Layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyelectrolytes: fromultrathin ambipolar capacitors to wearable label-free biosensors

Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly of Polyelectrolytes: From Ultrathin Ambipolar Capacitors to Wearable Label‐Free Biosensors Giuseppe Barillaro Information Engineering Dpt University of Pisa [email protected] Layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilm J. J. Richardson, M. Bjrnmalm, F. Caruso, Science, 348, 6233 (2015) Layer-by-layer assembling of polyelectrolytes Polyelectrolytes (PEs) are macromolecular compounds that possess minimum of 10–15% functional groups that are dissociated or dissociate in solution. polyanion polycation dissociated counterions •natural (e.g., chitosan (CS), alginic acid, hyaluronic acid (HA), etc.) •semi-synthetic (e.g., xanthan, modified CS) •synthetic (poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), etc.) Depending on their origin: •polyanions (PA) (polyacids, have negative charges) •polycations (PC) (polybases, have positive charges) •polyampholytes (PAm) (amphoteric, both positive and negative charges) Depending on the nature of the ionic charge: •weak (degree of ionization pH-depending; dissociation constant 2 to 10) •strong (fully dissociate in solution and ionization degree is not pHaffected). According to their dissociation behavior: Conformation and modification of PEs receptor analyte Modification with probes Effect of pH Effect of ionic strength ++ fluorophore Hihly conformal polyelectrolyte multilayers ---- nanoparticles biomolecules Aspect ratios up to 1000 can be conformally coated with polyelecteolyte multilayers Flexible substrates Host materials Layer 2 Material 2 Was h Ultrathin ambipolar polyelectrolite capacitors via layer-bylayer assembling A. Paghi et al., Adv. Mat. 2309365 (2024) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 NaOAc 10 mM + NaCl 10 mM NaOAc 10 mM NaOAc 1 mM Thickness (nm) Number of Bilayers www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advmat.de Figure 1. Fabrication and morphological characterization of mPECs. a) Main preparation steps of mPECs: (1) Bottom gold contact deposition and thiol functionalization. The gold surface is provided with anet negative charge; (2) Polycation deposition and washing. The surface is provided with anet positive charge; (3) Polyanion deposition and washing. The surface is provided with anet negative charge; (4) St eps (2) and (3) are repeated as needed to reach the final polyelectrolyte multilayer configuration/ number of bilayers; (5) Top aluminum contact deposition. b) Top-view picture of an array of mPECs with 40 bilayers and different diameters. c) Top: AFM image(tip-scratched) of apolyelectrolytestack with 40 bilayers of PVBTMAC/ PSS. Scalebar is 1 µm; Bottom: Height profile across the scratch line highlighting the multilayer thickness. d) Thickness, e) root mean square roughness, and f) mass surface densityvalues of PVBTMAC/ PSSstacks with different number of bilayers and in different assembling conditions. g) Mass volumedensityvalues of PVBTM AC/ PSS stacks prepared in different assembling conditions. Data in d), e) are reported as the average value measured over 3 mPECs for each number of bilayers, with error bars representing the standard deviation. Adv.Mater.2024, 2309365 © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2309365 (3 of 8) 15214095, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202309365 by Crui/ Conferenza Dei Rettori D, Wiley Online Library on [20/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10 bilayers NaOAc 10 mM NaOAc 1 mM NaOAc 10 mM + NaCl 10 mM 0 nm 19 nm 0 nm 20 nm 0 nm 23 nm a) d) g) WGM and QCM measurements NaOAc 1 mM NaOAc 10 mM NaOAc 10 mM + NaCl 10 mM 0 500 1k 2k 2k Mass Surface Density per Bilayer (pg mm-2 bilayer-1) 01k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 0 5k 10k 15k Mass Surface Density (pg mm-2) Time (s) NaOAc 10 mM + NaCl 10 mM NaOAc 10 mM NaOAc 1 mM 01k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 WGM Shift (nm) Time (s) NaOAc 1 mM NaOAc 10 mM NaOAc 10 mM+ NaCl 10 mM PVBTMAC PSS NaOAc buffer 4 Figure S2: WGM characterization of PVBTMAC/PSS stack assembling. (a) WGM shift (a) and mass surface density change (b) over time monitored during the assembling of a multilayer stack with 10 bilayers of PVBTMAC/PSS in different buffers, with deposition and rinsing steps highlighted. (c) Mass surface density value per bilayer deposited of PVBTMAC/PSS in different assembly conditions. Figure S3: QCM characterization of PVBTMAC/PSS stack assembling. Frequency (a) and mass surface density (b) changes over time monitored during the assembling of a multilayer stack with 6 bilayers of PVTBMAC/PSS polyelectrolytes in 10 mM NaOAc buffer, with deposition and rinsing steps highlighted. 4 Figure S2: WGM characterization of PVBTMAC/PSS stack assembling. (a) WGM shift (a) and mass surface density change (b) over time monitored during the assembling of a multilayer stack with 10 bilayers of PVBTMAC/PSS in different buffers, with deposition and rinsing steps highlighted. (c) Mass surface density value per bilayer deposited of PVBTMAC/PSS in different assembly conditions. Figure S3: QCM characterization of PVBTMAC/PSS stack assembling. Frequency (a) and mass surface density (b) changes over time monitored during the assembling of a multilayer stack with 6 bilayers of PVTBMAC/PSS polyelectrolytes in 10 mM NaOAc buffer, with deposition and rinsing steps highlighted. A. Paghi et al., Adv. Mat. 2309365 (2024) Performance over frequency and modeling A. Paghi et al., Adv. Mat. 2309365 (2024) www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advmat.de Figure 2. El ect ri cal characterization of mPECs. a) Areal capacitance and phase angle curves versus frequency of mPECs prepared with adifferent number of PVBTM AC/ PSS bilayers in 10 mm NaOAc buffer. b) Theoretical lumped model of mPECs, used to best-fit experimental data. c) Experi ment al data superposed to best-fitting curves of areal capacitance and phase angle of an mPECwith 40 bilayers of PVBTMAC/ PSSover an extended frequencyrange of 100 mHz to 10 MHz. d) Schem at i c illustration of mPECs showing charge configuration of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes in the multilayer stack over frequency. At low frequency,EDLs are formed at the polyelectrolyte/ electrode interfaces thanks to accumulation of free counterions (CEDLi ) and depletion of polyelectrolyte backbones (CEDLb ); at intermediate frequency,only depletion of backbones from free counterions contribute to EDL formation; at high frequency,EDL formation does not occur and dielectric polarization rules to mPEC behavior. e,f) Lumped circuit parameter values (capacitance, resistance, relaxation time, distribution coefficient) of mPECswith different number of PVBTM AC/ PSS bilayers, achieved from best fittingof frequency-resolved areal capacitanceand phaseanglecurves, as in (a). g) Charge/dischargecyclesat 1kHz of an mPECwith 20bilayers of PVBTMAC/ PSS over 100 h of continuous operation. The symbol “x”in e) means that Rpis above the maximum value measurable with the system (>1 GΩ). Data in e) and f) are reported as the average value measured over 3 mPECs for each number of bilayers, with error bars representing the standard deviation. expected, and CEDLi follows asimilar trend reducing from 24.5 to about 6nF mm−2; conversely,CEDLb has aroughly constant val ue of about 4.5 to 6nF mm−2(Figure2e, top). Correct assignment of CEDLb -CPEEDLb and CEDLi -CPEEDLi branches to EDLs formed by polymer backbone and free counterions at the electr odes, respecti vel y,is supported by relaxation time and distribution coefficient val ues. CPEEDLb has afaster relaxation time � EDLb (1–10 µs) that is one order of magnitude (at least) lower than � EDLi (0.1–1ms) of CPEEDLi (Figure2f, top). Further,CPEEDLi exhi bi ts amore capacitive behavior compared to CPEEDLb ( � EDLi ≈3 � EDLb ) thanks to the higher mobility of counterions with respect to the fixed polymer backbones (Figure 2f, Adv.Mater.2024, 2309365 © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2309365 (5 of 8) 15214095, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202309365 by Crui/ Conferenza Dei Rettori D, Wiley Online Library on [20/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advmat.de Figure 2. El ect r i cal characterization of mPECs. a) Areal capacitance and phase angle curves versus frequency of mPECsprepared with adifferent number of PVBTM AC/ PSS bilayers in 10 mm NaOAc buffer. b) Theoretical lumped model of mPECs, used to best-fit experimental data. c) Experi m ent al data superposed to best-fitting curves of areal capacitance and phase angle of an mPECwith 40 bilayers of PVBTMAC/PSSover an extended frequencyrange of 100 mHz to 10 MHz. d) Schem at i c illustration of mPECs showing charge configuration of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes in the multilayer stack over frequency. At low frequency,EDLs are formed at the polyelectrolyte/ electrode interfaces thanks to accumulation of free counterions (CEDLi ) and depletion of polyelectrolyte backbones (CEDLb ); at intermediate frequency,only depletion of backbones from free counterions contribute to EDL formation; at high frequency,EDL formation does not occur and dielectric polarization rules to mPEC behavior. e,f) Lumped circuit parameter values (capacitance, resistance, relaxation time, distribution coefficient) of mPECswith different number of PVBTM AC/ PSS bilayers, achieved from best fittingof frequency-resolved areal capacitanceand phaseanglecurves, asin (a). g) Charge/ dischargecycles at 1kHzof an mPECwith 20bilayersof PVBTMAC/PSS over 100 h of continuous operation. The symbol “x”in e) means that Rpis above the maximum value measurable with the system (>1 GΩ). Data in e) and f) are reported as the average value measured over 3 mPECs for each number of bilayers, with error bars representing the standard deviation. expected, and CEDLi followsasimilar trend reducing from 24.5 to about 6nF mm−2; conversely,CEDLb has aroughly constant val ue of about 4.5 to 6nF mm−2(Figure2e, top). Correct assignment of CEDLb -CPEEDLb and CEDLi -CPEEDLi branches to EDLs formed by polymer backbone and free counterions at the electr odes, respecti vel y,is supported by relaxation time an d distribution coefficient val ues. CPEEDLb has afaster relaxation time � EDLb (1–10 µs) that is one order of magnitude (at least) lower than � EDLi (0.1–1ms) of CPEEDLi (Figure2f, top). Further,CPEEDLi exhi bi ts amore capacitive behavior compared to CPEEDLb ( � EDLi ≈3 � EDLb ) thanks to the higher mobility of counterions with respect to the fixed polymer backbones (Figure 2f, Adv.Mater.2024, 2309365 © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2309365 (5 of 8) 15214095, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202309365 by Crui/ Conferenza Dei Rettori D, Wiley Online Library on [20/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 6 Figure S6: Best-fitting of frequency-resolved data of mPECs. Experimental and best-fitted areal capacitance and phase angle curves vs. frequency of mPECs fabricated with (a) 10, (b) 20, (c) 40 bilayers of PVBTMAC/PSS and diameter of 200 µm. Figure S7: Response time of mPECs with 20 bilayers of PVBTMAC/PSS. (a) Experimental and best-fitted response time of an mPEC with 20 bilayers of PVBTMAC/PSS. (b) Characteristic riseup time versus operation time of an mPEC tested over 100 hours of continuous operation, normalized to the rise-up time value measured after 1 minute of operation. c) a) b) www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advmat.de Figure 2. El ect r i cal characterization of mPECs. a) Areal capacitance and phase angle curves versus frequency of mPECs prepared with adifferent number of PVBTM AC/ PSS bilayers in 10 mm NaOAc buffer. b) Theoretical lumped model of mPECs, used to best-fit experimental data. c) Experi m ent al data superposed to best-fitting curves of areal capacitance and phase angle of an mPECwith 40 bilayers of PVBTMAC/PSSover an extended frequencyrange of 100 mHz to 10 MHz. d) Schem at i c illustration of mPECs showing charge configuration of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes in the multilayer stack over frequency. At low frequency,EDLs are formed at the polyelectrolyte/ electrode interfaces thanks to accumulation of free counterions (CEDLi ) and depletion of polyelectrolyte backbones (CEDLb ); at intermediate frequency,only depletion of backbones from free counterions contribute to EDL formation; at high frequency,EDL formation does not occur and dielectric polarization rules to mPEC behavior. e,f) Lumped circuit parameter values (capacitance, resistance, relaxation time, distribution coefficient) of mPECswith different number of PVBTM AC/ PSS bilayers, achieved from best fittingof frequency-resolved areal capacitanceand phaseanglecurves, as in (a). g) Charge/dischargecyclesat 1kHzof an mPECwith 20bilayersof PVBTMAC/PSS over 100 h of continuous operation. The symbol “x”in e) means that Rpis above the maximum value measurable with the system (>1 GΩ). Data in e) and f) are reported as the average value measured over 3 mPECs for each number of bilayers, with error bars representing the standard deviation. expected, and CEDLi followsasimilar trend reducing from 24.5 to about 6nF mm−2; conversely,CEDLb has aroughly constant val ue of about 4.5 to 6nF mm−2(Figure2e, top). Correct assignment of CEDLb -CPEEDLb and CEDLi -CPEEDLi branches to EDLs formed by polymer backbone and free counterions at the electr odes, respecti vel y,is supported by relaxation time an d distribution coefficient val ues. CPEEDLb has afaster relaxation time � EDLb (1–10 µs) that is one order of magnitude (at least) lower than � EDLi (0.1–1ms) of CPEEDLi (Figure2f, top). Further,CPEEDLi exhi bi ts amore capacitive behavior compared to CPEEDLb ( � EDLi ≈3 � EDLb ) thanks to the higher mobility of counterions with respect to the fixed polymer backbones (Figure 2f, Adv.Mater.2024, 2309365 © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2309365 (5 of 8) 15214095, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202309365 by Crui/ Conferenza Dei Rettori D, Wiley Online Library on [20/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Performance over voltage and temperature A. Paghi et al., Adv. Mat. 2309365 (2024) www.advancedsciencenews.com www.advmat.de Figure 3. Electrical characterization of mPECs versus voltage, temperature, and polyelectrolytes. a) Sket ch of an mPEC operating at different bias voltages. b) Areal capacitance and phase angle curves versus frequency at different bias voltages of an mPEC fabricated with 20 bilayers of PVBTMAC/ PSS. c) Areal capacitance and resistance values versus bias voltage achieved from best fitting of frequency-resolved experimental data, as in (b). d) Sket ch of an mPEC operating at different temperatures. e) Areal capacitance and phase angle curves versus frequency at different temperatures of an mPEC fabricated with 20 bilayers of PVBTMAC/ PSS. Solid (dashed) traces indicatetemperatureis rising up (cooling down). f) Areal capacitanceand resistance values versus bias voltage as achieved from best fitting of frequency-resolved experimental data, as in (e). g) Sket ch of an mPEC with a polyelectrolyte stack of PAH/ PSS; the green polymer represents PAH :Cl and the red one is PSS:N a. h) Areal capacitance and phase angle curves versus frequency at different bias voltages of an mPEC fabricated with 20 bilayers of PAH/PSS. i) Areal capacitance and resistance values versus bias voltage as achieved from best fitting of frequency-resolved experimental data, as in (h). The symbol “x”in f), g) means that R pis above the maximum value measurable with the system (>1 GΩ). Data in c), f), i) are reported as the average value measured over 3 mPECs for each bias voltage and temperature, with error bars representing the standard deviation. bottom). The reduction of CEDLi with the multilayer thickness is consistent with the decrease of the counterion velocity,which results in asmaller number of ionsreachi ng theelectr odes to form the EDL in agiven time (frequency). In fact, the electr i c field strength Ereduces as the thickness dof the multilayer stack increases (E=V/ d), so does the ion velocity vi(vi=µ � E,with µi counteri ons mobility), for agiven applied voltage V. On theother hand, the CEDLb is not expected to be thickness-dependent, given that ion-depleted backbones of polyelectrolytes close to the metal electr odes ar e mai n l y contributing to EDL formation. Adv.Mater.2024, 2309365 © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2309365 (6 of 8) 15214095, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202309365 by Crui/ Conferenza Dei Rettori D, Wiley Online Library on [20/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Wearable sensor system for bacterial vaginosis A. Paghi, M. Corsi, et al., Advanced Materials Technologies, 2201600 (2023) WiFi trasmitetd WiFi trasmitetd Flexible implantable doxorubicin sensor 6 The electronic patch, positioned over the sensor, activates doxorubicin fluorescence and measures 1 its intensity through the skin. As a result, real-time data on drug concentration are generated and 2 wirelessly transmitted to a mobile device for presentation and storage. The patch's circuitry is 3 programmable to selectively query the sensor on demand and is designed to be reused multiple 4 times with different sensors. The biosensor aims to provide healthcare professionals with real-time 5 quantitative information on doxorubicin concentration in the subcutaneous tissue following drug 6 administration to oncology patients after removal of the primary tumor. This enables physicians to 7 access in-situ data on individual patients' drug concentrations over time, both within a hospital 8 setting and, notably, during their regular activities at home. 9 10 Figure 1. Concept of in-vivo monitoring of doxorubicin using a bioresorbable sensor coupled 11 with a wearable readout patch. A) The sensor is implanted under the skin after removal of the 12 primary tumor and selectively detects doxorubicin molecules, enhancing their self-fluorescence to 13 enable the measurement of the drug concentration in the tissue over time through skin. B) The 14 readout patch comprises an electronic circuit capable of exciting the drug’s fluorescence and 15 retrieving its concentration in the tissue based on the fluorescence intensity; the data are then 16 transmitted in real time, wirelessly to a mobile device. 17 18 The biosensor (Figure 2) consists of a nanostructured porous silica (PSiO2) membrane with 19 diameter of 1 cm, thickness of ~5 µm, and pore size of ~30 nm in average, whose inner surface is 20 8 1 2 Figure 2. Preparation and in vitro studies of the doxorubicin biosensor. A) Sketch illustrating 3 the main fabrication steps of the biosensor: preparation of the nanostructured PSiO2 membrane on a 4 PLGA foil (steps 1-4), chemical modification of the PSiO2 inner surface with APTES and GA (step 5 5), binding of HSA (step 6), sensing of doxorubicin by monitoring of its fluorescence intensity (step 6 7). B) Picture of the biosensor (left) and detailed top-view (right) of the nanostructured PSiO2 7 membrane (thickness ~5 μm) with pores of 30 nm in average and porosity of 55%. Scalebar: 200 8 nm. C) PL spectra acquired from the biosensor after incubation in ISF solution with different 9 doxorubicin concentrations. Blue dots indicate the PL emission recorded from the control sample 10 (flat SiO2) after incubation with 2 µg/mL of doxorubicin in ISF. D) Calibration curve of the 11 8 1 2 Figure 2. Preparation and in vitro studies of the doxorubicin biosensor. A) Sketch illustrating 3 the main fabrication steps of the biosensor: preparation of the nanostructured PSiO2 membrane on a 4 PLGA foil (steps 1-4), chemical modification of the PSiO2 inner surface with APTES and GA (step 5 5), binding of HSA (step 6), sensing of doxorubicin by monitoring of its fluorescence intensity (step 6 7). B) Picture of the biosensor (left) and detailed top-view (right) of the nanostructured PSiO2 7 membrane (thickness ~5 μm) with pores of 30 nm in average and porosity of 55%. Scalebar: 200 8 nm. C) PL spectra acquired from the biosensor after incubation in ISF solution with different 9 doxorubicin concentrations. Blue dots indicate the PL emission recorded from the control sample 10 (flat SiO2) after incubation with 2 µg/mL of doxorubicin in ISF. D) Calibration curve of the 11 8 1 2 Figure 2. Preparation and in vitro studies of the doxorubicin biosensor. A) Sketch illustrating 3 the main fabrication steps of the biosensor: preparation of the nanostructured PSiO2 membrane on a 4 PLGA foil (steps 1-4), chemical modification of the PSiO2 inner surface with APTES and GA (step 5 5), binding of HSA (step 6), sensing of doxorubicin by monitoring of its fluorescence intensity (step 6 7). B) Picture of the biosensor (left) and detailed top-view (right) of the nanostructured PSiO2 7 membrane (thickness ~5 μm) with pores of 30 nm in average and porosity of 55%. Scalebar: 200 8 nm. C) PL spectra acquired from the biosensor after incubation in ISF solution with different 9 doxorubicin concentrations. Blue dots indicate the PL emission recorded from the control sample 10 (flat SiO2) after incubation with 2 µg/mL of doxorubicin in ISF. D) Calibration curve of the 11 Patent pending – Science Advances, under review 13 1 Figure 3. Doxorubicin tracking using a readout electronic patch coupled to the biosensor. A) 2 Picture of the electronic patch. B) Sketch of top and bottom sides of the readout circuit in A) 3 highlighting the main components for excitation and collection of the doxorubicin emission, light-4 to-voltage conversion, and wireless data transmission to a tablet application. C) Picture of synthetic 5 skin with the electronic patch positioned on top, placed in front of the biosensor that is sandwiched 6 between two skin flaps (see inset). D) Real-time voltage signal measured through synthetic skin 7 using the electronic patch coupled to the with the biosensor as shown in C, and transmitted in 8 wirelessy to a tablet, for different doxorubicin concentrations. The break symbol (//) on the x-axes 9 indicates 60-minute incubation of the biosensor with doxorubicin. E) Comparison of voltage signals 10 measured with the electronic patch in different conditions, namely, synthetic skin only, synthetic 11 skin with bare PLGA foil (no doxorubicin) sandwiched in between, and biosensor with doxorubicin 12 at 0.1 µg/mL after skin incubation with ISF solution. F) Calibration curve (voltage vs. doxorubicin 13 concentration) of the biosensor measured with the electronic patch through synthetic skin (as shown 14 in C) for different doxorubicin concentrations. Data in E)-F) are reported as the average value 15 measured over 3 devices, with error bars representing the standard deviation. 16 17 Experiments with the electronic patch were conducted in an ISF solution at pH 7.4, with various 18 doxorubicin concentrations. The biosensor was sandwiched between two synthetic skin flaps, with 19 the patch placed on top of the skin (Figure 3c). The electronic patch was programmed to interrogate 20 the biosensor and transmit voltage data to the tablet every 10 seconds. Figure 3d shows the voltage 21 values measured through skin and transmitted to the tablet by the electronic patch for different 22 doxorubicin concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 µg/mL. The transmitted voltage remains stable 23 In‐vivo tracking of doxorubicin concentration n=9 mice n=9 mice Patent pending – Science Advances, under review Dose: 10 mg/kg In-vivo biocompatibility at 3 months Patent pending – Science Advances, under review Skin histology and blood analysis at 3 months Patent pending – Science Advances, under review Summary •Electrostatic layer-by-layer coating of materials with polyelectrolytes has high potential for different applications, including sensing and energy storage •Reliable and self-tuned nanometer-thick single and multilayer films with peculiar properties can be prepared regardless of the hosting substrate •Polyelectrolytes can be selected and/or optimized through tailored modifications to match the required applciations, e.g. receptors, fluorophors, counterions Acknoledgments Collaborators: -M. Corsi, A. Paghi, S. Mariani, @Barillaro’s group -Dr. L. Dahne, @Surflay Nanotec, Berlin -Prof. D. Giuliani , @University of Modena e Reggio Emilia -People @ab medica s.r.l. Positions open for talented and motivated PhD students and postdocs. If interested, please send your CV and motivation letter to: [email protected] Acknoledgments D1.2 Project Public Launch WP1 Project Management, Dissemination, Exploitation, Communication This project is funded by the European Union Horizon Europe programme under grant agreement No 101046946 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programm e under grant agreem ent No 952071 D1.2 - Project Quality Handbook WP1 - Project coordination and technical management Partner: PNO Authors: Carolina Salas, Antonio M . Ortiz, Jeanett Bolther Version: v. final Date: 31.08.2020 www.resorb-project.eu Thank You D1.2 Project Public Launch WP1 Project Management, Dissemination, Exploitation, Communication This project is funded by the European Union Horizon Europe programme under grant agreement No 101046946 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programm e under grant agreem ent No 952071 D1.2 - Project Quality Handbook WP1 - Project coordination and technical management Partner: PNO Authors: Carolina Salas, Antonio M . Ortiz, Jeanett Bolther Version: v. final Date: 31.08.2020 www.resorb-project.eu