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ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 309 efgyk iqfyl dh leL;k,a MkW. , , , ( ) [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-170959 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 9 Pp. 309-312 September 2025 Submitted:23 Aug. 2025 Revised: 4 Aug. 2025 Accepted: 21 Sept. 2025 Published: 30 Sept. 2025 Lkkjka”k efgyk iqfyl ds fo"k; esa çk;% vUrfoZjks/kh fopkj&/kkjk,a ik;h x;h gSaA dqN yksxksa dk ;g dguk gS fd iqfyl ds dk;Z ds fy;s efgyk;sa mi;qä ugha gSa D;ksafd iqfyl dks vius dk;Z esa lekt fojks/kh rÙoksa ij dkcw çkIr djuk iM+rk gS vkSj blfy;s ;g dBksj dk;Z gSA ftlesa iq#"k tks fd vf/kd rkdroj gksrk gS] ;g dk;Z vf/kd lQyrk ds lkFk dj ldrk gS vkSj efgyk;sa tks fd çk;% detksj gksrh gSa] ;g dk;Z l[rh ds lkFk ugha dj ldrhaA blfy;s vf/kd ls vf/kd efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx lekt esa vijk/k djus okys cPpksa ds fu;a=.k ds fy;s vkSj bl çdkj ds NksVs&eksVs dk;ksaZ esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh vksj dqN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd efgykvksa dh ekStwnxh esa yksxksa dk O;ogkj Lo;a Hkæ cu tkrk gS vkSj efgykvksa ds vUnj ,slh ,dek= 'kfä gksrh gS ftlds mi;ksx ls os ,slk dk;Z dj ldrh gSa ftudks fd iq#"k 'kkjhfjd 'kfä ls ugha dj ldrk blfy;s efgyk iqfyl dh ekStwnxh ,d uSfrd vko';drk cu tkrh gSA dqN vU; dk dguk gS fd efgyk iqfyl ,d fQtwy [kphZyh iqfyl gS vkSj mudh HkrhZ ls turk dk /ku O;; ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA ,sls yksxksa dk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd efgyk iqfyl esa HkrhZ gksdj efgyk;sa viuk yTtk dk vkHkw"k.k [kks nsrh gSaA blfy;s bl çdkj efgyk iqfyl ds ftEes lekt ds vijk/k laca/kh lq/kkj tSlk egku dk;Z ugha lkSaik tkuk pkfg;sA dqN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd efgyk iqfyl dk O;ogkj turk ds lkFk vf/kd lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ gksrk gS vkSj os ihfM+r yksxksa ds nnZ dks vPNh rjg le>dj mudh vf/kd ls vf/kd dkuwuh o fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls lsok djus ds fy;s rRij jgrh gSaA - , ,  , , , , , , , , , , , , . baxySaM esa lcls igys çFke egk;q) esa lu~ 1914 bZls 1918 bZds chp esa efgykvksa dks iqfyl dk;Z esa fu;qä fd;k x;kA teZuh vkSj l;qaä jkT; vesfjdk esa blds igys Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA baxySaM esa vkjafHkd dky] lu~ 1914 bZesa efgykvksa dks vkSjrksa dh O;fäxr 'kkjhfjd tkap ;k Nkuchu] vkSjrsa vkSj cPps] ftudks fd fxjQrkj fd;k tkrk Fkk] Nkuchu ds fy;s yxk;k tkrk FkkA fdUrq ;s efgyk;sa flikgh ugha gksrh Fkha vkSj buls x'r dk dk;Z ugha fy;k tkrk FkkA ;|fi 20oha 'krkCnh ds vkjaHkesa vusdksa lekt lq/kkjdksa us efgyk iqfyl dh HkrhZ ds fy;s tksj fn;k] fdUrq çFke egk;q) ds le; esa gh efgykvksa dks iqfyl ds dk;ksaZ esa ;k vkSj nwljs dk;ksaZ dks djus dk ekSdk feykA vkajfHkd dky esa efgyk iqfyl Lo;a lsfodkvksa us iqfyl dk dk;Z djuk 'kq# fd;k vkSj bl flyflys esa baxySaM esa çeq[k :i ls nks laLFkkvksa us bl dk;Z dks djuk vkajHk fd;kA çFke egk;q) fNM+us ds ckn efgyk Lo;a lsfodkvksa us vkSjrksa rFkk yM+fd;ksa ds chp esa vijk/kksa dks jksdus ds fy;s ikdksa rFkk lSfud Nkofu;ksa esa x'r djuk vkjEHk fd;kA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: MkW. , , , , ( ) How to cite this article: , (2025). Journal of Research & Development, 17(9),309-312. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 310 bu efgykvksa dks iqfyl ds çeq[k vQljksa dh fuxjkuh esa çf'k{k.k fn;k x;k vkSj bl çdkj pkj ls ikap gtkj efgykvksa us iqfyl çf'k{k.k çkIr fd;kA dqN LFkkuksa ij tgka ij fd bu efgyk iqfyl ds dk;ksaZ dh ljkguk dh x;h] mudks ekfld osru Hkh fn;k x;k vkSj bl çdkj ;gh Lo;a lsfodk efgyk;sa /khjs&/khjs osruHkksxh efgyk iqfyl dehZ cu x;haA lu~ 1916bZesa yanu egkuxj ds iqfyl vk;qä us bUgha Lo;a lsfodk iqfyl efgykvksa esa ls dqN dks yanu dh efgyk iqfyl ds :i esa HkrhZ dj fy;k vkSj rHkh ls yanu egkuxj esa efgyk iqfyl dk;Z dj jgh gSaA lu 1920 bZesa efgyk iqfyl ds fo"k; esa fjiksVZ nsus ds fy;s cs;MZ lfefr dh fu;qfä dh x;hA bl lfefr us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd çFke egk;q) ds le; esa efgykvksa us iqfyl dk dk;Z lQyrkiwoZd fd;k Fkk tks fd mlls igys iqfyl gh fd;k djrh Fkh vkSj bl fjiksVZ us ;g Hkh cryk;k fd 'kgj dh ?kuh vkcknh ds {ks=ksa esa efgyk iqfyl dk;Z ds fy;s u dsoy mi;ksxh Fkk cfYd efgyk iqfyl dh fu;qfä dh vR;Ur vko';drk FkhA fdUrq la[;k esa fdruh efgyk iqfyl dh fu;qfä dh tk;s] bldk fu.k;Z iqfyl foHkkx ij gh NksM+ fn;k x;kA ml le; lu~ 1920 bZesa yanu egkuxj esa efgyk iqfyl dh la[;k 112 Fkh vkSj ckdh baxySaM esa 126 efgyk iqfyl fu;qä dh x;h FkhaA fdUrq bl lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa dks ,d cgqr cM+k /kDdk yxk tcfd lu~ 1920 bZds n'kd ds vkjEHk esa ljdkjh [kpZ de djus dk vkUnksyu pyk;k x;kA blfy;s lu~ 1922 bZesa x`g lfpo us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd yanu egkuxj esa efgyk iqfyl dh lHkh x'r ds ny lekIr dj fn;s tk;saA bl fu.kZ; dks ysdj vusdksa laln lnL;ksa us fojks/k çdV fd;k vkSj mudk dguk Fkk fd efgyk iqfyl u dsoy lekt dY;k.k dk dk;Z djrh gS cfYd vijk/kksa dks jksdus dk dk;Z Hkh djrh gS blfy, efgyk iqfyl dh VqdfM+;ksa dks Hkax djuk ,d udyh de [kpZ dk rjhdk gksxkA var esa x`g lfpo us vius fu.kZ; dks cny fn;k vkSj 112 efgyk iqfyl ds LFkku ij 20 efgyk iqfyl ds ,d NksVs lewg dks dk;Zjr j[kkA nwljs 15 iqfyl foHkkxksa us efgyk iqfyl VqdfM+;ksa dks Hkax dj fn;k rFkk vU; 5 iqfyl foHkkxksa us mudh la[;k de dj nh vkSj lu~ 1922 bZesa baxySaM ds 31 iqfyl foHkkxksa us dsoy 87 efgyk iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks iqfyl lsok esa j[kk x;kA lu~ 1924 bZesa ,d vU; lfefr dk xBu efgyk iqfyl dh HkrhZ ds fo"k; esa tkap djus ds fy;s fd;k x;kA bl lfefr us Hkh cs;MZ lfefr ds leku gh fu.kZ; fn;k vkSj ;g cryk;k fd efgyk iqfyl ds mi;ksx ls iqfyl lsok dh {kerk esa o`f) gqbZ fdUrq bl nwljh lfefr us Hkh efgyk iqfyl HkrhZ djus ds fo"k; esa vkSj mudh la[;k ds fo"k; esa fu.kZ;] iqfyl foHkkxksa ij gh Mky fn;kA bl lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds ckn yanu iqfyl esa efgyk iqfyl dh la[;k 22 ls c<+dj 50 gks x;hA vkjfEHkd fnuksa esa ;g fookn Hkh lkeus vk;k fd D;k efgyk iqfyl dks iqfyl dkULVscy ds leku gh mlds drZO;ksa dh çfrKk fnyk;h tk;sA çFke fo'o;q) ds le; ;g le>k tkrk Fkk fd efgyk;sa 'kkjhfjd :i ls detksj gksrh gSa vkSj os iqfyl dkULVscy dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fuHkkus dh {kerk ugha j[krhA blfy;s mudks iqfyl dkULVscy dh çfrKk ugha fnykuh pkfg;sA fdUrq lu~ 1923 bZds ckn yanu egkuxj dh efgyk iqfyl] iqfyl dkULVscy dh Hkkafr gh çfrKk ysus yxhA fdUrq lu~ 1924 bZesa bl fopkj/kkjk dk iquZfu.kZ; fy;k x;k vkSj ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k fd efgyk iqfyl dks dsoy dkULVscy ds leku çfrKk ysuh pkfg;sA lu~ 1930 bZrd çkUrksa esa ,d frgk;h efgyk iqfyl us çfrKk ugha yh FkhA fdUrq lu~ 1939 bZrd NBs fgLls dh efgyk iqfyl us dkULVscy dh çfrKk ugha yh FkhA fdUrq nwljs egk;q) ds le; fLFkfr fcYdqy gh cny x;h vkSj ;gka rd fd lgk;d efgyk iqfyl dks Hkh çfrKk fnyk;h tkus yxhA ;|fi mudks dk;kZy; bR;kfn ds vUnj iqfyl ds dk;Z fn;s tkrs Fks vkSj os dkULVscy ds lk/kkj.k drZO;ksa dks ugha fuHkkrh FkhA fdUrq vkt dh ifjfLFkfr fHkUu gS vkSj lHkh efgyk dkULVscyksa dks iqfyl dh çfrKk fnyk;h tkrh gSA lu~ 1929 bZesa tks jktdh; lfefr efgykvksa ds iqfyl esa HkrhZ ds ckjs esa fu;qä dh x;h Fkh mlesa lq>ko fn;k x;k Fkk fd efgyk iqfyl dks 'kgjksa esa onhZ/kkjh cudj x'r djuh pkfg, rFkk yM+fd;ksa vkSj cPps tks fd dkeokluk dk f'kdkj curs gSa] mudk c;ku fy[kuk pkfg, rFkk efgyk iqfyl dks ekeys ds vUos"k.k dk dke Hkh fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA igys bl VkbZi dk dk;Z iq#"kksa dks fn;k tkrk FkkA fdUrq f}rh; egk;q) ds nkSjku ;g ik;k x;k fd efgyk,¡ bl dk;Z dks cgqr fuiq.krk ds lkFk dj ldrh gSaA vkajfHkd dky esa efgyk iqfyl dks iq#"kksa ds eqdkcys esa osru Hkh de fn;k tkrk Fkk fdUrq fczteSu lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd ;ksX; efgykvksa dks iqfyl lsok esa vkdf"kZr djus ds fy;s mudks iq#"kksa ds leku gh osru fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl çdkj lu~ 1931 bZesa efgyk iqfyl dks iq#"kksa ds leku gh osru rFkk lsok laca/kh fu;e leku dj fn;s x;sA lu~ 1932 bZesa pkj efgyk fujh{kdksa dh fu;qfä vU; iqfyl cyksa esa dh x;h vkSj N% efgyk fujh{kdksa dh fu;qfä yanu egkuxj iqfyl esa dh x;hA blls efgyk iqfyl dks inksUufr djus dk volj Hkh feyus yxkA chloha lnh ds pkSFks vkSj ikaposa n'kd esa efgyk iqfyl ds fo"k; esa baxySaM esa dkQh fodkl gqvk vkSj vçR;kf'kr ifjorZu gqvkA baxySaM ds x`g foHkkx us lu~ 1946 bZesa ;g vkns'k tkjh fd;k fd baxySaM ds çR;sd iqfyl cy esa efgyk iqfyl dh fu;qfä vko';d gSA bl çdkj ftyksa esa efgyk iqfyl dh la[;k Ms<+ gtkj ls Hkh vf/kd gks x;h rFkk dqN efgyk iqfyl ds çf'k{k.k ds fy;s yanu egkuxj dh iqfyl esa o vU; iqfyl cyksa esa çf'k{k.k lqfo/kk çnku dh x;hA dqN efgyk iqfyl dk çf'k{k.k] iq#"k iqfyl ds lkFk fd;k x;kA lu~ 1945 bZls lHkh efgyk iqfyl] x`g foHkkx ds çf'k{k.k Ldwyksa esa çf'k{k.k ikus yxha vkSj mudks ogh çf'k{k.k fn;k tkus yxk tks fd iq#"k iqfyl dks fn;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj efgyk iqfyl ds çf'k{k.k rFkk iq#"k iqfyl ds çf'k{k.k ds chp fdlh çdkj dk vUrj ugha ik;k tkus yxk o nksuksa gh leku Lrj ij dk;Z djus yxsA vkajfHkd dky esa fookfgr efgykvksa dks iqfyl cyksa esa fu;qfä ugha nh tkrh FkhA lu~ 1931 bZds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj çR;sd efgyk iqfyl ;k rks fo/kok gksrh Fkh vFkok vfookfgrA fdUrq ;g fu;e lu~ 1946 bZesa lekIr dj fn;k x;kA Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 311 twu lu~ 1957 bZesa iqrZxky dh jkt/kkuh fyLcu esa vUrjk"Vªh; vijk/k laca/kh iqfyl lfefr dh lk/kkj.k lHkk dk lEesyu gqvk ftlesa efgyk iqfyl ds drZO;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyk x;kA bl lEesyu esa ;g cryk;k x;k fd vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke esa tSls fd R;kxs x, fc[kjs gq, vukFk cPpksa vkSj [kklrkSj ls os cPps tks vijk/k djus yxrs gSa] mudk irk yxkus esa rFkk ,sls cPps tks fd ns[kHkky u djus ls oS';ko`fÙk dh rjQ >qd ldrs gSa] mudk irk yxkuk] Ldwyh cPpksa dh enn djuk vkSj mudks VªSfQd ds dk;nksa vkSj fu;eksa ds fo"k; esa voxr djkuk rFkk ?kj ls Hkkxs gq, cPpksa dh ryk'k djuk vkSj efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds ckjs esa dkMZ bUMsDl ç.kkyh cukuk vkSj lkekftd LokLF; laca/kh vkSj f'k{kk laca/kh lsokvksa ds fo"k; esa rkyesy j[kuk] ;qorh efgyk,a tks fd vijk/k djrh gSa mudk o vU; yM+ds o yM+fd;ksa ds vijk/k laca/kh dslksa dk vUos"k.k djuk] efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ls iwNrkN djuk] oS';ko`fÙk dk irk yxkuk vkSj fxj¶rkj dh xbZ efgykvksa dh ryk'kh ysus bR;kfn dk;Z efgyk iqfyl ds fy;s mi;qä ik;k x;kA Hkkjro"kZ esa efgyk iqfyl dk vkjaHk yxHkx Lora=rk ds ckn gh gqvkA Lora=rk ds igys ykgkSj 'kgj esa gh lcls igys efgyk iqfyl bUliSDVj jsyos LVs'ku ds Fkkus esa rSukr FkhA lu~ 1948 bZesa iatkc vkSj fnYyh esa dqN la[;k esa efgyk iqfyl fu;qä dh xbZaA dydÙkk esa igyh efgyk iqfyl lu~ 1949 bZesa vkSj cEcbZ esa lu~ 1952 bZesa fu;qä dh xbZA bl le; yxHkx lHkh çns'kksa esa vkSj vnZ~/klSfud cyksa esa efgyk iqfyl fu;qä dh xbZ gSaA vusdksa jkT;ksa ds iqfyl vk;ksxksa us efgyk iqfyl dh fu;qfä ds fo"k; esa vius fopkj çdV fd;sA fcgkj iqfyl vk;ksx us] iatkc iqfyl vk;ksx us] egkjk"Vª iqfyl vk;ksx us vkSj mÙkj çns'k iqfyl vk;ksx bu lHkh us efgyk iqfyl dh fu;qfä ds fo"k; esa vius lq>ko çdV fd;s vkSj bUgksaus dgk fd efgyk iqfyl dh fu;qfä ds lkFk&lkFk iqfyl cyksa esa bldk foLrkj Hkh gksuk pkfg,A efgyk iqfyl vius dk;Z esa egkuxj dydÙkk] fnYyh vkSj cEcbZ esa vR;Ur gh mi;ksxh ikbZ xbZ gSaA dydÙkk esa vf/kdrj efgyk iqfyl vijk/k vUos"k.k foHkkx esa j[kh xbZ gSa rFkk dqN xqIrpj foHkkx esa Hkh dk;Z dj jgh gSaA efgyk iqfyl dk mi;ksx efgykvksa ds çn'kZuksa dh ns[k&js[k djus esa Hkh fu;qä fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh budk mi;ksx daVªksy :i esa vkSj nwljs {ks= esa Hkh gksus yxk gSA blh çdkj cEcbZ iqfyl esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk mi;ksx [kks;s gq, cPpksa vkSj efgykvksa dh ryk'k esa] oS';ko`fÙk rFkk cPpksa ls lacaf/kr vijk/kksa ds fo"k; esa lQyrk ls fd;k tkrk gSA efgyk vijkf/k;ksa dh ryk'kh ds fy;s vkSj mudh fxj¶rkjh ds fy;s rFkk gokbZ vìksa ij efgykvksa dh ryk'kh ds fy;s efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx lQyrk iwoZd fd;k tkrk gSA blh çdkj fnYyh iqfyl esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk mi;ksx efgyk vijkf/k;ksa dh iwNrkN ds fy;s] efgykvksa ds f[kykQ ekeyksa dh Nkuchu ds fy;s] ,sls çn'kZu ftlesa efgyk,a Hkkx ys jgh gksa] muds fu;a=.k ds fy;s vkSj cky vijkf/k;ksa rFkk efgyk vijkf/k;ksa ds fo"k; esa fd;k tkrk gSA psUubZ egkuxj esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk mi;ksx mijksä dk;ksaZ ds fy;s lQyrk iwoZd fd;k tk jgk gSA pkSUubZ egkuxj esa ,slk Fkkuk Hkh [kksyk x;k gS ftlesa lHkh iqfyl dehZ efgyk iqfyl ls gSaA Hkkjro"kZ esa Hkh fofHkUu çkUrksa esa vkSjrksa vkSj cPpksa ls lacaf/kr vijk/kksa ds vUos"k.k ls lacaf/kr enn djuk] [kks, gq, cPpksa o efgykvksa dh ryk'k esa LFkkuh; iqfyl dh enn djuk] oS';ky;ksa ls efgykvksa dks fudkydj mudks lqj{kkx`gksa esa] U;k;ky;ksa esa vkSj vLirkyksa esa ys tkuk] vigj.k ;k vxok fd, tkus ds ekeyksa esa efgykvksa o yM+fd;ksa dks fudkyuk] cPpksa] efgykvksa o vU; vijkf/k;ksa o xokgksa ls iwNrkN djuk] efgyk vijkf/k;ksa dh ryk'kh ysus vkSj mudks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkuk] oh-vkbZ-ihlqj{kk dk;Z] gokbZ vM~Mksa ij vkSjrksa ds lkeku dh lqj{kk laca/kh ryk'kh bR;kfn dk;Z efgyk iqfyl djrh gSaA jktuhfrd lHkkvksa esa rFkk tqywl bR;kfn esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn vkSjrsa dksbZ vkUnksyu djrh gSa ;k fdlh Je lacaf/kr fookn esa Hkkx ysrh gSa rks ,sls le; esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA esyksa esa ;k /kkfeZd LFkkuksa ij ;k vU; mRloksa esa cPpksa o efgykvksa dh lqj{kk ds dk;Z ds fy;s Hkh efgyk iqfyl dks yxk;k tkrk gSA cykRdkj ;k efgykvksa dh vlk/kkj.k e`R;q] ikfjokfjd dyg bR;kfn esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA efgyk iqfyl VªSfQd ds drZ~rO;ksa dk ikyu Hkh djk jgh gS vkSj fdUgha fdUgha iqfyl Fkkuksa esa efgyk iqfyl vkfQlj dks Hkh Fkkus dk loZJs"B vf/kdkjh cuk;k tkus yxk gSA ngst laca/kh e`R;q ds ekeyksa dh Nkuchu esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;|fi fiNys yxHkx 100 o"kksaZ ls efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx iqfyl ds dk;ksaZ esa fd;k tkus yxk gS fdUrq fQj Hkh vc rd mudks iq#"k iqfyl ds eqdkcys esa muds leku ugha le>k tkrkA bldk çeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g vc Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd efgyk vf/kd Hkkoqd gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k iqfyl ds dke esa mRiUu ruko dks lgu djus esa mruh leFkZ ugha gksrhA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ;fn efgyk iqfyl vdsyh jkr esa fdlh lM+d ;k LFkku ij vius dke ij yxk nh tk, rks vijk/kh yksx mlds lkFk cykRdkj Hkh dj ldrs gSaA dqN efgyk iqfyl fookg djus ds i'pkr o cPps gks tkus ds ckn iqfyl foHkkx ls R;kxi= ns nsrh gSaA bUgha lHkh vusdksa dkj.kksa ls efgyk iqfyl dks vc rd iq#"k iqfyl ds leku ekU;rk ugha fey ikbZ gSA efgyk iqfyl ds dk;ksaZ ds fo"k; esa nks fofHkUu er gSa&,d er ds vuqlkj efgyk iqfyl dks dqN lhfer dk;Z gh fn;s tkus pkfg,a fdUrq nwljs erkoyfEc;ksa dk dguk gS fd efgyk iqfyl dks lHkh os dk;Z fn;s tkus pkfg, tks iq#"k iqfyl dks fn;s tkrs gSaA vkt efgyk iqfyl] iq#"k iqfyl ls fdlh Hkh çdkj fdlh Hkh dk;Z esa de ugha gS vkSj mudh lsokvksa dks lHkh iqfyl ds dk;ksaZ esa ç;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok esa Hkh efgyk iqfyl HkrhZ gks jgh gS vkSj dsUæh; lqj{kk cy esa efgyk iqfyl dh cVkfy;u Hkh cukbZ xbZ gSA dqN efgyk iqfyl vQljksa ds dk;Z] iq#"k iqfyl ls cgqr vPNs ik;s x;s gSa vkSj efgyk iqfyl us iqfyl esa lHkh dk;ksaZ dks djus esa viuh ;ksX;rk fn[kykbZ gSA vktdy cM+s&cM+s 'kgjksa Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 312 esa o egkuxjksa esa efgyk iqfyl dk lk/kkj.kr% i;kZIr ç;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA ;|fi xkaoksa esa o NksVs&NksVs dLcksa esa efgyk iqfyl dk de ç;ksx gksrk gSA dqN çkUrksa esa ;g uhfr cukbZ xbZ gS fd mudh 30 çfr'kr iqfyl cy] efgyk iqfyl dk gksxk vkSj 25 çfr'kr iqfyl Fkkuksa esa loZJs"B vf/kdkjh efgyk iqfyl gksxhA dqN çkUrksa esa ,sls iqfyl LVs'ku Hkh cuk;s x;s gSa ftlesa dsoy efgyk iqfyl gh rSukr dh xbZ gSA fnYyh ds yxHkx lHkh Fkkuksa esa efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vusdksa Fkkuksa esa MîwVh vkfQlj dk dk;Z Hkh efgyk iqfyl dj jgha gSaA ;fn fdlh vijk/k dk f'kdkj dksbZ efgyk gks tkrh gS rks mlesa yksx efgyk MîwVh vkfQlj ds ikl tkdj viuh f'kdk;r fy[kokus esa fdlh çdkj dh fgpfdpkgV ugha djrh gSaA dqN ,slh efgyk,a Hkh gksrh gSa tks vijkf/k;ksa ls ihfM+r gksrs gq, Hkh iq#"k iqfyl ds ikl tkdj viuh f'kdk;rsa ntZ djus ds ctk; pqi jgdj lgu dj ysuk gh mfpr le>rh gSaA ;fn efgyk iqfyl Fkkus esa gksrh gS rks dksbZ Hkh vijk/kksa esa lafnX/k efgyk ls iwNrkN djkus esa lgwfy;r feyrh gSA fnYyh ds iqfyl Fkkuksa esa ;fn dksbZ efgyk vijk/kh fxj¶rkj gksrh gS rks ;g vko';d ekuk tkrk gS fd fxj¶rkjh ds le; mldh ns[kjs[k efgyk iqfyl dh ftEesnkjh ij gh gksuh pkfg,A efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx jkr esa x'r ds fy;s vkSj cyos dks fu;a=.k djus tSls dkeksa ij Hkh fd;k tkus yxk gSA çf'k{k.k ds le; Hkh efgyk iqfyl dks yxHkx ogh çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk jgk gS tks iq:"k iqfyl dksA Hkkjro"kZ esa iqfyl dh Nfo vkerkSj ij cgqr vPNh ugha gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çHkko turk ds çfr cgqr vPNk ugha ik;k tkrk vkSj ;|fi blesa lq/kkj fd;k tk jgk gS fdUrq vc Hkh dqN dfe;ka jg x;h gSaA bl laca/k esa jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx us ;g lq>ko fn;k gS fd ;fn vf/kd ls vf/kd efgyk iqfyl dk ç;ksx fd;k tk;s rks iqfyl ds nqO;Zogkj dh f'kdk;rsa de gks ldrh gSaA efgyk iqfyl dk;Z çk;% 'kkafriw.kZ <ax ls djrh gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vius vPNs O;ogkj ls dkcw ik ysrh gSA efgyk iqfyl ds leqfpr ç;ksx ls ,d ,sls lekt dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gS ftlesa vijk/kksa ij fu;a=.k gks vkSj 'kkafr vkSj O;oLFkk dk;e gksA lanHkZ xzaFk %& 1. fofiu pUnz % Hkkjr dk Lora=rk laxzke] fnYyh] 2004 2. MkW.ds.ds. nÙk % fcgkj dk bfrgkl] dydrk] 2003 3. MkW. ,e.oh.yky % Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu] bykgkckn] 1990 4. jkefoykl 'kekZ % Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt vkSj ekDlZokn] fnYyh] 1998 5. MkW. fnus'k f=ikBh % ;krk;kr iqfyl] iz'kklu ,oa izca/k] fnYyh] 2003