldrk vkSj O;ogkj esa lq/kkj ykuk lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA lekurk ,d lqanj vkSj lqjf{kr lekt dh og uhao gS ftl ij fodkl :ih bekjr cukbZ tk ldrh gSA* ySafxd lekurk D;k gS\ vkf[kj D;ksa ;g fdlh Hkh lekt vkSj jk"Vª ds fy;s ,d vko';d rÙo cu x;k gS\ D;k cnyrs lekt esa ;g çklafxd gS\ ySafxd lekurk dk vFkZ ;g ugha fd lekt dk çR;sd O;fä ,d fyax dk gks vfirq ySafxd lekurk dk lh/kk lk vFkZ lekt esa efgyk rFkk iq#"k ds leku vf/kdkj] nkf;Ro rFkk jkstxkj ds voljksa ds ifjçs{; esa gSA blh rF; ds eísutj flracj] 2015 esa la;qä jk"Vª egklHkk dh mPp Lrjh; cSBd esa ,tsaMk 2030 ds varxZr 17 lrr fodkl y{;ksa dks j[kk x;k] ftls Hkkjr lfgr 193 ns'kksa us Lohdkj fd;kA bu y{;ksa esa lrr fodkl y{; & 5 ds varxZr ySafxd lekurk ds fo"k; dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA Li"V gS fd gekjs lekt ds fodkl ds fy;s ySafxd lekurk vfr vko';d gSA efgyk vkSj iq#"k lekt ds ewy vk/kkj gSaA lekt esa ySafxd vlekurk lksp&le>dj cukbZ xbZ ,d [kkbZ gS] ftlls lekurk ds Lrj dks çkIr djus dk lQj cgqr eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA ySafxd vlekurk ls rkRi;Z ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dh yach ;k=k esa L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa dh leku Hkwfedk jgh gSA çkphu lekt dh lajpuk ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx dh mUur rduhdh O;oLFkk rd] gj Lrj ij efgykvksa us viuh {kerk vkSj çfrHkk ls ;ksxnku fn;k gSA fQj Hkh foMacuk ;g gS fd bfrgkl ds vf/kdka'k fgLls esa efgykvksa dks leku vf/kdkj vkSj volj ugha fey ldsA ;g vlekurk gh vkxs pydj ÞySafxd vlekurkß ds :i esa LFkkfir gqbZA ySafxd vlekurk dk rkRi;Z ySafxd vk/kkj ij efgykvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko ls gSA ijaijkxr :i ls lekt esa efgykvksa dks detksj oxZ ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk jgk gSA os ?kj vkSj lekt nksuksa txgksa ij 'kks"k.k] vieku vkSj Hksn&Hkko ls ihfM+r gksrh gSaA efgykvksa ds f[kykQ HksnHkko nqfu;k esa gj lekt esa çpfyr gSA oSf'od ySafxd varjky lwpdkad& 2020 esa Hkkjr 153 ns'kksa esa 112osa LFkku ij jgkA blls lkQ rkSj ij vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd gekjs ns'k esa ySfxad HksnHkko dh tM+sa fdruh etcwr vkSj xgjh gSA ySafxd vlekurk dk vFkZ gS & L=h vkSj iq#"k ds chp vf/kdkjksa] voljksa] lalk/kuksa vkSj çfr"Bk esa fd;k x;k HksnHkkoA tc fdlh O;fä dks dsoy mlds fyax ds vk/kkj ij derj vk¡dk tkrk gS ;k mlds lkFk vU;k; gksrk gS] rks ;g vlekurk dgykrh gSA f'k{kk] jkstxkj] osru] LokLF;] laifÙk] lkekftd fLFkfr vkSj jktuhfrd çfrfuf/kRo&yxHkx gj {ks= esa ;g varj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ySafxd vlekurk ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh ckr djsa rks blesa lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd {ks= ds lkFk oSKkfud {ks=] euksjatu {ks=] fpfdRlk {ks= vkSj [ksy {ks= çeq[k gSaA 28 Qjojh dks jk"Vªh; foKku fnol ^foKku ds {ks= esa efgyk,¡* Fkhe ds lkFk vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA ;g foKku ds {ks= esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dks js[kkafdr djus dk ,d csgrjhu ç;kl gS] ijarq ySafxd vlekurk dh bl [kkbZ dks nwj djus esa gesa vHkh ehyksa pyuk gksxkA vkt 21oha lnh esa Hkh] tc foKku vkSj rduhd us fo'o dks ubZ Å¡pkb;ksa rd igq¡pk fn;k gS] rc Hkh efgykvksa dks f'k{kk] jkstxkj] LokLF; lsokvksa] jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa cjkcjh dk ntkZ ugha feyk gSA Hkkjr tSls yksdrkaf=d ns'k esa Hkh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vis{kk—r detksj gSA ;|fi laoS/kkfud Lrj ij lekurk dh xkjaVh nh xbZ gS] ijarq O;ogkfjd Lrj ij HksnHkko dh ço`fÙk xgjkbZ rd teh gqbZ gSA ySafxd vlekurk ds dkj.k vkSj Lo:i 1-lkekftd ekufldrk vkSj ijaijk 2-f'k{kk esa vlekurk 3-vkfFkZd vlekurk 4-lkaL—frd ,oa /kkfeZd ijaijk,¡ 5-jktuhfrd çfrfuf/kRo dh deh 6-LokLF; lsokvksa esa vlekurk Hkkjrh; lekt lfn;ksa ls fir`lÙkkRed jgk gSA fL=;ksa dks ^ifjokj rd lhfer* ekuus dh ekufldrk us mUgsa f'k{kk vkSj Lora= fu.kZ; ysus ds voljksa ls oafpr j[kkAxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dks mruk egRo ugha fn;k tkrkA ekrk&firk ekurs gSa fd f'k{kk esa fuos'k djuk yM+dksa ds fy, vf/kd mi;ksxh gS D;ksafd os gh vkxs pydj ifjokj pyk,¡xsA dkedkth efgykvksa dks Hkh iq#"kksa ds leku osru ugha feyrkA dbZ {ks=ksa esa ^ySafxd osru varj* vHkh Hkh fo|eku gSA ngst çFkk] cky fookg vkSj fL=;ksa dh xfr'khyrk ij vadq'k yxkus okyh ijaijk,¡ efgykvksa dks Lora= thou thus ls jksdrh gSaA laln vkSj fo/kkulHkkvksa esa efgykvksa dk çfrfuf/kRo vHkh Hkh de gSA iapk;r Lrj ij vkj{k.k us fLFkfr lq/kkjh gS] fdarq Å¡ps Lrj ij fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks iks"k.k vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa dh deh vf/kd >syuh iM+rh gSA çlodkyhu e`R;q nj vkSj dqiks"k.k vkt Hkh ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 270 ySafxd vlekurk ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifj.kke bl çdkj gS& 1-lekt dk vlarqfyr fodkl 2-vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu 3-lkekftd vU;k; 4-yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa dk ºzkl tc vk/kh vkcknh dks leku volj ugha feyrs] rks lekt dk larqfyr fodkl vlaHko gks tkrk gSAfo'o cSad dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ;fn efgykvksa dks leku volj fn, tk,¡ rks ns'k dh thMhih esa mYys[kuh; o`f) gks ldrh gSA efgykvksa dh çfrHkk vkSj Je 'kfä dk iwjk mi;ksx u gksuk vkfFkZd gkfu gSA ySafxd vlekurk ls efgykvksa ds lkFk HksnHkko] 'kks"k.k vkSj fgalk dh ?kVuk,¡ c<+rh gSaA ?kjsyw fgalk] dk;ZLFkyksa ij mRihM+u vkSj cky fookg tSlh leL;k,¡ bldk çR;{k ifj.kke gSaA lekurk vkSj U;k; tSls yksdrkaf=d vkn'kZ ySafxd vlekurk ds dkj.k [kks[kys gks tkrs gSaA Hkkjr tSls yksdrkaf=d vkSj laoS/kkfud ns'k esa tgk¡ Þlekurkß dk vf/kdkj ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :i esa fn;k x;k gS] ogk¡ Hkh O;ogkfjd Lrj ij fL=;k¡ iq#"kksa ls ihNs fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA la;qä jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe dh fjiksVksaZ esa ckj&ckj mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd ySafxd vlekurk dsoy Hkkjr gh ugha] cfYd iwjs fo'o dh pqukSrh gSA nqfu;k dh vk/kh vkcknh dks ;fn cjkcjh ds volj ugha feyrs rks u rks U;k;iw.kZ lekt cu ldrk gS vkSj u gh lrr fodkl laHko gSA ;|fi oSfnd dky esa fL=;ksa dks lEeku vkSj f'k{kk ds volj çkIr FksA xkxhZ] eS=s;h tSlh fonqf"k;ksa dk mYys[k bldk çek.k gSA ysfdu le; chrus ds lkFk lekt vf/kd fir`lÙkkRed gksrk x;kA e/;dky esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr vkSj vf/kd detksj gqbZ&inkZ çFkk] cky fookg] ngst tSlh dqçFkkvksa us mUgsa ?kj dh pkjnhokjh rd lhfer dj fn;kA Lora=rk laxzke esa vo'; efgykvksa us lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkbZ] fdarq Lora=rk çkfIr ds ckn Hkh lkekftd ekufldrk bruh rsth ls ugha cnyh fd mUgsa cjkcjh dk ntkZ rqjar çkIr gks ldsA ySafxd vlekurk dsoy f'k{kk o jkstxkj esa varj rd lhfer ugha gS] cfYd ;g ,d O;kid lkekftd leL;k gSA bldk Lo:i fofo/k çdkj ls çdV gksrk gS&  ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk esa HksnHkko  dk;ZLFkyksa ij vleku osru  ?kjsyw fgalk vkSj mRihM+u  LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k esa deh  laifÙk ij vf/kdkj ls oafpr djuk  jktuhfrd fu.kZ;&çfØ;k esa de çfrfuf/kRo vkt 21oha lnh esa tc ge Þukjh l'kfädj.kß vkSj ÞySafxd lekurkß dh ckr djrs gSa] rc Hkh vk¡dM+s fparktud gSaA fo'o vkfFkZd eap dh ÞXyksoy tsaMj fjiksVZ ß ds vuqlkj ySafxd lekurk gkfly djus esa Hkkjr vHkh dkQh ihNs gSA f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ds {ks= esa lq/kkj vo'; gq, gSa] fdarq vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj jktuhfrd l'kfädj.k esa varj cgqr cM+k gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa cky fookg dh ?kVuk,¡ vHkh Hkh gksrh gSaA csfV;ksa dks i<+kus esa fgpfdpkgV] jkstxkj esa vleku volj vkSj ?kjsyw fgalk tSlh leL;k,¡ vke gSaA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa Hkh dk;ZLFkyksa ij ts.Mj is xSi o Xykl lhfyax tSlh ck/kk,¡ efgykvksa dks leku Lrj rd igq¡pus ls jksdrh gSaA la;qä jk"Vª us 1979 esa CEDAW(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) dks viuk;k] tks ySafxd HksnHkko [kRe djus dh oSf'od çfrc)rk gSA 2015 esa ?kksf"kr lrr fodkl y{; esa ik¡pok¡ y{; fo'ks"k :i ls ySafxd lekurk ij dsafær gSA ;g crkrk gS fd tc rd efgykvksa dks leku volj ugha feyrs] rc rd lrr fodkl laHko gh ughaA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku us vuqPNsn 14] 15 vkSj 16 ds rgr lekurk dk vf/kdkj lqfuf'pr fd;k gSA vuqPNsn 39 ¼d½ vkSj ¼M½ esa jkT; dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k x;k gS fd iq#"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa dks leku volj vkSj leku osru çkIr gksaA f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj dkuwu] ?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e] dk;ZLFkyksa ij ;kSu mRihM+u fujks/kd vf/kfu;e] vkSj gky gh esa ikfjr efgyk vkj{k.k fo/ks;d&;s lHkh dne ySafxd vlekurk nwj djus dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA ljdkjh ;kstuk,¡ tSls ÞcsVh cpkvks] csVh i<+kvksß] Þç/kkuea=h ekr` oanuk ;kstukß] Þefgyk bZ&gkVß] vkSj Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks c<+kok nsus okys dk;ZØe efgykvksa dks l'kä cukus dk ç;kl dj jgs gSaA ySafxd vlekurk ds fofHkUu {ks= lkekftd {ks= esa& Hkkjrh; lekt esa çk;% efgykvksa dks ?kjsyw dk;Z ds gh vuqdwy ekuk x;k gSA ?kj esa efgykvksa dk eq[; dk;Z Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk djuk vkSj cPpksa ds ykyu&ikyu rd gh lhfer gSA vDlj ,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd ?kj esa fy;s tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa esa Hkh efgykvksa dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha jgrh gSA efgykvksa ds eqíksa ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu lkekftd laxBuksa esa Hkh efgykvksa dh U;wure la[;k ySafxd vlekurk ds fodjky :i dks O;ä djrh gSA vkfFkZd {ks= esa& vkfFkZd {ks= esa dk;Zjr efgyk vkSj iq#"k ds ikfjJfed esa varj gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa çk;% efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa ds lkis{k de osru fn;k tkrk gSA bruk gh ugha jkstxkj ds voljksa esa Hkh iq#"kksa dks gh çkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA jktuhfrd {ks= esa& lHkh jktuhfrd ny yksdrkaf=d gksrs gq, lekurk dk nkok djrs gSa ijarq os u rks pquko esa efgykvksa dks çR;k'kh ds :i esa fVdV nsrs gSa vkSj u gh ny ds çeq[k inksa ij mudh fu;qfä djrs gSaA Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 271 foKku ds {ks= esa& tc ge oSKkfud leqnk; ij /;ku nsrs gSa rks ;g ikrs gSa fd çxfr'khyrk dh fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr bl leqnk; esa Hkh Li"V :i ls ySafxd vlekurk fo|eku gSA oSKkfud leqnk; esa ;k rks efgykvksa dk ços'k gh eqf'dy ls gksrk gS ;k mUgsa de egÙo ds çkstsDV esa yxk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g foMacuk gh gS fd ge felkby eSu ds uke ls çfl) LoxhZ; ,- ih-ts vCnqy dyke ls rks ifjfpr gSa ysfdu felkby oqesu v‚Q bafM;k Vslh Fk‚el ds uke ls ifjfpr ugha gSaA euksjatu {ks= esa& euksjatu ds {ks= esa vfHkusf=;ksa dks Hkh bl HksnHkko dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+rk gSA vDlj fQYeksa esa vfHkusf=;ksa dks eq[; fdjnkj ugha le>k tkrk vkSj mUgsa ikfjJfed Hkh vfHkusrkvksa dh rqyuk esa de feyrk gSA [ksy {ks= esa& [ksyksa esa feyus okyh iqjLdkj jkf'k iq#"k f[kykfM+;ksa dh ctk; efgyk f[kykfM+;ksa dks de feyrh gSaA pkgs dq'rh gks ;k fØdsV gj [ksy esa HksnHkko gks jgk gSA blds lkFk gh] iq#"kksa ds [ksyksa dk çlkj.k Hkh efgykvksa ds [ksyksa ls T;knk gSA ySafxd vlekurk ds dkjd lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd çxfr ds ckotwn orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt esa fir`lÙkkRed ekufldrk tfVy :i esa O;kIr gSA blds dkj.k efgykvksa dks vkt Hkh ,d ftEesnkjh le>k tkrk gSA efgykvksa dks lkekftd vkSj ikfjokfjd #f<+;ksa ds dkj.k fodkl ds de volj feyrs gSa] ftlls muds O;fäRo dk iw.kZ fodkl ugha gks ikrk gSA lcjhekyk vkSj rhu rykd tSls eqíksa ij lkekftd erHksn fir`lÙkkRed ekufldrk dks çfrfcafcr djrk gSA Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh O;kogkfjd Lrj ¼oS/kkfud Lrj ij loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vkns'kkuqlkj laifÙk ij efgykvksa dk leku vf/kdkj gS½ ij ikfjokfjd laifÙk ij efgykvksa dk vf/kdkj çpyu esa ugha gS blfy;s muds lkFk foHksndkjh O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd Lrj ij iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks NksM+dj mPp oS/kkfud laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy;s fdlh çdkj ds vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk ugha gSA o"kZ 2017&18 ds uohure vkf/kdkfjd vkof/kd Je cy losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa efgyk Je 'kfä vkSj dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj de gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkfFkZd ekinaM ij efgykvksa dh vkRefuHkZjrk iq#"kksa ij cuh gqbZ gSA ns'k ds yxHkx lHkh jkT;ksa esa o"kZ 2011&12 dh rqyuk esa o"kZ 2017&18 esa efgykvksa dh dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj esa fxjkoV ns[kh xbZ gSA bl fxjkoV ds foijhr dsoy dqN jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ'kkflr çns'kksa tSls e/; çns'k] v#.kkpy çns'k] paMhx<+ vkSj neu&nho esa efgykvksa dh dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA /;krC; gS fd efgykvksa ds jkstxkj dh vaMj&fjiksfVaZx dh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ efgykvksa }kjk ifjokj ds [ksrksa vkSj m|eksa ij dk;Z djus dks rFkk ?kjksa ds Hkhrj fd;s x, voSrfud dk;ksaZ dks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ugha tksM+k tkrk gSA 'kSf{kd dkjd tSls ekudksa ij efgykvksa dh fLFkfr iq#"kksa dh vis{kk detksj gSA gkyk¡fd yM+fd;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ukekadu esa fiNys nks n'kdksa esa o`f) gqbZ gS rFkk ek/;fed f'k{kk rd ySafxd lekurk dh fLFkfr çkIr gks jgh gS ysfdu vHkh Hkh mPp f'k{kk rFkk O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds {ks= esa efgykvksa dk ukekadu iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa dkQh de gSA vlekurk dks nwj djus ds ç;kl& lekt dh ekufldrk esa /khjs&/khjs ifjorZu vk jgk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr eqíksa ij xaHkhjrk ls foe'kZ fd;k tk jgk gSA rhu rykd] gkth vyh njxkg esa ços'k tSls eqíksa ij ljdkj rFkk U;k;ky; dh lfØ;rk ds dkj.k efgykvksa dks mudk vf/kdkj çnku fd;k tk jgk gSA jktuhfrd çfrHkkx ds {ks= esa Hkkjr yxkrkj vPNk ç;kl dj jgk gS blh ds ifj.kkeLo#i oSf'od ySafxd varjky lwpdkad& 2020 ds jktuhfrd l'kähdj.k vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ekud ij vU; fcanqvksa dh vis{kk Hkkjr dks 18ok¡ LFkku çkIr gqvkA eaf=eaMy esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh igys ls c<+dj 23% gks xbZ gS rFkk blesa Hkkjr] fo'o esa 69osa LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr us eSfDldks dk;Z;kstuk ¼1975½] uSjksch vxzn'khZ j.kuhfr;k¡ ¼1985½ vkSj ySfxd lekurk rFkk fodkl ,oa 'kkafr ij la;qä jk"Vªk egklHkk l= }kjk 21oha 'krkCnhx ds fy;s vaxh—r "chftax fMDyjs'ku ,aM IyfsVQkeZ Q‚j ,D'kvku dks dk;kZfUorr djus ds fy;s vkSj dkjZokb;k¡ ,oa igysa" tSlh ySafxd lekurk dh oSf'od igyksa dh vfHkiqf"V dh gSA ^csVh cpkvks csVh i<+kvksa*] ^ou LV‚i lsaVj ;kstuk*] ^efgyk gsYiykbu ;kstuk* vkSj ^efgyk 'kfä dsaæ* tSlh ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls efgyk l'kähdj.k dk ç;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA bu ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i fyaxkuqikr vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ukekadu esa çxfr ns[kh tk jgh gSA vkfFkZd {ks= esa vkRefuHkZjrk gsrq eqæk vkSj vU; efgyk dsafær ;kstuk,¡ pykbZ tk jgh gSaAySafxd vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy;s dkuwuh çko/kkuksa ds vykok fdlh ns'k ds ctV esa efgyk l'kähdj.k rFkk f'k'kq dY;k.k ds fy;s fd;s tkus okys /ku vkoaVu ds mYys[k dks tsaMj ctfVax dgk tkrk gSA njvly tsaMj ctfVax 'kCn foxr nks&rhu n'kdksa esa oSf'od iVy ij mHkjk gSA blds tfj;s ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk efgykvksa rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA ySafxd vlekurk dks nwj djus ds mik; 1-f'k{kk dk çlkj 2-vkfFkZd l'kfädj.k 3-jktuhfrd çfrfuf/kRo 4-dkuwuh çko/kkuksa dk l[rh ls ikyu 5-lkekftd ekufldrk esa ifjorZu 6-LokLF; lsokvksa dh miyC/krk Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 272 csfV;ksa dh f'k{kk dks çkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,A ÞcsVh cpkvks] csVh i<+kvksß tSlh ;kstuk,¡ rHkh lQy gksaxh tc lekt dh lksp cnysxhA efgykvksa dks Lojkstxkj] m|ferk vkSj leku osru ds volj fn, tk,¡A ekbØksQkbusal vkSj Lo;a lgk;rk lewg bl fn'kk esa çHkkoh gSaA laln vkSj fo/kkulHkkvksa esa efgykvksa dks 33% vkj{k.k nsus dk fo/ks;d ,d ,sfrgkfld dne gSA blls uhfr&fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+sxhA ngst fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e] ?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e vkSj ;kSu mRihM+u fojks/kh dkuwu dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu vko';d gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ gS lekt dh lksp dks cnyukA ifjokj] Ldwy vkSj ehfM;k feydj ;g lans'k nsa fd yM+dk vkSj yM+dh nksuksa leku gSaA xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh xjhc efgykvksa ds fy, LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k lsok,¡ lqyHk dh tk,¡A ekr`Ro LokLF; esa lq/kkj ykuk vko';d gSA ySafxd lekurk ds mís'; dks gkfly djuk tkx:drk dk;ZØeksa ds vk;kstu vkSj dk;kZy;ksa esa dqN iksLVj fpidkus rd gh lhfer ugha gSA ;g ewy :i ls fdlh Hkh lekt ds nks lcls etcwr laLFkkuksa & ifjokj vkSj /keZ dh ekU;rkvksa dks cnyus ls lacaf/kr gSA ySafxd lekurk dk lw= Je lq/kkjksa vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk dkuwuksa ls Hkh tqM+k gS] fQj pkgs dkedkth efgykvksa ds fy;s leku osru lqfuf'pr djuk gks ;k lqjf{kr ukSdjh dh xkjaVh nsukA ekr`Ro vodk'k ds tks dkuwu ljdkjh {ks= esa ykxw gSa] mUgsa futh vkSj vlaxfBr {ks= esa Hkh l[rh ls ykxw djuk gksxkA tsaMj ctfVax vkSj lekftd lq/kkjksa ds ,dh—r ç;kl ls gh Hkkjr dks ySafxd vlekurk ds ca/kuksa ls eqä fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt dh nqfu;k esa ySafxd lekurk dsoy lkekftd U;k; dk eqík ugha jg xbZ gS] cfYd ;g vkfFkZd fodkl ls Hkh lh/ks tqM+h gSA varjjk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dh fjiksVsaZ Li"V djrh gSa fd ;fn efgykvksa dks leku volj fn, tk,¡ rks fdlh Hkh ns'k dh mRikndrk] uokpkj {kerk vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa mYys[kuh; o`f) gks ldrh gSA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy jk"Vª ds fy, ;g vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA Þukjh 'kfäß dk iwjk mi;ksx fd, fcuk ge fodflr jk"Vª dh fn'kk esa okLrfod çxfr ugha dj ldrsA la;qä jk"Vª ds lrr fodkl y{; esa ySafxd lekurk dks çeq[k mís'; ds :i esa j[kk x;k gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fo'o Lrj ij Hkh ;g Lohdkj fd;k tk pqdk gS fd fcuk ySafxd lekurk ds lrr vkSj U;k;iw.kZ fodkl dh dYiuk v/kwjh gSA Hkkjr us Hkh vusd ;kstukvksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwuksa ds ek/;e ls bl fn'kk esa dne mBk, gSa—tSls ÞcsVh cpkvks] csVh i<+kvksß] efgyk vkj{k.k fo/ks;d] dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu mRihM+u fujks/kd dkuwu vkfnA buls fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gS] fdarq lkekftd ekufldrk esa O;kid ifjorZu vHkh Hkh vko';d gSA ySafxd vlekurk dks lekIr djus ds fy, rhu Lrjksa ij Bksl dk;Z djuk gksxk& 1O;fäxr Lrj &çR;sd ifjokj dks ;g le>uk gksxk fd csVh vkSj csVk nksuksa leku gSaA ?kj ls gh lekurk dh f'k{kk 'kq: gksuh pkfg,A 2lkekftd Lrj & lekt esa ekStwn dqçFkkvksa tSls ngst] cky fookg vkSj ?kjsyw fgalk dks lekIr djuk gksxkA ehfM;k] lkfgR; vkSj f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks lekurk dk lans'k çlkfjr djuk pkfg,A 3laLFkkxr Lrj &ljdkj vkSj laLFkkvksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd f'k{kk] LokLF;] jkstxkj vkSj jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dks leku volj vkSj lqj{kk feysA lekurk dh jkg dsoy dkuwuh çko/kkuksa ls ugha [kqysxh] cfYd ekufldrk esa ifjorZu ls gh okLrfod Økafr vk,xhA tc iq#"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa ;g Lohdkj djsaxs fd os ,d&nwljs ds iwjd gSa] çfrLi/khZ ugha] rHkh ,d larqfyr lekt dk fuekZ.k gksxkA ySafxd vlekurk ds mUewyu dk vFkZ dsoy efgykvksa dks vf/kdkj fnykuk ugha gS] cfYd ;g ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks iquthZfor djus dh çfØ;k Hkh gSA lekurk] U;k; vkSj Lora=rk tSls vkn'kZ rHkh lkFkZd gksaxs tc vk/kh vkcknh dks mudk okLrfod LFkku feysxkAmijksä rF;ksa ds vuq'khyu ls Li"V gS fd fuEukafdr fcanq fopkj.kh; gS &  ySafxd vlekurk dsoy lkekftd vU;k; ugha gS] ;g fodkl dh lcls cM+h ck/kk gSA  bldk var lekt] jk"Vª vkSj fo'o—rhuksa ds fy, çxfr dk ekxZ ç'kLr djsxkA  ;g dsoy efgykvksa dh yM+kbZ ugha gS] cfYd iwjh ekuork dh ftEesnkjh gSA  f'k{kk] vkfFkZd l'kfädj.k] jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj lkekftd ekufldrk esa cnyko gh okLrfod lek/kku gSaA ySafxd vlekurk fdlh Hkh lekt ds fodkl esa lcls cM+h ck/kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g dsoy efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk ç'u ugha gS] cfYd lkekftd U;k;] yksdra= vkSj ekuork dh ewyHkwr vo/kkj.kkvksa ls tqM+k gqvk fo"k; gSA tc lekt dk vk/kk fgLlk f'k{kk] LokLF;] jkstxkj vkSj jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh esa cjkcjh ds voljksa ls oafpr jg tkrk gS] rks ml lekt dk fodkl dHkh larqfyr vkSj LFkk;h ugha gks ldrkA Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgk¡ lafo/kku us lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lekurk dk vf/kdkj fn;k gS] ogk¡ Hkh O;ogkfjd Lrj ij HksnHkko xgjkbZ ls ekStwn gSA ;g fLFkfr crkrh gS fd dsoy dkuwu vkSj uhfr;k¡ i;kZIr ugha gSa] cfYd lkekftd ekufldrk vkSj ijaijkxr lksp esa ifjorZu lcls vko';d gSA efgykvksa dh f'k{kk vkSj vkfFkZd l'kfädj.k gh og vk/kkj gS] ftl ij ySafxd lekurk dh okLrfod bekjr [kM+h gks ldrh gSA ;fn ckfydkvksa dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk] jkstxkj esa leku volj vkSj jktuhfrd fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh feys rks lekt vkSj jk"Vª nksuksa dk Hkfo"; mTToy gksxkA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ySafxd lekurk LFkkfir djuk dsoy efgykvksa ds mRFkku dk lk/ku ugha gS] cfYd ;g iwjs jk"Vª dh çxfr vkSj ekuo lH;rk ds larqfyr fodkl dh dqath gSA tc iq#"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa dks leku volj vkSj lEeku feysxk] rHkh ge ,d U;k;iw.kZ] lekurkewyd vkSj çxfr'khy lekt dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaxsA ;gh lPps yksdra= vkSj lrr fodkl dh igpku gksxhA ;g ç;kl djsa fd vkus okyh ih<+h dks ,slk lekt feys tgk¡ fdlh dks Hkh dsoy fyax ds Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 273 vk/kkj ij ihNs u j[kk tk,] rks fu'p; gh Hkkjr gh ugha] laiw.kZ ekuork ,d U;k;iw.kZ] lekurkewyd vkSj çxfr'khy Hkfo"; dh vksj c<+ ldsxhA lUnHkZ lwph 1. nslkbZ OykLlksQ dkjksy]xjhch ls vehjh dh vksj ,d Hkkjrh; xk¡o esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ij xzkeh.k fodkl dk çHkko] 2. ,Ylsfo;j lkbal fyfeVsM+] 1994A 3. gUQh],e-,]L=h f'k{kk] % fouksn iqLrd Hk.Mkj] vkxjk] 2016A 4. xSjh csdj vkSj verZ~; lsu]fodkl Lora=rk ds :i esa] vksDlQ‚MZ fof'o|ky; çsl] U;w ;‚dZ] 1999A 5. jkuh] m"kk] efgyk l'kfädj.k] lat; çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2016A 6. jkeklkeh] bZ-oh-] isfjokj tkfr&O;oLFkk vkSj fir`lÙkk] jk/kk—".ku çdk'ku] fnYyh]2020 A 7. egktu] /keZohj ,oa egktu] deys'k lekt'kkL=] foosd çdk'ku] fnYyh] 2018A 8. ikBd] M‚ lqes/kk] fyax] fo|ky; vkSj lekt] uhydey]fnYyh]1986A 9. Xykscy tsaMj xSi fjiksVZ&2022] 10. oyZ~M bdksu‚fed Qksje 11. Nath pramanik rathindra, gender Lhequality and women's empowerment, abhijeet publication Delhi, 2006. 12. Economic Review, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 13. Sharadha Deva "Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace - A Legal Mayth", 14. Journal of India Education, Vol. - XXXX, No. - 3. Nov. 2014. of Women in India. 1975. 15. Government of India "Towards Equality" Report of the Committee on the Status 16. Padmavati, K. Empowerment of Women. New Delhi: Serials Publication, (2016). 17. Ranjan, AMGNREGA and Women Empowerment. New Delhi: Ocean Books (P) Ltd. (2016). 18. Gupta,S & Gupta,A.Problems of modern Indian Education. Sharda Pustak bhavan, Allahabad: 2016. 19. Mishra,S & Puri, V. Indian Economy,Himalaya Publishing House ,Mumbai: 2018-19 20. https://nss.gov.in 21. https//www.economictimes.com 22. http://www.nsiindia.gov.in 23. https://censusindia.gov.in 24. https://wcd.nic.in 25. https://niti.gov.in