The Stories of Siko and Yowao: Jarawara texts

The Stories of Siko and Y owao Jarawara texts Alan V ogel lan guage sc ie n ce pr ess Open T ext Collections 3 Open T ext Collections Chief Editor: Christian Döhler Editors: Rogier Blokland, Matt Coler , Nick Emlen, Diana Forker , Jef f Good, Karolina Grzech, Andreas Hölzl, Carolyn O’Meara, Michael Rießler , Alena Witzlack-Makarevich, Kilu von Prince In this series: 1. Döhler , Christian. Speaking the map: Komnzo texts. 2. Zahrer , Alexander . Children of the sago: Muyu texts. 3. V ogel, Alan. The Stories of Siko and Y owao: Jarawara texts. ISSN (print): 3052-9948 ISSN (electronic): 3052-9956 The Stories of Siko and Y owao Jarawara texts Alan V ogel lan guage sc ie n ce pr ess Alan V ogel. 2025. The Stories of Siko and Y owao: Jarawara texts (Open T ext Collections 3). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci- press.org/catalog/book/537 © 2025, Alan V ogel Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativ e commons.org/licenses/by/4. 0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-544-1 (Digital) 978-3-98554-164-5 (Hardcov er) ISSN (print): 3052-9948 ISSN ( ele ctr onic): 3052-9956 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17158276 Source code available from ww w .github.com/langsci/537 Errata: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=537 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort T ypesetting: Christian Döhler Proofreading: Matthew K orte Fonts: Libertinus, Arimo, DejaV u Sans Mono T ypesetting software: X Ǝ L A T E X Language Science Press Scharnweberstraße 10 10247 Berlin, Germany http://langsci- press.org [email protected] Storage and cataloguing done by F U Berlin T o Okomobi and Bibiri, my teachers Contents Abbreviations iii I Background 1 1 Introduction 3 1 . 1 T h e J a r a w a r a s ............................ 3 1.2 Organization of the stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 The interlinear presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Preparation of the texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 Aspects of Jarawara sy ntax and morphology 15 2 . 1 W o r d c l a s s e s ........................ ..... 1 5 2.2 The structure of a clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 The Jarawara sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4 Syntactic analysis of two short passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 I I T exts 25 A Bahi (Y owao) 27 B Bahi (Siko) 43 C The first corn 105 D The old man who went up in the sky 133 E The hungry old man 155 F The man who got away from the K ose Mati 185 G The caimans killed the man 221 Contents H Siraba 265 I The jaguars ate the girls 297 J The toto spirit 335 K Casting spells on each other 383 L Maiko 409 M The Yimas 457 N Mayawari 489 O Kamabira 503 P The p oison root song 517 Q My father fought a coug ar 543 R My father and his familiar spirit 555 S A p air of monsters 569 T White-lipped p eccaries and a jaguar 591 References 605 ii 1 Introduction his wife Amoro , who was from a closely related group, the W a Y afis, that no longer exists. T able 1.1 provides an ov er view of the te xts included in this colle ction. T able 1.1: The texts in this colle ction. text title w ords A Bahi (Y owao) 531 B Bahi (Siko) 2,020 C The first corn 991 D The old man who went up in the sky 663 E The hungry old man 986 F The man who got away from the K ose Mati 1,121 G The caimans killed the man 1,723 H Siraba 1,07 0 I The jaguars ate the girls 1,315 J The toto spirit 1,515 K Casting spells on each other 817 L Maiko 1,478 M The Yimas 1,100 N Mayawari 428 O Kamabira 430 P The poison root song 1,013 Q My father fought a cougar 396 R My father and his familiar spirit 395 S A pair of monsters 567 T White-lipped p eccaries and a jaguar 457 total 19,016 1.3 The interlinear presentation Before the interlinear presentation for each story , I have pr ovided an intro- ductory note, which includes a short summar y of the plot of the story . This is followed by a paragraph translation, which is less literal than the sentence- by-sentence transation included in the interlinear presentation. The paragraph translation eliminates some repetition, and it conforms more to the conventions 6 1.3 The interlinear pr esentation of English discourse, for example with respe ct to choice of pronoun or pr oper name for person reference . The texts are not edited, except that comments by members of the audience are usually excluded. Also , occasionally the stor ytellers gave explanations in Portuguese, and these ar e not interlinearize d. False starts and other kinds of errors are included; I have noted some, but not by any means all, of these in footnotes. There is a temptation for the resear cher to exclude or change parts of a text that they don’t understand or that don’t fit their ideas about the grammar of the language, so in not editing the texts I hav e sought to make them an authentic representation of how the Jarawaras talk, within the restrictions of the genre of storytelling. This is also why I have made the unedite d recordings available , at the websites mentioned above. The first tier of the interlinear presentation, the text tier , is orthographic. The orthography of Jarawara is mostly phonemic, with the major exception that long vow els are unrepr esente d; 5 but long v owels are r epresented in the morpheme tier . Each numbered line represents a sentence in Jarawara, which in many cases does not correspond to a single sentence in the English translation. For information on how a Jarawara sentence may be defined, se e V ogel (2022a). The second tier represents underlying forms of morphemes, and there is fur- ther discussion of these below . In this tier , long vo wels are r epresented as dou- ble vow els. The third tier is glosses, including grammatical information, and the fourth tier is a free translation that is more literal than the paragraph translation. A key to the abbre viations is included on page iv ab ov e. Jarawara is rich in morphophonological processes, and they may be divided into two types: those that are automatic, and those that expr ess grammatical meaning. These two types are handled differently in the interlinear presentation. Examples of the first type are the rules involving the first syllable of tense-modal suffixes, which has the form -hV . For the intentive suffix, for example , the form of this syllable is -ha for the feminine form - ha bone and -hi for the masculine form - hi b ona . In a conte xt such as that in (1), there is no morphophonological change. (1) tafahabone tafa-habone eat-int.f ‘She will eat. ’ 5 For more information on the Jarawara orthography and pronunciation, see the introduction to my Jarawara-English dictionary (V ogel 2016). 7 1 Introduction Howe ver , there is a change inv olved when the form is masculine, as in (2), to agree with the masculine subject. The -hV syllable causes tafa to b e raised to taf e . (2) tafehibona tafa-hibona eat-int.m ‘He will eat. ’ In a case such as this, I have chosen to maintain the underlying form taf a in the morpheme tier be cause this is an automatic change; but I have sho wn the form that is actually pronounced in the text tier . Another change involving the -hV syllable occurs when the preceding numb er of moras in the wor d is o dd: in this case , the -hV syllable is elided, as in (3). (3) otafabone o-tafa-habone 1sg.s-eat-int.f ‘I will eat. ’ Again, I maintain the underlying form with the -hV syllable in the morpheme tier , but show the pr onounced form in the text tier . There are , howe ver , other morphophonological changes that are not auto- matic, but instead express grammatical information. For e xample, a particular kind of nonfinite verb form is e xpressed phonologically by a change in the final vow el of a verb stem from a to i . A s is very common for verbs in Jarawara, the verb tafa ‘ eat’ ends with a , as we hav e se en above . The nonfinite form of this verb is taf i , and this is the form used on both the text tier and the morpheme tier , as in (4). (4) tafi tafi eat.nfin ‘her/his eating’ Similarly , the final a of a verb stem, when it is the last vo wel of the phonological word ( and the verb has cov ert tense, cf. V ogel (2009, 2022a)), has an inflection that consists in raising to e for masculine, and no change for feminine, as in (5) and (6). 8 1.3 The interlinear pr esentation (5) tafe tafe eat.m ‘He ate. ’ (6) tafa tafa eat.f ‘She ate. ’ When the last vow el of the verb stem is not a , then ha is added for the feminine (7), and ( optionally) hi for the masculine (8). (7) yaboha yaboha be_long.f ‘It was a long time. ’ (8) yabohi yabohi be_long.m ‘It was a long time. ’ Readers who compare these texts to the v ersions I have published previously will notice many differences in the interlinear presentation. I have made a good number of up dates, to be sure , but the changes that are systematic do not repr e- sent changes in my analysis of Jarawara, but reflect my efforts to work within the constraints of the Leipzig Glossing Rules for this volume , and to other wise simplify the presentation. In particular , there ar e many contexts in Jarawara in which the auxiliar y na is dropped, and some in which the auxiliar y ha is dropped as well. In pre vious publications I have shown the deleted auxiliaries in the morpheme tier , even though they do not appear on the surface. In this volume , in order to make the interlinear presentation less abstract, I hav e only include d the auxiliaries if the y are actually pr onounce d. A s a result, some wor ds look like they consist entirely of prefixes and suffixes, since the auxiliary that the prefixes and suffixes attach to is absent. For example, in (9), the wor d tibana consists of a prefix followed by a suffix. 9 1 Introduction (9) amo tibana? amo sleep ti-bana 2sg.s-fut ‘ Are you going to sleep?’ When we compare this sentence with the equivalent with a third person sub- ject (10), it b ecomes evident that the auxiliary has b een deleted in (9). W e could, if we wanted to, have ti-na-bana in the morpheme tier in (9). (10) tikoto amo nibana? tikoto 2sg.poss.daughter(f) amo sleep ni-bana a ux.f-fut ‘Is your daughter going to sleep?’ Similarly , some wor ds now consist entirely of a suffix, and the suffix looks like a root. This is sometimes the case with the negative suffix -ra . The negativ e suffix -ra occurs as a normal suffix with an inflecte d root such as nafi ‘be big’ (11). (11) nafira nafi-ra be_big-neg.f ‘She is big. ’ But with a non-inflecting verb , the -ra occurs with the auxiliar y , and at the same time causes the auxiliary to b e deleted in many contexts, so it looks like -ra is a separate wor d, as in (12). (12) ohi ra ohi cry ra neg.f ‘She did not cry . ’ But when -ra occurs with another suffix such as -ma ‘back’ , the auxiliar y makes its presence known, and w e see that -ra is a suffix, as in (13) whether the verb is inflecting or non-inflecting. (13) ohi namara ohi cry na-ma-ra a ux-back-neg.f ‘She didn’t cry anymore. ’ 10 1.4 Pr eparation of the texts Thus it should be kept in mind that phonetically delete d auxiliaries are not repr esente d in the interlinear pr esentation in this volume, ev en though they can be analyze d as being present underlyingly . The prefix to- likewise can be analyzed as being present underlyingly in con- texts in which it is not pronounced. This prefix can be said to have tw o mean- ings, one being ‘away’ (i.e. movement away fr om the sp eaker ) and the other being ‘change of state ’ . Both uses are derivational, so that, for e xample, kita ‘be strong’ and tokita ‘become strong’ , while related derivationally , are different le x- ical items. Any verb that has the derivational suffix - witi / -wite 6 ‘out’ also must hav e the prefix to- ‘away’ , as the meaning requires it. How ever , whenever there is a person prefix o- 1sg, ti- 2sg, or the O-construction marker hi- , these take the place of to- , and to- does not occur (this is a general rule). This can b e seen in a comparison of (14) and (15). (14) yama owawite yama thing(f) o-awa-wite 1sg.s-see-out ‘I went to look at it. ’ (15) yama towawite yama thing(f) to-awa-wite away-see-out ‘S/he went to look at it. ’ But the form of the verb as a lexical item is to wawite , and it would not be inapropriate to include to- in the morpheme tier in (14), ev en though it is not pronounced. In this volume , though, I have chosen not to do this, for the reasons given above . 1.4 Preparation of the texts I began recording Jarawara texts in 1987 , and I continue d to make recor dings until 2023. All the recordings wer e made in Casa Nova village. The last r ecording of a 6 A number of suffixes and roots in Jarawara have a morphophoneme which is alternately real- ized as i or e , depending on whether the numb er of pr ece ding moras in the phonological wor d is even or odd, respectively (Dixon 2004: 40f.). 11 1 Introduction text by Y owao was in 1997 , five years before his death. A s is evident in the collec- tions I have published online at https://w ww .silbrazil.org/resources/jarawara_in- terlinear_texts_vol_1 and https://www .silbrazil.org/resources/jarawara_interlin- ear_texts_vol_2, I recorded texts by both men and women of various age gr oups. Although most of the authors were fr om Casa Nova village, there is a sprin- kling of texts by authors from the other Jarawara villages. The earlier te xts were recorded on cassette tape, and the later te xts were recor de d digitally . MP3 files of all the interlinearized texts are available for listening or do wnloading at these two websites, and also at the w ebsites for Siko ’s and Y owao ’s stories mentioned previously . Starting in 2006, I realized the need for getting written p ermission from the Jarawara authors to publish their texts. By that time Siko and Y owao wer e b oth dead, so their representativ es signed the p ermission forms. The permission forms give me permission to use the texts as long as it is not to make money . When SIL began the Jarawara project in 1987 , no Jarawaras wer e literate in either their language or in Portuguese. Based on a study of the phonology , I proposed an orthography , based almost entirely on the the orthography of Ja- mamadi, which was already available. 7 Using this orthography , the team from Y outh With a Mission who were w orking in Água Branca village dev elope d a primer . My wife Lucilia taught three young men in Casa Nova village using this primer , and she also taught them to teach others, following the Laubach method that the Y outh With a Mission team were employing. In this way literacy spr ead in the two villages, and ev entually to the third Jarawara village, Saubinha. I taught literate Jarawaras to transcribe tap ed stories, and I paid them to do this. This was a great help to me , as they caught many parts of the recordings that I could not. Then I input the transcriptions in the interlinearizing program (for many years T o olbox, and more r ecently FieldW orks Language Explorer ), and I interlinearized the parts that I was able to. But a lot of the interlinearizing and translating could only be done after I went over a giv en recording with a Jarawara speaker . I found that some speakers had much more sophisticated knowledge of the language than others, and so almost all of the texts wer e gone over with just two men, Okomobi and Bibiri, a son and grandson of Y owao, r espe ctively . For some texts it was necessary to go over the recording with both of them. And even after this, it was necessar y to come back to one or the other of them with unresolved questions about particular passages. The language of traditional 7 The only significant phonological difference between Jarawara and Jamamadi for the purpose of orthography development is that Jamamadi has both /t/ and /d/, while Jarawara has no phonemic voicing contrast at this point of articulation, so we used only <t>. 12 1.4 Pr eparation of the texts Jarawara stories is much more difficult than, for example , narratives of personal experiences told by middle-aged pe ople, be cause of ar chaicisms in the vocabular y and the morphology . 13 2 Asp ects of Jarawara syntax and morpholog y 2.1 W ord classes Clearly verbs constitute the most important word class of Jarawara; in fact, it is common for sentences to consist solely of a verb . This is because subje ct NPs are generally not required; NPs refer encing subje cts, when pr esent, do not have the status of configurational arguments. The pronominals r eferencing both subje ct and object are almost always indexes within the verb , rather than NPs. For phonological reasons the verb is often r epresented as two or more separate orthographic words. Not only can person indexes constitute separate words, but other parts of the verb , including auxiliaries and some suffix-like elements, can also constitute separate words. These points are illustrated in the following example (1), which comes from Siko ’s text, “My father fought a cougar” (T ext Q). (1) Owa ai tina ama tini. owa 1sg.o ahi mess_with ti-na 2sg.s-a ux.f ama sec ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ‘Y ou are messing with me. ’ [Q .21] The lexical verb in this sentence is ahi na ‘mess with’ , consisting of the root ahi and its associated auxiliar y na . But all the words in the sentence ar e part of the verb , considered as a constituent. The pronominal o wa is a p erson inde x, not an NP . The pronominal ti- is also a person index. The wor d ama is what Dixon (2004) called a secondar y verb , but it is not a separate verb . It has the status of a functional suffix. The majority of verbs in Jarawara ar e asso ciated with the auxiliary na in this manner: if there ar e prefixes or suffixes, they are attached to the auxiliar y rather than to the root. 1 A sizeable minority of verbs are not associated in this way 1 Such verb roots can, how ever , be reduplicate d, and there is a single suffix, i.e . distributive -ri , which attaches to the root rather than to the auxiliary . 2 A spe cts of Jarawara syntax and morphology would still be kamaki . That would not be true if kamaki were masculine , be cause the feminine form would be kamakia in that case. But if kamaki is a nominalized form, it would be kamaki whether the subject is masculine or feminine; therefore, it is a nominalized clause. Dixon (2004: 485f.) describes nominalize d clauses that function as main clauses. (11) [[ Inamati toe awane ] dirq ati nematamona .] mc inamati spirit(m) to-he ch-be.m awa-ne seem-bk g.m ati say na-himata-mona a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘“I guess it is a spirit, ” he said. ’ [H.30] (12) [ Inamati fotomaki kerew e rematamonaha .] mc inamati spirit(m) foto-maki appear-following.nfin kerew e be_slow ra-himata-mona-ha neg-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘The spirit didn’t take long to appear . ’ [H.31] The sentence consists of a main clause that is intransitive. The subject, inamati fotomaki , is an intransitive complement clause . (13) [ Inamati fotomaki kerew e rematamonaka .] mc inamati spirit(m) foto-maki appear-following.nfin kerew e be_slow ra-himata-mona-ka neg-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘The spirit didn’t take long to appear . ’ [H.32] This is identical with the preceding sentence, except that it has the declarative morpheme. (14) [ Kana ni kamakimatamona ahi ] mc [ fe bata torebanoho .] pfc kana run ni a ux.nfin ka-maki-himata-mona come-following-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then fee 3sg.o bata surprise to-re-hiba-no-ho ch-raised_surface-fut.m-ip.n.m-dup ‘He came running, and he [Siraba’s father ] surprise d him. ’ [H.33] The main clause has as its subject the intransitive complement clause kana ni . The main clause is followed by a postposed finite clause. The verb of the postpose d clause has the interesting combination of the futur e morpheme with the immediate past morpheme. As Dixon (2004: 212) points out, this combination is used in a sub or dinate clause when the event of the subordinate clause is future 22 2.4 Syntactic analysis of tw o short passages with respect to the time of the main clause, but past with respect to the time of the narrator . The postpose d clause is an A -construction, as se en by the fact that ther e is no O-construction marker hi- even though both the subject and the object are third person. In this context, there must be an overt NP r eferencing the O , and this is what fee is. Pronominals in Jarawara are almost always inde xes rather than NPs, but fee is an exception. The verbal suffix -re / -ri almost always means ‘raise d surface ’ or r elate d ‘ edge ’ , but there are a fe w contexts such as the verb bata tore ‘surprise’ in which it is difficult to see how the meaning could be anything like ‘raised surface’ . But it definitely is the same suffix. These examples should be sufficient to show the reader some of the complex- ities of Jarawara syntax, along with some of the possibilities for analysis. 23 Part I I T e xts A Bahi (Y owao) Introduction The story Bahi was told by Y owao in 1991. The corr esponding audio file can b e downloaded at: https://www.silbrazil.org/sites/brazil/files/yowao- bahi1.mp3. This text is intended to explain the initiation of pubescent girls, which is still celebrated today . It has the following components: When the girl has her first menstruation, she goes into a seclusion hut, which is totally dark inside. She stays there by herself for sev eral months, only going out to bathe with female relatives, and to go to the garden with them. When she goes out, she wears a covering over her head so that no men or boys see her face, and so she doesn’t see them. It is said that if she sees them, they will get sick. At her coming out feast, there ar e several days of feasting, culminating with bringing the girl out and placing her lying face down on tw o logs. The men whip her bare back and legs with switches. She is taken away , and she hardly eats anything for sev eral days, while her wounds heal. The w omen go after the men with faggots, and burn them in the stomach, to pay them back for harming the girl. Since the men are drunk, they can’t get away and the y do get burned. The main character of the text is Bahi, which is the same as the wor d for ‘sun/thunder’ . There is in fact a connection between the character Bahi and the sun: Bahi menstruates, and the red color of bloo d is said to be connected with the color of the sun at sunrise. There ar e various connections b etween the ev ents in the story and asp ects of the girls’ initiation. Interestingly , Bahi is a man. He is teaching the women how the y will b e . English translation Bahi had his first menstruation. He lay on the ground, on his belly , holding his face with his hands. He didn’t look at the others. He was always turne d the other way , so he wouldn’t look at them. He was teaching the girls [ what to do at their first menstruation]. They called him, but he didn’t accept any foo d. “Leave my food on the ground. I will pick it up later , ” Bahi said. “I will eat it. I don’t want a torch light. I will eat in the dark. ” [If he sees his fo od, he will get sick.] A B ahi (Y owao) “Here is y our fo od on the ground. Y ou get it in the dark and eat, ” his grandmother said. His grandmother spoke to him. He didn’t eat in the light of a torch, he ate in the dark. When he was done eating, he called for water to drink, and his grandmother brought some water and set it at the door . He picked it up b ehind him, to drink it. Then he washed his hands. Bahi was afraid to look at anyone. He was teaching the girls. “Don’t look at them. Y ou should do what I am doing in the future, ” he said. “Y ou shouldn’t lo ok at y our father , your mother , your older brothers. Don’t let your older br others get sick be cause of the blood in your ey es, ” he said. “W e also should not look at our fo od when we eat. W e also should not take snuff. ” He lay there in the same place , not leaving. He just lay there in the same place. He didn’t take a bath while he was in seclusion. Finally he took a bath [when his menstruation was over , and he came out of seclusion]. When his menstruation was over , he got up. He put on decorations, teaching the others. “Let’s whip Bahi with switches. Let’s whip Bahi. ” “Whip me. I was looking at you all the time , ” he said [lying]. They wanted to whip him, and they whipped him. They had Bahi’s coming out, he was teaching the girls. They whipped him, and he lay there on the logs for a long time, not getting food, not eating fo od, be cause he had been whippe d. He was r eally skinny . Then he ate. “Y ou eat meat, you eat aba fish. ” “I’m going to eat aba fish. W ait, I’m going to eat. ” There w ere lots of pe ople at the feast for Bahi, all gather ed together . Where did they live? Ther e were a lot of people. They whipped Bahi. They live downstr eam nowadays. He got better from the whipping. He made war . He wasn’t a woman, and he hid himself. He lay on the ground. They put decorations on him. He had annatto on his arms, and he had armbands and his woman’s breach cloth, but he wasn’t a woman. He didn’t look at his father , his mother , his younger sisters, his older br others. He lay next to his mother , and he didn’t lo ok at her . [The custom of the seclusion hut had not yet come into existence .] He ate by the light of a torch. Nowadays the girls eat with a light. He couldn’t eat anything that had fat. He was hungry a lot. He couldn’t eat any bad meat [like p eccary , and some kinds of fish]. He ate brown capuchin monke y , and woolly monkey . He stopped eating woolly monkey 28 and then ate white-fronted capuchin, and giant anteater . That was his only food, so he wouldn’t get sick. He was teaching the others. He put some snuff in each of his nostrils. Then his grandfather blew snuff into his nose. His grandfather ble w a shaman’s stone into his nose. “I’m suffering from thirst. I’m standing in the plaza [ stoned], ” he said, after his grandfather blew into his nose . After his grandfather blew snuff into him, he ate good foo d, and got healthy again. His mother restricted him [she r estricted his activities and his diet, so he wouldn’t get sick]. His grandfather had blo wn snuff into him. He knew a lot now [i.e. he had spiritual pow er], because they whippe d him. Bahi inhaled snuff really hard. He inhaled strong snuff. The women went and burned the men, starting today’s custom. They were pay- ing them back for whipping Bahi. He lay on the awa siyo logs. They were awa siyo logs. Glossed text (1) Bahi, Bahiteba hiwa awematamonaka. Bahi Bahi(m) Bahi-tee-ba Bahi(m)-hab-fut hiwa 3sg.refl.m awa-himata-mona-ka feel-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘Bahi had his first menstruation. ’ (2) Bahi hiwa awe hohoma toematamonaka wami ya tobokorisari, noko tama nari waha. Bahi Bahi(m) hiwa 3sg.refl.m awe feel.m ho-homa dup-lie_on_ground to-ha-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m wami soil(f) ya adju to-bako-risa-haari ch-be_concave-down-ip.e.m noko face.m tama hold_onto na-haari a ux-ip.e.m waha now ‘Bahi had his first menstruation. He lay on the ground, on his belly , holding his face with his hands. ’ (3) Bai mera aawa toarematamonaka. Bahi Bahi(m) mera 3pl.o a-awa dup-see to-ha-ra-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-neg-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘Bahi didn’t look at the others. ’ 29 A B ahi (Y owao) (4) Bahi hine ya totonokowiti toematamonaka mera kakatomarari, meteba mera kanawanahari me fanawi, me fanawiteba kanawanahari. Bahi Bahi(m) hine only ya adju to-to-noko-witi dup-away-point-out to-ha-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m mera 3pl.o ka-katoma-ra-haari comit-look_at-neg-ip.e.m me-tee-ba 3pl.o-hab-fut mera 3pl.o kanawana-haari teach-ip.e.m me 3pl fanawi woman me 3pl.o fanawi-tee-ba woman-hab-fut kanawana-haari teach-ip.e.m ‘Bahi was always turned the other way , so he wouldn’t look at them. He was teaching the girls. ’ (5) Me ha hine, me ha hine yamata wara tokarihi. me 3pl.s haa call hi-ne oc-a ux.m me 3pl.s haa call hi-ne oc-a ux.m yamata food(f) wara grab to-ka-rihi ch-comit-neg.list ‘They called him, but he didn’t accept any food. ’ (6) Titefeba, otefeba tikawata. ti-tefe-ba 2sg.poss-food-fut o-tefe-ba 1sg.poss-food-fut ti-ka-wata 2sg.s-comit-be_lo cated ‘“Leave my food on the ground. ”’ (7) Y ama owakitihaba awine , Bahi ati nematamonaka. yama thing(f) o-ka-iti-haba 1sg.s-comit-pick_up-fut.f awine seem.f Bahi Bahi(m) ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“I will pick it up later , ” Bahi said. ’ (8) Y ama okobaba awine. yama thing(f) o-kaba-haba 1sg.s-eat-fut.f awine seem.f ‘“I will eat it. ”’ (9) W ami hiri ni onofari. wami tree.sp(f) hiri catch_fire ni a ux.nfin o-nofa-ri 1sg.s-want-neg.nom.f ‘“I don’t want a torch light. ”’ (10) Y ama soki ya otafaba owa awine o , Bahi ati nematamonane, aati toematamonaka. 30 yama thing(f) soki be_dark.nom ya adju o-tafa-haba 1sg.s-eat-fut.f owa 1sg.s awine seem.f o 1sg.s Bahi Bahi(m) ati say na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m a-ati dup-say to-ha-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“I will eat in the dark, ” Bahi said. ’ (11) Titefebone titefeb one kawiti faro . ti-tefe-bone 2sg.poss-food-int.f ti-tefe-bone 2sg.poss-food-int.f ka-iti comit-sit.nom.f faaro that.f ‘“Here is y our fo od on the ground. ”’ (12) Y ama tekitihi. yama thing(f) ti-ka-iti-hi 2sg.s-comit-pick_up-imp.f ‘“Y ou get it. ”’ (13) Y ama soki ya titafibeya hinakaki aati toemetemoneni. yama thing(f) soki be_dark.nom ya adju ti-tafa-be-ya 2sg.s-eat-immed.f-now hinakaki 3poss.sg.grandmother(f) a-ati dup-say to-ha-hemete-mone-ni ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘“Eat in the dark, ” his grandmother said. ’ (14) Faya hinakaki warabo nima hine yama hiri ni ya tafarari yama soki ya tafahari. faya so hinakaki 3poss.sg.grandmother(f) warabo ear .m nima communicate_to hi-ne oc-a ux.m yama thing(f) hiri catch_fire ni a ux.nfin ya adju tafa-ra-haari eat-neg-ip.e.m yama thing(f) soki be_dark.nom ya adju tafa-haari eat-ip.e.m ‘His grandmother spoke to him. He didn’t eat in the light of a torch, he ate in the dark. ’ (15) Fa, fa fawebona fa ha ne, hinaka fabone hinakaki hekama hikawata nokobi ya. faha water(f) faha water(f) fawa-hibona drink-int.m faha water(f) haa call ne a ux.m hinaka 3sg.poss faha-bone water(f)-int.f hinakaki 3poss.sg.grandmother(f) hi-ka-ka-ma oc-comit-come-back.f 31 A B ahi (Y owao) (51) Atehe ahi mano, kanamo kawata, hinaka yayafa, fanawi amarar o. atehe annatto(f) ahi there mano arm.m kanamo armband(f) ka-wata comit-put.list hinaka 3sg.poss yayafa breach_cloth(m).list fanawi woman ama-ra-haaro be-neg-ip.e.f ‘He had annatto on his arms, and armbands, and his woman’s breach cloth, but he wasn’t a woman. ’ (52) Mata ya, mata ya? mata more ya adju mata more ya adju ‘Do you want more?’ (53) Bati awarihi mati awarihi, hinakatirawaha, anoti mati. bati 3sg.poss.father(m) awa-rihi see-neg.list mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) awa-rihi see-neg.list hinakati-rawaha 3poss.sg.older_sister(f) anoti fpl mati 3sg.poss_older_brother(m) 3pl ‘He didn’t look at his father , his mother , his younger sisters, his older brothers. ’ (54) Hohoma toematamonaka mati b eri ya, mati awarari. ho-homa dup-lie_on_ground to-ha-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) beheri side ya adju mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) awa-ra-haari see-neg-ip.e.m ‘He lay next to his mother , and he didn’t lo ok at his mother . ’ (55) Y ama hiri ni ya tatafa toematamona. yama thing(f) hiri catch_fire ni a ux.nfin ya adju ta-tafa dup-eat to-ha-himata-mona ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘He ate by the light of a torch. ’ (56) Y ama hiri ni ya me tafineti. yama thing(f) hiri catch_fire ni a ux.nfin ya adju me 3pl.s tafa-ne-ti eat-cont.f-hab.nom ‘Nowadays the girls eat with a light. ’ 38 (57) W ataka yama kakaba toaremetemone amani. wataka be_fatty .f yama thing(f) ka-kaba dup-eat to-ha-ra-hemete-mone ch-a ux-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ni sec-bk g.f ‘He couldn’t eat anything that had fat. ’ (58) Y ama fifimi toemetemone amake Bahi. yama thing(f) fi-fimi dup-be_hungr y to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ke sec-decl.f Bahi Bahi(m) ‘He was hungry a lot. ’ (59) Y ama yama yama, bani irabo e kaba, yowi kabamawaematamonaka, y owi. yama thing(f) yama thing(f) yama thing(f) bani animal(m) irabo be_bad.nfin ee 1in.s kaba eat.f yowi brown_capuchin(m) kaba-ma-waha-himata-mona-ka eat-back-change-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m yowi brown_capuchin(m) ‘He couldn’t eat any bad meat. He ate brown capuchin monke y . ’ (60) Y owi kabama wafa kaba, ee wafa kabi fawa ne nowati ya kiso kaba, bane kaba nematamonaka ahi. yowi brown_capuchin(m) kaba-ma eat-back.list wafa woolly_monkey(m) kaba eat.list ee (pause) wafa woolly_monkey(m) kabi eat.nfin fawa stop ne a ux.m nowati after ya adju kiso white-fronted_capuchin(m) kaba eat.list banehe giant_anteater(f) kaba eat.list na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He ate brown capuchin monke y , and woolly monkey . He stopp ed eating woolly monkey and then ate white-fronted capuchin, and giant anteater . ’ (61) Far e tefe na toematamonaka, komene watatereb onaha aati toematamonane, fara meteba mera kanawanahari. fare same.m tefe food.m na a ux to-ha-himata-mona-ka ch-be-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m komene sickness.m wata-tee-ra-hib ona-ha exist-hab-neg-int.m-dup a-ati dup-say to-ha-himata-mona-ne ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m fara same.f 39 A B ahi (Y owao) me-tee-ba 3pl-hab-fut mera 3pl.o kanawana-haari teach-ip.e.m ‘That was his only food, so he wouldn’t get sick. He was teaching the others. ’ (62) Witi bori kawaha, hinakiti afo hiwahematamonahane, sina ya. witi nose bori poke ka-waha comit-change.list hinakiti 3sg.poss.grandfather(m) afo blow_snuff_into hi-waha-himata-mona-ha-ne oc-change-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup-bk g.m sina snuff(f) ya adju ‘He put some snuff in each of his nostrils. Then his grandfather blew snuff into his nose. ’ (63) Hinakiti afo hinematamonaka waha, yama ya. hinaka 3sg.poss iti grandfather(m) afo blow_snuff_into hi-na-himata-mona-ka oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m waha now yama shaman’s_stone(f) ya adju ‘His grandfather blew a shaman’s stone into his nose . ’ (64) Y ama bakasiri kita bakasiri okarima owine oni ati nematamonaka ahi, hinakiti afo hinari. yama thing(f) bakasi-ri thirst(f)-pn kita be_strong.f bakasi-ri thirst(f)-pn o-karima 1sg.s-suffer_from.f o-waa-ne 1sg.s-stand-cont.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then hinakiti 3sg.poss.grandfather(m) afo blow_snuff_into hi-na-haari oc-a ux-ip.e.m ‘“I’m suffering from thirst. I’m standing up , ” he said, after his grandfather blew snuff into his nose . ’ (65) Hinakiti afo hine tefe irabo toamako wawa toa namata. hinakiti 3sg.poss.grandfather(m) afo blow_snuff_into hi-ne oc-a ux.m tefe food.m irabo be_bad.nfin to-ha-mako ch-be-for_this_reason.m wa-waa dup-stand to-ha ch-a ux.cont.m na-mata a ux.nom.m-fp.n.m ‘ After his grandfather blew snuff into him, he ate good fo od, and got healthy again. ’ 40 (66) Mati hohora hiematamonaka, hinakiti afo hinari, sina ya. mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) ho-hora dup-scold hi-ha-himata-mona-ka oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m hinakiti 3sg.poss.grandfather(m) afo blow_snuff_into hi-na-haari oc-a ux-ip.e.m sina snuff(f) ya adju ‘His mother restricted him, and his grandfather blew snuff into him. ’ (67) Me kosi hiwahe ka, yama wato wato raba na toarematamonaka ahi. me 3pl.s kosi flail hi-wahe oc-change.m ka be cause yama thing(f) wato-wato dup-know raba a_bit na a ux to-ha-ra-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-neg-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He knew a lot now , b ecause they whipped him. ’ (68) Bahi sina, Bahi ka sina hihisi nakeraba na toar ematamona ino amane. Bahi Bahi(m) sina snuff(f) Bahi Bahi(m) ka poss sina snuff(f) hi-hisi dup-sniff na-ke-raba a ux-coming-a_bit na a ux to-ha-ra-himata-mona ch-a ux-neg-fp.n.m-rep.m ino name.m ama-ne be-bk g.m ‘Bahi inhaled snuff really hard. ’ (69) Sina komararo hihisi nake toematamonaha. sina snuff(f) koma-raaro hurt-(?).f hi-hisi dup-sniff na-ke a ux-coming to-ha-himata-mona-ha ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘He inhaled strong snuff. ’ (7 0) Me yana tonemetemone me amake har o me fanawi yama me sari nabani mati, fara hine meteba me kanawana mati, Bai manakone me awabone mati, me kosi hinahari. me 3pl.s yana start to-na-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f me 3pl.s ama-ke sec-decl.f haaro that_one.f me 3pl.s fanawi woman yama thing(f) me 3pl.s sari burn na-haba-ni a ux-fut.f-ip.n.f mati 3pl.s fara same.f hine 3.refl me-tee-ba 3pl-hab-fut me 3pl.s kanawana teach.f mati 3pl.s Bahi Bahi(m) manakone price me 3pl.s awa-habone avenge-int.f mati 3pl.s me 3pl.s kosi flail hi-na-haari oc-a ux-ip.e.m ‘The women w ent and burne d the men, starting today’s custom. They were paying them back for whipping Bahi. ’ 41 A B ahi (Y owao) (71) Kakafori toematamonaka awa siyo ya. ka-ka-fori dup-comit-lie_on_top to-ha-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m awa_siyo tree.sp(m) ya adju ‘He lay on the awa siyo logs. ’ (72) A wa siyomatamonane . awa_siyo-mata-mona-ne tree.sp(m)-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘They wer e awa siyo logs. ’ 42 B Bahi (Siko) Introduction The story Bahi was told by Siko in 1991. The corresponding audio file can b e downloaded at: https://www.silbrazil.org/sites/brazil/files/siko- bahi2.mp3. This text is a self-contained series of episodes from a longer stor y about Bahi. 1 In the beginning and ending se ctions of the text, which I hav e not include d here , Bahi shows his extraordinary powers, turning people into various kinds of animals, and arriving at a place with a flash of light. In the present episodes, howe ver , Bahi seems like a pretty normal person: he hunts woolly monkeys and tapirs, and gets married. English translation Bahi looked at the sun. “W ait. ” Bahi went into the forest. He w ent away . Then he came upon the sound of p eople cutting down a hawa palm, teo, teo . His future father-in-law was cutting down a hawa palm, to mix the fruits with manioc juice. Fish wer e killed, ote fish. The ote fish wer e in the makeshift basket on the ground. They had felt for the fish, and they had killed the fish. They wer e in the makeshift basket. “ Are those fish?” “They are fish. The fish that I killed are in there . Hoo, let me cut down the hawa palm, to add the fruits to my wife ’s manioc juice. ” He picked up the ax and went into the forest. He was cutting down the hawa palm. “I’m going to cut down my father-in-law’s hawa palm. ” He went there . He went there to cut do wn his father-in-law’s hawa palm. He went there , and grabbe d the ax. “Father-in-law , give the ax to me. ” He chopp ed at the hawa palm. He chopped at it really hard. The hawa palm fell. 1 The present section begins at the 13 minute 31 second p oint in the recording. B Bahi (Siko) The two women who were going to be his wives wer e standing there. “Y ou two go bathe. Go bathe . I’m going to cut down a hawa palm, ” he said. He went and cut down the hawa palm. When the hawa palm fell, he came back. He went to the two women who w ere bathing. “ Are you bathing?” “W e are bathing. ” “I’m going to bathe, too. I’m sw eating. ” He bathed. After they bathed, they put their breechcloths back on. The two women w ent back. “Let’s go back. ” They went back. He went back after them. “Come on, I want to drink hawa drink. I want to eat fish. I’m hungry . ” “Y ou go ahead with him. I will follow , ” their father said. “I’m going to marr y y ou. Y ou are going to be my wives. ” He wante d them, to marry them. He to ok them back. He arrived back with them. “Cook the fish quickly . I want to eat fish. ” So they cooked the fish. When the cooking of the fish was done, they called him. They toasted manioc mash. Her mother mashed the manio c juice in the mortar . She put the hawa fruits in water . She mashed the hawa fruits in the mortar . She mixed the manioc juice with her hands. “W ell, is he full?” “Y es, I’m full, Mother-in-law . I’m full. I ate fish. ” “ Aren’t you going to drink manioc juice?” “W ait, my food is almost gone. ” His mother-in-law called him for him to drink manio c juice . He dippe d out some manioc juice with a cup. “W ait, I will dip out a little . I will tr y a little. Is it sw eet?” “It is sweet. ” He got some manioc juice, and he drank the manioc juice. “Y umm, it’s go od. Hawa fruits are good with manioc juice. ” So he came back. He was ready to leave . “I want to leave , but you won’t let me . I’m going to leave . ” “W e won’t let you leav e b ecause of what you said, when you said you w ould marry us. ” “Y es, I will marr y you. ” 44 “Don’t deceive us. ” “I will marry you. He is my father-in-law . ” He was going to marr y them, and he slept with them. He didn’t sleep with them, he had sex with them all night. “I’m going now . Where is there forest that has game?” “There is a path going that way that has game . There are w oolly monkeys living there . ” “Come on, let’s go together . Y ou will carr y the woolly monkeys. ” He was ready to leave , and his two wives wer e ready to leave. The y came on b ehind. He went into the forest, carrying a blowgun on his shoulder , and holding arro ws. He went into the forest. A s he went, the voices of w o olly monkeys could b e heard. “ Siya, siya. ” The voices of woolly monkeys could be heard. A s he listened to their voices, he twirled darts in his mouth. As he twirled the darts in his mouth, he went along planning against the monkeys. “Y ou stay here. I will come back quickly if I hear y our voices. ” He went into the forest. He went, and he shot some monkeys, fai saki . “ Aaa, aaa . ” A female monkey cried out. The monkeys got excited. “ Aa, aa, aa . ” He was going to hit them with darts. He shot monkeys with the blowgun. He was picking up the dead monke ys. The monkeys wer e falling onto the ground. He came back. “Hoo, are y ou still here?” “W e are still here . ” “ Aren’t there any dangerous animals?” “There aren’t any danger ous animals, and we are still here . ” “I guess there isn’t a jaguar . If there wer e a jaguar , you would hav e crie d out. Come on, let’s go get the game. ” They went to get the game. They went with him. He w ent there and picked up the monkeys. They picked up the monkeys. His one wife carried some of the monkeys, his other wife carried some of them, and he carried some of them. They came back, and arrived. “I’m going to tie up the monkeys. Y ou will carr y them. ” 45 B Bahi (Siko) “ Aren’t you going to carry any of them? Ours should b e less. ” “Y ou are the ones who are going to eat them. ” He tied up the animals. He tied up the monkeys. His one wife carried some, and his other wife carried some, and he carried two. He came back. The y came back. He had sex with them where he had shot the monke ys. He had sex with them. “Here , I will make some one whose game will be eaten. ” He had sex with them. When the sex with them was ov er , he came back. They came back. “Come on, you two carr y them, the ones who made you suffer . 2 It’s so you can eat them. ” He was ready to leave . They wer e ready to leave. They came back, and arrived back. When they came back, his father-in-law singed the hair off the monkeys. He cut up the monkeys. He made a roasting rack, too. He threw them onto the rack. Then the y ate, the monkeys’ livers, their intestines. They ate, his br others-in-law . They ate, and the y finishe d eating. The y took snuff, and slept. He was ready to go again the next morning. “I’m going out hunting. ” “Go hunting. Y ou have seen the forest. Y ou have seen where we go. ” “I want my brothers-in-law to go with me . ” His brothers-in-law went with him as he went out into the forest. As he w ent, it [a tapir ] started making noise [ brushing against leaves]. “It’s a tapir . Be quiet. I will hit it with an arro w . W ait, watch me. I’m a hunter . ” They crept to ward it as it stood, breaking twigs. One of them inserte d an arr ow in his bow . [His brother-in-law ] was going to shoot quickly , but he went first. T akai wa . The tapir jumped up. It went away , hurt, and soon fell. He had hit it right in the armpit with the arrow . “Come on, I killed it as it was eating. I really dre w the b o w hard! The arrow point went inside , and turne d up . ” His brother-in-law pulled out the arro w . “The arrow point stayed in. I hit you with an arrow . My penis went in all the way in your younger sisters. ” He was talking naughty . They cut up the tapir . They cut up the fat tapir . They carried the tapir . 2 That is, the monkeys wer e the cause of the women having had to have sex with Bahi. 46 “The head will stay here on the ground. Let its head stay her e on the ground. My mother-in-law will eat its head. Y ou carr y its head. ” “I will carry its head. Y ou will see me, wait. ” He put the tapir’s head on top of the full basket. They all carried the tapir . “Don’t let the feet stay there on the ground. The feet will be eaten. Let’s take it all. ” They took it. They brought it, and arriv ed with it. “They are coming back carrying game. While he is here , we are eating the game he kills. ” He had impregnated his wives, the y were pregnant. He spoke to his pregnant wives. “What ar e you going to do? Shall I take you away?” “I don’t know . ” “I will take you, wait. When I hear what my mother says, when I go there and hear what my mother says, if my mother agrees, I will come back to get you. When I have come back to get you, and w e have gone...I will sleep here [before leaving]. I will know what day it will be [that I will take you away ]. If the babies are gro wing up when I come back, I will not leave. When the childr en are finished growing up, w e will leave. I will ask my mother pr operly ab out it. When I ask my mother properly about it, I will also ask my father . ” “Is it scary?” “It’s not scary , it’s just like where we are no w . I went out [hunting] again and came out at another place, and then I came back her e. My mother lives there . I came back here . ” “It’s scary . I don’t think I want to go there. ” “It’s just like where we ar e now . Y ou will see it. Y ou don’t believe me . It’s just like where we ar e now . ” He was ready to leave , but he turned back and slept there. He turned back b ecause her labor had starte d. The baby was born. “Is it a boy?” “It’s a boy . ” “What do you know , it’s a b o y . Y ou will eat his game [that he will kill when he grows up]. Didn’t you see me? Y ou will eat his game. Y ou have seen me, his father . 47 B Bahi (Siko) (19) T okomake bari wara tone K oko bari owa tiwakawa, ha owa ta. to-ka-make away-go-following bari ax wara grab to-ne ch-a ux.m koko father_in_law(m) bari ax owa 1sg.o ti-ka-kawa 2sg.s-comit-give_something_to haa dem owa 1sg taa contrast ‘He went there , and grabbe d the ax. “Father-in-law , give the axe to me. ”’ (20) Hawa ka kanematamonaka. hawa palm.sp(f) kaa chop ka-na-himata-mona-ka comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He chopped at the hawa palm. ’ (21) Ka nemata kasir o ya ahi. kaa chop na-himata a ux-fp.n.m kasiro a_lot ya adju ahi then ‘He chopped at it really hard. ’ (22) Hawa towakemetemoneke ahi. hawa palm.sp(f) to-ka-ka-hemete-mone-ke away-comit-go-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘The hawa palm fell. ’ (23) T owakemetemoneke . to-ka-ka-hemete-mone-ke away-comit-go-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘It fell. ’ (24) Fatiterawabani yoro narawa, T e afi kanahi. fati-tee-rawa-ba-ni 3sg.poss.wife(f)-hab-fpl-fut-ip.n.f yor o stand na-rawa a ux-fpl.f tee 2pl.s afi bathe ka-na-hi comit-a ux-imp.f ‘The two women who were going to be his wives were standing ther e. “Y ou two go bathe. ”’ (25) T e afi kana. tee 2pl.s afi bathe ka-na comit-a ux ‘“Go bathe. ”’ 54 (26) Hawa ka okomatibe, ati ne hawa ka tokanamaki hawa towaki ya kame , me afi kana me ni ya tokomake tokomakematamonaka. hawa palm.sp(f) kaa chop o-ka-mata-be 1sg.s-comit-short_time-immed.f ati say ne a ux.m hawa palm.sp(f) kaa chop to-ka-na-maki away-comit-a ux-following.m hawa palm.sp(f) to-ka-ki away-comit-go.nom.f ya adju ka-me come-back.m me 3pl.s afi bathe ka-na comit-a ux.f me 3pl ni to ya adju to-ka-make away-go-following to-ka-make-himata-mona-ka away-go-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“I’m going to cut down the hawa palm, ” he said. He went and cut down the hawa palm. When the hawa palm fell, he came back. He went to the two women who w ere bathing. ’ (27) T e afi kini? tee 2pl.s afi bathe ka-ni comit-bk g.f ‘“ Are you bathing?”’ (28) Ota afi kana otani. otaa 1ex.s afi bathe ka-na comit-a ux.f otaa-ni 1ex.s-bk g.f ‘“W e are bathing. ”’ (29) Afi obisamateya. afi bathe o-bisa-mate-ya 1sg.s-also-short_time.imp.f-no w ‘“I’m going to bathe, too. ”’ (30) Oka tanakone tokake. o-ka 1sg.poss-poss tanakone sweat to-ka-ke away-go-decl.f ‘“I’m sweating. ”’ (31) Faya afi ne, afi ne me afi nar o, me afi na me, yayafa me akama me , me akama me towakama me, me to wakamemetemoneke. faya so afi bathe ne a ux.m afi bathe ne a ux.m me 3pl.s afi bathe na-haaro a ux-pfut.f me 3pl.s afi bathe na a ux.f me 3pl.s yayafa breach_cloth(m) me 3pl.s aka-ma wear-back.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s aka-ma wear-back.f me 3pl.s 55 B Bahi (Siko) to-ka-ka-ma away-comit-go-back.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s to-ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke away-comit-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He bathed. After they bathed, they put their breechcloths back on. The two women w ent back. ’ (32) E towakamahi. ee 1in.s to-ka-ka-ma-hi away-comit-go-back-imp.f ‘“Let’s go back. ”’ (33) Faya me, to wakama me nowati ya tokomake tokomakematamonaka. faya so me 3pl.s to-ka-ka-ma away-comit-go-back.f me 3pl.poss nowati behind ya adju to-ka-make away-go-following to-ka-make-himata-mona-ka away-go-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘They went back. He w ent back after them. ’ (34) T okomake , tokomakematamonaka. to-ka-make away-go-following to-ka-make-himata-mona-ka away-go-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He went back. ’ (35) T okomake , Hima hawa hawa ofib eya. to-ka-make away-go-following hima let’s_go hawa palm.sp(f) hawa palm.sp(f) o-fawa-be-ya 1sg.s-drink-immed.f-now ‘He went back. “Come on, I want to drink hawa drink. ”’ (36) Aba me okobibeya. aba fish(m) me 3pl.o o-kaba-be-ya 1sg.s-eat-immed.f-now ‘“I want to eat fish. ”’ (37) Ofimini. o-fimi-ni 1sg.s-be_hungr y-bk g.f ‘“I’m hungry . ”’ 56 (38) T e tai tokahamaho. tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ka-ha-ma-ho ch-comit-a ux-back-imp.m ‘“Y ou go ahead with him. ”’ (39) Oyotobeya, me ka abi ati nematamona. o-yoto-be-ya 1sg.s-follow-immed.f-now me 3pl ka poss abi father(m) ati say na-himata-mona a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘“I will follow , ” their father said. ’ (40) T e oyababana oke . tee 2pl.o o-yaba-habana 1sg.s-marry-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I’m going to marry you. ”’ (41) Oka yiboterawaba te amake. o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yibote-rawa-ba wife(f)-fpl-fut tee 2pl.s ama-ke be-decl.f ‘“Y ou are going to be my wives. ”’ (42) Faya mera yabeb ona mera kayawe mera to wakame, mera towakame mera kobo tokaname, Aba me te kawarikabote na. faya so mera 3pl.o yaba-hibona marry-int.m mera 3pl.o ka-yawe comit-be_upset.m mera 3pl.o to-ka-ka-me away-comit-go-back.m mera 3pl.o to-ka-ka-me away-comit-go-back.m mera 3pl.o kobo arrive to-ka-na-me away-comit-a ux-back.m aba fish(m) me 3pl.o tee 2pl.s ka-waa-ri-kabote comit-cook-raised_surface-quickly na a ux ‘He wanted them, to marr y them. He took them back. He arrived back with them. “Cook the fish quickly . ”’ (43) Aba me okobibeya. aba fish(m) me 3pl.o o-kaba-be-ya 1sg.s-eat-immed.f-now ‘“I want to eat fish. ”’ 57 B Bahi (Siko) (44) Faya aba me me kawariemetemone fahi. faya so aba fish(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s ka-waa-ri-hemete-mone comit-cook-raised_surface-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘So they cooked the fish. ’ (45) Aba me me kawaria me, aba me kawari ahabi ya, me ha hine iyawa me sira, iyawa me siremetemoneke . aba fish(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s ka-waa-ria comit-cook-raised_surface.f me 3pl.s aba fish(m) me 3pl.s ka-waa-ri comit-be_co oked-raised_surface.nfin ahabi end.nom.f ya adju me 3pl.s haa call hi-ne oc-a ux.m iyawa grated_mash(f) me 3pl.s sira toast.f iyawa grated_mash(f) me 3pl.s sira-hemete-mone-ke toast-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They cooked the fish. When the cooking of the fish was done, they called him. They toasted manioc mash. ’ (46) Mati honofene kawa nati toemetemone. mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) honofene manioc_juice(m) kawa thrust nati only_one to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘Her mother mashed the manioc juice in the mortar . ’ (47) Hawa hawa kabofa, hawa kawa nisa honofene, tabo na, Fera akare awane? hawa palm.sp(f) hawa palm.sp(f) ka-ibofa comit-put_in_water .f hawa palm.sp(f) kawa thrust na-risa a ux-down.f honofene manioc_juice(m) tabo mash na a ux.f fee-ra that.m-npq akare be_satiate d.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘She put the hawa fruits in water . She mashed the hawa fruits in the mortar . She mixed the manioc juice with her hands. “W ell, is he full?”’ (48) Ee owakara oke aso . ee yes o-akara 1sg.s-be_satiate d o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f aso mother_in_law(f) ‘“Y es, I’m full, Mother-in-law . ”’ 58 (49) Owakara oke. o-akara 1sg.s-be_satiate d o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I’m full. ”’ (50) Aba me okoba oke. aba fish(m) me 3pl.o o-kaba 1sg.s-eat o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I ate fish. ”’ (51) Aba me okobini. aba fish(m) me 3pl.o o-kaba-ni 1sg.s-eat-bk g.f ‘“I ate fish. ”’ (52) Honofene tifaribana? honofene manioc_juice(m) ti-fawa-ri-bana 2sg.s-drink-neg.f-fut ‘“ Aren’t you going to drink manioc juice?”’ (53) Hiba, otefe ahabake haro . hiba wait o-tefe 1sg.poss-food ahaba-ke end-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“W ait, my food is almost gone. ”’ (54) Honofene fawebona hinakaso ha hine, honofene kabi kanematamonaka. honofene manioc_juice(m) fawa-hibona drink-int.m hinakaso 3sg.poss.mother_in_law(f) haa call hi-ne oc-a ux.m honofene manioc_juice(m) kabi dip_out ka-na-himata-mona-ka comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘His mother-in-law called him for him to drink manioc juice. He dippe d out some manioc juice with a cup. ’ (55) Hiba, kakabi kana omataba. hiba wait ka-kabi dup-dip_out ka-na comit-a ux o-mata-ba 1sg.s-short_time-immed.m ‘“W ait, I will dip out a little. ”’ 59 B Bahi (Siko) (56) T otomi omataba. to-tomi dup-try o-mata-ba 1sg.s-short_time-immed.m ‘“I will try a little. ”’ (57) Sinatehino ama? sina-tee-hino be_sweet-hab-ip.n.m ama sec ‘“Is it sweet?”’ (58) Sinate amane. sina-tee be_sweet-hab ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘“It is sweet. ”’ (59) Honofene kabi kaniha honofene fawa nematamonaka. honofene manioc_juice(m) kabi dip_out ka-niha comit-ca us.list honofene manioc_juice(m) fawa drink.list na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He got some manioc juice, and he drank the manioc juice. ’ (60) Inaa, amosake . inaa hmmm amosa-ke be_go od-decl.f ‘“Y umm, it’s good. ”’ (61) Hawa amosini honofene kar o. hawa palm.sp(f) amosa-ni be_go od-bk g.f honofene manioc_juice(m) karo loc ‘“ Hawa fruits are good with manioc juice. ”’ (62) Faya, kame , kamematamonaka. faya so ka-me come-back.m ka-ma-himata-mona-ka come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘So he came back. ’ 60 (63) K ame, yana tone Okabone ona, owa te kayawa teke. ka-me come-back.m yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m o-ka-habone 1sg.s-go-int.f o-na 1sg.s-say .f owa 1sg.o tee 2pl.s ka-yawa comit-be_upset.f tee-ke 2pl.s-decl.f ‘He came back. He was ready to leave . “I want to leave , but you won’t let me. ”’ 4 (64) Okabone onara oke. o-ka-habone 1sg.s-go-int.f o-na-hara 1sg.s-say-ip.e.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I’m going to leave. ”’ (65) Fara tiwati nima tiwa ota kayawi nineni ota tiyababone tina tiwa. fara same.f ti-ati 2sg.poss-voice ni-ma a ux.nom-like tiwa 2sg.o otaa 1ex.s ka-yawi comit-be_upset.nfin na-ne-ni a ux-cont.f-bk g.f otaa 1ex.o ti-yaba-habone 2sg.s-marry-int.f ti-na 2sg.s-say .f tiwa 2sg.s ‘“W e won’t let y ou leave be cause of what y ou said, when you said you would marry us. ”’ (66) Ee , te oyababana oke. ee yes tee 2pl.o o-yaba-habana 1sg.s-marry-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“Y es, I will marr y you. ”’ (67) Ota tike yeriyahi. otaa 1ex.o ti-keyeha-ra-yahi 2sg.s-deceive-neg-dist.imp.f ‘“Don’t deceive us. ”’ (68) Ota tikey eriyahi. otaa 1ex.o ti-keyeha-ra-yahi 2sg.s-deceive-neg-dist.imp.f ‘“Don’t deceive us. ”’ 4 Although the word ona means ‘I said’ (I said I will leav e = I want to leave), the morpheme na is an auxiliary , not a verb root meaning ‘say’ . The verb is ati na ‘say’ , but there is a morphophono- logical rule that deletes the root ati and leaves just the auxiliary , when there is a person prefix (Dixon 2004: 117). I have glossed it as ‘say’ to make things easier for the reader . When the rule does not apply , i.e. when there is no person prefix, then the root ati appears, as in (26). 61 B Bahi (Siko) (69) Ota, T e oyababana oke. otaa 1ex tee 2pl.o o-yaba-habana 1sg.s-marry-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I will marry you. ”’ 5 (7 0) Oka koko oka koko amaka hari. o-ka 1sg.poss-poss koko father_in_law(m) o-ka 1sg.poss-poss koko father_in_law(m) ama-ka be-decl.m haari that_one.m ‘“He is my father-in-law . ”’ (71) Faya me, mera yabebona mera amo kane mera, amo karehibanoho mera ahi nabebana. faya so me 3pl mera 3pl.o yaba-hibona marry-int.m mera 3pl.o amo sleep ka-ne comit-a ux.m mera 3pl.o amo sleep ka-ra-hiba-no-ho comit-neg-fut.m-ip.n.m-dup mera 3pl.o ahi have_sex_with nahaba-hibana at_night-fut.m ‘He was going to marry them, and he slept with them. He didn’t sle ep with them, he had sex with them all night. ’ (72) Mera ai nabematamonaka fahi. mera 3pl.o ahi have_sex_with nahaba-himata-mona-ka at_night-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then ‘He had sex with them all night. ’ (73) Mera ahi nabe, T otoka onahabone onara oke. mera 3pl.o ahi have_sex_with nahabe at_night.m to-to-ka dup-away-go o-na-habone 1sg.s-a ux-int.f o-na-hara 1sg.s-a ux-ip.e.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘He had sex with them all night. “I’m going now . ”’ (74) Hibaka, yama abatehani tohari? hibaka where yama thing(f) ahaba-tee-hani die-hab-ip.n.f to-ha-ri ch-be-cq.f ‘“Where is there for est that has game?”’ 5 Ota is a false start. 62 (75) Y ama abate hawi tokine haro . yama thing(f) ahaba-tee die-hab hawi trail.f to-ka-ne away-go-cont.f haaro that_one.f ‘“There is a path going that way that has game . ”’ (7 6) W afa me winine haro. wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.s wina-ne live-cont.f haaro that_one.f ‘“There are w oolly monkeys living there. ”’ (77) Hima, e tabahi. hima let’s_go ee 1in.s taba-hi be_together-imp.f ‘“Come on, let’s go together . ”’ (78) W afa me te we ye nibe. wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.o tee 2pl.s wey e carry na-be a ux-immed.f ‘“Y ou will carr y the woolly monkeys. ”’ (79) Faya yana tonematamonaka. faya so yana start to-na-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He was ready to leave . ’ (80) Y ana tone, fati yana tokarawa kayotorawemetemoneke . yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) yana start to-ka-rawa ch-comit-fpl.f ka-yoto-rawa-hemete-mone-ke comit-follow-fpl-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He was ready to leave , and his two wives w ere ready to leave . They came on behind. ’ (81) Karaboa tiwa kana wati tama kana, tokematamonaka. karaboha blowgun(f) tiwa carry ka-na comit-a ux.list wati arrow(m) tama hold_onto ka-na comit-a ux.list to-ka-himata-mona-ka away-go-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He went into the forest, carrying a blowgun on his shoulder , and holding onto arrows. ’ 63 B Bahi (Siko) (114) Me me hikabarahaba me awine? me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-kaba-ra-haba oc-eat-neg-fut.f me 3pl.o awine seem.f ‘“Y ou are the ones who are going to eat them. ”’ (115) Bani me wete nematamonaka. bani animal(m) me 3pl.o wete tie na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He tied up the animals. ’ (116) W afa me wete ne , fati one me wey e, fati one me we ye, ha, me fama me wey e hikana, kame, kame kame kame me kamemetemoneke . wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.o wete tie ne a ux.m fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) one one.f me 3pl.o wey e carry .list fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) one other .f me 3pl.o wey e carry .list haa dem me 3pl.s fama be_two.f me 3pl.o wey e carry hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.list ka-me come-back.m ka-me come-back.m ka-me come-back.m ka-me come-back.m me 3pl.s ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He tied up the monkeys. His one wife carried some, and his other wife carried some, and he carried two. He came back. The y came back. ’ (117) Me kama me, faya mera mera y ori ne mera yori nematamonaka fahi wafa me fora ne ya. me 3pl.s ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.s faya so mera 3pl.o mera 3pl.o yori have_sex_with ne a ux.m mera 3pl.o yori have_sex_with na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.o fora shoot_with_blowgun ne a ux.nom.m ya adju ‘They came back. He had sex with them where he had shot the monkeys. ’ (118) Mera yori nematamonaka. mera 3pl.o yori have_sex_with na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He had sex with them. ’ 7 0 (119) Hiya, ehene kabateba yama omateya. hiya come_on ehene victim_of.m kaba-tee-hiba be_eaten-hab-fut.m yama make o-mate-ya 1sg.s-short_time.imp.f-no w ‘“Here , I will make some one whose game will be eaten. ”’ (120) Faya mera yori ne me yori ni abi ya kamematamona fahi. faya so mera 3pl.o yori have_sex_with ne a ux.m me 3pl.s yori be_laid ni a ux.nfin ahabi end.nom.f ya adju ka-ma-himata-mona come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘He had sex with them. When the sex with them was ov er , he came back. ’ (121) Me kakama me, Hima me te w eye nikima, te me yokoa mati. me 3pl.s ka-ka-ma comit-come-back.f me 3pl.s hima let’s_go me 3pl.o tee 2pl.s wey e carry na-kima a ux-two tee 2pl.o me 3pl.s yokoa bring_misfortune_on.f mati 3pl.s ‘They came back. “Come on, you tw o carr y them, the ones who made you suffer . ”’ (122) Me te kabibeya. me 3pl.o tee 2pl.s kaba-be-ya eat-immed.f-now ‘“It’s so you can eat them. ”’ (123) Faya me, yana tone me yana tona me kama me , me kama me kob o namemetemoneke. faya so me 3pl yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m me 3pl.s yana start to-na ch-a ux.f me 3pl.s ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.s kobo arrive na-ma-hemete-mone-ke a ux-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He was ready to leave . They wer e ready to leave. The y came back, and arrived back. ’ 71 B Bahi (Siko) (124) Tiwahiye tokomake fari. ti-wahiye 2sg.s-hide_from.m to-ka-make away-go-following faari that_one.m ‘The [child] y ou hid from went away . ’ 7 (125) Me kama me kokori kokori wafa me tokematamonaka ahi. me 3pl.s ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.s kokori 3sg.poss.father_in_law(m) kokori 3sg.poss.father_in_law(m) wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.o toka-himata-mona-ka partially_burn-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘When they came back, his father-in-law singed the hair off the monkeys. ’ (126) Me toke wafa me toke wafa me, bobi ne wafa me tana, yama niha, tana ya me were hikanemetemoneke ahi. me 3pl.o toke partially_burn.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.o toke partially_burn.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.o bobi slit ne a ux.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl tana roasting_rack(f) yama make niha ca us.list tana roasting_rack(f) ya adju me 3pl.o were throw hi-ka-na-hemete-mone-ke oc-comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘He singed the hair off them. He singed the hair off the monkeys. He cut up the monkeys. He made a roasting rack, too . He threw them onto the rack. ’ (127) Manakobote me, tafemetemone fahi wafa me, wahati me y oti. manakobote then me 3pl.s tafa-hemete-mone eat-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then wafa woolly_monkey(m) me 3pl.poss wahati liver me 3pl.poss yoti intestines.f ‘Then they ate, the monke ys’ livers, their intestines. ’ (128) Me tafemetemoneke ahi wabori mati. 7 Siko was talking to his wife. She had hid from a child, and the child couldn’t find her and left. 72 me 3pl.s tafa-hemete-mone-ke eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) mati 3pl ‘They ate, his br others-in-law . ’ (129) Faya me tafa me, me tafi abemetemoneke fahi. faya so me 3pl.s tafa eat.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s tafi eat.nfin ahaba-hemete-mone-ke end-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then ‘They ate, and the y finished eating. ’ (130) Sina me hisi na, sina me hisi na me amo na me, me amo nemetemoneke . sina snuff(f) me 3pl.s hisi sniff na a ux.f sina snuff(f) me 3pl.s hisi sniff na a ux.f me 3pl.s amo sleep na a ux.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s amo sleep na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They took snuff, and slept. ’ (131) Me amo na me, yana tonaminatase , Aa yama yete onabone oke. me 3pl.s amo sleep na a ux.f me 3pl.s yana start to-na-mina-tase ch-a ux-morning-again.m aa (pause) yama thing(f) yete hunt o-na-habone 1sg.s-a ux-int.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘They slept. He was ready to go again the ne xt morning. “I’m going out hunting. ”’ (132) Y ama yete tiyahi. yama thing(f) yete hunt ti-yahi 2sg.s-dist.imp.f ‘“Go hunting. ”’ (133) Y ama tiwahara tini. yama thing(f) ti-awa-hara 2sg.s-see-ip.e.f ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ‘“Y ou have seen the forest. ”’ (134) Fara e toki ka yama tiwahara tini. fara same.f ee 1in.s to-ki away-go.nom.f ka which yama place(f) ti-awa-hara 2sg.s-see-ip.e.f ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ‘“Y ou have seen where we go. ”’ 73 B Bahi (Siko) (135) Oko wabo me, oko wabo me ya otababana oke. o-ka 1sg.poss-poss wabo brother_in_law(m) me 3pl o-ka 1sg.poss-poss wabo brother_in_law(m) me 3pl ya adju o-taba-habana 1sg.s-be_together-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I want my brothers-in-law to go with me . ”’ (136) W abori me ya tabematamona ne wabori mati. wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) me 3pl ya adju taba-himata-mona-ne be_together-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) mati 3pl ‘His brothers-in-law went with him. ’ (137) W abori me ya tabe toke, tokematamona. wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) me 3pl ya adju tabe be_together .m to-ke away-go.m to-ka-himata-mona away-go-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘His brothers-in-law went with him as he went out into the forest. ’ (138) T oke , moni yana tonematamona. to-ke away-go.m moni sound yana start to-na-himata-mona ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘ As he went, it started making noise . ’ (139) A wi amaka. awi tapir(m) ama-ka be-decl.m ‘“It’s a tapir . ”’ (140) T e awaraba nahi. tee 2pl.s awaraba leave_something_alone na-hi a ux-imp.f ‘“Be quiet. ”’ (141) T e awaraba nahi. tee 2pl.s awaraba leave_something_alone na-hi a ux-imp.f ‘“Be quiet. ”’ 74 (142) Sa okobaya ha owa ta. saa shoot_with_arrow o-ka-ba-ya 1sg.s-comit-immed.m-now haa dem owa 1sg taa contrast ‘“I will hit it with an arrow . ”’ (143) Hibare mata owa te kakatomamatahi. hibare wait mata for_now owa 1sg.o tee 2pl.s ka-katoma-mata-hi comit-look_at-short_time-imp.f ‘“W ait, watch me. ”’ (144) Y ama tani oha owa awine oke . yama thing(f) tani killer o-ha 1sg.s-be.f owa 1sg.s awine seem.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I’m a hunter . ”’ (145) A wa baka ne wahi me yete hikane, o wa wati yori tonematamona. awa wood(f) baka break ne a ux.m wahi stand.m me 3pl.s yete hunt hi-ka-ne oc-comit-a ux.m owa one.m wati arrow(m) yori insert to-na-himata-mona ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘They crept to ward it as it stood, breaking twigs. One of them inserted an arrow in his bow . ’ (146) Hoka kabote neb onaha ra yama nimatamonane . hoka yank kabote quickly na-hibona-ha a ux-int.m-dup ra o yama do_before niha-himata-mona-ne ca us-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘[His brother-in-law ] was going to shoot quickly , but he went first. ’ (147) T akai wa awi yora kamisematamonaka ahi. takai_waa (sound_of_arr ow_hitting) awi tapir(m) yora jump ka-misa-himata-mona-ka comit-up-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘ T akai wa . The tapir jumpe d up. ’ (148) T owakame , soni kerew e rebana. to-ka-ka-me away-comit-go-back.m soni fall.nfin kerew e be_slow ra-hibana neg-fut.m ‘It went away , hurt, and so on fell. ’ 75 B Bahi (Siko) (149) Fariboti sa hikane rama ahi. fariboti armpit saa shoot_with_arrow hi-ka-ne oc-comit-a ux.m rama unusual ahi then ‘He hit it right in the armpit with the arrow . ’ (150) Hima, okatomeba ama tafenoho. hima let’s_go o-katoma-hiba 1sg.s-damage-fut.m ama sec tafa-hino-ho eat-ip.n.m-dup ‘“Come on, I killed it as it was eating. ”’ (151) Hoka karaba omako amane. hoka yank ka-raba comit-a_bit o-mako 1sg.s-for_this_reason.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘“I really dre w the b o w hard on it!”’ (152) W ati ino foyahari hari, hari ino nokomisamari hari. wati arrow(m) ino point.m foya-haari be_inside-lo ok.m haari that_one.m haari that_one.m ino point.m noko-misa-ma-haari point-up-back-ip.e.m haari that_one.m ‘“The arrow point went inside, and turned up. ”’ (153) W ati kote, wabori b ete name , W ati, ino fawa tonaka. wati arrow(m) kote piece wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) bete pull na-me a ux-back.m wati arrow(m) ino point.m fawa disappear to-na-ka ch-a ux-decl.m ‘His brother-in-law pulled out the arrow . “The arrow point stayed in. ”’ (154) Tiwa sa okana, ayata oko sowi foya ama o asima ya. tiwa 2sg.o saa shoot_with_arrow o-ka-na 1sg.s-comit-a ux.f ayata near(f) o-ka 1sg.poss-poss sowi penis foya be_inside.f ama sec o 1sg.s asima 2sg.poss.younger_sister(f) ya adju ‘“I hit you with an arro w . My penis went in all the way in your y ounger sisters. ”’ (155) Ati kakasiro raba re ati ama. ati voice ka-kasiro dup-persist raba a_bit re neg.m ati voice ama be ‘“He is talking naughty . ”’ 7 6 (156) Me, awi me bobi nemetemoneke. me 3pl awi tapir(m) me 3pl.s bobi slit na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They cut up the tapir . ’ (157) A wi me bobi na awi, watakeno me b obi na awi me w eye nemetemoneke ahi. awi tapir(m) me 3pl.s bobi slit na a ux.f awi tapir(m) wataka-hino be_fatty-ip.n.m me 3pl.s bobi slit na a ux.f awi tapir(m) me 3pl.s wey e carry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They cut up the tapir . They cut up the fat tapir . They carried the tapir . ’ (158) Haha homa haro . haaha this.f homa lie_on_ground.list haaro that_one.f ‘“The head will stay here on the ground. ”’ (159) Haa tati homarama naho. haa dem tati head homa-rama lie_on_ground-unusual na-ho a ux-imp.m ‘“Let its head stay here on the ground. ”’ (160) T ati okoso hikab eba amane . tati head okoso 1sg.poss.mother_in_law(f) hi-kaba-hiba oc-eat-fut.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘“My mother-in-law will eat its head. ”’ (161) T ati weye tinaho . tati head wey e carry ti-na-ho 2sg.s-a ux-imp.m ‘“Y ou carr y its head. ”’ (162) T ati weye or eba ama. tati head wey e carry o-re-hiba 1sg.s-raised_surface-fut.m ama sec ‘“I will carry its head. ”’ 77 B Bahi (Siko) (163) Owa tiwib eya hiba. owa 1sg.o ti-awa-be-ya 2sg.s-see-immed.f-now hiba wait ‘“Y ou will se e me , wait. ”’ (164) A wi tati nemesematamonane. awi tapir(m) tati head na-meseha-himata-mona-ne ca us-lie_on_top-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘He put the tapir’s head on top of the full basket. ’ (165) A wi me nafi we ye nemetemoneke ahi. awi tapir(m) me 3pl.poss nafi all wey e carry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They all carried the tapir . ’ (166) T eme kaomarayaho . teme foot.m ka-homa-ra-yaho comit-lie_on_ground-neg-dist.imp.m ‘“Don’t let the feet stay there on the ground. ”’ (167) T eme kabeba amaka. teme foot.m kaba-hiba be_eaten-fut.m ama-ka sec-decl.m ‘“The feet will b e eaten. ”’ (168) T eme kabeba amane. teme foot.m kaba-hiba be_eaten-fut.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘“The feet will b e eaten. ”’ (169) Me, nafi, nafi e to wakamaho. me 3pl nafi all nafi all ee 1in.s to-ka-ka-ma-ho away-comit-go-back-dup ‘“Let’s take it all. ”’ (17 0) Me hiwakamematamonaka. me 3pl.s hi-ka-ka-ma-himata-mona-ka oc-comit-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘They took it. ’ 78 (171) Me hiwakame, kobo hikaname, Bani me me w eye na me kamini. me 3pl.s hi-ka-ka-me oc-comit-go-back.m kobo arrive hi-ka-na-me oc-comit-a ux-back.m bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s wey e carry na a ux.f me 3pl.s ka-ma-ni come-back-bk g.f ‘They brought it, and arriv ed with it. “They are coming back carrying game. ”’ (172) Faya, Sawihi ene kakaba tohemate. faya so sawihi be_present.m ehene victim_of.m ka-kaba dup-be_eaten to-ha-mate ch-a ux-short_time.m ‘“While he is here , we are eating the game he kills. ”’ (173) Fati naba toniharawe , naba toharawemetemoneke. fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) naba pregnant to-niha-rawe ch-ca us-fpl.m naba pregnant to-ha-rawa-hemete-mone-ke ch-be-fpl-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He had impregnated his wives, they were pregnant. ’ (174) Me nabati wey e ni ya, faya ati yana tonematamona fahi. me 3pl.poss nabati stomach wey e carry ni a ux.nom.f ya adju faya so ati voice yana start to-na-himata-mona ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘He spoke to his pregnant wives. ’ (175) Himata nima te naba te amari? himata what ni-ma a ux.nom-like tee 2pl.s na-haba a ux-fut.f tee 2pl.s ama-ri sec-cq.f ‘“What are you going to do?”’ (17 6) T era owakamibana? tera 2pl.o o-ka-ka-mi-bana 1sg.s-comit-go-back.f-fut ‘“Shall I take you away?”’ (177) E awarini. ee 1in.s awa-ra-ni see-neg-bk g.f ‘“I don’t know . ”’ 79 B Bahi (Siko) (217) Ee, tiwa noki onabana o . ee yes tiwa 2sg.o noki wait_for o-na-habana 1sg.s-a ux-fut.f o 1sg.s ‘“Y es, I will wait for you. ”’ (218) Inamatewe owa komene yana namakiba amane. inamatewe child(m) owa other .m komene pain.m yana start na-maki-hiba a ux-following-fut.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘“The labor of the other baby will start. ”’ (219) Inamatewe owa ihamaki ya okomabana oke, okomi narabi nima onaba owa. inamatewe child(m) owa other .m iha-maki be_b orn-following.nom ya adju o-ka-ma-habana 1sg.s-go-back-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) narabi ear .f nima communicate_to o-na-haba 1sg.s-a ux-fut.f owa 1sg.s ‘“When the other baby is born, I will go to sp eak to my mother . ”’ (220) Faya yana yana toneba inamatewe o wa ihamaki ya, yana tone, yana tone Inamatewe o wa ihamake maki amaka. faya so yana start yana start to-na-hiba ch-a ux-fut.m inamatewe child(m) owa other .m iha-maki be_b orn-following.nom ya adju yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m inamatewe child(m) owa other .m iha-make be_b orn-following maki male(m) ama-ka be-decl.m ‘He was going to be ready to leave. When the other baby was born, he was ready to leave . “The other baby who was born is a b oy . ”’ (221) Maki me faminekeni. maki male(m) me 3pl.s fama-ne-ke-ni be_two-cont.f-decl.f-ip.n.f ‘“What do you know , there are two boys. ”’ 86 (222) Okomi narabi nima onamamatibe aso. okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) narabi ear .f nima communicate_to o-na-ma-mata-be 1sg.s-a ux-back-short_time-immed.f aso mother_in_law(f) ‘“I will go and speak to my mother , Mother-in-law . ”’ (223) Aso okomi narabi nima onamamatibe okobi. aso mother_in_law(f) okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) narabi ear .f nima communicate_to o-na-ma-mata-be 1sg.s-a ux-back-short_time-immed.f okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) ‘“Mother-in-law , I will go and speak to my mother , and my father . ”’ (224) Faya yana tone, tokomematamonaka. faya so yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m to-ka-ma-himata-mona-ka away-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He was ready to go , and he went. ’ (225) W arematamonaka. waa-ra-himata-mona-ka stay-neg-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He didn’t stay . ’ (226) Okomabana oke ahi. o-ka-ma-habana 1sg.s-come-back-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ahi here ‘“I will come back here . ”’ (227) Okomabana oni. o-ka-ma-habana 1sg.s-come-back-fut.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“I will come back. ”’ (228) Inamatewe bowara namise ya, okomaba owa awine oke. inamatewe child(m) bowara nurse_well na-mise a ux-up.nom.m ya adju o-ka-ma-haba 1sg.s-come-back-fut.f owa 1sg.s awine seem.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“When the baby is nursing well, I will come back. ”’ 87 B Bahi (Siko) (229) Okomi narabi nima onaharo .... okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) narabi ear .f nima communicate_to o-na-haaro 1sg.s-a ux-pfut.f ‘“When I have spoken to my mother .... ”’ 9 (230) Faya tokomematamona fahi. faya so to-ka-ma-himata-mona away-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘So he went. ’ (231) T okome fawa tosame , Hahi tab oro Bahi taboro yofine awane . to-ka-me away-go-back.m fawa disappear to-kosa-me ch-middle-back.m haahi this_one.m taboro place.m Bahi Bahi(m) taboro place.m yofine cause_fear .m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘He went, and disappeared into the forest. “That village of Bahi is scary . ”’ (232) Osawirabana oni. o-sawi-ra-habana 1sg.s-be_present-neg-fut.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“I’m not going along. ”’ (233) Y ama fara toamone ati nareka. yama place(f) fara same.f to-ha-hamone ch-be-rep.f ati say na-hare-ka a ux-ip.e.m-decl.m ‘“He said it’s the same as here . ”’ (234) Ati te mitare awane? ati voice tee 2pl.s mita-re hear-neg.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘“Didn’t you hear what he said?”’ (235) Y ama faramone ya e winineke haro , ati nematamona me ka, ayo ati nematamonaha. yama place(f) fara-mone same.f-rep.f ya adju ee 1in.s wina-ne-ke live-cont.f-decl.f haaro that_one.f ati say na-himata-mona a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m me 3pl ka poss ayo older_brother(m) ati say na-himata-mona-ha a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘“He said it’s just like the place we live in here , ” their older brother said. ’ 9 Siko didn’t finish the sentence. 88 (236) E tababa eke hinakasima yori onabana, bisa. ee 1in.s taba-haba be_together-fut.f ee-ke 1in.s-decl.f hinakasima 3sg.poss.younger_sister(f) yori have_sex_with o-na-habana 1sg.s-a ux-fut.f bisa also ‘“W e will go together , so I can have se x with his younger sister , too. ”’ (237) Hiba aate oba. hiba wait a-ate dup-ask o-ba 1sg.s-immed.m ‘“W ait, I’ll ask him. ”’ (238) Kamamata. ka-ma-mata come-back-short_time ‘“Let him come back. ”’ (239) Faya, yana tonebona fawa tosame fawa ne, fawa ne noki hine, me nonoki hie, abariko towitamaki abariko to witamaki abariko towitamaki ne ya, faya tasi namematamona fahi. faya so yana start to-na-hibona ch-a ux-int.m fawa disappear to-kosa-me ch-middle-back.m fawa disappear ne a ux.m fawa disappear ne a ux.m noki wait_for hi-ne oc-a ux.m me 3pl.s no-noki dup-wait_for hi-he oc-a ux.m abariko moon(m) to-ita-maki away-sit-following.list abariko moon(m) to-ita-maki away-sit-following.list abariko moon(m) to-ita-maki away-sit-following.list ne a ux.nom.m ya adju faya so tasi emerge na-ma-himata-mona a ux-back-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘He was ready to go , and he disapp ear ed into the forest. He disappeared. He waited for him. They waited for him. After three full moons, he finally appeared again. ’ (240) T asi namematamonaka. tasi emerge na-ma-himata-mona-ka a ux-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He appeared again. ’ 89 B Bahi (Siko) (241) T asi name, Bahi kame Bahi kame. tasi emerge na-me a ux-back.m Bahi Bahi(m) ka-me come-back.m Bahi Bahi(m) ka-me come-back.m ‘He appeared again. “Bahi has come back. Bahi has come back. ”’ (242) Faya kame kobo name, Oof, mate, mate yanakeni, har o. faya so ka-me come-back.m kobo arrive na-me a ux-back.m oof hoo matehe children(f) matehe children(f) yana-ke-ni grow-decl.f-ip.n.f haaro that_one.f ‘He came back, and arrived. “Hoo, the children hav e grown. ”’ (243) Mate okihaba ama okanani, na ohite. matehe children(f) o-kiha-haba 1sg.s-have-fut.f ama sec o-ka 1sg.s-decl na-hani a ux-ip.n.f na a ux o-hi-te 1sg.s-a ux.nom.f-rp.n.f ‘“Now I finally have childr en. ”’ (244) Okatao me owakamabone, okatao me owakamabone me ka aki ati narake. okatao 1sg.poss.son(m) me 3pl.o o-ka-ka-ma-habone 1sg.s-comit-go-back-int.f okatao 1sg.poss.son(m) me 3pl.o o-ka-ka-ma-habone 1sg.s-comit-go-back-int.f me 3pl ka poss aki grandmother(f) ati say na-hara-ke a ux-ip.e.f-decl.f ‘“My sons’ grandmother said I should take them there . ”’ (245) Himata nima te ribeya? himata what ni-ma a ux.nom-like tee 2pl.s ri-be-ya cq.f-immed.f-now ‘“What are you going to do?”’ (246) Owa te abiyoni? owa 1sg.o tee 2pl.s abiyo-ni want_the_presence_of-bk g.f ‘“Do you want to stay with me?”’ 90 (247) E awara awine. ee 1in.s awa-ra see-neg.f awine seem.f ‘“I don’t know . ”’ (248) Bahi yama yofinara awineni? Bahi Bahi(m) yama place(f) yofina-ra cause_fear-neg.f awine-ni seem.f-bk g.f ‘“Bahi, isn’t it scary?”’ (249) Y ama yofinaker e. yama place(f) yofina-ke-re cause_fear-decl.f-neg.f ‘“It’s not scary . ”’ (250) Fara yama ya e nahoneke haro . fara same.f yama place(f) ya adju ee 1in.s naho-ne-ke stay-cont.f-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“It’s the same as where we are now . ”’ (251) Ha nima na awineke. haa dem ni-ma a ux.nom-like na a ux.f awine-ke seem.f-decl.f ‘“It’s just like here . ”’ (252) Ha nima na awineke haro . haa dem ni-ma a ux.nom-like na a ux.f awine-ke seem.f-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“It’s just like here . ”’ (253) Fara fara yama ya e nahoneni. fara same.f fara same.f yama place(f) ya adju ee 1in.s naho-ne-ni stay-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“It’s just like where we ar e now . ”’ (254) Bahi bani me tama me awineni? Bahi Bahi(m) bani animal(m) me 3pl.s tama be_many .f me 3pl.s awine-ni seem.f-bk g.f ‘“Bahi, is there plenty of game there?”’ 91 B Bahi (Siko) (255) Bani me tamaramone ati ne bani fara me toha nineke, fara e wini nima. bani animal(m) me 3pl.s tama-ra-hamone be_many-neg-rep.f ati say ne a ux.m bani animal(m) fara same.f me 3pl.s to-ha ch-be.list na-ne-ke a ux-cont.f-decl.f fara same.f ee 1in.s wini live .nfin ni-ma a ux.nom-like ‘“She is saying there isn’t much game , but the game there are the same as where we liv e. ”’ (256) Me yana tona me yana tonabone me, amo nama me amo nama me, Hiba okoso ka, okoso ka bani meba me fora omatibe. me 3pl.s yana start to-na ch-a ux.f me 3pl.s yana start to-na-habone ch-a ux-int.f me 3pl.s amo sleep na-ma a ux-back.f me 3pl.s amo sleep na-ma a ux-back.f me 3pl.s hiba wait okoso 1sg.poss.mother_in_law(f) ka poss okoso 1sg.poss.mother_in_law(f) ka poss bani animal(m) me-ba 3pl-fut me 3pl.o fora shoot_with_blowgun o-mata-be 1sg.s-short_time-immed.f ‘They wer e ready to leave . When they were about ready to leave , they slept there some mor e. “W ait, I will kill some game for my mother-in-law with my blowgun. ”’ (257) Bani me fora oni ya bani me okoso tabasi hinaba, oka koko me tabasi hinaba mati. bani animal(m) me 3pl.o fora shoot_with_blowgun o-ni 1sg.s-a ux.nom.f ya adju bani animal(m) me 3pl.o okoso 1sg.poss.mother_in_law(f) tabasi roast_on_rack hi-na-haba oc-a ux-fut.f o-ka 1sg.poss-poss koko father_in_law(m) me 3pl.o tabasi roast_on_rack hi-na-haba oc-a ux-fut.f mati 3pl.o ‘“When I kill game with my blowgun, my mother-in-law and father-in-law will roast them on a rack. ”’ (258) Okoto tiwakamarawibamakoni tiwati ama? okoto 1sg.poss.daughter(f) ti-ka-ka-ma-rawa-ba-makoni 2sg.s-comit-go-back-fpl-fut-for_this_reason.f 92 ti-ati 2sg.poss-voice ama be ‘“ Are you intending to take my daughters away?”’ (259) Y ama yofinara awine? yama place(f) yofina-ra cause_fear-neg.f awine seem.f ‘“Isn’t it scary there?”’ (260) K oko yama yofinakere . koko father_in_law(m) yama place(f) yofina-ke-re cause_fear-decl.f-neg.f ‘“Father-in-law , it’s not scary . ”’ (261) Fara yama nima yama na ya e naoneke. fara same.f yama place(f) ni-ma a ux.nom-like yama place(f) na a ux.f ya adju ee 1in.s naho-ne-ke stay-cont.f-decl.f ‘“It’s the same as the place where we are . ”’ (262) Y ama fara tohineni. yama place(f) fara same.f to-ha-ne-ni ch-be-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“The places are the same . ”’ (263) Fara yama tohineni. fara same.f yama place(f) to-ha-ne-ni ch-be-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“The places are the same . ”’ (264) Fara yama toaha ya e winineke haro . fara same.f yama place(f) to-haha ch-be.f ya adju ee 1in.s wina-ne-ke live-cont.f-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“It’s the same as the place we ’re living. ”’ (265) E yana tona e tokomaro , e tokomaro e kobo tonamaro e, tokoma e tokoma e kobo naba ereke. 93 B Bahi (Siko) ee 1in.s yana start to-na ch-a ux.f ee 1in.s to-ka-ma-haaro away-go-back-pfut.f ee 1in.s to-ka-ma-haaro away-go-back-pfut.f ee 1in.s kobo arrive to-na-ma-haaro away-a ux-back-pfut.f ee 1in.s to-ka-ma away-go-back.f ee 1in.s to-ka-ma away-go-back.f ee 1in.s kobo arrive na-haba a ux-fut.f ere-ke 1in.s-decl.f ‘“When we are r eady to leave, and w e go, and we arrive some where, w e will go and go and will arrive . ”’ (266) E bosa ni ya yama yab oraba awineke . ee 1in.s bosa get_up_early ni a ux.nom.f ya adju yama thing(f) yabo-ra-haba be_far-neg-fut.f awine-ke seem.f-decl.f ‘“If we get up early , it won’t be far . ”’ (267) Ai okoma amo onamiro ka oko yobe ware , e amo naro e bosa naro e tokomaro e tokomar o e kob o naba ereke , ati nematamonaka. ahi then o-ka-ma 1sg.s-go-back.f amo sleep o-na-mi-ro 1sg.s-a ux-back.nom.f-rp.e.f ka which o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yobe house(m) waa-re stand-raised_surface ee 1in.s amo sleep na-haaro a ux-pfut.f ee 1in.s bosa get_up_early na-haaro a ux-pfut.f ee 1in.s to-ka-ma-haaro away-go-back-pfut.f ee 1in.s to-ka-ma-haaro away-go-back-pfut.f ee 1in.s kobo arrive na-haba a ux-fut.f ere-ke 1in.s-decl.f ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“When we have slept in the house I slept in when I went before, when we have gotten up early and gone and gone, w e will arrive, ” he said. ’ (268) Bahi ati kakasiro raba re . Bahi Bahi(m) ati voice ka-kasiro dup-persist raba a_bit re neg.m ‘“Bahi really talks. ”’ 94 (269) K okori, kokori ati mite ati fawa ne, Ee koko oko, oko yibote owakamarawaboneke. kokori 3sg.poss.father_in_law(m) kokori 3sg.poss.father_in_law(m) ati voice mite hear .m ati voice fawa stop ne a ux.m ee yes koko father_in_law(m) o-ka 1sg.poss-poss o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yibote wife(f) o-ka-ka-ma-rawa-habone-ke 1sg.s-comit-go-back-fpl-int.f-decl.f ‘He listened to his father-in-law , and his father-in-law stoppe d speaking. “Y es, Father-in-law , I’m going to take my wives there . ”’ (27 0) Tiwa tiwa o wamabana oke tasa. tiwa 2sg.o tiwa 2sg.o o-awa-ma-habana 1sg.s-see-back-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f tasa again ‘“I will come back and see you again. ”’ (271) Okoto tiwakamarawa, otaboro amara. okoto 1sg.poss.daughter(f) ti-ka-ka-ma-rawa 2sg.s-comit-go-back-fpl.f o-taboro 1sg.poss-place ama-ra be-neg.f ‘“If you take my daughters to a place that is not my village .... ”’ (272) Otaborobisa amake. o-taboro-bisa 1sg.poss-place-also ama-ke be-decl.f ‘“It’s my village. ”’ (273) Otaborobisamakoni, oko yibote onakamarawine oke ahi. o-taboro-bisa-makoni 1sg.poss-place-also-for_this_reason.f o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yibote wife(f) o-na-ka-ma-rawa-ne 1sg.s-ca us-come-back-fpl-cont.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ahi here ‘“Because it is my village there, I hav e come here to get my wives. ”’ (274) Okobi okobi okomi, me tabori amake. okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) me 3pl.poss tabori place.f ama-ke be-decl.f ‘“It is my father and mother’s village. ”’ 95 B Bahi (Siko) (310) Y ama tama ona tiwa ha. yama thing(f) tama hold_onto o-na 1sg.s-a ux.f ti-awa 2sg.s-see haa dem ‘“Look at what I am holding in my hand. ”’ (311) Aabata, oko yo yokana hiwa tama ne ati ama nanoho . aabata fat okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) yokana true hiwa 3sg.refl.m tama hold_onto ne a ux.m ati voice ama be na-no-ho a ux.nom.m-ip.n.m-dup ‘“He is fat. The one my brother is holding looks just like him. ”’ (312) Okoyo hiwa tama ne ati ama nanoho. okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) hiwa 3sg.refl.m tama hold_onto ne a ux.m ati voice ama be na-no-ho a ux.nom.m-ip.n.m-dup ‘“He looks just like my brother . ”’ (313) A yo hibeke bitemete tama tine tiriya? ayo older_brother(m) hibeke who.m bite-mete 3sg.poss.daughter(f)-fp.n.f tama hold_onto ti-ne 2sg.s-cont.f ti-ri-ya 2sg.s-cq.f-now ‘“Brother , whose daughters’ hands are you holding?”’ (314) Hibeke bitemete tiyabarawine tiriya? hibeke who.m bite-mete 3sg.poss.daughter(f)-fp.n.f ti-yaba-rawa-ne 2sg.s-marry-fpl-cont.f ti-ri-ya 2sg.s-cq.f-now ‘“Whose daughters did you marry?”’ (315) Ino ino owato. ino name.m ino name.m o-wato 1sg.s-know ‘“I don’t know his name . ”’ 102 (316) Ino omiti onofare amaka. ino name.m o-mita 1sg.s-hear o-nofa-re 1sg.s-recently-neg.m ama-ka sec-decl.m ‘“I haven’t heard his name . ”’ (317) Ino omiti onofare amane ama. ino name.m o-mita 1sg.s-hear o-nofa-re 1sg.s-recently-neg.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ama sec ‘“I haven’t heard his name . ”’ (318) Hiba, ino omitawahebanaka. hiba wait ino name.m o-mita-waha-hibana-ka 1sg.s-hear-change-fut.m-decl.m ‘“W ait, I will hear his name now . ”’ (319) Me owamaboneke. me 3pl.o o-awa-ma-habone-ke 1sg.s-see-back-int.f-decl.f ‘“I will go and see them again. ”’ (320) A yo e famaba er eni? ayo older_brother(m) ee 1in.s fama-haba be_two-fut.f ere-ni 1in.s-bk g.f ‘“Brother , can we go together?”’ (321) Ee, e famaba er eke. ee yes ee 1in.s fama-haba be_two-fut.f ere-ke 1in.s-decl.f ‘“Y es, we will go together . ”’ (322) T e famibone itarika hari, sowi key e tiwa nari. tee 2pl.s fami-bone be_with.nom.f-int.f ita-ri-ka sit-raised_surface-decl.m haari that_one.m sowi penis keye have_an_erection.nfin tiwa hold na-haari a ux-ip.e.m ‘“Y our partner is sitting there, holding his har d p enis. ”’ (323) Asima tika yibotebona amaka. asima younger_sister(f) ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss yibote-b ona husband(m)-int.m ama-ka be-decl.m ‘“Sister , he is your future husband. ”’ 103 B Bahi (Siko) (324) Ai tisawiba ahi? ahi there ti-sawi-ba 2sg.s-be_present.nom-fut ahi there ‘“ Are you going to stay ther e?”’ (325) E awarini. ee 1in.s awa-ra-ni see-neg-bk g.f ‘“I don’t know . ”’ (326) Osawi osawi ya osawi, osawi okoma fare taboro ya, osawima onahaba. o-sawi 1sg.s-be_present.nom o-sawi 1sg.s-be_present.nom ya adju o-sawi 1sg.s-be_present.list o-sawi 1sg.s-be_present.list o-ka-ma 1sg.s-go-back.list fare same.m taboro place.m ya adju o-sawi-ma 1sg.s-be_present-back.list o-na-haba 1sg.s-a ux-fut.f ‘“I don’t want to go to his village and stay there . ”’ 104 C The first cor n Introduction The story The first corn was told by Siko in 1992. The corresponding audio file can be downloaded at: https://www.silbrazil.org/sites/brazil/files/siko- firstcorn. mp3. Accor ding to this stor y , the man who first introduce d the various cr ops that the Jarawaras grow in their gar dens, espe cially corn, became the first Paumari when he subsequently went away . The Paumaris are close neighbors of the Jarawaras on the Purus River , and they speak a somewhat distantly related Arawan lan- guage. One of the characters in the story is a grandmother who be came the first snake. The origin of body piercing and beating with a switch is conne cted with the origin of gardening in the story . English translation The story of corn. “My son, I’m hungry . I’m going to eat some corn, ” his father said. “Father , do you want to eat corn? Okay , where is my machete?” He went after the corn. He cut down the corn stalks. The y carried the corn away . They carried off the corn. So that they could eat, he w ent after their upp er lips with a blo wgun dart, which had be en sharpened. “First one lip is pierced, then the other lip, then their ears and their noses. First this side, then the other side . ” He pierced their lips. 1 “Eat corn. It brought suffering on you. Eat it. ” 1 Nowadays Jarawaras no longer pierce themselv es, but Siko and Y owao had pierced noses, and Okomobi, who is Y owao ’s son, remembers seeing the pierced lips of his maternal grandmother Marikina. C The first corn They roasted the corn on coals. “It’s not going to be go od for me to eat corn [b ecause my mouth hurts]. ” They roasted the corn on coals. They ate the corn. The y ate. They had been hungry a long time. They ate, eating the corn. Then they found manioc. They pulled up the manioc. They ate sweet manioc be cause of him. The w omen ate. Their noses hurt. The one who be came the first snake was an old w oman. “Grandma, come here . Eat corn. ” “I should eat corn. I can’t eat corn. Y ou put in my two teeth, blowgun darts. Put in two blowgun darts, to be my teeth. Put in my two teeth. ” She didn’t want to have her lips pierced. So he put in the snake ’s two fangs. The snake was ready to leave . A boy was standing in front of her . “Grandma, give me the corn I said y ou should try eating. ” She smelled it. Hss , hss . “Y um. That thing has a good smell, and it is going to b e eaten. It is corn, look at it. It’s corn, ” she said. She grabbe d the boy’s hand. She quickly grabbed a switch. She whipp ed the boy , boto , b oto . “ A ya , aya , aya . ” She whipped the b oy . She didn’t eat any corn. She went away and changed into something else. She didn’t eat corn. She went away . She turne d into something else, and stayed at the stream edge. The y ate. After he pierced their noses, they ate. After he pier ced their upper lips they ate. His son was small. “Come on, I’ll pierce your lip. Y ou are going to eat corn. ” His little son cried out. He pierced his son’s lip. Also his wife ’s. He pierced the lips of all of them, also their noses. He whipped them so they could eat corn. He whipped all of them. He whipp ed his father , and he whippe d his old mother , to o . He whipped them, all of them, including the children. His switches were stuck under the thatch, all in a row . “Let him whip me. I’m going to eat corn. ” 106 The pain in his upper lip didn’t keep him from eating. The plug hurt him [i.e . the plug in his lower lip hit on the w ound in his upper lip]. It was hard to stand. There wer e no crops before, and he found them. These ar e the crops. He found bitter manioc, sweet manioc, yams, all the crops. He ate boka see ds, so he could find the crops. He also ate wild fruits. He ate all kinds of wild fruits. Then he set fire to himself [by staying in the garden when they burned it]. After- wards, he sat in the water , and the korobo fish cleane d him off [i.e . they ate the burned flesh]. The korobo fish cleaned him off, and he g ot better . He came back, and made a house. That’s the one who became the first Paumari, my grandfather used to say , my father reported. Paumaris to day have pier ced lips, too. They still hav e holes in their lips, their lips are pierced. He pierced their lips. He changed into a Paumari. He set fire to himself. They lived there a long time. The house was full of pe ople . They ate. They had starch to eat with their mato fruits. He changed himself so he could get crops. He changed into something else. He was the one who first found the sweet manioc that we eat. He caused us to suffer . Look at our lips. My grandmother said it hurt. “Pierce your lips [i.e. y ou tr y it, and you will see how it hurts], ” she said. They broke off the ears of corn when its leav es were dry . The pole for holding the ears of corn was laid on top of the rafters. He drape d the corn on the pole inside the house. “Y ou eat the bad ears of corn. Y ou toast the kernels from the bad ears in the pan. Eat the bad ears of corn. ” His grandmothers toasted the kernels from the bad ears of corn in the pan. “She is naughty . I thought she was going to eat corn. I put in her teeth, and she left. The snake left when no one was looking, after I put in her te eth. ” He complaine d about her . She never came back. Her grandson complained about her . They lived ther e. They ate . They grated manio c. The y dug up yams when the leaves dried, be cause he told them to . “When you have dug up the yams, and hav e dug up the haso taro, the yobo taro , and the nakafira taro , eat other things. Y ou keep the seeds. Put the se eds in a container , to plant them. ” They dug the crops up . They ate them. They ate. The things the y dug up were in a pile, the yams. He dug up yams, that had many tubers. 107 C The first corn He gave names to kero yams, wao yams, anabia yams. “These ar e anabia yams. These are wao yams. These are ker o yams. ” He gave names to the yams. “These are haso taros. Ther e are the yobo taros. ” The things they carried off wer e in piles, and he gave them names. “What is that?” “That is a peach palm. It’s a peach palm. Those are biri plantains there. Those ar e biri plantains, howe plantains. Those ar e kofiti bananas. Those are sawa bananas. Those are mawara bananas. Those are kofiti bananas. ” He was giving names to the crops. “ K ofiti bananas, ananika bananas, that are just this high. Those ar e ananika bananas. Those are ananika banana plants, they ar e not high. ” He was naming the bananas. “Where should we stop [picking bananas]?” “Y ou pick them. Y ou eat them. Y ou pick them. ” They picked the bananas. They carried the bananas off. “They will be eaten, all of them. They have a good smell. Those bananas smell good. They are kofiti bananas. Those are nasa bananas. They ar e nasa bananas. ” They picked the bananas. They carried the bananas off. They ate the bananas, their bananas. They all grated manioc, too, be cause he told them to. “Y ou grate manioc, it will b e eaten with the game meat. Y ou wait for the others, who went hunting. ” He burned himself up, the one who wouldn’t stay there , the one who be came the Paumaris. He be came the Paumaris, and he didn’t stay . He went away . He went away , the one who became the Paumaris. His sons, to o . Glossed text (1) Kimi, kimi, kimi me, kimi, Okatao , okatao ofimini. kimi corn(m) kimi corn(m) kimi corn(m) me 3pl kimi corn(m) okatao 1sg.poss.son(m) okatao 1sg.poss.son(m) o-fimi-ni 1sg.s-be_hungr y-bk g.f ‘The story of corn. “My son, I’m hungr y . ”’ 108 (2) Kimi, kimi okobibeya, bati ati nematamonaka, bati. kimi corn(m) kimi corn(m) o-kaba-be-ya 1sg.s-eat-immed.f-now bati 3sg.poss.father(m) ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m bati 3sg.poss.father(m) ‘“I’m going to eat some corn, ” his father said. ’ (3) Bati ati ne, Abi kimi kabinima tini? bati 3sg.poss.father(m) ati say ne a ux.m abi father(m) kimi corn(m) kaba-nima eat-want ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ‘“Father , do you want to eat corn?”’ (4) Ee, oka yimawara? ee yes o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yimawa-ra knife(f)-npq ‘“Okay , where is my machete?”’ (5) Kimi, kimi wati kane kimi ti ne kimi ti ne kimi me iso nemetemone ahi. kimi corn(m) kimi corn(m) wati go_after ka-ne comit-a ux.m kimi corn(m) tii cut_through ne a ux.m kimi corn(m) tii cut_through ne a ux.m kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s iso carry_off na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘He went after the corn. He cut down the corn stalks. The y carried the corn away . ’ (6) Kimi me iso na me tafabone mera, me tafabone me b oni wati kanematamona ahi, sare ya, sar e siri na ya ahi. kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s iso carry_off na a ux.f me 3pl.s tafa-habone eat-int.f mera 3pl.o me 3pl.s tafa-habone eat-int.f me 3pl.poss boni upper_lip.f wati plan_against ka-na-himata-mona comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then sarehe blowgun_dart(f) ya adju sarehe blowgun_dart(f) siri be_scrap ed na a ux.f ya adju ahi then ‘They carried off the corn. So that they could eat, he went after their upper lips with a blowgun dart, which had be en sharpened. ’ 109 C The first corn (7) A ya moto, aya moto , me narabi moto, me witi haro haro , ahi. aya this moto pierce .list aya this moto pierce .list me 3pl.poss narabi ear .f moto pierce .list me 3pl.poss witi nose haaro that_one.f haaro that_one.f ahi then ‘“First one lip is pierced, then the other lip, then their ears and their noses. ”’ (8) Ha moto, ha ya moto , ahi. haa dem moto pierce .list haa dem ya adju moto pierce .list ahi then ‘“First this side, then the other side . ”’ (9) Faya me boni moto ne, Kimi te kabahi. faya so me 3pl.poss boni upper_lip.f moto pierce ne a ux.m kimi corn(m) tee 2pl.s kaba-hi eat-imp.f ‘He pierced their lips. “Eat corn. ”’ (10) T era yoko amane . tera 2pl.o yoko bring_misfortune_on.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘“It brought suffering on you. ”’ (11) T e kabaho . tee 2pl.s kaba-ho eat-imp.m ‘“Eat it. ”’ (12) Faya me, kimi me y okehemetemone ahi. faya so me 3pl kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s yoka-hemete-mone roast_on_coals-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘They roasted the corn on coals. ’ (13) Me, oko kimi kabi amosar eba ama onihi. me 3pl o-ka 1sg.poss-poss kimi corn(m) kabi be_eaten.nfin amosa-ra-hiba be_go od-neg-fut.m ama be o-ni-hi 1sg.poss-ip.n.f-dup ‘“It’s not going to be go od for me to eat corn. ”’ 110 (14) Kimi me yoka me kimi me y okemetemoneke. kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s yoka roast_on_coals.f me 3pl.s kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s yoka-hemete-mone-ke roast_on_coals-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They roasted the corn on coals. ’ (15) Kimi me kabehemetemone. kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s kaba-hemete-mone eat-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘They ate the corn. ’ (16) Me tafehemetemoneke ahi. me 3pl.s tafa-hemete-mone-ke eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They ate . ’ (17) Me fifimi toa rama ahi. me 3pl.s fi-fimi dup-be_hungr y to-ha ch-a ux.f rama unusual ahi then ‘They had been hungr y a long time. ’ (18) Me tafa me kimi me kaba, me tafehemetemoneke ahi. me 3pl.s tafa eat.f me 3pl.s kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s kaba eat.f me 3pl.s tafa-hemete-mone-ke eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They ate , eating the corn. ’ (19) Fowa, fowa me wasiwa fo wa me b ore nawaha ehene fo wa kab e , fowa kabe me kabehemetemoneni. fowa manioc(m) fowa manioc(m) me 3pl.s wasi-waha find-change.f fowa manioc(m) me 3pl.s bore pull_out na-waha a ux-change.f ehene be cause_of.m fowa_kabe sweet_manioc(m) fowa_kabe sweet_manioc(m) me 3pl.s kaba-hemete-mone-ni eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘Then they found manioc. They pulled up the manioc. They ate sweet manioc b ecause of him. ’ 111 C The first corn (55) Y amata amake. yamata crops(f) ama-ke be-decl.f ‘There are cr ops. ’ (56) Fowa, fowa kabe, biha, yama nafi wasihimatamonaka. fowa manioc(m) fowa_kabe sweet_manioc(m) biha yam(f) yama thing(f) nafi all wasi-himata-mona-ka find-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He found bitter manioc, sweet manioc, yams, all the crops. ’ (57) Y ama wasihiba, yama wasihiba boka noko yome, awa boni, awa boni yome, awa boni nafi yoyome toematamonaha, hiwa sari kanebana. yama thing(f) wasi-hiba find-fut.m yama thing(f) wasi-hiba find-fut.m boka tree.sp(m) noko seed.m yome swallow .list awa tree(f) boni fruit.f awa tree(f) boni fruit.f yome swallow .list awa tree(f) boni fruit.f nafi all yo-y ome dup-swallow to-ha-himata-mona-ha ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup hiwa 3sg.refl.m sari burn ka-na-hibana comit-a ux-fut.m ‘He ate boka se eds, so he could find the crops. He also ate wild fruits. He ate all kinds of wild fruits. Then he set fire to himself. ’ (58) Faya hiwa sari kanematamona fahi. faya so hiwa 3sg.refl.m sari burn ka-na-himata-mona comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘He set fire to himself. ’ (59) Faya kakafowa tohe towake kakafo wa toahi me nanamosa toemetemone me ama, korobo mati. faya so ka-ka-fowa dup-comit-be_in_water to-he ch-a ux.m to-ka-ke away-comit-go.m ka-ka-fowa dup-comit-be_in_water to-hahi ch-a ux.m me 3pl.s na-na-amosa dup-ca us-b e_good to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f me 3pl.s ama sec korobo fish.sp(m) mati 3pl ‘He sat in the water , and the korobo fish cleaned him off. ’ 2 2 The relative clause kakafo wa toahi shows that relative clauses in Jarawara are internally headed (Dixon 2004: 525; V ogel 2022a : 123). This r elative clause is the O of the main clause of the sentence, and it has no ov ert noun head. 118 (60) K orobo me hinamosahi, korobo me nanamosa hie tafime, kame y ob e yayama toematamonaha. korobo fish.sp(m) me 3pl.s hi-na-amosahi oc-ca us-be_go od.m korobo fish.sp(m) me 3pl.s na-na-amosa dup-ca us-b e_good hi-he oc-a ux.m tafi-me get_well-back.m ka-me come-back.m yobe house(m) ya-yama dup-make to-ha-himata-mona-ha ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘The korobo fish cleaned him off, and he got b etter . He came back, and made a house. ’ (61) Efe , efe, efematamona wakari me tohineke, wakari mati, wakari metebana, wakari metebana, wakaritebana okiti aati toematamona okobi aati toemari amane. efe this.m efe this.m efe-mata-mona this.m-fp.n.m-rep.m wakari Paumari(m) me 3pl.s to-ha-ne-ke ch-be-cont.f-decl.f wakari Paumari(m) mati 3pl wakari Paumari(m) me-tee-bana 3pl-hab-fut wakari Paumari(m) me-tee-bana 3pl-hab-fut wakari-tee-bana Paumari(m)-hab-fut okiti 1sg.poss.grandfather(m) a-ati dup-say to-ha-himata-mona ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) a-ati dup-say to-ha-himari ch-a ux-fp.e.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘That’s the one who be came the first Paumari, my grandfather used to say , my father reported. ” (62) W akariteba afa me b oni moto te me ama faro . wakari-tee-ba Paumari(m)-hab-fut afa this.f me 3pl.poss boni upper_lip.f moto be_pierced tee hab me 3pl.poss ama sec faaro that.f ‘Paumaris today have pierced lips, too. ’ (63) Me boni hoti si tote me amake, me boni moto na mati. me 3pl.poss boni upper_lip.f hoti hole.f sii stand to-tee ch-hab me 3pl.poss ama-ke sec-decl.f me 3pl.poss 119 C The first corn boni upper_lip.f moto be_pierced na a ux.f mati 3pl ‘They still have holes in their lips, their lips ar e pierced. ’ (64) Me boni moto nemata. me 3pl.poss boni upper_lip.f moto pierce na-himata a ux-fp.n.m ‘He pierced their lips. ’ (65) T ohiyemata. to-hiya-himata ch-be_different-fp.n.m ‘He changed into something else. ’ (66) T ohiyematamona amane, wakari. to-hiya-himata-mona ch-be_different-fp.n.m-rep.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m wakari Paumari(m) ‘He changed into a Paumari. ’ (67) Hiwa sari kanematamonaha. hiwa 3sg.refl.m sari burn ka-na-himata-mona-ha comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘He set fire to himself. ’ (68) Faya me wiwinawa toemetemone fahi, yobe nafi me fawa tonia mati. faya so me 3pl.s wi-wina-waha dup-live-change to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then yobe house(m) nafi all me 3pl.s fawa disappear to-niha ch-ca us.f mati 3pl.s ‘They lived there a long time. The house was full of people. ’ (69) Me tafatafa toemetemone ahi. me 3pl.s tafa-tafa dup-eat to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘They ate. ’ (7 0) Faya me tatafa toa me mato me kakawi nawaha ahi hoo yama wasihiba hiwa tonahiyemata. 120 faya so me 3pl.s ta-tafa dup-eat to-ha ch-a ux.f me 3pl.s mato tree.sp(m) me 3pl.s ka-kawi dup-eat_with_something na-waha a ux-change.f ahi then hoo whew yama thing(f) wasi-hiba find-fut.m hiwa 3sg.refl.m to-na-hiya-himata ch-ca us-be_different-fp.n.m ‘They ate . They had starch to eat with their mato fruits. He changed himself so he could get crops. ’ (71) Hiwa tonahiyemata yama wasimata ka yama ota kakaba toineni, fowa kabe hari. hiwa 3sg.refl.m to-na-hiya-himata ch-ca us-be_different-fp.n.m yama thing(f) wasi-himata find-fp.n.m ka which yama thing(f) otaa 1ex.s ka-kaba dup-eat to-ha-ne-ni ch-a ux-cont.f-bk g.f fowa_kabe sweet_manioc(m) haari that_one.m ‘He changed into something else. He was the one who first found the sweet manioc that we eat. ’ (72) Otara yokohimari amane . otara 1ex.o yoko-himari bring_misfortune_on-fp.e.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘He caused us to suffer . ’ (73) Otara yokohimari amaka. otara 1ex.o yoko-himari bring_misfortune_on-fp.e.m ama-ka sec-decl.m ‘He caused us to suffer . ’ (74) Ota bono tiwa ha, ota b ono . otaa 1ex.poss bono upper_lip ti-awa 2sg.s-see haa dem otaa 1ex.poss bono upper_lip ‘Look at our lips. ’ (75) Y ama komemetemone okaki hinahamaro amake . yama thing(f) koma-hemete-mone hurt-fp.n.f-rep.f okaki 1sg.poss.grandmother(f) hi-na-hamaro oc-say-fp.e.f ama-ke sec-decl.f ‘My grandmother said it hurt. ’ 121 C The first corn (7 6) Tibono moto tina. ti-bono 2sg.poss-upper_lip moto pierce ti-na 2sg.s-a ux ‘“Pierce your lips. ”’ (77) Faya me wiwina toha kimi, kimi botorisahi me baka na me, kimi me baka nemetemoneke ahi. faya so me 3pl.s wi-wina dup-live to-ha ch-a ux.f kimi corn(m) kimi corn(m) boto-risahi dry_up-down.m me 3pl.s baka break na a ux.f me 3pl.s kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s baka break na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They broke off the ears of corn when its leav es were dry . ’ (78) Kimi me baka na kimi me sako na me, kimi e wene bere niha yobe toro ya kimi bere niha yobe, kimi bere kanihematamonaka ahi. kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s baka break na a ux.f kimi corn(m) me 3pl.s sako tie na a ux.f me 3pl.s kimi corn(m) ewene wood.m bere be_across niha ca us.list yobe house(m) toro inside.m ya adju kimi corn(m) bere be_across niha ca us.list yobe house(m) kimi corn(m) bere be_across ka-niha-himata-mona-ka comit-ca us-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘The pole for holding the ears of corn was laid on top of the rafters. He draped the corn on the p ole inside the house. ’ (79) Botokori te kabaho. botokori bad_ear tee 2pl.s kaba-ho eat-imp.m ‘“Y ou eat the bad ears of corn. ”’ (80) Botokori te rawi ha botokori te kaba naho. botokori bad_ear tee 2pl.s rawi toast.nom.f haa dem botokori bridge tee 2pl.s kaba eat.list na-ho a ux-imp.m ‘“Y ou toast the kernels from the bad ears in the pan. Eat the bad ears of corn. ”’ (81) Faya kimi botokori me rawehemetemoneke, hinakakirawaha ahi. faya so kimi corn(m) botokori bad_ear me 3pl.s rawa-hemete-mone-ke toast-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f 122 hinakaki-rawa-ha 3poss.sg.grandmother(f)-fpl-dup ahi then ‘His grandmothers toasted the kernels from the bad ears of corn in the pan. ’ (82) Kakasi raba raba, kimi kababone ona ini si oniha tokineni. ka-kasi dup-be_naughty raba a_bit ra-haba neg-fut.f kimi corn(m) kaba-habone eat-int.f o-na 1sg.s-say .f ini tooth.f sii stand o-niha 1sg.s-ca us.f to-ka-ne-ni away-go-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“She is naughty . I thought she was going to eat corn. I put in her teeth, and she left. ”’ (83) Ini si oniha tokine ninihi, maka. ini tooth.f sii stand o-niha 1sg.s-ca us.f to-ka-ne away-go-cont.f ni-ni-hi a ux.nom.f-ip.n.f-dup maka snake(f) ‘“The snake left when no one was looking, after I put in her teeth. ”’ (84) T abiyo hora hina, tabiyo hora hinemetemone . tabiyo absence hora complain_about hi-na oc-a ux.f tabiyo absence hora complain_about hi-na-hemete-mone oc-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘He complained ab out her . ’ (85) T abiyo hora hina, kamemetemone itineti. tabiyo absence hora complain_about hi-na oc-a ux.f ka-ma-hemete-mone come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f ita-ne-ti stay-cont.f-hab.nom ‘He complained ab out her . She never came back. ’ (86) Faya kamara tabiyo hinaka noti hora hina, faya me wiwinawa toemetemone fahi. faya so ka-ma-ra come-back-neg.f tabiyo absence hinaka 3sg.poss noti grandson(m) hora complain_about 123 C The first corn hi-na oc-a ux.f faya so me 3pl.s wi-wina-waha dup-live-change to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘She didn’t come back. Her grandson complained ab out her . They lived there . ’ (87) Me winawa me tafatafa toemetemone. me 3pl.s wina-waha live-change .f me 3pl.s tafa-tafa dup-eat to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘They lived there . They ate. ’ (88) Fowa me hiti, biha waya nisaha me wi nawaha, ati ehene . fowa manioc(m) me 3pl.s hiti grate.list biha yam(f) waya wilt na-risaha a ux-down.f me 3pl.s wii dig na-waha a ux-change.f ati voice ehene be cause_of.m ‘They grated manioc. They dug up yams when the leaves dried, be cause he told them to. ’ (89) Bia te wi na, haso, y ob o , nakafira, yama te wi na yama one te kabahi. biha yam(f) tee 2pl.s wii dig na a ux.f haso taro .sp(m) yobo taro .sp(m) nakafira taro .sp(f) yama thing(f) tee 2pl.s wii dig na a ux.f yama thing(f) one other .f tee 2pl.s kaba-hi eat-imp.f ‘“When you have dug up the yams, and dug up the haso taro , the yobo taro , and the nakafira taro, eat other things. ”’ (90) Y ama noki te nahi. yama thing(f) noki seed.f tee 2pl.s na-hi put_in-imp.f ‘“Y ou keep the se eds. ”’ (91) Noki te, yama wiy e ya noki te iharawi ya, noki te koro nabana. noki seed.f tee 2pl yama thing(f) wiye container .f ya adju noki seed.f tee 2pl.s iha-rawi put-fpl.nom.f ya adju noki seed.f tee 2pl.s koro plant na-habana a ux-fut.f ‘“Put the seeds in a container , to plant them. ”’ 124 (92) Faya yama me wi na yama me kakaba toemetemone fahi. faya so yama thing(f) me 3pl.s wii dig na a ux.f yama thing(f) me 3pl.s ka-kaba dup-eat to-ha-hemete-mone ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘They dug the crops up . They ate them. ’ (93) Y ama me kaba me, me tatafa toemetemoneke waha. yama thing(f) me 3pl.s kaba eat.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s ta-tafa dup-eat to-ha-hemete-mone-ke ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f waha now ‘They ate them. They ate . ’ (94) Me tafa me, yama me wi hina ta tor emetemoneke ahi, biha habi. me 3pl.s tafa eat.f me 3pl.s yama thing(f) me 3pl.s wii dig hi-na oc-a ux.f taa be_pile d_up to-re-hemete-mone-ke ch-raised_surface-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then biha yam(f) habi root.f ‘They ate . The things they dug up were in a pile , the yams. ’ (95) Bia habohab o raba terani yama nemata. biha yam(f) habo-hab o dup-have_tubers raba a_bit tee-ra-hani hab-neg-ip.n.f yama work_on na-himata a ux-fp.n.m ‘He dug up yams, that had many tubers. ’ (96) Biha, bia kero , bia wao, bia, bia anabia, bia ini yabematamonaka. biha yam(f) biha_kero yam_variety(f) biha_wao yam_variety(f) biha yam(f) biha_anabia yam_variety(f) biha yam(f) ini name.f yaba-himata-mona-ka say-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He gave names to kero yams, wao yams, anabia yams. ’ (97) Bia, bia anabia amake haro . biha yam(f) biha_anabia yam_variety(f) ama-ke be-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“They are anabia yams. ”’ (98) Bia wao ama ha. biha_wao yam_variety(f) ama be haa dem ‘“They are wao yams. ”’ 125 C The first corn (99) Biha kero ama haro . biha_kero yam_variety(f) ama be haaro that_one.f ‘“They are ker o yams. ”’ (100) Bia kero amake haro . biha_kero yam_variety(f) ama-ke be-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“They are ker o yams. ”’ (101) Biha ini yabe, bia, haso, haso , haso ama hari, haso. biha yam(f) ini name.f yabe say .m biha yam(f) haso taro .sp(m) haso taro .sp(m) haso taro .sp(m) ama be haari that_one.m haso taro .sp(m) ‘He gave names to the yams. “They ar e haso taros. ”’ (102) Haso ama ha. haso taro .sp(m) ama be haa dem ‘“They are haso tar os. ”’ (103) Hahi yobo amaka hari, yobo. haahi this_one.m yobo taro .sp(m) ama-ka be-decl.m haari that_one.m yobo taro .sp(m) ‘“There are the y ob o tar os. ”’ (104) Y ob o ama ha. yobo taro .sp(m) ama be haa dem ‘“They are y obo taros. ”’ (105) Y ama me iso hina ta tokanare ini yabematamonane. yama thing(f) me 3pl.s iso carry_off hi-na oc-a ux.f taa be_pile d_up to-ka-na-re ch-comit-a ux-raised_surface ini name.f yaba-himata-mona-ne say-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘The things they carried off were in piles, and he gave them names. ’ 126 (106) Faya yama ini yabe, Himata amari ha? faya so yama thing(f) ini name.f yabe say .m himata what ama-ri be-cq.f haa dem ‘He gave them names. “What is that?”’ (107) Y awita amane, yawita. yawita peach_palm(m) ama-ne be-bk g.m yawita peach_palm(m) ‘“That is a peach palm. ”’ (108) Y awita ama hari. yawita peach_palm(m) ama be haari that_one.m ‘“It’s a peach palm. ”’ (109) Yifari amake haro , yifari biri. yifari banana(f) ama-ke be-decl.f haaro that_one.f yifari_biri plantain_variety(f) ‘“Those are biri plantains there . ”’ (110) Yifari biri ama haro . yifari_biri plantain_variety(f) ama be haaro that_one.f ‘“Those are biri plantains there . ”’ (111) Yifari biri, yifari howe , yifari howe ama har o, yifari how e. yifari_biri plantain_variety(f) yifari_howe plantain_variety(f) yifari_howe plantain_variety(f) ama be haaro that_one.f yifari_howe plantain_variety(f) ‘“Those are biri plantains, how e plantains. ”’ (112) Yifari kofiti, yifari kofiti ama ha. yifari_kofiti banana_variety(f) yifari_kofiti banana_variety(f) ama be haa dem ‘“Those are kofiti bananas. ”’ (113) Yifari sawa ama ha. yifari_sawa banana_variety(f) ama be haa dem ‘“Those are sawa bananas. ”’ 127 D The old man who w ent up in the sky “What do you mean, what am I doing? I’m eating the fruits that they knocked on the ground. ” “I took a long time to make the fruits, and you destroy ed them. Se e my place . ” “I don’t want to see your place. I don’t want to cry out with fear . ” “Y ou won’t cr y out. It’s the same as where w e are standing here . Don’t refuse. Y ou should see it, ” he said. “If you take me , I will yell. ” He sat there on the gr ound, refusing. The vulture put him on his back. He looked all around. There was a clearing. He took off with him in the clearing. Fofofo fofofo , his wings could b e hear d as he went off. The old man lay on the vulture ’s back. He took the old man. He disappeared with him into his hole in the sky . Their perch was very slipper y , the perch of the vultures. “Grandpa, sit down. Sit there . It’s where we sit. It is w oo d. ” He didn’t say anything. He looked all around. He listened to the vultures talking. “ Hii hii hii hii , ” the vultures said. “Y ou leave me alone. ” “They are asking y ou a question. ‘Is that something rotten over ther e?’ they are saying, ” he said, the one who had taken him. “No. ” “He says no. ” The female spirit cut up the bahama catfish. He brought a barb of the fish back. The vulture ’s mother called her , Nemeharaha. They used to say her name. Her name was Nemeharaha. She brought food for the old man, siraba fish, in a ce- ramic pot. There is a ceramic pot in the sky . The sky has a side facing down. “Nemeharaha, Nemeharaha, ” she said. “What?” she said. “Give some food to the old man. He came here because he is hungr y , ” she said. It was manioc mash. The pot 1 was full, with manio c mash in the bottom, and boile d fish on top . 1 This kind of ceramic pot is shallow , like a large dish. 134 There are siraba fish in the sky . The sky has a side facing down [like a ceramic dish]. “Don’t give food to my grandfather [ because it will make him sick]. I will eat the fish. My grandfather has eaten. ” “I won’t eat your food. Let your food b e , ” the old man said. “I have already eaten. ” The vulture ate her food. He ate her foo d, and then took the pot back. “W e ate the fish. W e are going, ” he said. “Go ahead. T ake him. ” The perch was slipper y , and the old man was afraid. “Grandfather , I will put you on my back again. I am taking you home . ” So he took him back. “Hold on tightly to my armbands. K e ep y our eyes closed. I’m about to take off, ” he said. He was carr ying the bahama barb , but his bahama barb got lost. He was ready . He opened his wings, and lifte d off, and came down. He came down fast with the old man. It’s the story ab out him. “Whew . ” The old man fell when the vulture landed with him. He turned around and faced him. The old man lay on the ground because of him. He was out of breath. He came home. The one who had been rough with him went away . “He scared me. ” “He scared me, too, ” he said, the one who had be en rough with him. “My bahama barb got lost, ” he said. “Whew , I’m going home. ” “ All right, go home. ” The vulture went away . The old man went home . He had be en treated rough. The old man went home . “Whew , the fruits that you chopped down caused prob- lems for me, and now I have come back. The spirit was rough with me , and he has gone away . I wanted you to see the bahama barb , but it got lost, after you cut down the bowi tree that caused problems for me. ” Then they criticized him. “Y ou were left lying on the ground by y ourself, and the spirit took you away . ” 135 D The old man who w ent up in the sky “I was about to come back. I was ready , and then the spirit surprised me, ” he said. He spoke, telling the story after coming back. “The women brought boiled siraba fish. The spirit wouldn’t let me eat the boiled siraba fish. It was rough with me. The boile d siraba fish filled the pot, ” he said. Glossed text (1) Efe ama namata, boko sawi hekamematamonaha. efe this.m ama be na-mata a ux.nom.m-fp.n.m boko_sawi king_vulture(m) hi-ka-ka-ma-himata-mona-ha oc-comit-come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘He was the one who a king vulture brought. ’ (2) Faya awa boni me yoyome nawaha tohemetemoneke fahi awa boni sinari me boto nab one mati. faya so awa tree(f) boni fruit.f me 3pl.s yo-y ome dup-swallow na-waha a ux-change to-ha-hemete-mone-ke ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then awa tree(f) boni fruit.f sina-ri be_sweet-pn me 3pl.s boto eat na-habone a ux-int.f mati 3pl.s ‘They ate fruits. They ate sw eet fruits. ’ (3) Faya bowi me ka hikane, bowi me ka hikane ra yome nematamonaka me hekanakosahari. faya so bowi tree.sp(m) me 3pl.s kaa chop hi-ka-ne oc-comit-a ux.m bowi tree.sp(m) me 3pl.s kaa chop hi-ka-ne oc-comit-a ux.m ra o yome swallow na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m me 3pl.s hi-ka-kana-kosa-haari oc-comit-leave-middle-ip.e.m ‘They cut down a bowi tree with fruits. He was eating the fruits of the bowi tree that they had cut down. ’ 136 (4) Me ye kawahemetemone bowi me ka kana mati. me 3pl.s yee yell ka-na-waha-hemete-mone comit-a ux-change-fp.n.f-rep.f bowi tree.sp(m) me 3pl.s kaa chop ka-na comit-a ux.f mati 3pl.s ‘They yelled when they cut the bowi tr ee down. ’ (5) Me ye kawahemetemone ahi. me 3pl.s yee yell ka-na-waha-hemete-mone comit-a ux-change-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘They yelled. ’ (6) Y ee me ati nemetemone me amani ahi. yee yee me 3pl.s ati say na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f me 3pl.s ama-ni sec-bk g.f ahi then ‘They said, “ Y ee . ”’ (7) Bowi tokasonematamonane . bowi tree.sp(m) to-ka-sona-himata-mona-ne ch-comit-fall-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘The bowi tree fell. ’ (8) Faya me ye kawaha me fanawi ya me taba me boto hinematamona ahi. faya so me 3pl.s yee yell ka-na-waha comit-a ux-change.f me 3pl.s fanawi woman ya adju me 3pl.s taba be_together .f me 3pl.s boto eat hi-na-himata-mona oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘They yelled. Along with the women, they ate the fruits. ’ (9) Me boto hinematamonaka ahi. me 3pl.s boto eat hi-na-himata-mona-ka oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘They ate them. ’ (10) Me boto hine, Y ama boto ni eeto raba ra me b oto nine nini. me 3pl.s boto eat hi-ne oc-a ux.m yama thing(f) boto be_eaten ni a ux.nfin e-eheto dup-be_go od raba a_bit ra neg.f me 3pl.s boto eat na-ne a ux-cont.f ni-ni a ux.nom.f-ip.n.f ‘They ate them. “They ar e eating fruits that are really good to eat. ”’ 137 D The old man who w ent up in the sky (11) Y ama boto ni eeto raba ra te b oto nine nini. yama thing(f) boto be_eaten ni a ux.nfin e-eheto dup-be_go od raba a_bit ra neg.f tee 2pl.s boto eat na-ne a ux-cont.f ni-ni a ux.nom.f-ip.n.f ‘“Y ou are eating fruits that are really good to eat. ”’ (12) T e tai toama. tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ha-ma ch-a ux-back ‘“Y ou go on ahead. ”’ (13) T e tai toama. tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ha-ma ch-a ux-back ‘“Y ou go on ahead. ”’ (14) Y ama boto omatib e . yama thing(f) boto eat o-mata-be 1sg.s-short_time-immed.f ‘“I’m going to eat more fruits. ”’ (15) Y ama boto omatib e ya. yama thing(f) boto eat o-mata-be-ya 1sg.s-short_time-immed.f-now ‘“I’m going to eat more fruits. ”’ (16) T e tai toamahi, hiwa yokohibana. tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ha-ma-hi ch-a ux-back-imp.f hiwa 3sg.refl.m yoko-hibana bring_misfortune_on-fut.m ‘“Y ou go on ahead. ” He brought misfortune on himself. ’ (17) Boko sawi amare boko sawi hiwa tonihe hekamematamonane inamati. boko_sawi king_vulture(m) ama-re be-neg.m boko_sawi king_vulture(m) hiwa 3sg.refl.m to-nihe ch-ca us.m hi-ka-ka-ma-himata-mona-ne oc-comit-come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m inamati spirit(m) ‘ A spirit, who was not a king vulture, turned himself into a vulture , and brought him. ’ 138 (18) Inamati inamatimatamonaka. inamati spirit(m) inamati-mata-mona-ka spirit(m)-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He was a spirit. ’ (19) Y ama fawa tonakosi ya towitakose bowi yabahari. yama thing(f) fawa disappear to-na-kosi ch-a ux-middle.nom.f ya adju to-ita-kose ch-sit-middle.m bowi tree.sp(m) yaba-haari pick_up-ip.e.m ‘ After everyone left, he was left alone, picking up the bowi fruits. ’ (20) Y ama boto ni eeto raba ra me katoma me tokomine ati neb ona ni ya fotokimatamonane. yama thing(f) boto be_eaten ni a ux.nfin e-eheto dup-be_go od raba a_bit ra neg.f me 3pl.s katoma damage.f me 3pl.s to-ka-ma-ne away-go-back-cont.f ati say na-hibona a ux-int.m ni to ya adju foto-ki-himata-mona-ne appear-coming-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘He was about to say , “They left lots of good fruits on the ground when they left, ” when he came to where he was. ’ (21) Aa, himata ebe? aa (pause) himata what ebe purpose ‘“What are you doing?”’ (22) Himata ebe ori. himata what ebe purpose o-ri 1sg.s-neg.nom.f ‘“What do you mean, what am I doing?”’ (23) Y ama boni me hikatoma b oni boto one o. yama thing(f) boni fruit.f me 3pl.s hi-katoma oc-damage.f boni fruit.f boto eat o-ne 1sg.s-cont.f o 1sg.s ‘“I’m eating the fruits that they knocked on the ground. ”’ 139 D The old man who w ent up in the sky (24) Y ama boni nawahateha te katomine nini. yama thing(f) boni fruit.f nawaha-teeha take_a_long_time-hab.f tee 2pl.s katoma-ne damage-cont.f ni-ni a ux.nom.f-ip.n.f ‘“I took a long time to make the fruits, and you destroy ed them. ”’ (25) T e katomine nini. tee 2pl.s katoma-ne damage-cont.f ni-ni a ux.nom.f-ip.n.f ‘“Y ou destroyed them. ”’ (26) Otaboro tiwamata. o-taboro 1sg.poss-place ti-awa-mata 2sg.s-see-short_time ‘“See my place. ”’ (27) Titaboro owa. ti-taboro 2sg.poss-place o-awa 1sg.s-see ‘“I don’t want to see your place. ”’ (28) E okariya. ee yell o-ka-ra-yahi 1sg.s-comit-neg-dist.imp.f ‘“I don’t want to cry out with fear . ”’ (29) E tikaraba tiwa awine tini. ee yell ti-ka-ra-haba 2sg.s-comit-neg-fut.f tiwa 2sg.s awine seem.f ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ‘“Y ou won’t cr y out. ”’ (30) Fara nima na ya e yoro nine haro . fara same.f ni-ma a ux.nom-like na a ux.f ya adju ee 1in.s yoro stand na-ne a ux-cont.f haaro that_one.f ‘“It’s the same as where we are standing here . ”’ (31) Owati nabirima tinahi. o-ati 1sg.poss-voice naahabiha-rima kill-neg.imp.f ti-na-hi 2sg.s-a ux-imp.f ‘“Don’t refuse . ”’ 140 (32) Y ama tiwibeya ati nematamonahane. yama thing(f) ti-awa-be-ya 2sg.s-see-immed.f-now ati say na-himata-mona-ha-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup-bk g.m ‘“Y ou should se e it, ” he said. ’ (33) Owa tekama, e okob e . owa 1sg.o ti-ka-ka-ma 2sg.s-comit-go-back ee yell o-ka-be 1sg.s-comit-immed.f ‘“If you take me, I will y ell. ”’ (34) Faya hiwa kayawe ite we ye himisematamonaka. faya so hiwa 3sg.refl.m ka-yawe comit-be_upset.m ite sit.m wey e carry hi-misa-himata-mona-ka oc-up-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He sat there on the ground, refusing. He put him on his back. ’ (35) Faya wey e himisa hikane. faya so wey e carry hi-misa oc-up hi-kane oc-mood.m ‘He put him on his back. ’ (36) Noko totokikima kane ahi yama hoti howa toni ya. noko eye .m to-to-ka-kima dup-away-go-two kane mood.m ahi then yama thing(f) hoti hole.f howa be_op en to-ni ch-a ux.nom.f ya adju ‘He looked all around. There was a clearing. ’ (37) Y ama hoti howa toni ya yana hikana hikane ahi. yama thing(f) hoti hole.f howa be_op en to-ni ch-a ux.nom.f ya adju yana start hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux hi-kane oc-mood.m ahi then ‘He took off with him in the clearing. ” (38) Fo fofofo fofofo fofofo efe moni tokomakane ahi. Fo_fofofo_fofofo_fofofo (sound_of_wings) efe wing.m moni sound to-ka-ma-kane away-go-back-mood.m ahi then ‘ Fofofo fofofo , his wings could be heard as he went off. ’ 141 D The old man who w ent up in the sky (39) Iti bote, iti bote forefore nawaharekane fe bari ya. iti grandfather(m) bote old iti grandfather(m) bote old fore-fore dup-lie_on_top na-wahare-kane a ux-all_over-mood.m fee 3sg.poss bari back ya adju ‘The old man lay on his back. ’ (40) Iti bote towakamematamona ahi. iti grandfather(m) bote old to-ka-ka-ma-himata-mona away-comit-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘He took the old man. ’ (41) Y ama fara hoti hotone wanatino yokana ya fe fawa toko witematamona amaka ahi. yama thing(f) fara same.f hoti hole.f hotone hole.m wana-ti-no be_attache d-hab.nom-ip.n.m yokana true ya adju fee 3sg.o fawa disappear to-ka-wite-himata-mona away-comit-out-fp.n.m-rep.m ama-ka sec-decl.m ahi then ‘He disappeared with him into his hole in the sky . ’ (42) Me awe me awe isoisori, boko sawi me awe me me nanahori. me 3pl.poss awe wood.f me 3pl.poss awe wood.f iso-iso-ri dup-be_slipp ery-distr boko_sawi king_vulture(m) me 3pl.poss awe wood.f me 3pl me 3pl.poss nanahori perch ‘Their perch was very slipper y , the perch of the vultures. ’ (43) Iti tiwitare . iti grandfather(m) ti-ita-re 2sg.s-sit-raised_surface ‘“Grandpa, sit down. ”’ (44) Tiwitare aya. ti-ita-ri 2sg.s-sit-raised_surface aya there ‘“Sit there . ”’ (45) Ota naori nofi ka yama ama ha. otaa 1ex.s naho-ri sit-raised_surface nofi recently .nom.f ka which yama thing(f) ama be haa dem ‘“It’s where we sit. ”’ 142 (46) A wa ama ha. awa wood(f) ama be haa dem ‘“It is wood. ”’ (47) Ati watarematamonahane . ati voice wata-ra-himata-mona-ha-ne exist-neg-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup-bk g.m ‘He didn’t say anything. ’ (48) Ati watare noko totokikima ne boko sawi me ati ra mitematamonane. ati voice wata-re exist-neg.m noko eye .m to-to-ka-kima dup-away-go-two ne a ux.m boko_sawi king_vulture(m) me 3pl.poss ati voice ra o mita-himata-mona-ne hear-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘He didn’t say anything. He looked all around. He listened to the vultures talking. ’ (49) Hii hii hii hii boko sawi me ati na me Aa owa te awaraba na. hii_hii_hii_hii ( call_of_king_vulture) boko_sawi king_vulture(m) me 3pl.s ati say na a ux.f me 3pl.s aa (pause) owa 1sg.o tee 2pl.s awaraba leave_alone na a ux ‘“ Hii hii hii hii , ” the vultures said. “Y ou leave me alone. ”’ (50) Tiwa me aate nineni. tiwa 2sg.o me 3pl.s a-ate dup-ask na-ne-ni a ux-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“They are asking y ou a question. ”’ (51) Y ama bata homari fa ya? me ati nineni ati nematamonaha fare fe towakamahari. yama thing(f) bata be_rotten.f homa-ri lie_on_ground-neg.nom.f faa that ya adju me 3pl.s ati say na-ne-ni a ux-cont.f-bk g.f ati say na-himata-mona-ha a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup fare same.m fee 3sg.o to-ka-ka-ma-haari away-comit-go-back-ip.e.m ‘“‘Is that something rotten ov er there?’ they are saying, ” he said, the one who had taken him. ’ 143 G T he caimans killed the man (111) Faya bani me me kaba me, bani me me kabemetemoneke. faya so bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s kaba eat.f me 3pl.s bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s kaba-hemete-mone-ke eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They ate the animals. ’ (112) Bani me me kaba me, tabasi na bani me me kaba me , me yana tonab one mati. bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s kaba eat.f me 3pl.s tabasi roast_on_rack na a ux.f bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s kaba eat.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s yana start to-na-habone ch-a ux-int.f mati 3pl.s ‘They ate the animals. They r oasted the animals on a rack. They ate the animals. Then they started out. ’ 3 (113) Me amo nabone, me yana tonabone, wabori, aba biti me, aba biti me, wabori me, ha hikana ka aba me nofare ka aba me me hikabemetemoneke. me 3pl.s amo sleep na-habone a ux-int.f me 3pl.s yana start to-na-habone ch-a ux-int.f wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) aba fish(m) biti small.m me 3pl aba fish(m) biti small.m me 3pl.o wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) me 3pl.s haa call hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.f ka which aba fish(m) me 3pl.o nofa-re want-neg.m ka which aba fish(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-kaba-hemete-mone-ke oc-eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They wer e going to sleep, and then start out. He didn’t want the little fish his brothers-in-law called him to eat, so they ate the fish. ’ (114) W abo, wabo tika aba meb one me , amake haro. wabo brother_in_law(m) wabo brother_in_law(m) ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss aba fish(m) me-bone 3pl-int.f me 3pl.s ama-ke be-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“Brother-in-law , these fish are for you. ”’ 3 There is a me missing, it should be me me tabasi na . 246 (115) Aba me okobene me amake. aba fish(m) me 3pl.o o-kaba-hene 1sg.s-eat-irr.f me 3pl.o ama-ke sec-decl.f ‘“I’m not going to eat the fish. ”’ (116) Aba me kabi onofa okare . aba fish(m) me 3pl.o kabi eat.nfin o-nofa 1sg.s-want o-ka-re 1sg.s-decl-neg.f ‘“I don’t want to eat the fish. ”’ (117) Otafara oke. o-tafa-hara 1sg.s-eat-ip.e.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I already ate. ”’ (118) Faya aba me nofare ka aba me me hikabemetemoneke ahi. faya so aba fish(m) me 3pl.o nofa-re want-neg.m ka which aba fish(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-kaba-hemete-mone-ke oc-eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘He didn’t want to eat the fish, so they ate the fish. ’ (119) Faya me tafa me, abariko waha tonemata. faya so me 3pl.s tafa eat.f me 3pl.s abariko moon(m) waha dawn to-na-himata ch-a ux-fp.n.m ‘They ate . The mo on was bright. ’ (120) Sire me me watabone me tafa me, Y ama e yete namataba ereke mata. sire river_turtle(f) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s wata-habone catch-int.f me 3pl.s tafa eat.f me 3pl.s yama thing(f) ee 1in.s yete hunt na-mata-haba a ux-short_time-fut.f ere-ke 1in.s-decl.f mata for_now ‘They ate . They were going to catch riv er turtles. “Let’s go hunting first. ”’ (121) Y ama e yete ni ya bani me e tabasi nar o, sire me e wataba er e. yama thing(f) ee 1in.s yete hunt ni a ux.nom.f ya adju bani animal(m) me 3pl.o ee 1in.s tabasi roast_on_rack 247 G T he caimans killed the man na-haaro a ux-pfut.f sire river_turtle(f) me 3pl.o ee 1in.s wata-haba catch-fut.f ere 1in.s ‘“When we have hunted, and when we hav e roasted the animals, we will catch river turtles. ”’ (122) Sire me me watabone me, yama me yete namina bani me me fora nemetemoneni. sire river_turtle(f) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s wata-habone catch-int.f me 3pl.s yama thing(f) me 3pl.s yete hunt na-mina a ux-morning.f bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s fora shoot_with_blowgun na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘They wer e going to catch river turtles. First they w ent hunting the next day . They shot animals with their blo wguns. ’ (123) Bani me me fora na me wafa mati yowi mati, bani me me fora na me bani me me kakama bani me, me me me tokamemetemoneke . bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s fora shoot_with_blowgun na a ux.f me 3pl.s wafa woolly_monkey(m) mati 3pl yowi brown_capuchin(m) mati 3pl bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s fora shoot_with_blowgun na a ux.f me 3pl.s bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s ka-ka-ma comit-come-back.f bani animal(m) me 3pl me 3pl me 3pl.o me 3pl.s toka-ma-hemete-mone-ke partially_burn-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They shot animals. W o olly monkeys, brown capuchins. The y shot the animals, and brought the animals back, and burned the hair off the animals. ’ (124) Bani me toka me, bani me toki abi ya me bani me bobi ne, T ana te yama nahi. bani animal(m) me 3pl.s toka partially_burn.f me 3pl.s bani animal(m) me 3pl.s toki be_partially_burne d.nfin ahabi end.nom.f ya adju me 3pl bani animal(m) me 3pl.o bobi slit 248 ne a ux.m tana roasting_rack(f) tee 2pl.s yama make na-hi a ux-imp.f ‘They burned the hair off the animals. When they wer e done burning the hair off the animals, they cut the animals up . “Y ou make a rack. ”’ (125) Faya tana me yama na, tana me yama nemetemoneke. faya so tana roasting_rack(f) me 3pl.s yama make na a ux.f tana roasting_rack(f) me 3pl.s yama make na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They made a rack. ’ (126) T ana me yama na me, tana me hawa toniha bani me me so niria, bani me me so niria, yifo me tafa nemetemoneke. tana roasting_rack(f) me 3pl.s yama make na a ux.f me 3pl.s tana roasting_rack(f) me 3pl.s hawa be_finishe d to-niha ch-ca us.f bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s soo lie niha-ria ca us-raised_surface.f bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s soo lie niha-ria ca us-raised_surface.f yifo firew oo d(f) me 3pl.s tafa split na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They made a rack. They finished making the rack. They lay the animals on top. They cut fir ewood. ’ (127) Yifo, yifo ini yifo ini me baka na yifo ini me , iso na me, yifo me afo kana bani me me tabasi nemetemoneke. yifo firew oo d(f) yifo firew oo d(f) ini branch.f yifo firew oo d(f) ini branch.f me 3pl.s baka break na a ux.f yifo firew oo d(f) ini branch.f me 3pl.s iso carry_off na a ux.f me 3pl.s yifo fire(f) me 3pl.s afo light ka-na comit-a ux.f bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tabasi roast_on_rack na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They broke the branches of fallen tr ees. They carried off the branches. They lit the fire wood. They roasted the animals. ’ 249 G T he caimans killed the man (128) Me me tabasi na, E tokomaminaba ere . me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tabasi roast_on_rack na a ux.f ee 1in.s to-ka-ma-mina-haba away-go-back-morning-fut.f ere 1in.s ‘They roasted them. “Let’s go home tomorro w . ”’ (129) E awaraba hiba. ee 1in.s awa-ra-haba see-neg-fut.f hiba wait ‘“I don’t know , wait. ”’ (130) Sire me e awamata. sire river_turtle(f) me 3pl.o ee 1in.s awa-mata see-short_time ‘“First let’s look at the river turtles. ”’ (131) Sire me e awamata mata sir e. sire river_turtle(f) me 3pl.o ee 1in.s awa-mata see-short_time mata for_now sire river_turtle(f) ‘“Let’s look at the river turtles. ”’ (132) Faya me yana na me, tokemetemoneke . faya so me 3pl.s yana get_up na a ux.f me 3pl.s to-ka-hemete-mone-ke away-go-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They got up and went. ’ (133) Me toka me, hife kamoha itehemetemoneke ahi. me 3pl.s to-ka away-go.f me 3pl.s hife egg.f kamoha bury .f ita-hemete-mone-ke sit-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi there ‘They went. It was burying its eggs. ’ (134) A moamosa nemete awine makoni he wey e nine nimete. amo-amosa dup-be_go od na-hemete a ux-fp.n.f awine seem.f makoni for_this_reason hee 3sg.o wey e carry na-ne a ux-cont.f ni-mete a ux.nom.f-fp.n.f ‘Because it was really big, it carried him. ’ 250 (135) W ara haro . waa-ra stand-neg.f haaro that_one.f ‘It didn’t stay there . ’ (136) T okisami forima tinahi. to-ka-risa-mi away-go-down-back.nfin forima do_properly ti-na-hi 2sg.s-a ux-imp.f ‘Go down the ladder carefully . ’ 4 (137) Faya toke mati T e towakabisa ahi. faya so to-ke away-go.m mati 3pl tee 2pl.s to-ka-ka-bisa away-comit-go-also ahi there ‘“Y ou two go that way . ”’ 5 (138) Ota towakiba ahi, ati nematamonaka. otaa 1ex.s to-ka-ki-ba away-comit-go.nom.f-fut ahi here ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“The two of us will go this way , ” he said. ’ (139) Hiba me totowaka na sire , naorawemetemoneke ahi. hiba wait me 3pl.s to-to-ka-ka dup-away-comit-go na a ux.f sire river_turtle(f) naho-rawa-hemete-mone-ke stand-fpl-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi there ‘They had just gone . The river turtles were on the beach. ’ (140) Sire naorawa, sir e naorawa sire wati kane sire wati kane sir e wateb ona fito towitimatamonaka ahi sire bete hikawehibanoho ahi. sire river_turtle(f) naho-rawa stand-fpl.f sire river_turtle(f) naho-rawa stand-fpl.f sire river_turtle(f) wati plan_against ka-ne comit-a ux.m sire river_turtle(f) wati plan_against ka-ne comit-a ux.m sire river_turtle(f) wata-hibona catch-int.m fito rush to-witi-himata-mona-ka away-out-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then 4 Siko said this to his wife, Amoro . 5 The words toke mati are a false start. 251 G T he caimans killed the man sire river_turtle(f) bete run hi-ka-waha-hiba-no-ho oc-comit-change-fut.m-ip.n.m-dup ahi then ‘The river turtles wer e on the beach. He wante d to get a river turtle. He ran to catch a turtle, and the turtle carried him. ’ (141) Sire ebotemetemoneke ahi. sire river_turtle(f) ehebote-mete-mone-ke big-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi this ‘It was a big turtle. ’ (142) Sire wateba sire hikasawari sir e weye ni hikisame , sire wanakaba nematamonaka ahi. sire river_turtle(f) wata-hiba catch-fut.m sire river_turtle(f) hi-ka-sawari oc-comit-frustrate.m sire river_turtle(f) wey e carry ni a ux.nfin hi-ka-risa-me oc-go-down-back.m sire river_turtle(f) wana-kaba be_attache d-without_stopping na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He wanted to catch the turtle but he couldn’t. It carried him away . He kept holding onto the turtle. ’ (143) W anakaba ne sire nisori hiwatabisa nisori tama, ha me to wakabisa me me hiwatikima, faya towakamemetemone ahi. wana-kaba be_attache d-without_stopping ne a ux.m sire river_turtle(f) nisori 3sg.poss.younger_br other(m) hi-wata-bisa oc-catch-also.f nisori 3sg.poss.younger_br other(m) tama hold_onto.list haa dem me 3pl.s to-ka-ka-bisa away-comit-go-also.f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-wata-kima oc-catch-two .f faya so to-ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone away-comit-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘He kept holding onto it. His younger brother also grabbed one. The two of them went and grabbed them. It was taking him. ’ 6 6 The object pronoun fe is missing before towakamemetemone , cf. (146) below . 252 (144) Inohowe me inoho we me kawita me, kawita me ati kosi kar emete he me nabowaba mati. inohowe caiman.sp(m) me 3pl inohowe caiman.sp(m) me 3pl.s ka-ita comit-sit.f me 3pl.s ka-ita comit-sit.f me 3pl.poss ati voice kosi be_heard ka-re-hemete comit-raised_surface-fp.n.f hee 3sg.o me 3pl.s naabowa-haba kill-fut.f mati 3pl.s ‘There wer e caimans there. The y were calling, and they w ere going to kill him. ’ (145) Inohowe me hinabow eba sire mono nematamonane. inohowe caiman.sp(m) me 3pl.s hi-naabowa-hiba oc-kill-fut.m sire river_turtle(f) mono struggle_with na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘The caimans were going to kill him. He was struggling with the turtle. ’ (146) Faya fe towakama faya tama hina tebo tebo moni na rama inohowe, inohowe fito nake inoho we wai hine, inohow e wai hinehimatamonaka inohowe me , hikabebanoho yati. faya so fee 3sg.o to-ka-ka-ma away-comit-go-back.f faya so tama hold_onto hi-na oc-a ux.f tebo (something_hitting_water ) tebo (something_hitting_water ) moni make_sound na a ux.f rama unusual inohowe caiman.sp(m) inohowe caiman.sp(m) fito rush na-ke a ux-coming inohowe caiman.sp(m) wai bite hi-ne oc-a ux.m inohowe caiman.sp(m) wai bite hi-na-himata-mona-ka oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m inohowe caiman.sp(m) me 3pl.s hi-kaba-hiba-no-ho oc-eat-fut.m-ip.n.m-dup yati alive ‘It carried him off. He was holding onto it, making noise in the water . A caiman attacked and bit him. They ate him alive . ’ 253 G T he caimans killed the man (147) Nisori kamaki nisori nisori, Okoyo yama nabowarawa awineke hoho . nisori 3sg.poss.younger_br other(m) ka-maki come-following.m nisori 3sg.poss.younger_br other(m) nisori 3sg.poss.younger_brother(m) okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) yama thing(f) naabowa-rawa kill-fpl.f awine-ke seem.f-decl.f hoho look ‘His younger brother came . “They killed my older brother , look. ”’ (148) Okoyo yama nabowarake . okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) yama thing(f) naabowa-hara-ke kill-ip.e.f-decl.f ‘“They killed my brother . ”’ (149) Sire sa kanibote reno awane, ati nematamonaka. sire river_turtle(f) saa release ka-na-bote comit-a ux-quickly ra-hino neg-ip.n.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“He didn’t let go of the turtle, ” he said. ’ (150) Ati ne ya, faya inohowe me hikabematamonaka fahi. ati say ne a ux.nom.m ya adju faya so inohowe caiman.sp(m) me 3pl.s hi-kaba-himata-mona-ka oc-eat-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then ‘The caimans ate him. ’ (151) Ati saihemetemoneke ahi obe ob e obe obe ob e obe, he me kaba mati ahi. ati voice sai-hemete-mone-ke be_heard-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then obe ( call_of_caiman) obe ( call_of_caiman) obe ( call_of_caiman) obe ( call_of_caiman) obe ( call_of_caiman) obe ( call_of_caiman) hee 3sg.o me 3pl.s kaba eat.f mati 3pl.s ahi then ‘They could be heard, “ Obe , ob e , ” as they ate him. ’ 7 7 The pronominal me refer encing the possessor of ati is missing at the b eginning of the sentence. 254 (152) Faya yawe tokomake mera, wabori me towaka me ni ya tokomake, E tokomabone ereke. faya so yawe be_upset.m to-ka-make away-go-following mera 3pl.o wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) me 3pl to-ka-ka away-comit-go.f me 3pl.s ni to ya adju to-ka-make away-go-following ee 1in.s to-ka-ma-habone away-go-back-int.f ere-ke 1in.s-decl.f ‘He was upset. He went to his two brothers-in-law , who had gone off. “Let’s go back. ”’ (153) E tokomabone ereni. ee 1in.s to-ka-ma-habone away-go-back-int.f ere-ni 1in.s-bk g.f ‘“Let’s go back. ”’ (154) Okomi okoyo , inohowe me kabarake sir e ehene. okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) inohowe caiman.sp(m) me 3pl.s kaba-hara-ke eat-ip.e.f-decl.f sire river_turtle(m) ehene be cause_of.m ‘“The caimans ate my brother , b ecause of the turtle. ”’ (155) Sire sa kabote re sire w eye ni hikame, inoho we faha ya sire tama ne, inohowe me hinabow enoka. sire river_turtle(m) saa release kabote quickly re neg.m sire river_turtle(m) wey e carry ni a ux.nfin hi-ka-me oc-go-back.m inohowe caiman.sp(m) faha water(f) ya adju sire river_turtle(m) tama hold_onto ne a ux.m inohowe caiman.sp(m) me 3pl.s hi-naabowa-hino-ka oc-kill-ip.n.m-decl.m ‘“He didn’t let go of the turtle, and the turtle w ent off carr ying him. He was holding onto the turtle in the water , and the caimans killed him. ”’ (156) Faya me kamemetemone fahi. faya so me 3pl.s ka-ma-hemete-mone come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘So they came back. ’ 255 G T he caimans killed the man (191) Nabati wey e na, hinakasima nabowebona ati ne, awati me kana ni tokomemetemoneni. nabati stomach wey e carry na a ux.f hinakasima 3sg.poss.younger_sister(f) naabowa-hibona kill-int.m ati say ne a ux.m awa-ti see-hab.nom me 3pl.s kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ni away-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘She was pregnant. He wanted to kill his sister . They saw him and w ent running. ’ (192) Me kana ni tokomemetemoneke. me 3pl.s kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke away-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They went running. ’ (193) Me kana ni tokoma me, kobo tonama, me kamaki baro we ye ne ohi nematamonaka baro wabori ehene. me 3pl.s kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ma away-go-back.f me 3pl.s kobo arrive to-na-ma away-a ux-back.f me 3pl.s ka-maki come-following.m baro basket(f) wey e carry ne a ux.m ohi cry na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m baro basket(f) wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) ehene be cause_of.m ‘They went running. The y arrived. He was carr ying the basket and crying b ecause of his brother-in-law . ’ (194) Faya kamaki kobo namaki, mera katomeb ona ati ne , nisori me one, nisori me one naoha nisori me hiwatematamonaka ahi, mera katomebonaha. faya so ka-maki come-following.m kobo arrive na-maki a ux-following.m mera 3pl.o katoma-hibona attack-int.m ati say ne a ux.m nisori 3sg.poss.younger_brother(m) me 3pl.s one other .f nisori 3sg.poss.younger_br other(m) me 3pl.s one other .f nahoha stand.f nisori 3sg.poss.younger_br other(m) me 3pl.s hi-wata-himata-mona-ka oc-catch-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then 262 mera 3pl.o katoma-hibona-ha attack-int.m-dup ‘He came and arrived. He wanted to hit them. His other younger brothers wer e there in the plaza, and they r estrained him, b ecause he wanted to hit them. ’ (195) Nisori me hiwate, ati me hinihaw e, ati me hinihawe mati ati me hinihaw e, faya oi ni fawa ne ka bani me, Oko wabo oko wabo, tiwati watari oko wabo tikatafi tinofara ama tini ohi ni ati nematamonaka hinakasima nabowebonaha. nisori 3sg.poss.younger_brother(m) me 3pl.s hi-wate oc-catch.m ati voice me 3pl.s hi-niha-wee oc-ca us-change.m ati voice me 3pl hi-niha-wee oc-ca us-change.m mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) ati voice me 3pl.s hi-niha-wee oc-ca us-change.m faya so ohi cry ni a ux.nfin fawa stop ne a ux.m ka which bani animal(m) me 3pl o-ka 1sg.poss-poss wabo brother_in_law(m) o-ka 1sg.poss-poss wabo brother_in_law(m) ti-ati 2sg.poss-voice wata-ri exist-neg.nfin o-ka 1sg.poss-poss wabo brother_in_law(m) ti-ka-tafa 2sg.s-comit-eat ti-nofa-ra 2sg.s-recently-neg.f ama sec ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ohi cry ni a ux.nfin ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m hinakasima 3sg.poss.younger_sister(f) naabowa-hibona-ha kill-int.m-dup ‘His younger brothers restrained him. They calmed him down. His mother and the others calmed him down. He stopped cr ying. “Y ou didn’t eat quietly with my brother-in-law , ” he said, cr ying. He wanted to kill his sister . ’ (196) Hinakasima nabowebona ati ne hinakasima, nisori me hiwatibainari hasi nemetemoneke. hinakasima 3sg.poss.younger_sister(f) na-aboha-hib ona ca us-die-int.m ati say ne a ux.m hinakasima 3sg.poss.younger_sister(f) nisori 3sg.poss.younger_brother(m) me 3pl.s 263 G T he caimans killed the man hi-wata-baha-naari oc-catch-before-? hasi escape na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He wanted to kill his sister . His younger brothers r estrained him, and she escaped. ’ (197) Faya bani me me, tanebone me yama na bani me me so niriemetemoneke. faya so bani animal(m) me 3pl me 3pl.poss tane-bone roasting_rack.f-int.f me 3pl.s yama make na a ux.f bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s soo lie niha-ri-hemete-mone-ke ca us-raised_surface-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They made a gill for the animals, and they put the animals on top . ’ (198) Bani me me tabasi na me me tabasi nemetemoneke ahi. bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tabasi roast_on_rack na a ux.f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tabasi roast_on_rack na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They roasted the animals. ’ (199) Oko me te tabasi na. o-ka 1sg.poss-poss me 3pl.s tee 2pl.s tabasi roast_on_rack na a ux ‘“Y ou roast mine. ”’ (200) Faya bani me me tabasi na, bani me me kabemetemone fahi. faya so bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tabasi roast_on_rack na a ux.f bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s kaba-hemete-mone eat-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘They roasted the animals. They ate the animals. ’ (201) Bani me me kaba me, bani me abemetemone fahi. bani animal(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s kaba eat.f me 3pl.s bani animal(m) me 3pl.s ahaba-hemete-mone end-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘They ate the animals. The animals wer e all gone. ’ 264 H Siraba Introduction The story Siraba was told by Y owao in 1992. The corr esponding audio file can b e downloaded at: https://www.silbrazil.org/sites/brazil/files/yowao- siraba.mp3. Siraba was a teenage girl who went with her cross-cousin to get sir o fruits in the forest. There the y encountered a spirit who imp ersonated Siraba’s cousin’s brother , who was supp osed to marry Siraba. Siraba saw that it was a spirit, and the two girls managed to run away . But the spirit caught up with them later in the village. This time he succeeded in de ceiving Siraba, and he took her away and spent the night with her . When she came home in the morning, she soon died. The last part of the text briefly tells the story of how the Jarawaras wer e orig- inally part of a larger group that came from upstr eam. The group were ferry- ing themselves across the Purus Riv er , when the man who was ferr ying them got tired and quit, leaving the group divided on the two sides of the river . The group that had been ferried de cided to go on, and they became the present-day Jarawaras. The group that r emaine d on the other side w ent back to where they came from. Y owao ’s son Okomobi asks his father questions at several points, this is shown in the English translation. English translation I will tell about Siraba, who a spirit to ok away . They went after sir o fruits. The two of them went. A spirit went to them. The spirit went there . He appeared where they wer e as they were picking up sir o fruits, as they wer e piling the siro fruits up. “My older brother has come , ” Siraba’s cousin said. Siraba looke d quickly . “ Are there ripe siro fruits?” he said. H Siraba “The siro fruits are ripe . The siro fruits are there in a pile , ” she said. “Look at the siro fruits, ” she said. He picked up two of the siro fruits. He stood there gnawing on the siro fruits. ”Brother , where are you going?” she said. “I’m going to Boto K omaha. ” He threw a sir o see d and hit a tree [to show the direction he was heading]. “I’m going to Boto K omaha, ” he said. “It’s a spirit, ” the other one [Siraba] said. “Y ou are calling him y our brother , but he is not your brother , ” she said. They recognized him. “Brother , you stay here. W e are going to go get [palm leaves to make] baskets for the siro fruits. ” The women went. He watched them, and he went after them to see them. They cut off two palm leaves, and the leav es fell on the ground. They didn’t stay there . They didn’t keep on cutting off leaves. They went running away . They came out on the other side . They came out, and went running to where Siraba’s father was sitting, weaving a basket. A s he sat there weaving the basket, his daughter appeared, running. “Father , is it you?” she said. “It is me, ” he said. “Father , there is a spirit follo wing us, and he is coming this way , ” she said. “I guess it is a spirit, ” he said. The spirit didn’t take long to appear . He came running, and Siraba’s father sur- prised him. “What are you doing coming here?” he said, Siraba’s father . “I’m not chasing them, ” he said. “Y ou have come chasing my daughter . I see you. Go away . Go back to your o wn place, ” he said. So he went back. He didn’t go back. He w ent back, but he came around. He came out again and went there . He came out again. In the late afternoon [in the village] the girls chased the children. When Siraba’s father saw him, didn’t he send [his familiar spirit] against him? Apparently he didn’t send [his familiar spirit] against him, even though he was a powerful shaman. 266 The spirit went there and waited for them. Their laughing could b e heard as the y chased each other . They wer e chasing them. She was always with her cousin. She was chasing them. She ran after them. She chased them b ehind the longhouse . The others were in their hammo cks inside the longhouse . She chase d them around. The spirit was standing ther e, and grabbed her . She thought he was one of their men, her companion’s older brother . She ran to him. So he grabb ed her , since she thought he was one of their men. “Who are you?” she said. She heard his name . I don’t know his name. Then her cousin came running. “Who are you with?” she said. “Is that my brother?” she said. “I think it is your brother , ” she said. “Brother , is that you?” she said. “It is me, ” he said. I guess he had a different voice . “It is me. ” “Y ou aren’t my brother , you are just making yourself out to be my brother . My brother is in his hammock. W ait, I will go take a look at my brother . Y ou two stay here . ” She went running home and went inside . Then he disappeared with Siraba. As he was disappearing with Siraba, she came home and asked her mother . “Mother , ” she said. “Mother , is my older brother in his hammock?” “My son is in his hammock, ” she said. “There is a spirit holding onto Siraba ther e on the patio. I’m going back to see her , ” she said. So she came back running. She came out of the longhouse and went to where the tw o of them had b een standing. She went ther e, but there was no one there . She whistle d for them all o ver . She could be heard whistling all over , as she looked for them. She finally came back. Okomobi: Father , if there w ere two of them, would he hav e taken b oth of them? He could have taken both of them if he had waited. Then she went inside , b ecause she was afraid. She was afraid. Siraba did not come back. When morning came, Siraba had spent the night with the spirit. They missed her . Her mother thought that she was gone be cause she was in someone ’s hammock, and that she would come back early in the morning, my aunt used to say . She was gone for one night. 267 H Siraba Siraba came back, and came inside. A s pe ople wer e going back and forth and urinating, she came past them. She came back and came inside. She w ent to her mother , and lay in her hammock. She lay in her hammock, and turned and fell asleep. Her mother shook her so she would eat the food that she had prepared. She ex- perienced a bad thing. “Siraba, ” she said. “Siraba, wake up, ” she said. Her mother shook her hard. “W ake up. Eat what y our b oyfriend who was with y ou all night killed. ” Then she vomited. Then she spoke, sick. She spoke. “Mother , Mother , ” she said. They sucked on her to cure her . The one who was supp osed to marr y her but didn’t like her , felt pity for her . Didn’t he suck on her? I guess he did suck on her . They sucked on her , to cure her . She died. She said her legs hurt, my aunt used to say . Okomobi: Father , because of the spirit? Because the spirit had sex with her all night. Okomobi: Father , did she die? She died, my aunt use d to say . They grieved, and they came here . I guess they went downstr eam. It’s their old garden. My aunt show ed it, Fare W ari, and there is an old village at Sibiri W a W ari. The kona that gre w there still is growing ther e, Noko Maiyi used to say . Okomobi: Father , was Siraba a Jarawara? I guess she was a Jarawara. They split up a long time ago , and we became the Jarawaras. They divided up long ago, and the ones who ar e not Jarawaras live [upstream]. They don’t speak our language . They mov ed away . It was the high water season. They mov e d to another place in the high water season. They came downstr eam. It was a kanawa bark cano e . He carried them in a kanawa bark cano e , our pe ople. W e are the descendants of those people. They [the others] live [upstream]. The people who went back wer e Jarawaras. It was them. They wouldn’t hav e turned back, but they turned back. She called to them b ecause her son, who was carrying them in the cano e , his arms wer e tired. They came up the bank. He was carr ying them. The y came onto the shore and stood on the edge, waiting for the others, b ecause only one man was carrying them. Many p eople were left standing ther e. Then they changed their minds, our people, Jarawaras. 268 “Hey , ” they said. “Mother , my arms are tir ed. That’s enough carr ying pe ople , ” he said. “My son’s arms are tired. W e are going back, ” she said, calling. “Okay , we ar e going back. ” “My son said we should go back, ” she said. “My son said his arms are tired, ” she said. “ All right, you go, ” they said. They wer e upset as they were speaking. “W e will eat you in the future , ” they said. “W e will eat you, too, ” they said. Y es, they came downstream fr om up there upstream. It was on the other side of the Purus River . He brought them across to her e. Right, they left them behind. Then they stopped coming downstream at W ara Lake, my aunt used to say . Then they lived there . W e were numerous, but the old people aren’t with us anymore . Y ou didn’t see them. There was a lot of noise in the longhouse be cause of them, be cause the y were asking for a feast. Glossed text (1) Siraba okominamatibeya inamati hekamemetemonehe. Siraba Siraba(f) o-kamina-mata-be-ya 1sg.s-tell-short_time-immed.f-now inamati spirit(m) hi-ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone-he oc-comit-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘I will tell about Siraba, who a spirit to ok away . ’ (2) Siro me tonaka me towaka me, yama mati forineke far o. siro tree.sp(f) me 3pl.s to-na-ka away-ca us-go.f me 3pl.s to-ka-ka away-comit-go.f me 3pl.s yama thing(f) mati line.f fori-ne-ke lie_on_top-cont.f-decl.f faaro that.f ‘They went after sir o fruits. The two of them went. Ther e is a wire there on top. ’ 269 H Siraba (3) Siro me tonaka me , siro me tonaka me towaka me , ni ya inamati tokomakematamonaka. siro tree.sp(f) me 3pl.s to-na-ka away-ca us-go.f me 3pl.s siro tree.sp(f) me 3pl.s to-na-ka away-ca us-go.f me 3pl.s to-ka-ka away-comit-go.f me 3pl ni to ya adju inamati spirit(m) to-ka-make-himata-mona-ka away-go-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘They went after sir o fruits. They went. A spirit w ent to them. ’ (4) Inamati tokomake, inamati tokomake , siro me yaba me yoro na me , siro me yaba me yoro na me ni ya tofotomakimatamonane siro me ta toniharewama me y oro na me ni ya. inamati spirit(m) to-ka-make away-go-following inamati spirit(m) to-ka-make away-go-following siro tree.sp(f) me 3pl.s yaba pick_up.f me 3pl.s yoro stand na a ux.f me 3pl.s siro tree.sp(f) me 3pl.s yaba pick_up.f me 3pl.s yoro stand na a ux.f me 3pl ni to ya adju to-foto-maki-himata-mona-ne away-appear-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m siro tree.sp(f) me 3pl.s taa be_pile d_up to-niha-re-waha-ma ch-ca us-raised_surface-change-back.f me 3pl.s yor o stand na a ux.f me 3pl ni to ya adju ‘The spirit went there . He appeared where they wer e as they were picking up siro fruits, as they w ere piling the siro fruits up . ’ (5) Okoyo kamaki ati nemetemoneni. okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) ka-maki come-following.m ati say na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘“My older brother has come , ” she said. ’ (6) Ki kabote nemetemoneke. kii look_at kabote quickly na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She looked quickly . ’ (7) Fara siro hatira? ati ne . fara same.f siro tree.sp(f) hati-ra ripe-npq ati say ne a ux.m ‘“ Are there ripe siro fruits?” he said. ’ 27 0 (8) Siro hataharani. siro tree.sp(f) hata-hara-ni be_rip e-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“The siro fruits are ripe . ”’ (9) Siro so tosine far o ati nemetemonehe. siro tree.sp(f) soo stand to-kosa-ne ch-middle-cont.f faaro that.f ati say na-hemete-mone-he a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘“The siro fruits are there in a pile , ” she said. ’ (10) Faya Siro , siro siro hati tiwahi ati nemetemoneke. faya so siro tree.sp(f) siro tree.sp(f) siro tree.sp(f) hati ripe ti-awa-hi 2sg.s-see-imp.f ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“Look at the siro fruits, ” she said. ’ (11) Siro hati, itikime sir o hawi ne wematamonaha. siro tree.sp(f) hati ripe iti-kime pick_up-two .m siro tree.sp(f) hawi gnaw ne a ux.m waa-himata-mona-ha stand-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘He picked up two of the siro fruits. He stood there gnawing on the siro fruits. ’ (12) W e, A yo ibaka ya tikaribeya? ati nemetemoneke. wee stand.m ayo older_brother(m) ibaka where ya adju ti-ka-ri-be-ya 2sg.s-go-cq.f-immed.f-now ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He stood there. “Brother , where are you going?” she said. ’ (13) Okiba ahi Boto K omaha ya. o-ka-baha 1sg.s-go-before.f ahi there Boto_K omaha Boto_K omaha(f) ya adju ‘“I’m going to Boto K omaha. ”’ 271 H Siraba (49) Mera kiyoa kana ni tokomake mera moto kawamemetemoneke , yobe wahi bari ya. mera 3pl.o kiyoha chase.f kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-make away-go-following mera 3pl.o moto loop ka-waha-ma-hemete-mone-ke comit-change-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f yobe house(m) waahi stand.m bari back ya adju ‘She was chasing them. She ran after them. She chased them b ehind the longhouse. ’ (50) Y ob e tor o ya me winemetemoneni. yobe house(m) toro inside.m ya adju me 3pl.s wina-hemete-mone-ni lie_in_hammock-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘They wer e in their hammocks inside the longhouse. ’ (51) Mera moto kawama, wara nawebano wematamonane , me ka owamonaha, fara fe fami ka anotimonaha. mera 3pl.o moto loop ka-waha-ma comit-change-back.f wara grab na-waha-hiba-no a ux-change-fut.m-ip.n.m waa-himata-mona-ne stand-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m me 3pl ka of owa-mona-ha man(m)-rep.m-dup fara same.f fee 3sg fami be_with.nom.f ka which anoti-mona-ha 3sg.poss_older_brother(m)-rep.m-dup ‘She chased them around. He was standing there , and grabb ed her . She thought he was one of their men, her companion’s older brother . ’ (52) Fito hikanemata awaka. fito rush hi-ka-na-himata oc-comit-a ux-fp.n.m awa-ka seem.m-decl.m ‘She ran to him. ’ (53) Makoni fe wara tomisa namata, me ka owamonaha. makoni for_this_reason fee 3sg.o wara grab to-misa away-up.list na-mata a ux.nom.m-fp.n.m me 3pl ka of owa-mona-ha man(m)-rep.m-dup ‘So he grabbe d her , since she thought he was one of their men. ’ 278 (54) Faya, Hibake ama tiriya? ati nemetemoneke. faya so hibake who.m ama be ti-ri-ya 2sg.s-cq.f-now ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“Who are you?” she said. ’ (55) Ino himitematamona. ino name.m hi-mita-himata-mona oc-hear-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘She heard his name. ’ (56) Ino owato okara. ino name.m o-wato 1sg.s-know o-ka-ra 1sg.s-decl.m-neg.m ‘I don’t know his name . ’ (57) Faya nakiri kana ni kamakiemetemoneni. faya so nakiri 3sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f) kana run ni a ux.nfin ka-maki-hemete-mone-ni come-following-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘Then her cousin came running. ’ (58) Kana ni kamakia, Hibake te fama? ati nemetemonehe . kana run ni a ux.nfin ka-makia come-following.f hibake who.m tee 2pl.s fama be_two.f ati say na-hemete-mone-he a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘She came running. “Who are you with?” she said. ’ (59) Fe okoyo amane? ati nemetemoneke . fee 3sg okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) ama-ne be-bk g.m ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“Is that my brother?” she said. ’ (60) A yo awane ati nemetemonehe. ayo 2sg.poss.older_brother(m) awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ati say na-hemete-mone-he a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘“I think it is your brother , ” she said. ’ 279 H Siraba (61) A yo afa ama tini? ati nemetemoneke. ayo older_brother(m) afa this.f ama be ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“Brother , is that you?” she said. ’ (62) Fe ama oni ati ne Fe ama oni. fee 3sg ama be o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ati say ne a ux.m fee 3sg ama be o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“It is me, ” he said. ’ (63) Ati yana ni hihiya nemata awaka. ati voice yana start ni a ux.nfin hi-hiya dup-be_different na-himata a ux-fp.n.m awa-ka seem.m-decl.m ‘I guess he had a different voice . ’ (64) Fe ama oni. fee 3sg ama be o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“It is me. ”’ (65) Oko yo ama tira, okoyo tiwa tinihine tini ati nemetemonehe . o-ka 1sg.poss-poss ayo older_brother(m) ama be ti-ra 2sg.s-neg.f okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) tiwa 2sg.o ti-niha-ne 2sg.s-ca us-cont.f ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ati say na-hemete-mone-he a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘“Y ou aren’t my brother , you ar e just making yourself out to be my brother . ”’ (66) Oko yo wine wine wine awane. okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) wine lie_in_hammock.m wine lie_in_hammock.m wine lie_in_hammock.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘“My brother is in his hammock. ”’ 280 (67) Ba, oko yo totowama omatibeya. hiba wait okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) to-to-awa-ma dup-away-see-back o-mata-be-ya 1sg.s-short_time-immed.f-now ‘“W ait, I will go take a look at my brother . ”’ (68) T e yoyor o namatahi ati nemetemoneke. tee 2pl.s yo-y oro dup-stand na-mata-hi a ux-short_time-imp.f ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“Y ou two stay here. ”’ (69) Faya kana ni tokoma tokiy omamemetemonehe. faya so kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ma away-go-back.f to-ka-yoma-ma-hemete-mone-he away-go-through-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘She went running home and went inside . ’ (7 0) Faya Siraba fawa kanematamonaka fahi. faya so Siraba Siraba(f) fawa disappear ka-na-himata-mona-ka comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then ‘Then he disappeared with Siraba. ’ (71) Siraba fawa kane, ni ya kamemetemonehe , mati aate naro. Siraba Siraba(f) fawa disappear ka-ne comit-a ux.m ni to ya adju ka-ma-hemete-mone-he come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) a-ate dup-ask na-haaro a ux-ip.e.f ‘ As he was disappearing with Siraba, she came home and asked her mother . ’ (72) A mi ati nemetemone. ami mother(f) ati say na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘“Mother , ” she said. ’ (73) A mi okoyo wine awane? ami mother(f) okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) wine lie_in_hammock.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘“Mother , is my older brother in his hammock?”’ 281 H Siraba (74) Okatao wine ati nemetemonehe. okatao 1sg.poss.son(m) wine lie_in_hammock.m ati say na-hemete-mone-he a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘“My son is in his hammock, ” she said. ’ (75) Inamati Siraba tama ne ware ahi. inamati spirit(m) Siraba Siraba(f) tama hold_onto ne a ux.m waa-hare stand-ip.e.m ahi there ‘“There is a spirit holding onto Siraba there on the plaza. ”’ (7 6) Owamamatabaya ati nemetemone. o-awa-ma-mata-ba-ya 1sg.s-see-back-short_time-immed.m-now ati say na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘“I’m going back to see her , ” she said. ’ (77) Faya kana ni kama kiyomama, fara me yor o ni ya tokomemetemone. faya so kana run ni a ux.nfin ka-ma come-back.f ka-yoma-ma come-through-back.f fara same.f me 3pl.s yoro stand ni a ux.nom.f ya adju to-ka-ma-hemete-mone away-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘So she came back running. She came out of the longhouse and went to where the tw o of them had b een standing. ’ (78) T okoma yama honaremetemone ama mera ko wa nawarebanihi. to-ka-ma away-go-back.f yama thing(f) hona-ra-hemete-mone have_something-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f ama sec mera 3pl.o kowa whistle_to na-wahare-haba-ni-hi a ux-all_over-fut.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘She went there , but there was no one there . She whistled for them all over . ’ (79) Boni ati sai nawaremetemone mera siba naro . boni upper_lip.f ati voice sai be_heard na-wahare-hemete-mone a ux-all_over-fp.n.f-rep.f mera 3pl.o siba look_for na-haaro a ux-ip.e.f ‘She could be heard whistling all over , as she looke d for them. ’ 282 (80) Mera siba na boni ati sai nawahare, kamawemetemone . mera 3pl.o siba look_for na a ux.f boni upper_lip.f ati voice sai be_heard na-wahare a ux-all_over ka-ma-waha-hemete-mone come-back-change-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘She could be heard whistling all over as she looked for them. She finally came back. ’ (81) Okomobi: Abi me fami ya me fami me hinihenemete me ama? abi father(m) me 3pl.s fami be_two.nom.f ya adju me 3pl.s fami be_two.nfin me 3pl.o hi-niha-hene-mete oc-ca us-irr.f-fp.n.f me 3pl.o ama sec ‘Father , if there w ere two of them, w ould he have taken both of them?’ (82) Me fami mera totowakama kabaramata me noki hinemenehe . me 3pl.s fami be_two.nfin mera 3pl.o to-to-ka-ka-ma dup-away-comit-go-back kaba-ra-mata without_stopping-neg.nom.m-fp.n.m me 3pl.o noki wait_for hi-na-hemenehe oc-a ux-hypoth.f ‘He could have taken both of them if he had waited. ’ (83) Faya tokiyomama, kakomeharo . faya so to-ka-yoma-ma away-go-through-back.f ka-komeha-haaro comit-be_fearsome-ip.e.f ‘Then she went inside , b ecause she was afraid. ’ (84) Kakomemetemoneke . ka-komeha-hemete-mone-ke comit-be_fearsome-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She was afraid. ’ (85) Siraba, Siraba kamakiremetemone amani. Siraba Siraba(f) Siraba Siraba(f) ka-maki-ra-hemete-mone come-following-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ni sec-bk g.f ‘Siraba did not come back. ’ 283 H Siraba (86) Siraba kawahemetemone amani inamati hikawa hinahabaharo . Siraba Siraba(f) ka-waha-hemete-mone comit-dawn-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ni sec-bk g.f inamati spirit(m) hi-ka-waa oc-comit-stay hi-nahaba-haaro oc-at_night-ip.e.f ‘When morning came, Siraba had spent the night with the spirit. ’ (87) T abiyo me hiwemete awineke . tabiyo absence me 3pl.s hi-awa-hemete oc-feel-fp.n.f awine-ke seem.f-decl.f ‘They missed her . ’ (88) Me hitakora fawa nine nikani mati hinemetemone okomise aati toamaroni, kamakiminaba bosa namabanihi. me 3pl.s hi-takora oc-be_in_hammo ck_with.f fawa disappear na-ne a ux-cont.f ni-kani a ux.f-cntrf a ct mati 3pl.s hi-na-hemete-mone oc-say-fp.n.f-rep.f okomise 1sg.poss.aunt(f) a-ati dup-say to-ha-hamaro-ni ch-a ux-fp.e.f-bk g.f ka-maki-mina-haba come-following-morning-fut.f bosa get_up_early na-ma-haba-ni-hi a ux-back-fut.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘Her mother thought that she was gone be cause she was in someone ’s hammock with them, and that she would come back early in the morning, my aunt used to say . ’ (89) Hinaka yama soki oariemetemoneke. hinaka 3sg.poss yama thing(f) soki be_dark.nfin ohari-hemete-mone-ke be_one-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She was gone for one night. ’ (90) Faya kama kiyomamemetemonehe . faya so ka-ma come-back.f ka-yoma-ma-hemete-mone-he come-through-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘She came back, and came inside. ’ (91) Me so na me yobiri na mera fiya nama kama, kiyomama, mati ni ya tokoma towinamemetemonehe . me 3pl.s soo urinate na a ux.f me 3pl.s yobi-ri go_back_and_forth-distr na a ux.f mera 3pl.o fiya pass na-ma a ux-back.f ka-ma come-back.f ka-yoma-ma come-through-back.f mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) ni to 284 ya adju to-ka-ma away-go-back.f to-wina-ma-hemete-mone-he away-lie_in_hammock-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘ As people were going back and forth and urinating, she came past them. She came back and came inside. She w ent to her mother , and lay in her hammock. ’ (92) T owinama, w ete towitia amo nisemetemoneke fahi. to-wina-ma away-lie_in_hammock-back.f wete return to-witia away-out.f amo sleep na-risa-hemete-mone-ke a ux-down-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then ‘She lay in her hammock, and turned and fell asle ep. ’ (93) Faya yamata me hiwasia mati yamata wasia, mati yamata hiwasia kababone mati mowa hina i hiyarabanihi. faya so yamata food(f) me 3pl.s hi-wasiha oc-cook.f mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) yamata food(f) wasiha cook.f mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) yamata food(f) hi-wasiha oc-cook.f kaba-habone eat-int.f mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) mowa shake hi-na oc-a ux.f ihi deed.f hiya-ra-haba-ni-hi be_bad-neg-fut.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘Her mother shook her so she would eat the food that her mother had prepar e d. She e xp erienced a bad thing. ’ (94) Siraba ati nemetemone. Siraba Siraba(f) ati say na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘“Siraba, ” she said. ’ (95) Siraba titafihi ati nemetemone. Siraba Siraba(f) ti-tafi-hi 2sg.s-wake_up-imp.f ati say na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘“Siraba, wake up, ” she said. ’ (96) Mati hose hikanemetemone kita ya. mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) hose pull_out hi-ka-na-hemete-mone oc-comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f kita strength(f) ya adju ‘Her mother shook her hard. ’ 285 H Siraba (97) Titafihi. ti-tafi-hi 2sg.s-wake_up-imp.f ‘“W ake up. ”’ (98) Tika yibote tiwa me kawa naba me ihi tikabib eya ati nemetemoneni. ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss yibote husband(m) tiwa 2sg.o me 3pl.s ka-waa comit-stay nahaba at_night.f me 3pl.poss ihi victim_of.f ti-kaba-be-ya 2sg.s-eat-immed.f-now ati say na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘“Eat what your boyfriends who wer e with you all night killed. ”’ (99) Faya sa nemetemoneke fahi. faya so saa vomit na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then ‘Then she vomited. ’ (100) Faya ati yana kanemetemoneni. faya so ati voice yana start ka-na-hemete-mone-ni comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘Then she spoke, sick. ’ (101) Ati yana kana, A mi ami ati nemetemoneke, me toma hinabanihi. ati voice yana start ka-na comit-a ux.f ami mother(f) ami mother(f) ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f me 3pl.s toma suck hi-na-haba-ni-hi oc-a ux-fut.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘She spoke. “Mother , Mother , ” she said. They sucked on her to cure her . ’ (102) Me toma hinemetemoneke. me 3pl.s toma suck hi-na-hemete-mone-ke oc-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They sucked on her . ’ (103) Makibona fe nonofa toare, aawawa hinemetemone ahi. maki-bona 3sg.poss.husband(m)-int.m fee 3sg.o no-nofa dup-like to-ha-re ch-a ux-neg.m a-awa-wa dup-see-dup hi-na-hemete-mone oc-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘The one who was suppose d to marry her but didn’t like her , felt pity for her . ’ 286 (104) T oma hiremete awine? toma suck hi-ra-hemete oc-neg-fp.n.f awine seem.f ‘Didn’t he suck on her?’ (105) T oma hinemete awineke. toma suck hi-na-hemete oc-a ux-fp.n.f awine-ke seem.f-decl.f ‘I guess he did suck on her . ’ (106) Me toma hina, me hikasomemetemonehe. me 3pl.s toma suck hi-na oc-a ux.f me 3pl.s hi-ka-soma-hemete-mone-he oc-comit-help-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘They sucked on her , to cure her . ’ (107) Fawa nisemetemoneke. fawa disappear na-risa-hemete-mone-ke a ux-down-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She died. ’ (108) Fanaki fawa tokanemetemone ati nemetemone, okomise hiyari aati toimaro amani – Abi inamati ehene? – inamati ai hinabaro . fanaki thigh.f fawa disappear to-ka-na-hemete-mone ch-comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ati say na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f okomise 1sg.poss.aunt(f) hiyari speak.nfin a-ati dup-say to-hi-maro ch-a ux.nom.f-fp.e.f ama-ni be-bk g.f abi father(m) inamati spirit(m) ehene be cause_of.m inamati spirit(m) ahi have_sex_with hi-nahaba-haaro oc-at_night-ip.e.f ‘She said her legs hurt, my aunt used to say – (Okomobi asks:) Father , be cause of the spirit? – because the spirit had sex with her all night. ’ (109) Okomobi: Abi ahabimetemonehe? abi father(m) ahabi-mete-mone-he end.nom.f-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘Father , did she die?’ 287 H Siraba (143) T e ota kakabatebisaba otani me ati nemetemoneni. tee 2pl.o otaa 1ex.s ka-kaba-tee-bisa-haba comit-eat-hab-also-fut.f otaa-ni 1ex.s-bk g.f me 3pl.s ati say na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘“W e will eat you, too, ” they said. ’ (144) Ee tokatimi ka ya me kisemetemoneke ha ya. ee yes to-ka-timi away-go-upstream.nom.f ka loc ya adju me 3pl.s ka-risa-hemete-mone-ke come-down-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f haa dem ya adju ‘Y es, they came downstream fr om up there upstream. ’ (145) K owani ka ama nimete ahi. kowani other_side ka loc ama be ni-mete a ux.nom.f-fp.n.f ahi there ‘It was on the other side. ’ (146) Ha ya me mera iseriwakemata awaka ahi. haa dem ya adju me 3pl mera 3pl.o ise-riwaha-ke-himata drop_off-acr oss-coming-fp.n.m awa-ka seem.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He brought them across to here . ’ (147) Ee me me hekanakosemetemoneke. ee yes me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-ka-kana-kosa-hemete-mone-ke oc-comit-leave-middle-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘Right, they left them behind. ’ (148) Faya me, me ma nisimetemoneke W ara amake haro, okomise hiyari aati toamaroke . faya so me 3pl me 3pl.s maa stop na-risi-mete-mone-ke a ux-down.nom.f-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f W ara W ara(f) ama-ke be-decl.f haaro that_one.f okomise 1sg.poss.aunt(f) hiyari speak.nfin a-ati dup-say to-ha-hamaro-ke ch-a ux-fp.e.f-decl.f ‘Then they stopped coming downstream at W ara, my aunt use d to say . ’ 294 (149) Me wiwina toemete me awineke fahi. me 3pl.s wi-wina dup-live to-ha-hemete ch-a ux-fp.n.f me 3pl.s awine-ke seem.f-decl.f fahi then ‘Then they lived there . ’ (150) E tamemetemone e, bote me ya e tabakere . ee 1in.s tama-hemete-mone be_many-fp.n.f-rep.f ee 1in bote old me 3pl ya adju ee 1in.s taba-ke-re be_together-decl.f-neg.f ‘W e wer e numerous, but the old pe ople ar en’t with us anymore. ’ (151) Me te aawa toaramaro te amani. me 3pl.o tee 2pl.s a-awa dup-see to-ha-ra-hamaro ch-a ux-neg-fp.e.f tee 2pl.s ama-ni sec-bk g.f ‘Y ou didn’t see them. ’ (152) Y ob e wahi tor o ateate na to emari ama me ihi ayaka ini me hiri na mati. yobe house(m) waahi stand.m toro inside.m ate-ate dup-make_noise.list na a ux to-ha-himari ch-a ux-fp.e.m ama sec me 3pl.poss ihi be cause_of.f ayaka feast(f) ini name.f me 3pl.s hiri say na a ux.f mati 3pl.s ‘There was a lot of noise in the longhouse because of them, be cause they wer e asking for a feast. ’ 2 2 This sentence is in eye witness tense, indicating that Y owao was alive when people still lived in longhouses. 295 I The jaguars ate the girls Introduction The story The jaguars ate the girls was told by Siko in 1992. The corresponding audio file can be downloaded at: https://www.silbrazil.org/sites/brazil/files/siko- jaggirls.mp3. The Jarawaras tell many stories about encounters with jaguars in the forest. Most of them end with fatalities, but some narrate escapes from jaguars. In this story , ab out a group of girls, one girl escapes, but her friends are killed, be cause they failed to listen to her warning. English translation It was her future sister-in-law . She calle d her futur e sister-in-law to go out. It was bihi . It was bihi palm leaves, to be wov en [into fans]. “Sister-in-law , let’s all go together . ” “My mother won’t let me . ” “Let’s go together and play all over . W e aren’t men. W e are all w omen. When we have gone and picked the bihi leaves and brought back the bihi leaves, my mother and the others will weave them. ” “Y our sister-in-law is calling you to go with her . Go with your sister-in-law . If you don’t go, she w on’t call you anymore , ” her mother said. Her sister-in-law called her , and they went. They w ent out into the forest. They picked bihi leaves. They picked bihi leaves as they came back. The y came back picking bihi leaves. A s they were coming back picking bihi leaves, she found some bihi fruits and cut the bunch off. She cut off the bunch of bihi fruits, and was holding it in her hand. She picked bihi leaves and carried them on her shoulder . She came holding the bunch of bihi fruits in her hand. “ Are you finished?” I The jaguars ate the girls “Y es, we are finished. Let’s go. Let’s not separate the bihi leav es into strips, let’s take the bihi leaves home. ” She wanted to give her bihi fruits to her mother . Her sisters-in-law played a joke on her and ate the bihi fruits. She was upset be cause the y ate them. “Y ou are eating the bihi fruits that ar e for my mother . ” They didn’t pay any attention to what she was saying. They pulled off the bihi fruits. They ate the bihi fruits, cracking them in their mouths. “Y ou go ahead and stay here. Go ahead and eat them. ” “Go ahead, let her be mad. Hehei . Lo ok at her , she’s mad. ” She went back mad. She w ent back. They were left behind running after each other . Their voices came to her and she stoppe d to listen. Their v oices could b e heard. She went on. While the girls were playing, the jaguars were also playing. There wer e two logs across the trail, and the tw o jaguars were on top of them playing. “ Ooo . ” The male was playing with its mate. When she saw it she left and came back. She came running back. “Someone is coming. Someone is coming, ” they said. “Don’t say ‘Someone ’s coming. ’ Let’s go this way . There are jaguars playing. There ar e jaguars playing on our trail. Let’s go the other way . W e will come out on the other side of them. ” “She is lying. She ’s saying that be cause she saw her boyfriend, ” they said. “She is coming here saying that because she saw her b o yfriend who had come after her . ” “That’s enough talk. I am telling you to come with me, and y ou aren’t listening. There are jaguars playing there . I am not fooling you. There are jaguars playing on the trail. They are playing on top of two logs on the trail. ” “She is coming saying that be cause she saw her boyfriend, ” they sang. They came singing. “Go ahead back singing. ” She was behind them as they went back. As the y went, there was noise, kisiririri , toko [sounds of mo ving leaves, and of jaguars’ paws hitting flesh]. “ A ya , aya , ” toko , “ aya . ” They were crying out. As they w ere cr ying out, the jaguar killed them. The jaguar killed them and they were crying out. 298 She came. She was w earing cotton twine adornments, and she undid the cotton and wrapped it around her feet. It was a baro tree. She climbed up the baro , which was this thick [thick enough to be strong, but thin enough to climb]. She climbe d up. The jaguars ate her sisters-in-law . She looked down as she heard them eating. “They wouldn’t listen to me . ” She waited until their stomachs were full, then she called out. The sun went down. She was afraid as the sun went do wn. “What am I going to do? Where can I go? I’m going to call out, ” she said. “I think they are full no w . I think their stomachs are full. ” Her older brother was making arro w poison. He ground the iha in the mortar . He stirred the poison. He dried the arrow points. He put more poison on the arrow points. The arrow points wer e dr y . The dart points were dry , too. The sun was going down. When the sun was going down, he went to urinate . He went, and untied his penis. He stoo d urinating. “Heei, ” someone said. It was her calling. She was calling, and her older brother heard her calling. “Mother , Mother , someone is calling there , where my sister went with the others, ” he said. “Go look at my daughter . ” “W ait. ” He went. He put the arrow points in the sheath. He hung up the darts and went. “I’m going to take a look at them. Let’s go together . Come along. ” The two of them went. “Hee, ” she said. He called out. “Just let her call, ” he said, and he went. They went on. “Someone is calling up there . I think she is standing up there in a tree. ” As her calling could be heard, they came . The two jaguars wer e sitting eating. They wer e eating the bellies. They were eating their bellies, the girls’ bellies. They wer e sitting eating the girls’ bellies. They were full. The had eaten their livers, their intestines, the fat of their intestines. 299 I The jaguars ate the girls He came to where the y were sitting eating. The jaguar looked. It looke d at him as he appeared. It was sitting eating. It got up quickly . He quickly pulled out an arrow . The other one behind him pulle d out an arro w , too. They charged them, and they shot them with arro ws. The jaguar was full. It was staggering. It went a ways and collapsed. The other one shot the other one, and it w ent a ways and collapse d. The y each killed one. They died. “Sister . ” “Brother , Brother , ” she said. “What?” “Is it you?” “Y es, it’s me. ” “Is it really you?” “It’s really me. Come do wn. ” So his sister came down. She thought her brother was someone else. She looked at her brother , holding on up there. “Oh, it’s my brother . ” She came down. The one who was with him was standing a ways away , his br other-in-law . She came down. “Brother , they wouldn’t listen to me , and the jaguars ate them. ” She cried. She could b e hear d cr ying. “I was coming back. I was holding bihi fruits in my hand for my mother , and they took them from me and made me mad, so I came back. As I was coming back, I came upon the jaguars here . I came upon them playing, their log is across the path here . They are lying there by their log. ” Then she cried. She could b e hear d cr ying. “I went back ther e. I wanted for us to go away , but they wouldn’t listen to me . They came singing here. The y came along singing. Now there is no mor e work for them to do. ” “Come on, you go first. ” The two jaguars w ere lying there . They left them lying on the ground. “Come on, you two go on first. ” So they came back. She was crying for her sisters-in-law along the way . She came back crying. They arrived back. She was cr ying. When the mothers heard about their children, they cried, all of them. “ A ya , my daughter , my daughter , ” they said, cr ying. 300 “I wanted to save them. They refused. They almost caused me misfortune. I came upon the jaguars playing, ” she said, cr ying. She was crying while she talked. “They said I was fooling them. They said some men wer e coming after us. I went running. I wanted to take them, but they refused. They passed by me, and the jaguars killed them. I came on behind them, and I climb ed a tree. I climbed the tree and heard them eating as I sat ther e. After the sun was setting I started calling out. I started calling out when the sun was going down. ” “Y our brother heard you calling when he w ent to urinate. I sent your brother and he went, and he shot the jaguar with an arro w . ” “There wer e two of them. The two of them shot the tw o of them with arrows, and they are lying on the gr ound. ” Then they cried. They got up early to go after their bones. They got up early be- cause of them. They carried them in their own hammocks. They buried them, all of them. They cried. One of them remembered her daughter , and she cried, miss- ing her daughter . They cried. They stopped cr ying, and slept. They r ememb er ed them again. “The women will not go out in the forest anymore . ” The girls were true jaguar food. Glossed text (1) Nakiribone, fara amake. nakiri-bone 3sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f)-int.f fara same.f ama-ke be-decl.f ‘It was her future sister-in-law , that’s it. ’ (2) Nakiribonehe, nakiribonehe hima nemetemone. nakiri-bone-he 3sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f)-int.f-dup nakiri-bone-he 3sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f)-int.f-dup hima call_to_go na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘She called her future sister-in-law to go out. ’ (3) Nakiribone hima na bi, bimetemoneke bihi bi kowa kowahabonehe, bi kowahabonehe. 301 I The jaguars ate the girls nakiri-bone 3sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f)-int.f hima call_to_go na a ux.f bihi palm.sp(f) bihi-mete-mone-ke palm.sp(f)-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f bihi palm.sp(f) bihi palm.sp(f) kowa weave kowa-habone-he be_woven-int.f-dup bihi palm.sp(f) kowa-habone-he be_woven-int.f-dup ‘She called her future sister-in-law to go out. It was bihi . It was bihi palm leaves, to be wov en. ’ (4) Naki naki e e tabahi. naki brother’s_wife(f) naki brother’s_wife(f) ee 1in ee 1in.s taba-hi be_together-imp.f ‘“Sister-in-law , let’s all go together . ”’ (5) E tabahi mata. ee 1in.s taba-hi be_together-imp.f mata for_now ‘“Let’s all go together . ”’ (6) E tabibeya. ee 1in.s taba-be-ya be_together-immed.f-now ‘“Let’s all go together . ”’ (7) Okomi owa kayawi nofa. okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) owa 1sg.o ka-yawa comit-be_upset nofa recently .f ‘“My mother won’t let me . ”’ (8) E tabi ya e abe siwa ni nawahareraba eni. ee 1in.s tabi be_together .nom.f ya adju ee 1in.poss abe recip siwa play niha ca us na-wahare-ra-haba a ux-all_over-neg-fut.f ee-ni 1in.poss-bk g.f ‘“Let’s go together , we w on’t play all over . ”’ 302 (9) Maki me e amakarene . maki male(m) me 3pl.compl ee 1in.s ama-ka-re-ne be-decl-neg.f-irr.f ‘“W e aren’t men. ”’ (10) Maki me e amarini. maki male(m) me 3pl.compl ee 1in.s ama-ra-ni be-neg-bk g.f ‘“W e aren’t men. ”’ (11) Fana hinama e toharawarake haro . fana female(f) hinama all ee 1in.s to-ha-rawa-hara-ke ch-be-fpl-ip.e.f-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“W e are all women. ”’ (12) E tokomakeharo e tokomake bi e hose nar o, bi e hose na bi kakamaro bi okomi hikowarawaba hikowarawabanani. ee 1in.s to-ka-make-haaro away-go-following-pfut.f ee 1in.s to-ka-make away-go-following bihi palm.sp(f) ee 1in.s hose pull_out na-haaro a ux-pfut.f bihi palm.sp(f) ee 1in.s hose pull_out na a ux.f bihi palm.sp(f) ka-ka-ma-haaro comit-come-back-pfut.f bihi palm.sp(f) okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) hi-kowa-rawa-haba oc-weav e-fpl-fut.f hi-kowa-rawa-habana-ni oc-weav e-fpl-fut.f-bk g.f ‘“When we have gone and picked the bihi leaves and brought back the bihi leaves, my mother and the others will weav e them. ”’ (13) Naki tiwa hima na ati amani. naki 2sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f) tiwa 2sg.o hima call_to_go na a ux.f ati voice ama-ni be-bk g.f ‘“Y our sister-in-law is calling you to go with her . ”’ (14) Naki te famahi. naki 2sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f) tee 2pl.s fama-hi be_two-imp.f ‘“Go with your sister-in-law . ”’ 303 I The jaguars ate the girls (46) Kana ni kama, kana ni kama Hinamati kame hinamati kame inamati kame me ati nemetemoneke. kana run ni a ux.nfin ka-ma come-back.f kana run ni a ux.nfin ka-ma come-back.f hinamati someone(m) ka-me come-back.m hinamati someone(m) ka-me come-back.m inamati someone(m) ka-me come-back.m me 3pl.s ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She came back running. “Someone is coming. Someone is coming, ” they said. ’ (47) Hinamati kame tinahi fahi. hinamati someone(m) ka-me come-back.m ti-na-hi 2sg.s-say-imp.f fahi then ‘“Don’t say ‘Someone ’s coming. ’”’ (48) E tokabone onahara ahi. ee 1in.s to-ka-habone away-go-int.f o-na-hara 1sg.s-say-ip.e.f ahi here ‘“Let’s go this way . ”’ (49) Y ama siwa narawarani. yama thing(f) siwa play na-rawa-hara-ni a ux-fpl-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“There are jaguars playing. ”’ (50) E hawine yama siwa narawarani. ee 1in.poss hawine trail yama thing(f) siwa play na-rawa-hara-ni a ux-fpl-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“There are jaguars playing on our trail. ”’ (51) E toka ahi. ee 1in.s to-ka away-go ahi there ‘“Let’s go the other way . ”’ (52) E tasi tobe ahi. ee 1in.s tasi emerge to-be ch-immed.f ahi there ‘“W e will come out on the other side of them. ”’ 310 (53) K eye hiri nane . keye lie(f) hiri say na-ne a ux.cont.m-bk g.m ‘“She is lying. ”’ (54) K eye hiri nane . keye lie(f) hiri say na-ne a ux.cont.m-bk g.m ‘“She is lying. ”’ (55) Ee, efe tabiy o hiyawe ehene, makibonaha, makibonaha awanihi ati amani, ati narawemetemoneke . ee (pause) efe this.m tabiyo absence hi-yawe oc-be_upset.m ehene be cause_of.m maki-bona-ha 3sg.poss.husband(m)-int.m-dup maki-bona-ha 3sg.poss.husband(m)-int.m-dup awa-hani-hi see-ip.n.f-dup ati voice ama-ni be-bk g.f ati say na-rawa-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fpl-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“She ’s saying that be cause she saw her boyfriend, ” they said. ’ (56) Maki he nakamakenoho awani ati kakamineni. maki 3sg.poss.husband(m) hee 3sg.o na-ka-make-hino-ho ca us-come-following-ip.n.m-dup awa-hani see-ip.n.f ati voice ka-ka-ma-ne-ni comit-come-back-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“She is coming here saying that because she saw her b oyfriend who had come after her . ”’ (57) T e ati fe na fahi. tee 2pl.poss ati voice fee 3sg naa exist fahi then ‘“That’s enough talk. ”’ (58) T e ati fe na fahi. tee 2pl.poss ati voice fee 3sg naa exist fahi then ‘“That’s enough talk. ”’ 311 I The jaguars ate the girls (59) T era hima onaha owati te kasawarineni. tera 2pl.o hima call_to_go o-naha 1sg.s-a ux.f o-ati 1sg.poss-voice tee 2pl.s ka-sawari-ne-ni comit-frustrate-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“I am telling you to come with me , and you aren’t listening. ”’ (60) Y ama siwa narawarani. yama thing(f) siwa play na-rawa-hara-ni a ux-fpl-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“There are jaguars playing ther e. ”’ (61) Y ama tera okeyerini. yama thing(f) tera 2pl.o o-keyeha-ra-ni 1sg.s-deceive-neg-bk g.f ‘“I am not fooling you. ”’ (62) Y ama siwa narawarani hawi. yama thing(f) siwa play na-rawa-hara-ni a ux-fpl-ip.e.f-bk g.f hawi trail(f) ‘“There are jaguars playing on the trail. ”’ (63) A wa kahoma ya yama siwa narawa yoro nar erawarani. awa tree(f) ka-homa comit-lie_on_ground.f ya adju yama thing(f) siwa play na-rawa a ux-fpl.f yor o stay na-re-rawa-hara-ni a ux-raised_surface-fpl-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“They are playing on top of tw o logs on the trail. ”’ (64) Makibonaha makibonaha, awahanihi ati kakamineni kakamineni yowiri ni ati nemetemoneni. maki-bona-ha 3sg.poss.husband(m)-int.m-dup maki-bona-ha 3sg.poss.husband(m)-int.m-dup awa-hani-hi see-ip.n.f-dup ati voice ka-ka-ma-ne-ni comit-come-back-cont.f-bk g.f ka-ka-ma-ne-ni comit-come-back-cont.f-bk g.f yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ati say na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘“She is coming saying that be cause she saw her boyfriend, ” they sang. ’ 312 (65) Y owiri ni kakamemetemoneke . yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke comit-come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They came singing. ’ (66) Y owiri ni kakamemetemone ahi. yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone comit-come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘They came singing. ’ (67) Y owiri ni kakama ahi. yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ka-ka-ma comit-come-back.f ahi then ‘They came singing. ’ (68) Y owiri ni kakama me yo wiri ni kakamemetemoneke ahi. yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ka-ka-ma comit-come-back.f me 3pl.s yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke comit-come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They came singing. ’ (69) Tika y owiri ni tokoma fahi. ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ma away-go-back fahi then ‘“Go ahead back singing. ”’ (7 0) Y otohemetemoneke. yoto-hemete-mone-ke follow-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She was behind. ’ (71) Y otowama yotoha me tokomemetemoneke ahi. yoto-waha-ma follow-change-back.f yotoha follow .f me 3pl.s to-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke away-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘She was behind, and they went back. ’ 313 I The jaguars ate the girls (72) Me tokoma me tokomi ya, me tokomi ya yama moni yana torawemetemone amake ahi kisiririri, toko. me 3pl.s to-ka-ma away-go-back.f me 3pl.s to-ka-mi away-go-back.nom.f ya adju me 3pl.s to-ka-mi away-go-back.nom.f ya adju yama thing(f) moni sound yana start to-rawa-hemete-mone ch-fpl-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ke sec-decl.f ahi then kisiririri (sound_of_leav es) toko (sound_of_paws_grabbing) ‘They went back. A s they went, ther e was noise, kisiririri , toko . ’ (73) A ya aya aya aya aya aya toko aya. aya ( expression_of_pain) aya ( expression_of_pain) aya ( expression_of_pain) aya ( expression_of_pain) aya ( expression_of_pain) aya ( expression_of_pain) toko (sound_of_paws_grabbing) aya ( expression_of_pain) ‘“ A ya , aya , ” toko , “ aya . ”’ (74) Kiyari nemetemoneke. kiya-ri yell-distr na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They wer e cr ying out. ’ (75) Me kiyari nemetemoneni. me 3pl.s kiya-ri yell-distr na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘They wer e cr ying out. ’ (7 6) Me kiyari na, waka hiraw emetemoneke ahi. me 3pl.s kiya-ri yell-distr na a ux.f waka kill hi-rawa-hemete-mone-ke oc-fpl-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘ As they w ere crying out, the jaguar kille d them. ’ (77) Y ome waka hirawa, kiyari narawemetemoneni. yomee jaguar(m) waka kill hi-rawa oc-fpl.f kiya-ri yell-distr na-rawa-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fpl-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘The jaguar killed them and they were crying out. ’ 314 (78) Kamakia, kamakia ya wafe b oni wafe sana hikana katisa wafe katisa, tame mati nawata, barometemoneke baro . ka-makia come-following.f ka-makia come-following.f ya adju wafe cotton(f) boni fruit.f wafe cotton(f) sana carry_strapp ed_on_shoulder hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.f ka-tisa comit-undo.f wafe cotton(f) ka-tisa comit-undo.f tame foot.f mati line.f na-wata ca us-be_lo cated.f baro-mete-mone-ke tree.sp(f)-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f baro tree.sp(f) ‘She came. She was w earing cotton twine adornments, and she undid the cotton and wrapped it around her feet. It was a baro tree. ’ 2 (79) Baro aya totoha na ya bar o wa ya tokomisemetemoneke. baro tree.sp(f) aya this to-to-ha dup-ch-be na a ux.f ya adju baro tree.sp(f) waa stand.f ya adju to-ka-misa-hemete-mone-ke away-go-up-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She climbe d up the bar o , which was this thick. ’ (80) T okomisa, tokomisemetemoneke . to-ka-misa away-go-up.f to-ka-misa-hemete-mone-ke away-go-up-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She climbe d up . ’ (81) Nakiri yome hikabarawa me hikaba me, me tafi moni kamitani nokorisama, Owati me kasawariha, me akari forima hinihi ha ha nemetemone fahi. nakiri 3sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f) yomee jaguar(m) hi-kaba-rawa oc-eat-fpl.f me 3pl.o hi-kaba oc-eat.f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tafi eat.nfin moni sound ka-mita-hani comit-hear-ip.n.f noko-risa-ma point-down-back.f o-ati 1sg.poss-voice me 3pl.s ka-sawariha comit-frustrate.f me 3pl.s akari be_satiate d.nfin forima do_properly hi-nihi oc-ca us.nom.f ha adju haa call na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘The jaguars ate her sisters-in-law . She looked down as she heard them eating. “They wouldn’t listen to me. ” She waited until their stomachs were full, then she called out. ’ 2 W afe boni is a mistake, it should be just wafe . 315 I The jaguars ate the girls (82) Bai bai abematamonaka. bahi sun(m) bahi sun(m) ahaba-himata-mona-ka end-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘The sun went down. ’ (83) Bai ahabe, bai bai abe aawawa nemetemoneke. bahi sun(m) ahabe end.m bahi sun(m) bahi sun(m) ahabe end.m a-awa-wa dup-see-dup na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘The sun went down. She was afraid as the sun w ent down. ’ (84) Himata nima onaba? himata what ni-ma a ux.nom-like o-na-haba 1sg.s-a ux-fut.f ‘“What am I going to do?”’ (85) Okomaba ama oniti. o-ka-ma-haba 1sg.s-go-back-fut.f ama sec o-ni-ti 1sg.s-a ux.nom-hab.nom ‘“Where can I go?”’ (86) Haha onabana oke. ha-haa dup-call o-na-habana 1sg.s-a ux-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I’m going to call out. ”’ (87) Haha onabana oke ati nemetemoneni. ha-haa dup-call o-na-habana 1sg.s-a ux-fut.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ati say na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘“I’m going to call out, ” she said. ’ (88) Me akara me akara me awinekene. me 3pl.s akara be_satiate d.f me 3pl.s akara be_satiate d.f me 3pl.s awine-ke-ne seem.f-decl.f-irr.f ‘“I think they are full no w . ”’ (89) Me nabati fota awineni. me 3pl.poss nabati stomach fota be_big.f awine-ni seem.f-bk g.f ‘“I think their stomachs are full. ”’ 316 (90) Faya anoti anoti iha to kanematamonaka. faya so anoti 3sg.poss_older_brother(m) anoti 3sg.poss_older_brother(m) iha plant.sp(m) too pulverize ka-na-himata-mona-ka comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘Her older brother was making arro w poison. ’ (91) Iha to kane ia iha wer e ne, ia wer e ne wati wati ino tokanayowe wati ino howe ne , wati ino howe nematamonaka. iha plant.sp(m) too pulverize ka-ne comit-a ux.m iha plant.sp(m) iha plant.sp(m) were stir ne a ux.m iha plant.sp(m) wer e stir ne a ux.m wati arrow(m) wati arrow(m) ino point.m to-ka-na-yow e ch-comit-ca us-burn.m wati arrow(m) ino point.m howe wipe ne a ux.m wati arrow(m) ino point.m howe wipe na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He ground the iha in the mortar . He stirr e d the poison. He dried the arrow points. He put more poison on the arrow points. ’ (92) W ati ino how e ne, wati ino hokowe , sare sare ini hokowaha, faya, bai abematamonaka. wati arrow(m) ino point.m howe wipe ne a ux.m wati arrow(m) ino point.m hoko-wee be_dr y-change.m sarehe blowgun_dart(f) sarehe blowgun_dart(f) ini point.f hoko-waha be_dr y-change.f faya so bahi sun(m) ahaba-himata-mona-ka end-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He put more poison on the arrow points. The arro w points were dry . The dart points were dry , too. The sun was going down. ’ (93) Bai abe ya, so neb ona, so nebona tokomakematamonaka. bahi sun(m) ahabe end.nom.m ya adju soo urinate na-hibona a ux-int.m soo urinate na-hibona a ux-int.m to-ka-make-himata-mona-ka away-go-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘When the sun was going down, he went to urinate . ’ 317 I The jaguars ate the girls (94) T okomake , tokomake, sowiri sowiri sota tonematamonaka. to-ka-make away-go-following to-ka-make away-go-following sowiri penis sowiri penis sota remov e to-na-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He went, and untied his penis. ’ (95) Sowiri sota tone so ne we , so nematamonaka. sowiri penis sota remov e to-ne ch-a ux.m soo urinate ne a ux.m wee stand.m soo urinate na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He untied his penis, and sto od urinating. ’ (96) So ne, Heei inamati ati na, ha nemetemoneke ahi. soo urinate ne a ux.m heei yoohoo inamati someone(f) ati say na a ux.f haa call na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘He was urinating. “Heei, ” someone said. It was her calling. ’ (97) Ha nemetemoneke. haa call na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She was calling. ’ (98) Ha na ha ni, anoti himitemetemoneke. haa call na a ux.f haa call ni a ux.nfin anoti 3sg.poss_older_brother(m) hi-mita-hemete-mone-ke oc-hear-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She was calling, and her older brother heard her calling. ’ (99) A noti ha ni himita, A mi, ami hinamati ha naka hari. anoti 3sg.poss_older_brother(m) haa call ni a ux.nfin hi-mita oc-hear .f ami mother(f) ami mother(f) hinamati someone(m) haa call na-ka a ux.cont.m-decl.m haari that_one.m ‘Her brother heard her calling. “Mother , Mother someone is calling there . ”’ 318 (100) A mi hinamati ha na hari, okasima me taba me toki ya, ati nematamonaka. ami mother(f) hinamati someone(m) haa call na a ux.cont.m haari that_one.m okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) me 3pl.s taba be_together .f me 3pl.s to-ki away-go.nom.f ya adju ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“Mother , someone is calling there, wher e my sister went with the others, ” he said. ’ (101) Okoto totowamake re ati amane . okoto 1sg.poss.daughter(f) to-to-awa-make dup-away-see-following re neg.m ati voice ama-ne be-bk g.m ‘“Go look at my daughter . ”’ (102) Hiba. hiba wait ‘“W ait. ”’ (103) T okome wati ino yoko tokaname , sare tafowe nawiname tokomakewematamona. to-ka-me away-go-back.m wati arrow(m) ino point.m yoko push to-ka-na-me away-comit-a ux-back.m sarehe blowgun_dart(f) tafowe wrapped na-wina-me ca us-hang-back.m to-ka-make-wee-himata-mona away-go-following-change .m-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘He went. He put the arro w points in the sheath. He hung up the darts and went. ’ (104) Me totowamake omatibe. me 3pl.o to-to-awa-make dup-away-see-following o-mata-be 1sg.s-short_time-immed.f ‘“I’m going to take a look at them. ”’ (105) E famahi. ee 1in.s fama-hi be_two-imp.f ‘“Let’s go together . ”’ 319 I The jaguars ate the girls (142) Kisamemetemoneke. ka-risa-ma-hemete-mone-ke come-down-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She came down. ’ (143) Kisama, hahi he ya famabise towamematamonaka hike ya, wabori. ka-risa-ma come-down-back.f haahi this_one.m hee 3sg ya adju fama-bise be_with-also.m to-waa-ma-himata-mona-ka away-stand-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m hike far ya adju wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) ‘She came down. The one who was with him was standing a ways away , his brother-in-law . ’ (144) Faya kisama, A yo , owati me kasawaria me, yome me me kabineni. faya so ka-risa-ma come-down-back.f ayo older_brother(m) o-ati 1sg.poss-voice me 3pl.s ka-sawariha comit-frustrate.f me 3pl.s yomee jaguar(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s kaba-ne-ni eat-cont.f-bk g.f ‘She came down. “Brother , they wouldn’t listen to me , and the jaguars ate them. ”’ (145) Ohi nemetemoneke. ohi cry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She cried. ’ (146) Ohi ni ati saihemetemoneni. ohi cry ni a ux.nfin ati voice sai-hemete-mone-ni be_heard-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘She could be heard cr ying. ’ (147) Okomi ama ahi. o-ka-mi 1sg.s-come-back.nom.f ama be ahi here ‘“I was coming back. ”’ 326 (148) Okoma okomi ka, watawabona tama one me owa me owa me hose kana owa me nayawa, okomara oni. o-ka-ma 1sg.s-come-back.f okomi 1sg.poss.mother(f) ka poss watawa-bona bihi_fruit(m)-int.m tama hold_onto o-ne 1sg.s-a ux.m me 3pl owa 1sg.o me 3pl.s owa 1sg.o me 3pl.s hose pull_out ka-na comit-a ux.f owa 1sg.o me 3pl.s na-yawa ca us-b e_upset.f o-ka-ma-hara 1sg.s-come-back-ip.e.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“I was coming back. I was holding bihi fruits in my hand for my mother , and they took them from me and made me mad, so I came back. ”’ (149) Okoma yome me owasimi ama ahi. o-ka-ma 1sg.s-come-back.f yomee jaguar(m) me 3pl.o o-wasi-mi 1sg.s-find-back.nom.f ama be ahi here ‘“ As I was coming back, I came upon the jaguars here . ”’ (150) Me owasima me siwa nani me awe bere nine har o. me 3pl.o o-wasi-ma 1sg.s-find-back.f me 3pl.s siwa play na-hani a ux-ip.n.f me 3pl.poss awe wood.f bere be_across na-ne a ux-cont.f haaro that_one.f ‘“I came upon them playing, their log is across the path here . ”’ (151) Fara me awe ya me , ta torineni. fara same.f me 3pl.poss awe wood.f ya adju me 3pl.s taa be_pile d_up to-ri-ne-ni ch-raised_surface-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“They are lying ther e by their log. ”’ (152) Faya ohi nemetemoneke. faya so ohi cry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘Then she cried. ’ (153) Ohi ni ati saihemetemoneke. ohi cry ni a ux.nfin ati voice sai-hemete-mone-ke be_heard-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She could be heard cr ying. ’ 327 I The jaguars ate the girls (154) Faya wete onama okoma, ota ota tokabone owati me kasawariha, me yowiri ni kama me ama ahi. faya so wete return o-na-ma 1sg.s-a ux-back.f o-ka-ma 1sg.s-go-back.f otaa 1ex otaa 1ex.s to-ka-habone away-go-int.f o-ati 1sg.poss-voice me 3pl.s ka-sawariha comit-frustrate.f me 3pl.s yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.poss ama sec ahi here ‘“I went back there . I wanted for us to go away , but they wouldn’t listen to me. They came singing her e. ”’ (155) Me yowiri ni kama me, yama me ahi nawahineni. me 3pl.s yowiri sing_woman’s_song ni a ux.nfin ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.poss yama thing(f) me 3pl.s ahi work_on na-waha-ne-ni a ux-change-cont.f-bk g.f ‘“They came along singing. Now ther e is no more work for them to do . ”’ (156) Faya, me Hima tai tiama. faya so me 3pl hima let’s_go tai be_ahead ti-ha-ma 2sg.s-a ux-back ‘“Come on, you go first. ”’ (157) Me mata nemetemoneke. me 3pl.s mata lie na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘The two of them wer e lying there. ’ (158) Me mata na me me hekanakosemetemoneke. me 3pl.s mata lie na a ux.f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-ka-kana-kosa-hemete-mone-ke oc-comit-leave-middle-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They left them lying on the ground. ’ (159) Hima te tai tokahama. hima let’s_go tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ka-ha-ma ch-comit-a ux-back ‘“Come on, you two go on first. ”’ 328 (160) Faya me kama me, oohi tosi nemetemoneke nakiri tabiyorawaha. faya so me 3pl.s ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.s o-ohi dup-cry to-sii ch-slowly_along_the_way na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f nakiri 3sg.poss.brother’s_wife(f) tabiyo-rawa-ha absence-fpl-dup ‘So they came back. She was crying for her sisters-in-law along the way . ’ (161) Faya ohi ni kama, me kobo namemetemoneni. faya so ohi cry ni a ux.nfin ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.s kobo arrive na-ma-hemete-mone-ni a ux-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘She came back crying. They arrived back. ’ (162) Ohi ya ohi nemetemoneke ahi. ohi crying(f) ya adju ohi cry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘She was crying. ’ (163) Haha me ka ami, me ka mate tamine me mita me ohi nemetemone me nafi. haaha this.f me 3pl ka poss ami mother(f) me 3pl ka poss matehe children(f) tamine news_about me 3pl.s mita hear .f me 3pl.s ohi cry na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f me 3pl.poss nafi all ‘When the mothers heard about their children, they cried, all of them. ’ (164) Me nafi ohi nemetemoneke. me 3pl.poss nafi all ohi cry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘ All of them cried. ’ (165) A ya okotora okotora ohi ni ati nemetemoneke ahi. aya ( expression_of_pain) okoto-ra 1sg.poss.daughter(f)-npq okoto-ra 1sg.poss.daughter(f)-npq ohi cry ni a ux.nfin ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘“ A ya, my daughter , my daughter , ” they said, cr ying. ’ 329 I The jaguars ate the girls (166) Me okayawarani. me 3pl.o o-ka-yawa-hara-ni 1sg.s-comit-be_upset-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“I wanted to save them. ”’ (167) Me, me ati hiyararake . me 3pl me 3pl.poss ati voice hiya-ra-hara-ke be_bad-neg-ip.e.f-decl.f ‘“They refused. ”’ (168) Owa me yokohene me amani. owa 1sg.o me 3pl.s yoko-hene bring_misfortune_on-irr.f me 3pl.s ama-ni sec-bk g.f ‘“They almost caused me misfortune. ”’ (169) Owa me yokohene me, yama siwa narawani owasimarawani, ohi ni ati nemetemoneke. owa 1sg.o me 3pl.s yoko-hene bring_misfortune_on-irr.f me 3pl.s yama thing(f) siwa play na-rawa-hani a ux-fpl-ip.n.f o-wasi-ma-rawa-hani 1sg.s-find-back-fpl-ip.n.f ohi cry ni a ux.nfin ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“They almost caused me misfortune. I came upon the jaguars playing, ” she said, cr ying. ’ (17 0) Ohi ya hiyar emetemoneni. ohi crying(f) ya adju hiyara-hemete-mone-ni speak-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘She was crying while she talke d. ’ (171) Me okeyehamone me ati na me ota me nakamakehamone me ati na me, oko kana ni tokoma me owakabone me ati hiyara me owa me fiya tonamarani. me 3pl.o o-keyeha-hamone 1sg.s-deceive-rep.f me 3pl.s ati say na a ux.f me 3pl.s otaa 1ex.o me 3pl.s na-ka-make-hamone ca us-come-following-rep.f me 3pl.s ati say na a ux.f me 3pl.s o-ka 1sg.poss-poss kana run 330 ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ma away-go-back.f me 3pl.o o-ka-ka-habone 1sg.s-comit-go-int.f me 3pl.poss ati voice hiya-ra be_bad-neg.f me 3pl.poss owa 1sg.o me 3pl.s fiya pass to-na-ma-hara-ni away-a ux-back-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“They said I was fooling them. They said some men wer e coming after us. I went running. I wanted to take them, but they refused. They passed by me. ”’ (172) Owa me fiya tonama me, yome me me waka hinarani. owa 1sg.o me 3pl.s fiya pass to-na-ma away-a ux-back.f me 3pl.s yomee jaguar(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s waka kill hi-na-hara-ni oc-a ux-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“They passed by me, and the jaguars killed them. ”’ (173) Faya me nowati ya oy otomakia okomisawite, okomisawiteara oni. faya so me 3pl.poss nowati behind ya adju o-yoto-makia 1sg.s-follow-following.f o-ka-misa-wite 1sg.s-go-up-out o-ka-misa-wite-hara 1sg.s-go-up-out-ip.e.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“I came on behind them, and I climb ed a tree. ”’ (174) Okomisawite, me , tafi ati okomita owitare , bai abamako oko ha ni yana tonahara oni. o-ka-misa-wite 1sg.s-go-up-out me 3pl.s tafi eat.nfin ati voice o-ka-mita 1sg.s-comit-hear .f o-ita-re 1sg.s-sit-raised_surface bahi sun(m) ahaba-mako end-for_this_reason.m o-ka 1sg.poss-poss haa call ni a ux.nfin yana start to-na-hara ch-a ux-ip.e.f o-ni 1sg.poss-bk g.f ‘“I climbe d the tr e e and hear d them eating as I sat there. After the sun was setting I started calling out. ”’ (175) Bai abe ehene faya oko ha ni yana na. bahi sun(m) ahabe end.m ehene be cause_of.m faya so o-ka 1sg.poss-poss haa call ni a ux.nfin yana start na a ux.f ‘“I started calling out when the sun was going down. ”’ 331 I The jaguars ate the girls (17 6) Tika ha ni ay o mitaharene so nebona tokomakehari. ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss haa call ni a ux.nfin ayo 2sg.poss.older_brother(m) mita-hare-ne hear-ip.e.m-bk g.m soo urinate na-hibona a ux-int.m to-ka-make-haari away-go-following-ip.e.m ‘“Y our brother heard you calling when he w ent to urinate. ”’ (177) A yo tika ha ni mitahar ene. ayo 2sg.poss.older_brother(m) ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss haa call ni a ux.nfin mita-hare-ne hear-ip.e.m-bk g.m ‘“Y our brother heard you calling. ”’ (178) A yo o yosemaki tokomake, yome sa kananoho . ayo 2sg.poss.older_brother(m) o-yose-maki 1sg.s-command-following.m to-ka-make away-go-following yomee jaguar(m) saa shoot_with_arrow ka-na-no-ho comit-a ux.nom.m-ip.n.m-dup ‘“I sent your br other and he went, and he shot the jaguar with an arrow . ”’ (179) Me famarani. me 3pl.s fama-hara-ni be_two-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“There wer e two of them. ”’ (180) Me fama me me sa hikanikima me mata narani. me 3pl.s fama be_two.f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s saa shoot_with_arrow hi-ka-na-kima oc-comit-a ux-two.f me 3pl.s mata lie na-hara-ni a ux-ip.e.f-bk g.f ‘“The two of them shot the two of them with arrows, and the y are lying on the ground. ”’ (181) Faya me, ohi nemetemoneke ahi. faya so me 3pl.s ohi cry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘Then they cried. ’ 332 (182) Faya me tone me me tone me bosa hikanemetemoneke. faya so me 3pl.poss tone bone me 3pl me 3pl.poss tone bone me 3pl.s bosa get_up_early hi-ka-na-hemete-mone-ke oc-comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They got up early to go after their bones. ’ (183) Me me bosa hikana me me, yifo ya fara me ka yifo ya me, me me tiwari hikanemetemoneke. me 3pl.o me 3pl.s bosa get_up_early hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.f me 3pl.o me 3pl yifo hammock(m) ya adju fara same.f me 3pl ka poss yifo hammock(m) ya adju me 3pl me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tiwa-ri carry-distr hi-ka-na-hemete-mone-ke oc-comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They got up early because of them. They carried them in their own hammocks. ’ (184) Me me tiwari hikana me hikamometemone. me 3pl.o me 3pl.s tiwa-ri carry-distr hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.f me 3pl.o hi-kamo-hemete-mone oc-bury-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘They carried them and they buried them. ’ 4 (185) Me me hikamoha me, me hikamometemoneke me nafi. me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-kamoha oc-bury .f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-kamo-hemete-mone-ke oc-bury-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f me 3pl.poss nafi all ‘They buried them, all of them. ’ (186) Me me ohi na me bite wati nawaha bite ohi, ohi nemetemoneke bite tabiyo . me 3pl me 3pl.s ohi cry na a ux.f me 3pl.s bite 3sg.poss.daughter(f) wati remember na-waha a ux-change.f bite 3sg.poss.daughter(f) ohi cry ohi cry na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f bite 3sg.poss.daughter(f) tabiyo absence ‘They cried. One of them remembered her daughter , and she cried, missing her daughter . ’ 4 It should be me me hikamometemone , as in the next sentence (185). 333 I The jaguars ate the girls (187) Me ohi nemetemoneni. me 3pl.s ohi cry na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘They cried. ’ (188) Me ohi ni fawa na me faya me amo na me, me amo nemetemoneke fahi. me 3pl.s ohi cry ni a ux.nfin fawa stop na a ux.f me 3pl.poss faya so me 3pl.s amo sleep na a ux.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s amo sleep na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then ‘They cried. They stopped cr ying, and slept. ’ (189) Me amo na me ya, me me wati hiwatasa, me me wati hiwatasaha me, Me fanawi tokamarabanake. me 3pl.s amo sleep na a ux.f me 3pl ya adju me 3pl.o me 3pl.s wati remember hi-waha-tasa oc-change-again.f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s wati remember hi-waha-tasaha oc-change-again.f me 3pl.o me 3pl.s fanawi woman to-ka-ma-ra-habana-ke away-go-back-neg-fut.f-decl.f ‘They slept. They r emembered them again. “The women will not go out in the forest anymore . ”’ (190) Me fanawi yome tefe y okanamatamona amaka. me 3pl.compl fanawi woman yomee jaguar(m) tefe food.m yokana-mata-mona true-fp.n.m-rep.m ama-ka be-decl.m ‘The girls were true jaguar food. ’ 334 J The toto spirit Introduction The story The toto spirit was told by Siko in 1991. The corresponding au- dio file can be downloaded at: https://www.silbrazil.org/sites/brazil/files/siko- totoabono.mp3. The spirit of the toto bambo o didn’t know how to fish or hunt, so he married his aunt’s daughter in order to kill her and eat her . When he got hungr y again, he went to his aunt and asked for another daughter , and he did the same thing again with her . Finally he brought the other two sisters to his village , but they caught on when they found the skulls of their sisters, and they ran home . Then, since the toto spirit didn’t have any meat, he cut out his own belly and roasted it and ate it. This resulted in his death, of course. His brother-in-law lambasted him for marrying his sisters to eat them instead of having children with them. English translation The spirit of toto bambo o wanted to get married, so he asked for a wife. He called on his father’s sister . “ A unt, I want to marry your daughter . I don’t have anyone to cook my foo d, and my manioc is sitting in the field without being grate d. ” Then the girl’s father came home. “Y our nephew asked for your daughter . He ’s standing there . ” “Did he really ask for my daughter? Let him take my daughter . ” So he gave away his daughter , but she didn’t have any childr en. The spirit of toto went to his own home . He arrived. His new wife toasted manioc mash. Then they ate , but she didn’t eat again. The two of them slept. He didn’t sleep in the same hammock with her . He just lay beside her hammo ck in his. He didn’t want to hav e sex with her . “My manioc mash is all gone. I want you to pull up some manioc. Then you grate the manioc, too. When the manioc is grate d, ther e will b e a lot of manioc mash. ” J T he toto spirit (8) Faya bite ta nematamona fahi, bite kaiwarabanihi. faya so bite 3sg.poss.daughter(f) taa give na-himata-mona a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then bite 3sg.poss.daughter(f) ka-hiwa-ra-haba-ni-hi comit-have_children-neg-fut.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘So he gave away his daughter , but she didn’t have any children. ’ (9) Faya toto abono tokomematamonane. faya so toto bambo o .sp(f) abono spirit to-ka-ma-himata-mona-ne away-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘So the toto spirit went home. ’ (10) T okome fare taboro ya tokome , kob o toname , kob o tonamematamonaka. to-ka-me away-go-back.m fare same.m taboro place.m ya adju to-ka-me away-go-back.m kobo arrive to-na-me away-a ux-back.m kobo arrive to-na-ma-himata-mona-ka away-a ux-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He went home . He went to his own home . He arrived back home. ’ (11) K ob o toname ama. kobo arrive to-na-me away-a ux-back.m ama sec ‘He arrived back home. ’ (12) Y ama, iyawa fati siremetemone fahi. yama thing(f) iyawa grated_mash(f) fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) sira-hemete-mone toast-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘His wife toasted manioc mash. ’ (13) Iyawa fati sira, fatibonehe. iyawa grated_mash(f) fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) sira toast.f fati-bone-he 3sg.poss.wife(f)-int.f-dup ‘His wife toasted manioc mash, his bride. ’ (14) Faya iyawa siremetemone fahi. faya so iyawa grated_mash(f) sira-hemete-mone toast-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘She toasted manioc mash. ’ 342 (15) Faya me tafemetemone fahi, tafamarabanihi. faya so me 3pl.s tafa-hemete-mone eat-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then tafa-ma-ra-haba-ni-hi eat-back-neg-fut.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘Then they ate , but she didn’t eat again. ’ (16) Faya me tafa me amo kana me, hitakorar emetemoneke. faya so me 3pl.s tafa eat.f me 3pl.s amo sleep ka-na comit-a ux.f me 3pl.s hi-takora-ra-hemete-mone-ke oc-be_in_hammo ck_with-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They ate . The two of them slept. He didn’t sleep in the same hammo ck with her . ’ (17) Hitakorara, hine ya winaha ni ya winabase, ai ni hinofar emetemoneke. hi-takora-ra oc-be_in_hammo ck_with-neg.f hine only ya adju winaha lie_in_hammock.f ni to ya adju wina-base lie_in_hammock-edge.m ahi have_sex_with ni a ux.nfin hi-nofa-ra-hemete-mone-ke oc-want-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He didn’t sleep in the same hammock with her . He just lay in the hammock b eside wher e she was lying. He didn’t want to have sex with her . ’ 5 (18) Ai ni hinofara, faya toto abono, Oko, oko iyawa abarake . ahi have_sex_with ni a ux.nfin hi-nofa-ra oc-want-neg.f faya so toto bambo o .sp(f) abono spirit o-ka 1sg.poss-poss o-ka 1sg.poss-poss iyawa grated_mash(f) ahaba-hara-ke end-ip.e.f-decl.f ‘He didn’t want to have sex with her . “My manioc mash is all gone. ”’ (19) Iyawa abarake. iyawa grated_mash(f) ahaba-hara-ke end-ip.e.f-decl.f ‘“The manioc mash is all gone. ”’ 5 The verb winaha is a relativ e clause, as seen by the fact that it o ccurs with ni ya (V ogel 2022a: 142f). Since it occurs with no NP, it is evidence for Dixon’s (2004: 525) contention that r elative clauses are internally headed. 343 J T he toto spirit (20) Fowa bore tikanabone onara oke. fowa manioc(m) bore pull_out ti-ka-na-habone 2sg.s-comit-a ux-int.f o-na-hara 1sg.s-say-ip.e.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I want you to pull up some manioc. ”’ (21) Fowa bore tikana fowa hiti. fowa manioc(m) bore pull_out ti-ka-na 2sg.s-comit-a ux.list fowa manioc(m) hiti grate.list ‘“When you have pulled up the manioc, grate the manio c, too. ”’ (22) Fowa hiti tinisahi. fowa manioc(m) hiti grate ti-na-risa-hi 2sg.s-a ux-down-imp.f ‘“Grate the manioc. ”’ (23) Fowa hiti tinisa iyawa nanafi nama nabanake . fowa manioc(m) hiti grate ti-na-risa 2sg.s-a ux-down.f iyawa grated_mash(f) na-nafi dup-be_big na-nama a ux-super na-habana-ke a ux-fut.f-decl.f ‘“When you grate the manioc, there will be a lot of manioc mash. ”’ (24) Faya fowa bore na, fowa iso na fowa so we nemetemoneke. faya so fowa manioc(m) bore pull_out na a ux.f fowa manioc(m) iso carry_off na a ux.f fowa manioc(m) sowe scrape na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘So she pulled up manioc. She carrie d the manioc. She peele d the manioc. ’ (25) Fowa sow e na, fowa sowe na fara kawiabanihi. fowa manioc(m) sowe scrape na a ux.f fowa manioc(m) sowe scrape na a ux.f fara same.f kawia-ba-ni-hi accompanying_food-fut-ip.n.f-dup ‘She peele d the manioc. She peele d the manioc that was to be the starch eaten with herself. ’ 344 (26) Fara kawiabani ra ai nemetemoneni. fara same.f kawia-ba-ni accompanying_food-fut-ip.n.f ra o ahi work_on na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘She made the starch that was eaten with herself. ’ (27) Fowa hiti nemetemoneke. fowa manioc(m) hiti grate na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She grated the manioc. ’ (28) Fowa hiti na, fowa hiti nemetemoneke . fowa manioc(m) hiti grate na a ux.f fowa manioc(m) hiti grate na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She grated the manioc. ’ (29) Fowa hiti ni ahabe ya, iyawa, fowa nano na, fowa nano nemetemoneke fahi. fowa manioc(m) hiti be_grate d ni a ux.nfin ahabe end.nom.m ya adju iyawa grated_mash(f) fowa manioc(m) nano squeeze na a ux.f fowa manioc(m) nano squeeze na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then ‘When the manioc was finished b eing grated, she put the manioc through the sieve . ’ (30) Fowa nano ni abematamonaka. fowa manioc(m) nano be_sque ezed ni a ux.nfin ahaba-himata-mona-ka end-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘The manioc was finished b eing put through the sie ve. ’ (31) T oto Abono aba, aba me tani tihara tiwa awine tini? T oto_Abono T oto_Abono(m) aba fish(m) aba fish(m) me 3pl.poss tani killer ti-ha-ra 2sg.s-be-neg.f tiwa 2sg.s awine seem.f ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f ‘“T oto Abono, aren’t y ou a fisherman?”’ 345 J T he toto spirit (32) Aba me sasa kana wati okia okere . aba fish(m) me 3pl.poss sasaa_kana thing_for_spearing wati arrow(m) o-kiha 1sg.s-have o-ke-re 1sg.s-decl.f-neg.f ‘“I don’t have any arro ws to spear fish with. ”’ (33) Aba me kaya ke. aba fish(m) me 3pl.s kaya stand ke decl.f ‘“The fish are there in the water . ”’ (34) Aba me kaya na me wati okiarihi. aba fish(m) me 3pl.s kaya stand na a ux.f me 3pl.s wati arrow(m) o-kiha-rihi 1sg.s-have-neg.list ‘“The fish are there in the water , but I don’t have any arr ows. ”’ (35) Oye honarimakoni ofimi onofa ama oni. o-yehe 1sg.poss-hand hona-ra-makoni have_something-neg-for_this_r eason.f o-fimi 1sg.s-be_hungr y o-nofa 1sg.s-recently .f ama sec o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“Because I don’t have any equipment, I am always hungr y . ”’ (36) Faya toto abono tokare, kasiro hikane, iyawa hinita kaba, iyawa hinita kabemetemoneni. faya so toto bambo o .sp(f) abono spirit to-ka-re away-go-neg.m kasiro complain_about hi-ka-ne oc-comit-a ux.m iyawa grated_mash(f) hinita alone kaba eat.f iyawa grated_mash(f) hinita alone kaba-hemete-mone-ni eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘So the toto spirit didn’t go out. She pestered him. She ate manioc meal by itself. ’ (37) Iyawa hinita kabi onofarini. iyawa grated_mash(f) hinita alone kabi eat.nfin o-nofa-ra-ni 1sg.s-want-neg-bk g.f ‘“I don’t want to eat manioc meal by itself. ”’ 346 (38) Iyawa hinita kabemetemoneke, me amo kanabone me fama mati. iyawa grated_mash(f) hinita alone kaba-hemete-mone-ke eat-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f me 3pl.s amo sleep ka-na-habone comit-a ux-int.f me 3pl.s fama be_two.f mati 3pl.s ‘She ate manioc meal by itself, b efor e the two of them slept. ’ (39) Faya amo na, amo nemetemone fahi. faya so amo sleep na a ux.f amo sleep na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘She slept. ’ (40) Hato abono ai bai ite ya yifo tafa nematamonaka. hato bambo o .sp(f) abono spirit ahi there bahi sun(m) ite sit.m ya adju yifo firew oo d(f) tafa split na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘When the sun was this high the hato spirit cut firew oo d. ’ 6 (41) Faya yifo tafa ne, yifo tafa nematamonane . faya so yifo firew oo d(f) tafa split ne a ux.m yifo firew oo d(f) tafa split na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘He cut firew oo d. ’ (42) Yifo ta toniharematamonaka, fati, fatitebone, hiwakama wati kanehinoho . yifo firew oo d(f) taa be_pile d_up to-niha-re-himata-mona-ka ch-ca us-raised_surface-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) fati-tee-b one 3sg.poss.wife(f)-hab-int.f hi-ka-ka-ma oc-comit-come-back.f wati plan_against ka-na-hino-ho comit-a ux-ip.n.m-dup ‘He put the firew oo d in a pile . He was planning against his bride, who he had brought. ’ 6 Here and in a couple other places in the story , the spirit is called hato ab ono , the same name used in the Jamamadi version of the story . Hato is another species of bamboo. 347 J T he toto spirit (43) W ati hikanani, amo na, amo ni tati ba hiremetemoneke , amo naro ahi, yama we kamaki ya. wati plan_against hi-ka-na-hani oc-comit-a ux-ip.n.f amo sleep na a ux.m amo sleep ni a ux.nfin tati head baa hit hi-re-hemete-mone-ke oc-raised_surface-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f amo sleep na-haaro a ux-ip.e.f ahi then yama thing(f) wehe light.f ka-maki come-following.nom ya adju ‘He was planning against her . She was sleeping. While she was sleeping, he hit her on the head, at dawn. ’ (44) Faya tati ba hiremetemone ahi. faya so tati head baa hit hi-re-hemete-mone oc-raised_surface-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘He hit her on the head. ’ (45) Faya ahaba, bosa hikana b obi hinamina hikabaminemetemoneke . faya so ahaba die.f bosa get_up_early hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.f bobi slit hi-na-mina oc-a ux-morning.f hi-kaba-mina-hemete-mone-ke oc-eat-morning-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘She died. He got up early with respect to her . He cut her up in the morning. He ate her in the morning. ’ (46) T abasi hina, tabasi hini ya hikaba, fara kakawiab one hiti hinaha ya kakawi hinemetemoneke. tabasi roast_on_rack hi-na oc-a ux.f tabasi roast_on_rack hi-ni oc-a ux.nom.f ya adju hi-kaba oc-eat.f fara same.f kakawia-bone accompanying_food-int.f hiti grate hi-naha oc-a ux.f ya adju ka-kawi comit-eat_with_something hi-na-hemete-mone-ke oc-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘He roasted her . After he roasted her , he ate her . He ate her with the starch that she herself had grated. ’ (47) Faya kakawi hina, faya abi ya, faya fati kabi abi ya, yana tone fimihi yana tone, tokomematamonaka. faya so ka-kawi dup-eat_with_something hi-na oc-a ux.f faya so ahabi die.nom.f ya adju faya so 348 fati 3sg.poss.wife(f) kabi be_eaten.nfin ahabi end.nom.f ya adju yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m fimihi be_hungr y .m yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m to-ka-ma-himata-mona-ka away-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He ate her with starch. When the eating of his wife was finished, he got ready to leav e. He was hungry , and he got ready to leave. He w ent back. ’ (48) T okome , hinaka koma ni ya, hinaka koma ni ya tokome kob o toname , kob o tonamematamonaka. to-ka-me away-go-back.m hinaka 3sg.poss koma son_in_law(m) ni to ya adju hinaka 3sg.poss koma son_in_law(m) ni to ya adju to-ka-me away-go-back.m kobo arrive to-na-me away-a ux-back.m kobo arrive to-na-ma-himata-mona-ka away-a ux-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He went back. He went back to his mother-in-law . He arrived. ’ 7 (49) Aa, ati maki kame . aa aha ati 2sg.poss.older_sister(f) maki 3sg.poss.husband(m) ka-me come-back.m ‘“ Aha, there comes your older sister’s husband. ”’ 8 (50) Oof, okomine oke. oof hoo o-ka-ma-ne 1sg.s-come-back-cont.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“Whew , I have come back. ”’ (51) Hoo, oko yibote tera ati na ati ihi okomine oni, fowa te hiti nabone te. hoo whew o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yibote wife(f) tera 2pl.o ati call_for na a ux.f ati voice ihi be cause_of.f o-ka-ma-ne 1sg.s-come-back-cont.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f fowa manioc(m) tee 2pl.s hiti grate na-habone a ux-int.f 7 Instead of hinaka koma , Siko should have said hinakaso ‘his mother-in-law’ . 8 The feminine equivalent of kame is kamini , showing the pairing of feminine -ni with “nothing” rather than the masculine -ne . This phenomenon is discussed by Dixon (2004: 411), who claims, howe ver , that it only applies to polar questions. The masculine -ne could b e used to form the word kamane , but then the w ord would contain continuous aspect (cf. e.g. abawahane in sentence (231), and the feminine equivalent would be kamineni , which contains the continuous suffix -ne , and not kamini . See also V ogel (2022a: 36f.). 349 J T he toto spirit tee 2pl.s ‘“Whew , my wife calle d for you. Because of what she said I have come, so you can grate manioc together . ”’ (52) Okoto ma toa awineni, fowa hiti naro . okoto 1sg.poss.daughter(f) maa be_tired to-ha ch-a ux.f awine-ni seem.f-bk g.f fowa manioc(m) hiti grate na-haaro a ux-ip.e.f ‘“I guess my daughter is tired, be cause she is grating manioc. ”’ (53) Fowa te hiti nabone ati na ati ihi okomine o. fowa manioc(m) tee 2pl.s hiti grate na-habone a ux-int.f ati say na a ux.f ati voice ihi be cause_of.f o-ka-ma-ne 1sg.s-come-back-cont.f o 1sg.s ‘“She wants you to grate manioc together . Because of what she said I have come . ”’ (54) Me tekamiya. me 3pl.o ti-ka-ka-ma-yahi 2sg.s-comit-go-back-dist.imp.f ‘“Y ou take them. ”’ (55) Me famamiyahi. me 3pl.s fama-ma-yahi be_two-back-dist.imp.f ‘“Let the two of them be together again. ”’ (56) Y ana tonematamona fahi. yana start to-na-himata-mona ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘He got ready to leave . ’ (57) Y ana toneibona Aso , aso okoma oke. yana start to-na-hibona ch-a ux-int.m aso mother_in_law(f) aso mother_in_law(f) o-ka-ma 1sg.s-go-back o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘He got ready to leave . “Mother-in-law , I’m going. ”’ 350 (58) Tikoto one ota tofamamibana, hinakati asota nabonehe, fowa me hiti nabone mati. tikoto 2sg.poss.daughter(f) one other .f otaa 1ex.s to-fama-mi-bana away-be_two-back.f-fut hinakati 3poss.sg.older_sister(f) asota help na-habone-he a ux-int.f-dup fowa manioc(m) me 3pl.s hiti grate na-habone a ux-int.f mati 3pl.s ‘“Let your other daughter go back with me , to help her older sister , so they will grate manioc together . ”’ (59) Ati amosematamonaka. ati voice amosa-himata-mona-ka be_go od-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘What he said was acceptable to her . ’ (60) Ati maki te tofamamahi. ati 2sg.poss.older_sister(f) maki 3sg.poss.husband(m) tee 2pl.s to-fama-ma-hi away-be_two-back-imp.f ‘“Y ou go back with your older sister’s husband. ”’ (61) Ati maki te tofamamahi. ati 2sg.poss.older_sister(f) maki 3sg.poss.husband(m) tee 2pl.s to-fama-ma-hi away-be_two-back-imp.f ‘“Y ou go back with your older sister’s husband. ”’ (62) T e towakamahi. tee 2pl.s to-ka-ka-ma-hi away-comit-go-back-imp.f ‘“The two of you go . ”’ (63) Ati te fafamawa na toharima nahi. ati 2sg.poss.older_sister(f) tee 2pl.s fa-fama-waha dup-be_two-change.list na a ux to-ha-rima ch-a ux-intermittent na-hi a ux-imp.f ‘“Y ou stay with your older sister . ”’ 351 J T he toto spirit (96) T e ebe kakatomariyahi. tee 2pl.poss ebe recip ka-katoma-ra-yahi comit-look_at-neg-dist.imp.f ‘“Don’t just look at each other . ”’ (97) Okoto ma toarawa awineni. okoto 1sg.poss.daughter(f) maa be_tired to-ha-rawa ch-a ux-fpl.f awine-ni seem.f-bk g.f ‘“My daughters must be tired. ”’ (98) Me ma toarara. me 3pl.s maa be_tired to-ha-ra-hara ch-a ux-neg-ip.e.f ‘“They are tir ed. ”’ (99) Me ma toa me ati kasiroarake . me 3pl.s maa be_tired to-ha ch-a ux.f me 3pl.poss ati voice kasiro-hara-ke persist-ip.e.f-decl.f ‘“They are tir ed and they don’t stop pestering. ”’ (100) Me ma toa me ati kasiroarake . me 3pl.s maa be_tired to-ha ch-a ux.f me 3pl.poss ati voice kasiro-hara-ke persist-ip.e.f-decl.f ‘“They are tir ed and they don’t stop pestering. ”’ (101) Me ati ihi okomine oke. me 3pl.poss ati voice ihi be cause_of.f o-ka-ma-ne 1sg.s-come-back-cont.f o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“Because of what they said I have come . ”’ (102) Owati amakere. o-ati 1sg.poss-voice ama-ke-re be-decl.f-neg.f ‘“It wasn’t my idea. ”’ (103) Owati amara ya okomine oni. o-ati 1sg.poss-voice ama-ra be-neg.f ya adju o-ka-ma-ne 1sg.s-come-back-cont.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“I have come , not b ecause of my idea. ”’ 358 (104) Faya kame me kobo namemetemoneke. faya so ka-me come-back.m me 3pl.s kobo arrive na-ma-hemete-mone-ke a ux-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘So he went home. The y arrived back. ’ (105) Me kobo nama me, bai ite me kobo namemetemoneke ahi. me 3pl.s kobo arrive na-ma a ux-back.f me 3pl.s bahi sun(m) ite sit.m me 3pl.s kobo arrive na-ma-hemete-mone-ke a ux-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They arrived back. They arriv ed back when the sun was this high. ’ (106) Oof oko yifoba owamatibe. oof hoo o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yifo-ba firew oo d(f)-fut o-awa-mata-be 1sg.s-see-short_time-immed.f ‘“Whew! I’m going to get myself some fire wood. ”’ (107) Yifo okia okereni, mera wati kanenoho , tasa. yifo firew oo d(f) o-kiha 1sg.s-have o-ke-re-ni 1sg.s-decl.f-neg.f-ip.n.f mera 3pl.o wati plan_against ka-na-hino-ho comit-a ux-ip.n.m-dup tasa again ‘“I didn’t realize I had no fire wood. ” He was planning against them, too. ’ (108) Hibaka okati toaha? hibaka where okati 1sg.poss.older_sister(f) to-haha ch-be.f ‘“Where are my older sisters?”’ (109) Me towaka me awineke, fo wa me b or e naba mati. me 3pl.s to-ka-ka away-comit-go.f me 3pl.s awine-ke seem.f-decl.f fowa manioc(m) me 3pl.s bore pull_out na-haba a ux-fut.f mati 3pl.s ‘“They must have gone out to pull up manioc. ”’ (110) Ati, ati, ati ya me ka ati me ha na me, me ka ati haha r emetemoneke. ati older_sister(f) ati older_sister(f) ati older_sister(f) ya adju me 3pl ka poss 359 J T he toto spirit ati older_sister(f) me 3pl.s haa call na a ux.f me 3pl.s me 3pl ka poss ati older_sister(f) ha-haa dup-call ra-hemete-mone-ke neg-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“Sister , sister . ” They called their older sisters, calling, “Sister . ” Their older sisters didn’t call out. ’ (111) Y ama me siba na me, me moto tokanama, me, hinakati tati tone ra, hinakati tati tone tasi tokasani, mato ya tasi tokasa watehemetemoneni, basioba kawari ya. yama thing(f) me 3pl.s siba look_for na a ux.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s moto loop to-ka-na-ma away-comit-a ux-back.f me 3pl.s hinakati 3poss.sg.older_sister(f) tati head tone bone ra o hinakati 3poss.sg.older_sister(f) tati head tone bone tasi emerge to-ka-kosa-hani ch-comit-middle-ip.n.f mato inner_bark(f) ya adju tasi emerge to-ka-kosa ch-comit-middle.f wata-hemete-mone-ni hang-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f basioba palm.sp(f) ka-waa-ri comit-stand-raised_surface.nom ya adju ‘They looked around. They looped around. Her sisters’ skulls had be en strung with a line of inner bark, and were hanging with a line of inner bark through them, on the basioba palm wall. ’ (112) Faya tati tone me hiwasia Hato Abono okati me kakaba to eino awane . faya so tati head tone bone me 3pl.s hi-wasiha oc-find.f Hato_Abono Hato_Abono(m) okati 1sg.poss.older_sister(f) me 3pl.o ka-kaba dup-eat to-ha-hino ch-a ux-ip.n.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘They found their skulls. “Hato Abono has be en eating my older sisters. ”’ (113) Yifo, yifo ti ne moni saiba nematamona hike ya ahi, teo, teo, teo, teo. yifo firew oo d(f) yifo firew oo d(f) tii cut_through ne a ux.m moni sound sai-baa be_heard-at_a_distance na-himata-mona a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m hike far ya adju ahi then teo (sound_of_hitting) teo (sound_of_hitting) teo (sound_of_hitting) 360 teo (sound_of_hitting) ‘The sound of him cutting firew oo d could be heard in the distance , te o , teo , teo , te o . ’ (114) Ati e towakamahi. ati older_sister(f) ee 1in.s to-ka-ka-ma-hi away-comit-go-back-imp.f ‘“Sister , let’s go. ”’ (115) Faya me yana tokanemetemone fahi, yifo tabo me itikimakab ote . faya so me 3pl.s yana start to-ka-na-hemete-mone ch-comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then yifo hammock(m) tabo bunch.m me 3pl.s iti-kima-kabote pick_up-two-quickly ‘So they got ready to go , quickly grabbing their rolled-up hammocks. ’ (116) Me kana ni towakamemetemoneke ahi, me ka ati, tati me awa mati, tati tone. me 3pl.s kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke away-comit-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then me 3pl ka poss ati older_sister(f) tati head me 3pl.s awa see.f mati 3pl.s tati head tone bone ‘They went running away because they had seen their sisters’ skulls. ’ (117) Me kana ni towakamemetemoneke . me 3pl.s kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone-ke away-comit-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They went running away . ’ (118) Me kana ni towakama me , kamematamonaka yifo tiwa ni. me 3pl.s kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-ka-ma away-comit-go-back.f me 3pl.s ka-ma-himata-mona-ka come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m yifo firew oo d(f) tiwa carry ni a ux.nfin ‘They went running away . He came back carr ying the fire wood. ’ 361 J T he toto spirit (119) Yifo tiwa ni kame, yifo koro nisematamonaka. yifo firew oo d(f) tiwa carry ni a ux.nfin ka-me come-back.m yifo firew oo d(f) koro throw na-risa-himata-mona-ka a ux-down-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He came back carrying the firewood. He threw the fir ewood down. ’ (120) Oof, oof, oof, haa, fahara? oof hoo oof hoo oof hoo haa ( expression_of_exhaustion) faha-ra water(f)-npq ‘“Whew , where is some water?”’ (121) Me afi kanabone me afi kana me awine? me 3pl.s afi bathe ka-na-habone comit-a ux-int.f me 3pl.s afi bathe ka-na comit-a ux.f me 3pl.s awine seem.f ‘“They said they w ere going to bathe, are the y bathing?”’ (122) Me watariya. me 3pl.s wata-ri-ya exist-neg.f-now ‘“They aren’t her e. ”’ (123) Me towakamiya. me 3pl.s to-ka-ka-mi-ya away-comit-go-back.f-now ‘“They went away . ”’ (124) Me towakama me nowati ra ha ne mera ha ne Hii, hii, te afi kini? me 3pl.s to-ka-ka-ma away-comit-go-back.f me 3pl.s nowati after ra o haa call ne a ux.m mera 3pl.o haa call ne a ux.m hii yoohoo hii yoohoo tee 2pl.s afi bathe ka-ni comit-bk g.f ‘They had gone , and he calle d after them. He called them. “Y ooho o , are you bathing?”’ (125) Y ama fafawa. yama thing(f) fa-fawa dup-disappear ‘They had disappeared. ’ 362 (126) Y ama fafawa nemetemoneke ahi. yama thing(f) fa-fawa dup-disappear na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘They had disappeared. ’ (127) Me ha remetemoneke . me 3pl.s haa call ra-hemete-mone-ke neg-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They didn’t call. ’ (128) Me ha ra me, me ha r emetemoneni. me 3pl.s haa call ra neg.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s haa call ra-hemete-mone-ni neg-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘They didn’t call. ’ (129) Kame , yama siba nematamonaka ahi. ka-me come-back.m yama thing(f) siba look_for na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He came back. He looked around. ’ (130) Hika, me ka yama watakare . hika where me 3pl ka poss yama thing(f) wata-ka-re exist-decl-neg.f ‘“What, their things aren’t here . ”’ (131) Hika yama me towakamarini? hika where yama thing(f) me 3pl.s to-ka-ka-ma-ri-ni away-comit-go-back-cq.f-ip.n.f ‘“Where did they take the things?”’ (132) T oto abono yana tonematamonaka. toto bambo o .sp(f) abono spirit yana start to-na-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘The toto spirit was ready to leave . ’ (133) Y ana tone, yana tone kana ni tokomakematamona ahi. yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-make-himata-mona away-go-following-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘He was ready to leave . He went running after them. ’ 363 J T he toto spirit (134) Kana ni tokomake , yama soki, yama soki bata hikane, wete name , kob o name, Hoo, ofimirimakoni me fawa kineni. kana run ni a ux.nfin to-ka-make away-go-following yama thing(f) soki be_dark.nfin yama thing(f) soki be_dark.nfin bata surprise hi-ka-ne oc-comit-a ux.m wete return na-me a ux-back.m kobo arrive na-me a ux-back.m hoo humph o-fimi-ra-makoni 1sg.s-be_hungr y-neg-for_this_reason.f me 3pl.s fawa disappear ka-ne-ni comit-cont.f-bk g.f ‘He went running after them. Darkness ov ertook him. He came back. He arrived back. “Oh boy , because I wasn’t hungr y they disappeared. ”’ (135) Ofimi ya owa ni me fawa kineke . o-fimi 1sg.s-be_hungr y .nom ya adju owa 1sg ni to me 3pl.s fawa disappear ka-ne-ke comit-cont.f-decl.f ‘“Now I’m hungry , and they aren’t here . ”’ (136) Ofimi oke haro . o-fimi 1sg.s-be_hungr y o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f haaro that_one.f ‘“I’m hungry now . ”’ (137) Faya yifo afo kane, ene hiyar ebanoho. faya so yifo fire(f) afo light ka-ne comit-a ux.m ehene deed.m hiya-ra-hiba-no-ho be_bad-neg-fut.m-ip.n.m-dup ‘He lit a fire , and then did something bad. ’ (138) Faya fimi amo kane, ati sai nabe, Ofimiaba ama okanani, oko bani me okobabone me ona me towakamani me me okobabone me ona me towakamine ninihi. faya so fimi hunger(f) amo sleep ka-ne comit-a ux.m ati voice sai be_heard nahabe at_night.m o-fimi-haba 1sg.s-be_hungr y-fut.f ama sec o-ka 1sg.s-decl na-hani a ux-ip.n.f o-ka 1sg.poss-poss bani animal(m) me 3pl.o o-kaba-habone 1sg.s-eat-int.f me 3pl.o o-na 1sg.s-say .f me 3pl.s 364 to-ka-ka-ma-hani away-comit-go-back-ip.n.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.o o-kaba-habone 1sg.s-eat-int.f me 3pl.o o-na 1sg.s-say .f me 3pl.s to-ka-ka-ma-ne away-comit-go-back-cont.f ni-ni-hi a ux.nom.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘He went to sleep hungry . He could b e heard in the night. “No w I’m going to be hungr y . When I was going to eat my meat, they w ent away . I was going to eat them, and they went away . ”’ (139) Faya yama wamini ya, yama waminemetemone amake. faya so yama thing(f) waha-mini dawn-morning.nom.f ya adju yama thing(f) waha-mina-hemete-mone dawn-morning-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ke sec-decl.f ‘In the morning it dawned. ’ (140) Faya Oko sobo okobamakoni, sob o haro . faya so o-ka 1sg.poss-poss sobo belly(f) o-koba-makoni 1sg.s-hit-for_this_reason.f sobo belly(f) haaro that_one.f ‘“I’ll eat my belly . ”’ 9 (141) Hoho, bayikene , bayikene. hoho look bayi-ke-ne be_thick-decl.f-irr.f bayi-ke-ne be_thick-decl.f-irr.f ‘“Look, it’s thick. ”’ (142) Okobabanake. o-kaba-habana-ke 1sg.s-eat-fut.f-decl.f ‘“I’m going to eat it. ”’ (143) Ofimi oke. o-fimi 1sg.s-be_hungr y o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ‘“I’m hungry . ”’ 9 Siko should have said okobimakoni . 365 J T he toto spirit (144) K ero nawamemetemone ahi. kero be_cur ved na-waha-ma-hemete-mone a ux-change-back-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘It was circular . ’ (145) Wisi hisemetemone ahi. wisi cut_up hi-kosa-hemete-mone oc-middle-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘He cut it out. ’ (146) Wisi hisa, yoto . wisi cut_up hi-kosa oc-middle.list yoto intestines.m ‘He cut the belly out. ’ 10 (147) Faya tabasi hinemetemoneke, sobori. faya so tabasi roast_on_rack hi-na-hemete-mone-ke oc-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f sobori belly ‘Then he roasted the belly . ’ (148) Sobori tabasi hina, tabasi hina kaha, ye sosobi hina iyawa sisirihina, iyawa sisirihina nematamonaka. sobori belly tabasi roast_on_rack hi-na oc-a ux.f tabasi roast_on_rack hi-na oc-a ux.f kaha be_toaste d.list yehe hand so-sobi dup-lick hina at_the_same_time.list iyawa grated_mash(f) si-sira-hina dup-toast-at_the_same_time.list iyawa grated_mash(f) si-sira-hina dup-toast-at_same_time na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He roasted the belly . He roasted it. It was ready . He licked his fingers. He toasted manioc mash. ’ (149) Iyawa sire iyawa kakabihina, sobori kabematamonaka ahi. iyawa grated_mash(f) sire toast.m iyawa grated_mash(f) ka-kaba-hina comit-eat-at_the_same_time.list sobori belly kaba-himata-mona-ka eat-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He toasted manioc mash. He ate some manio c mash. He ate his belly . ’ 10 Probably yoto begins a new sentence which Siko did not finish. 366 (150) Sobori kab e , sob ori kabe, sobori kabematamonaka. sobori belly kabe eat.m sobo-ri belly(f)-pn kabe eat.m sobori belly kaba-himata-mona-ka eat-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He ate his belly . ’ (151) Sobori kab e , sob ori kabe ya sobori kabi ab e ya, toro tama kanematamona ahi, honofe. sobori belly kabe eat.m sobori belly kabe eat.nom.m ya adju sobori belly kabi eat.nfin ahabe end.nom.m ya adju toro guts.m tama hold_onto ka-na-himata-mona comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then honofe plant.sp(m) ‘He ate his belly . After he was done eating his b elly , he covered the middle of his bo dy with a wild banana leaf. ’ (152) Fa hawa tonihawame hinaka fa kawita, fa fawehimatamonaka. faha water(f) hawa be_finishe d to-niha-waha-me ch-ca us-change-back.m hinaka 3sg.poss faha water(f) ka-ita comit-sit.f faha water(f) fawa-himata-mona-ka drink-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He got water ready . His water was in the vessel. He drank water . ’ (153) Fa fawematamonaka. faha water(f) fawa-himata-mona-ka drink-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He drank water . ’ (154) Fa fawe fa nafi fawe , hinaka fa taha tonemetemoneke ahi, ssssss. faha water(f) fawe drink.m faha water(f) nafi all fawe drink.m hinaka 3sg.poss faha water(f) taha scatter to-na-hemete-mone-ke ch-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ssssss (sound_of_water ) ‘He drank water . He drank all the water . His water came out, sssssss . ’ (155) See, oko fa ababa amakira. see oh_no o-ka 1sg.poss-poss faha water(f) ahaba-haba spill-fut.f ama-kira sec-mood.f ‘“Oh no, my water came out. ”’ 11 11 The suffix -kira / -kara is an archaic mood suffix (V ogel 2022a: 42f). It is used by Siko and Y owao in traditional stories, but younger Jarawaras do not use it. 367 J T he toto spirit (190) Me abe, me hekanakose me, hiwa kabe abawahematamonaka fahi. me 3pl ahabe die.m me 3pl.s hi-ka-kana-kose oc-comit-leave-middle .m me 3pl hiwa 3sg.refl.m kabe eat.m ahaba-waha-himata-mona-ka die-change-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then ‘He died. They left him behind. He ate himself. Then he die d. ’ 12 (191) Faya abe, faya abematamonaka ahi. faya so ahabe die.m faya so ahaba-himata-mona-ka die-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He died. ’ (192) Abe, boko hikabarawematamonaka, boko, boko sawi. ahabe die.m boko vulture(f) hi-kaba-rawa-himata-mona-ka oc-eat-fpl-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m boko vulture(f) boko_sawi king_vulture(m) ‘He died. The vultures ate him, the king vultures. ’ (193) Boko sawi me hikabematamonane. boko_sawi king_vulture(m) me 3pl.s hi-kaba-himata-mona-ne oc-eat-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘The king vultures ate him. ’ (194) Hinaka fowa ta kawita, hihiti watarari. hinaka 3sg.poss fowa manioc(m) taa contrast ka-ita comit-sit.list hihiti person_who_grates wata-ra-haari exist-neg-ip.e.m ‘But his manioc was still there, with no one to grate it. ’ (195) Faya me hiwamarematamona fahi. faya so me 3pl.s hi-awa-ma-ra-himata-mona oc-see-back-neg-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘They didn’t see him anymore . ’ 12 Me at the beginning is a mistake, also the me after hekanakose . 374 (196) T oto Abono te tonakamariyahi. T oto_Abono T oto_Abono(m) tee 2pl.s to-na-ka-ma-ra-yahi away-ca us-go-back-neg-dist.imp.f ‘“Don’t go after T oto Abono anymore. ”’ (197) T oto Abono bate winarene. T oto_Abono T oto_Abono(m) bate be_rotten.m wina-hare-ne lie_in_hammock-ip.e.m-bk g.m ‘“T oto Abono is lying dead in a hammock. ”’ (198) Hiwa abaka. hiwa only .m ahaba-ka die-decl.m ‘“Let him die. ”’ (199) Sobori b obi nakoseno ahi. sobori belly bobi slit na-kosa-hino a ux-middle-ip.n.m ahi there ‘“He cut up his belly . ”’ (200) Sobori b obi nakose sobori kabeinoka, e eto raba rinihi. sobori belly bobi slit na-kose a ux-middle.m sobori belly kaba-hino-ka eat-ip.n.m-decl.m e-eheto dup-be_go od raba a_bit ri-ni-hi neg.nom.f-ip.n.f-dup ‘“He cut up his belly . He ate his b elly , it taste d r eally goo d. ”’ (201) T oro fene itarisar eka, fa faweno karo . toro inside.m fehene juice.m ita-risa-hare-ka sit-down-ip.e.m-decl.m faha water(f) fawa-hino drink-ip.n.m karo which ‘“The liquid from inside him spilled out, the water which he had drunk. ”’ (202) Faya kamematamona fahi. faya so ka-ma-himata-mona come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘So he came home. ’ 375 J T he toto spirit (203) Kame kobo name, A mi, ami tika koma, tika koma hiwa kab ehino, abeno winaka ahi. ka-me come-back.m kobo arrive na-me a ux-back.m ami mother(f) ami mother(f) ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss koma son_in_law(m) ti-ka 2sg.poss-poss koma son_in_law(m) hiwa 3sg.refl.m kaba-hino eat-ip.n.m ahaba-hino die-ip.n.m wina-ka lie_in_hammock-decl.m ahi there ‘He came home. He arriv e d home . “Mother , your son-in-law ate himself and he died and is lying there in the hammock. ”’ (204) K oma oteharekana ene okobarari, okoto kabaterawari. koma call_son_in_law o-tee-hare-ka-na 1sg.s-hab-ip.e.m-decl.m-irr.m ehene victim_of.m o-kaba-ra-haari 1sg.s-eat-neg-ip.e.m okoto 1sg.poss.daughter(f) kaba-tee-rawa-haari eat-hab-fpl-ip.e.m ‘“He was my son-in-law , but I didn’t eat his game; he ate my daughters. ”’ 13 (205) Afa tabiyo hiwani ra hiri nawa nanoho . afa this.f tabiyo wanting hi-awa-hani oc-feel-ip.n.f ra o hiri do na-waha a ux-change.cont.m na-no-ho a ux.nom.m-ip.n.m-dup ‘“This is what he asked for . ”’ (206) Hiwa abakana. hiwa only .m ahaba-ka-na die-decl.m-irr.m ‘“Let him die. ”’ (207) Abarare . ahaba-ra-hare die-neg-ip.e.m ‘“He is dead. ”’ 13 The first two clauses ar e an example of the “no effect” construction discussed in V ogel (2022a: 200f). The idea is that a mother-in-law could expect to receive meat when her son-in-law hunted. But the toto spirit, instead of hunting, ate her daughters. 37 6 (208) W atamahare . wata-ma-hare exist-back-neg.m ‘“He is no more . ”’ (209) Batareka. bata-hare-ka be_rotten-ip.e.m-decl.m ‘“He has rotted. ”’ (210) Himatabiyo hiwa katoma namata onarekana. himatabiyo why hiwa 3sg.refl.m katoma attack.cont.m na-mata a ux.nom.m-(?).m o-na-hare-ka-na 1sg.s-say-ip.e.m-decl.m-irr.m ‘“Why did he hurt himself?”’ (211) Batareka. bata-hare-ka be_rotten-ip.e.m-decl.m ‘“He has rotted. ”’ (212) Itihina rareka. iti-hina pick_up-can ra-hare-ka neg-ip.e.m-decl.m ‘“He can’t be touche d. ”’ (213) Winareka, bete. wina-hare-ka lie_in_hammock-ip.e.m-decl.m bete rotten.m ‘“He is lying rotten in his hammock. ”’ (214) Bete winareka. bete rotten.m wina-hare-ka lie_in_hammock-ip.e.m-decl.m ‘“He is lying rotten in his hammock. ”’ (215) Ota towamebanaka, tone. otaa 1ex.s to-awa-ma-hibana-ka away-see-back-fut.m-decl.m tone bone ‘“W e will go back there and see his bones. ”’ 377 J T he toto spirit (216) Faya wabori me amo ni tere toi ya wabori me hinakame, tati boko sawi ti hiseno tati hekamakino tati itamakematamonaka. faya so wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) me 3pl.poss amo sleep ni a ux.nfin terei be_three to-hi ch-a ux.nom.f ya adju wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) me 3pl.s hi-na-ka-me oc-ca us-go-back.m tati head boko_sawi king_vulture(m) tii cut_through hi-kosa-hino oc-middle-ip.n.m tati head hi-ka-ka-maki-hino oc-comit-come-following-ip.n.m tati head ita-make-himata-mona-ka sit-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘ After three days they went after their brother-in-law . A king vulture had cut off his head and had taken his head away , and it was on the ground. ’ (217) T ati itaro ha. tati head ita-haaro sit-look.f haa dem ‘“There is the head on the ground. ”’ (218) Boko me hikabematamonaka fahi. boko vulture(f) me 3pl.s hi-kaba-himata-mona-ka oc-eat-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then ‘The vultures ate him. ’ (219) Faya me hikabe, hikabe ab eno ya, boko tone boko kiro natini wani me towasima, faya tafe , tafatafa raba rinihi, hato ab ono kabaharo . faya so me 3pl.s hi-kabe oc-eat.m hi-kabe oc-eat.m ahaba-hino die-ip.n.m ya adju boko vulture(f) tone bone boko vulture(f) kiro gnaw nahati-hani daytime-ip.n.f waa-hani stand-ip.n.f me 3pl.s to-wasi-ma away-find-back.f faya so tafe eat.m tafa-tafa dup-eat raba a_bit ri-ni-hi neg.nom.f-ip.n.f-dup hato bambo o .sp(f) abono spirit kaba-haaro eat-ip.e.f ‘They ate him. They came upon a vulture on the gr ound eating him during the day after he died. It ate a lot as it ate the hato spirit. ’ 14 14 The wor ds ya and b oko ar e mistakes, so that the string should b e abeno tone boko kiro natini . 378 (220) Boko, war eharo haro . boko vulture(f) waa-re-haaro stand-raised_surface-look.f haaro that_one.f ‘“There is a vulture sitting on a branch. ”’ (221) W arehar o ha, haro. waa-re-haaro stand-raised_surface-look.f haa dem haaro that_one.f ‘“It’s sitting on a branch. ”’ (222) Hinaka yifo bete kawinari hari. hinaka 3sg.poss yifo hammock(m) bete rotten.m ka-wina-haari comit-hang-look.m haari that_one.m ‘“His rotted hammock is hanging there. ”’ (223) Ataro winari ha. ataro skin.m wina-haari lie_in_hammock-look.m haa dem ‘“His skin is in the hammock. ”’ (224) Me kakamemetemone fahi. me 3pl.s ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone comit-come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f fahi then ‘They came home. ’ (225) Me kakama me, me kakama me kobo kanami ya, me kobo kanamemetemoneke. me 3pl.s ka-ka-ma comit-come-back.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s ka-ka-ma comit-come-back.f me 3pl.s kobo arrive ka-na-mi comit-a ux-back.nom.f ya adju me 3pl.s kobo arrive ka-na-ma-hemete-mone-ke comit-a ux-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They came come. The y arrived home. ’ (226) Me kobo kanama me, Faira? me 3pl.s kobo arrive ka-na-ma comit-a ux-back.f me 3pl.s fahi-ra that-npq ‘They arrived home. “W ell?”’ 379 J T he toto spirit (227) Faira tina winahare . fahi-ra that-npq ti-na 2sg.s-say .f wina-hare live-neg.m ‘“W ell, he isn’t living there anymor e. ”’ (228) W atarareka. wata-ra-hare-ka exist-neg-ip.e.m-decl.m ‘“He isn’t there . ”’ (229) Faya tone ta tori ahi. faya so tone bone taa be_pile d_up to-ri ch-raised_surface.nom ahi there ‘“His bones are in a pile. ”’ (230) Himatabiyo hiwa wisi na namata oneheno hiwa kabehino? himatabiyo why hiwa 3sg.refl.m wisi cut_up na a ux.cont.m na-mata a ux.nom.m-(?).m o-na-hino 1sg.o-say-ip.n.m hiwa 3sg.refl.m kaba-hino eat-ip.n.m ‘“Why did he cut into himself and eat himself?”’ (231) Abawahane, bani me , bani me nahorimakoni. ahaba-waha-ne die-change.cont.m-bk g.m bani animal(m) me 3pl bani animal(m) me 3pl.s naho-ra-makoni stand-neg-for_this_reason.f ‘“Now he died. There is game . ”’ (232) T oto Abono okasima kanahiwarawareba, okasima yabaraweimata. T oto_Abono T oto_Abono(m) okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) ka-na-hiwa-rawa-ra-hiba comit-ca us-have_children-fpl-neg-fut.m okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) yaba-rawa-himata marry-fpl-fp.n.m ‘“T oto Abono didn’t want to make my sisters pregnant, but he married my sisters. ”’ 380 (233) Hiwa kabi yotoimata. hiwa 3sg.refl.m kabi eat.nfin yoto-himata follow-fp.n.m ‘“In the end he ate himself. ”’ (234) Abawane. ahaba-waha-ne die-change.cont.m-bk g.m ‘“Now he died. ”’ 381 K Casting sp ells on each other Introduction The story Casting spells on each other was told by Y owao in 1994. The corr espond- ing audio file can be downloaded at: https://www.silbrazil.org/sites/brazil/files/ yowao- castspell.mp3. Aspects of shamanism are shown in this story . T wo brothers-in-law put spells on each other , and one of them dies as a result. The one who survives is cured by the shamanic skills of his younger brother . English translation The people from A wita Fa put spells on each other . “I’m going after hawa fruits. Boil some manioc juice. ” 1 He went. He got palm leaves for a basket. He wo ve the basket. He put down leaves inside the basket. Then he cut down the hawa palm. He chopped at the hawa palm. His brother-in-law came , and heard the sound of him. T oko , toko , toko , went the sound of the ax. “Oh no, that’s my hawa palm where I kill birds that eat its fruits. He is cutting down the hawa palm where I kill bir ds that eat its fruits. I will get rev enge. I will put a spell on him. ” He went away . He prepared a shaman’s stone. He put a spell on some cotton string. He extended the string across the path of his brother-in-law . He waited for him. The first man put the hawa fruits that had fallen with the palm into the basket. He was ready . He thought there wasn’t anyone there . His brother-in-law was hiding. 1 The Jarawaras don’t boil manioc juice to mix with hawa fruits anymore, today they use water , but Y owao ’s wife Aobina used to make it when they wer e younger . K C asting spells on each other (19) Kamematamona hawa w eye ni. ka-ma-himata-mona come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m hawa palm.sp(f) wey e carry ni a ux.nfin ‘He came back carrying the hawa fruits on his back. ’ (20) Kame yama yama kaohani, towakitikosamematamonahane. ka-me come-back.m yama thing(f) yama thing(f) kaho-hani be_tie d-ip.n.f to-ka-iti-kosa-ma-himata-mona-ha-ne away-comit-pick_up-middle-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup-bk g.m ‘He came back. He hit against the line that was extended. ’ (21) Y eb e yama nemetemone ahi. yebe (sound_of_shocking) yama make na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘ Y eb e , w ent the thing. ’ (22) Bao nisematamona ahi. bao come_down na-risa-himata-mona a ux-down-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘He fell down. ’ (23) Faya, ahabarisematamonahane. faya so ahaba-risa-himata-mona-ha-ne die-down-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup-bk g.m ‘He passed out. ’ (24) Faya wabori tokome, kamakiama ne hiwasimakimatamonane, homahari. faya so wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) to-ka-me away-go-back.m ka-maki-hama come-following-pretending ne a ux.m hi-wasi-maki-himata-mona-ne oc-find-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m homa-haari lie_on_ground-ip.e.m ‘His brother-in-law pretended to come . He came upon him as he was lying there . ’ 390 (25) Home wabori hiwasimaki, Aa, oko wabo me kanawasihani me awine. home lie_on_ground.m wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) hi-wasi-maki oc-find-following.m aa ( expression_of_surprise) o-ka 1sg.poss-poss wabo brother_in_law(m) me 3pl.s ka-na-wasi-hani comit-ca us-get_caught-ip.n.f me 3pl.s awine seem.f ‘He lay there . His brother-in-law came upon him. “ Ah, I guess some one cast a spell on my brother-in-law . ”’ (26) Oko wabo me ai nani me awinekira. o-ka 1sg.poss-poss wabo brother_in_law(m) me 3pl.s ahi mess_with na-hani a ux-ip.n.f me 3pl.s awine-kira seem.f-mood.f ‘“They have messed with my brother-in-law . ”’ (27) Faya sina hisi ne wabori toma ne yama kayab ematamonahane . faya so sina snuff(f) hisi sniff ne a ux.m wabori 3sg.poss.brother_in_law(m) toma suck ne a ux.m yama thing(f) ka-yaba-himata-mona-ha-ne comit-take_out-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup-bk g.m ‘He took snuff. He sucked on his brother-in-law to cure him. He took the shaman’s stone out of him. ’ (28) Y ama kayabe, yama kayabematamonahane. yama thing(f) ka-yabe comit-take_out.m yama thing(f) ka-yaba-himata-mona-ha-ne comit-take_out-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup-bk g.m ‘He took the shaman’s stone out of him. ’ (29) Y ama kayabe, faya itamisame, Hoo, hinamati o wa kanawasi owa awine o. yama thing(f) ka-yabe comit-take_out.m faya so ita-misa-me sit-up-back.m hoo whew hinamati someone(m) owa 1sg.o ka-na-wasi comit-ca us-get_caught.m owa 1sg.o awine seem.f o 1sg.s ‘He took the shaman’s stone out of him. He sat up. “Whew , some one put a spell on me. ”’ 391 K C asting spells on each other (30) Tiwa me ai na tiwa awine tini. tiwa 2sg.o me 3pl.s ahi mess_with na a ux.f tiwa 2sg.o awine seem.f ti-ni 2sg.o-bk g.f ‘“Someone messed with you. ”’ (31) E awari. ee 1in.s awa-ri see-neg.nom.f ‘“I wonder who it was. ”’ (32) Tiwa okomake tiwa owasimakiara o . tiwa 2sg.o o-ka-make 1sg.s-come-following tiwa 2sg.o o-wasi-maki-hara 1sg.s-find-following-ip.e.f o 1sg.s ‘“I came and came upon you. ”’ (33) Tiwamisama. ti-waa-misa-ma 2sg.s-stand-up-back ‘“Stand up. ”’ (34) Hinawamisame mano hiti hinawamisame, Hoo himata ebe tinaba ama tiri? hi-na-waa-misa-me oc-ca us-stand-up-back.m mano arm.m hi-iti oc-pick_up.m hi-na-waa-misa-me oc-ca us-stand-up-back.m hoo whew himata what ebe purpose ti-na-haba 2sg.s-a ux-fut.f ama sec ti-ri 2sg.s-cq.f ‘He helped him to his fe et. He grabbed his arm, and helpe d him to his feet. “Whew , what were you doing?”’ (35) Y ama yete onabone o. yama thing(f) yete hunt o-na-habone 1sg.s-a ux-int.f o 1sg.s ‘“I am going hunting. ”’ (36) Ee tikiya. ee yes ti-ka-yahi 2sg.s-go-dist.imp.f ‘“Right, go ahead. ”’ 392 (37) Tikiyahi. ti-ka-yahi 2sg.s-go-dist.imp.f ‘“Go ahead. ”’ (38) Tikamiya. ti-ka-ma-yahi 2sg.s-go-back-dist.imp.f ‘“Y ou go home. ”’ (39) T ekamiya. ti-ka-ka-ma-yahi 2sg.s-comit-go-back-dist.imp.f ‘“Go home sick. ”’ (40) Tiwa me kanawasine nirani oni. tiwa 2sg.o me 3pl.s ka-na-wasi-ne comit-ca us-get_caught-cont.f ni-rani a ux.f-? o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“I guess someone cast a spell on you. ”’ (41) Tiwa me kanawasiani tiwa toma one o. tiwa 2sg.o me 3pl.s ka-na-wasi-hani comit-ca us-get_caught-ip.n.f tiwa 2sg.o toma suck o-ne 1sg.s-cont.f o 1sg.s ‘“Someone put a spell on you, and I am sucking on you to cure y ou. ”’ (42) Faya tokomematamonaka fahi. faya so to-ka-ma-himata-mona-ka away-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then ‘So he went home. ’ (43) Karabowa kakiti tokematamonane . karaboha blowgun(f) ka-iti comit-pick_up.m to-ka-himata-mona-ne away-go-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘He picked up his blowgun, and went into the forest. ’ (44) Hawa wey e namise tokome kofafa kane towakamematamona ahi. hawa palm.sp(f) wey e carry na-mise a ux-up.m to-ka-me away-go-back.m kofa-fa be_unsteady-dup ka-ne comit-a ux.m to-ka-ka-ma-himata-mona away-comit-go-back-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘He lifted the hawa fruits onto his back, and went home. He was unsteady as he went sick. ’ 393 K C asting spells on each other (45) Ma toname nokowame , O wa ai neno amane . maa stop to-na-me away-a ux-back.m noko-waha-me point-change-back.m owa 1sg.o ahi mess_with na-hino a ux-ip.n.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘He stopped, and lo oked back. “He is the one that messed with me. ”’ (46) Hinaka yama kome owine o. hinaka 3sg.poss yama thing(f) kome sickness.f o-awa-ne 1sg.s-feel-cont.f o 1sg.s ‘“It is his sickness that I have . ”’ (47) Maki tina. maki pay ti-na 2sg.s-a ux ‘“I will get rev enge. ”’ (48) T okematamonaka fari. to-ka-himata-mona-ka away-go-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m faari that_one.m ‘The other man went into the forest. ’ (49) Fawa tonakosawitimatamona. fawa disappear to-na-kosa-witi-himata-mona away-a ux-middle-out-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘He disappeared. ’ (50) Y ama owa, ni kobo kanarake ahi. yama thing(f) owa 1sg ni to kobo arrive ka-na-hara-ke comit-a ux-ip.e.f-decl.f ahi then ‘“Something touched me. ”’ (51) Y ama kaohani mati katise, yama kaohani mati katise yama mati katifome , hikatifomemetemoneni. yama thing(f) kaho-hani be_tie d-ip.n.f mati line.f ka-tise comit-undo.m yama thing(f) kaho-hani be_tie d-ip.n.f mati line.f ka-tise comit-undo.m yama thing(f) mati line.f ka-tifo-me comit-tie_together-back.m hi-ka-tifo-ma-hemete-mone-ni oc-comit-tie_together-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘He untied the string that had b een tied. He tied the string back together . ’ 394 (52) Faya yama towakamaki yama tokahomakimatamona ahi. faya so yama thing(f) to-ka-ka-maki away-comit-go-following.m yama thing(f) to-kaho-maki-himata-mona away-tie-following-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘He took it and tied it somewhere else. ’ (53) Owa ahi neno ama. owa 1sg.o ahi mess_with na-hino a ux-ip.n.m ama sec ‘“He messed with me. ”’ (54) Owahare. o-awa-hare 1sg.s-see-ip.e.m ‘“I saw him. ”’ (55) Faya, manako hiematamonane. faya so manako rev enge hi-ha-himata-mona-ne oc-pay_back-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘Then he got rev enge on him. ’ (56) Y ama kobobo k anihi hekanakosematamonaka. yama thing(f) kobo-b o be_attache d-dup ka-nihi comit-ca us.m hi-ka-kana-kosa-himata-mona-ka oc-comit-leave-middle-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He tied the string, and left him b ehind. ’ (57) Kamematamona. ka-ma-himata-mona come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘He came back. ’ (58) Owakamib e . o-ka-ka-ma-be 1sg.s-comit-go-back-immed.f ‘“I will go back sick. ”’ 395 K C asting spells on each other (59) Y ama kome kiti. yama thing(f) kome sickness.f kiti be_strong.nom.f ‘“The sickness is intense. ”’ (60) K akamematamona. ka-ka-ma-himata-mona comit-come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘He came back sick. ’ (61) K akame, Okobi kamari hari bite ati nemetemoneni. ka-ka-me comit-come-back.m okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) ka-ma-haari come-back-look.m haari that_one.m bite 3sg.poss.daughter(f) ati say na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘He came back sick. “Look my father is coming back there, ” his daughter said. ’ (62) Okobi okobi okobi sonehino amane . okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) sona-hino fall-ip.n.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘“My father fell down. ”’ (63) Okobi yaka ni hiyar e ati nemetemoneheni. okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) yaka walk ni a ux.nfin hiya-re be_bad-neg.m ati say na-hemete-mone-he-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup-bk g.f ‘“My father is not walking good, ” she said. ’ (64) A noti ki kabote nematamonane. anoti 3sg.poss_older_brother(m) kii look kabote quickly na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘His older brother looked quickly . ’ 3 3 Y owao should have said nisori ’his y ounger brother’ . 396 (65) Oko yo, okoy o no toneno ama. okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) noho be_hurt to-na-hino ch-a ux-ip.n.m ama sec ‘“My older brother is hurt. ”’ (66) Okoy o inamati, no tonihare. okoyo 1sg.poss.older_brother(m) inamati someone(m) noho be_hurt to-niha-hare ch-ca us-ip.e.m ‘“Someone hurt my brother . ”’ (67) Hoo oko yifo oko yifo horo tikanisamahi. hoo whew o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yifo hammock(m) o-ka 1sg.poss-poss yifo hammock(m) horo drag ti-ka-na-risa-ma-hi 2sg.s-comit-a ux-down-back-imp.f ‘“Whew , lower my hammock. ”’ (68) No ona owakamine oni. noho be_hurt o-na 1sg.s-a ux.f o-ka-ka-ma-ne 1sg.s-comit-come-back-cont.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ‘“I am hurt. I am coming back sick. ”’ (69) A yo himata ebe tirini? ayo older_brother(m) himata what ebe happen_to ti-ri-ni 2sg.s-cq.f-ip.n.f ‘“Brother , what happ ened to you?”’ (7 0) Inamati o wa kanawasirani ona okomine oni ati nematamonane. inamati someone(m) owa 1sg.o ka-na-wasi-rani comit-ca us-find-? o-na 1sg.s-say .f o-ka-ma-ne 1sg.s-come-back-cont.f o-ni 1sg.s-bk g.f ati say na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘“I think someone cast a spell on me, and I have come back, ” he said. ’ (71) Tiwa me kanawasiha tiwa awine ti. tiwa 2sg.o me 3pl.s ka-na-wasiha comit-ca us-get_caught.f tiwa 2sg.o awine seem.f ti 2sg.s ‘“Someone cast a spell on you. ”’ 397 K C asting spells on each other (72) Faya toma hinematamona fahi. faya so toma suck hi-na-himata-mona oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m fahi then ‘So he sucked on him to cure him. ’ (73) T oma hinematamona ahi. toma suck hi-na-himata-mona oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘He sucked on him. ’ (74) T oma ni sa hise , bai tokematamonaka. toma suck ni a ux.nfin saa leave_off hi-kose oc-middle.m bahi sun(m) to-ka-himata-mona-ka away-go-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He left off sucking on him. The sun went down. ’ (75) Bai toke, bai toke ya kamematamonane yaki me w eye nari bani me we ye nari. bahi sun(m) to-ke away-go.m bahi sun(m) to-ke away-go.nom.m ya adju ka-ma-himata-mona-ne come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m yaki toucan.sp(m) me 3pl.o wey e carry na-haari a ux-ip.e.m bani animal(m) me 3pl.o wey e carry na-haari a ux-ip.e.m ‘Late in the day he came back, carrying toucans, carr ying birds. ’ (7 6) Hinaka yama nakora kaometemoneni. hinaka 3sg.poss yama_nakora shaman’s_stone(f) kaho-hemete-mone-ni be_tie d-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘His shaman’s stone was tied up. ’ (77) Bete nawahebona bai toke ene b ete nawebona, yama we ye tokasematamonaka ahi. bete run na-waha-hibona a ux-change-int.m bahi sun(m) to-ke away-go.m ehene be cause_of.m bete run na-waha-hibona a ux-change-int.m yama thing(f) wey e carry to-ka-kosa-himata-mona-ka ch-comit-middle-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘Because it was late in the day , he ran, and he hit against the string. ’ 398 (78) Kiha na rama ahi. kiha (sound_of_hitting) na a ux.f rama unusual ahi then ‘There was the sound of him hitting, kiha . ’ (79) Y eb e tomata noko . yebe shock to-mata ch-fp.n.m noko face.m ‘He felt a shock in his head. ’ (80) Iii, sonehimatamona ahi, hinaka, hinaka, yaki me mafo me me hirawa hinababani mati. iii (sound_of_falling) sona-himata-mona fall-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then hinaka 3sg.poss hinaka 3sg.poss yaki toucan.sp(m) me 3pl mafo small_ant(m) me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-rawa oc-trim hi-nahaba-haba-ni oc-at_night-fut.f-ip.n.f mati 3pl.o ‘ Iii , he fell down. The ants cut off the feathers of his toucans during the night. ’ 4 (81) Bani me kasisi nemetemone ama ahi. bani animal(m) me 3pl.s kasi-si be_bald-dup na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ama sec ahi then ‘The birds wer e without any feathers. ’ (82) Me ka bani me hiti, noko mafo me si hinabematamona ama ahi. me 3pl ka poss bani animal(m) me 3pl.poss hiti owner(m) noko eye .m mafo small_ant(m) me 3pl.s sii spray hi-nahaba-himata-mona oc-at_night-fp.n.m-rep.m ama sec ahi then ‘The ants wer e spraying the eyes of the owner of the bir ds during the night. ’ 4 The sound word iii is inter esting, be cause the ev ent it represents doesn’t actually have a sound. W e, too, do this in cartoons, for example when there is a sound effect for when a character has an idea. 399 “If he would have been alert, the enemy wouldn’t have speared him, ” they always said. He went. “They ate my son-in-law . ” “Y ooho o, ” he said. “Y ooho o, ” answer ed the Yima. “I’m here , Mayawari’s son-in-law . I want to die now that my father-in-law Mayawari is dead. ” The Yima appeared right away . Mayawari’s son-in-law looked. He stood for a bit. After he stood for a bit, the Yima, who had come into the area, spoke. “He called out. Where is he?” He ran really fast. He had arro ws, he should have shot him. He came running back. “Where are you?” The Yima called out, but no one was there . He kept on running. He came on. When he got back, “Mayawari ... Mayawari was speared by the Yimas. His son died with him. ” Mayawari’s son’s father-in-law got right up. He grabbed some arrows. He went out. The two of them went running. They didn’t find them. They came back during the night. They appeared. “He ate my nephew and left. ” The ones who killed disappeared. Glossed text (1) Me ati yama wati kanamani afa memetemone me okominaro me amake ahi, Mayawari me bobi nemetemone mati. me 3pl.poss ati voice yama thing(f) wati plan_against ka-na-ma-hani comit-a ux-back-ip.n.f afa this.f me-mete-mone 3pl-fp.n.f-rep.f me 3pl.o o-kamina-haro 1sg.s-tell-rp.e.f me 3pl.o ama-ke sec-decl.f ahi then Mayawari Mayawari(m) me 3pl.s bobi slit na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f mati 3pl.s ‘Those wer e the ones I told you about, the ones who planned to attack again, who cut up Mayawari. ’ 491 N Mayawari (2) Hoo, Mayawari ko karayawahebona, Mayawari. hoo whew Mayawari Mayawari(m) koo tree.sp(f) karayawaha-hibona wait_at-int.m Mayawari Mayawari(m) ‘Mayawari was going to wait [for game] at a ko tree. “Mayawari. ”’ (3) Hoo. hoo huh? ‘“Huh?”’ (4) K o tikarayawibana? koo tree.sp(f) ti-karayawi-bana 2sg.s-wait_at.f-fut ‘“ Are you going to wait for game at the ko tree?”’ (5) Ee, ko okarayawabone okene. ee yes koo tree.sp(f) o-karayawaha-habone 1sg.s-wait_at-int.f o-ke-ne 1sg.s-decl.f-irr.f ‘“Y es, I am going to wait for game at the ko tree. ”’ (6) Me atinihi ya me atinihi ya me me y obi hikana me, Mayawari ko karayawahebona yana tonematamona. me 3pl.poss ati-ni-hi voice-ip.n.f-dup ya adju me 3pl.poss ati-ni-hi voice-ip.n.f-dup ya adju me 3pl.o me 3pl.s yobi go_back_and_forth hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.f me 3pl.o Mayawari Mayawari(m) koo tree.sp(f) karayawaha-hibona wait_at-int.m yana start to-na-himata-mona ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘They went out to find them, and this is what the Yimas wanted. Mayawari set out to wait for game at the ko tree. ’ (7) A yaki kame ayaki yana tone, biti fame biti ayaki wara tona hine, biti ayaki wara tona hinematamonaka. ayaki sing.nfin ka-me come-back.m ayaki sing.nfin yana start to-ne ch-a ux.m biti 3sg.poss.son(m) fame be_with.m biti 3sg.poss.son(m) ayaka sing.nfin wara respond_to to-na ch-a ux.list hi-ne oc-a ux.m biti 3sg.poss.son(m) ayaka sing.nfin wara respond_to to-na ch-a ux.list 492 hi-na-himata-mona-ka oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He came singing. He was with his son. His son sang with him. ’ (8) Biti fame, biti, A yaka wara tinahi. biti 3sg.poss.son(m) fame be_with.m biti 3sg.poss.son(m) ayaka song(f) wara respond_to ti-na-hi 2sg.s-a ux-imp.f ‘He was with his son. “Sing the song. ”’ (9) Mayawari biti ayaki wara tona hine ayaki kame ko karayawahebona bai toke ya ayaka hiri ne, hikehike ya e noko fiya tokasamate , ayaka noko tonihamako. Mayawari Mayawari(m) biti 3sg.poss.son(m) ayaka sing.nfin wara respond_to to-na ch-a ux.list hi-ne oc-a ux.m ayaka sing.nfin ka-me come-back.m koo tree.sp(f) karayawaha-hibona wait_at-int.m bahi sun(m) to-ke away-go.nom.m ya adju ayaka song(f) hiri sing ne a ux.m hike-hike dup-far ya adju ee 1in.poss noko eye fiya pass to-ka-kosa-ma-tee away-comit-middle-back-hab ayaka song(f) noko attraction to-niha-mako ch-ca us-for_this_reason.m ‘Mayawari’s son sang with him. He came singing. He was going to wait for game at the ko tree, and he sang late in the afternoon. It’s good to look at what is far ahead, but he was absorb ed in the song. ’ (10) Boke hinemata awaka ahi. boke threaten hi-na-himata oc-a ux-fp.n.m awa-ka seem.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He was probably aiming [his spear] at him. ’ (11) Tiwa otibote onene ama oke ati nemata awane. tiwa 2sg.o o-ita-bote 1sg.s-pierce-quickly o-na-hene 1sg.s-a ux-irr.f ama sec o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ati say na-himata a ux-fp.n.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘“If I wanted to, I could spear you, ” he probably said. ’ 493 N Mayawari (12) Ha ya, ha ya wematamonaka. haa dem ya adju haa dem ya adju waa-himata-mona-ka stand-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He was on the other side. ’ (13) Hinaka wabise ini waineke wakaro ya. hinaka 3sg.poss wabise spear(f) ini point.f waa-ne-ke be_lo cated-cont.f-decl.f wakaro tree.sp(m) ya adju ‘His spear point is in the wakaro tree. ’ (14) Ha ya owa wa. haa dem ya adju owa other .m waa stand.list ‘There was another Yima on the other side . ’ (15) Y ama homemetemoneke. yama thing(f) homa-hemete-mone-ke lie_on_ground-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘There was [ a Yima woman] lying there . ’ (16) Y ama awa nakemetemoneke hinaka yama noko. yama thing(f) awa be_op en na-ki-hemete-mone-ke a ux-coming-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f hinaka 3sg.poss yama noko vagina(m) ‘Her vagina was open. ’ (17) Fiko fiko fiko inamate yama homini. fiko ( cr y_of_capuchin) fiko ( cr y_of_capuchin) fiko ( cr y_of_capuchin) inamate child(m) yama thing(f) homa-ni lie_on_ground-bk g.f ‘“ Fiko , fiko , fiko . Boy , there is something lying there. ”’ (18) Inamate e kanematamonane. inamate child(m) ee yell ka-na-himata-mona-ne comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘The boy cried out. ’ (19) Inamate e kanematamona amane. inamate child(m) ee yell ka-na-himata-mona comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ama-ne sec-bk g.m ‘The boy cried out. ’ 494 (20) Ee abi abi abi abi. ee ( cr ying_out) abi father(m) abi father(m) abi father(m) abi father(m) ‘“Father , father . ”’ (21) W ete kabote nematamonaka ahi. wete return kabote quickly na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He came back quickly . ’ (22) Kana ni kame biti mano wara tone biti, bete kawahematamonaka. kana run na a ux.nfin ka-me come-back.m biti 3sg.poss.son(m) mano arm.m wara grab to-ne ch-a ux.m biti 3sg.poss.son(m) bete run ka-waha-himata-mona-ka comit-change-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He came running back. He grabbe d his son’s arm. He ran with his son. ’ (23) Biti bete kawe waha tonematamonaka. biti 3sg.poss.son(m) bete run ka-wahe comit-change.m waha turn to-na-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He went running off into the forest with his son. ’ (24) W abise ini waineke. wabise spear(f) ini point.f waa-ne-ke be_lo cated-cont.f-decl.f ‘The point of the spear is stuck in the tree. ’ (25) K oro hani hinihe rama ahi. koro (sound_of_something_being_thro wn) hani miss hi-nihe oc-ca us.m rama unusual ahi then ‘ K oro it went as he thr ew it, but he missed him. ’ (26) Kar o wakaro . karo (sound_of_spear_hitting_tree) wakaro tree.sp(m) ‘It went karo as it hit the wakar o tree. ’ 495 N Mayawari (27) Haha oko bani hasi neba amakara. haha yikes o-ka 1sg.poss-poss bani animal(m) hasi escape na-hiba a ux-fut.m ama-kara sec-mood.m ‘“Oh no, I missed the game. ”’ (28) Bete ni tokomisame wabise rama ahi. bete run na a ux.nfin to-ka-misa-me away-go-up-back.m wabise spear(f) rama unusual ahi there ‘He went running up the hill, but there was another one waiting with a spear . ’ (29) Ma hikane rama ahi. maa stop hi-ka-ne oc-comit-a ux.m rama unusual ahi then ‘He was aiming at him. ’ (30) Hitehimatamonaka ahi. hi-ita-himata-mona-ka oc-pierce-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He hit him. ’ (31) A ya. aya ( expression_of_pain) ‘“ A ya . ”’ (32) Faya haha hikanematamonaka ahi. faya so haahaa laugh hi-ka-na-himata-mona-ka oc-comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He laughed at him. ’ (33) Mayawari kiya kane Mayawari biti nabowa nematamonaka ahi. Mayawari Mayawari(m) kiya yell ka-ne comit-a ux.m Mayawari Mayawari(m) biti 3sg.poss.son(m) naabowa kill.list na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘Mayawari cried out. He also killed Mayawari’s son. ’ 496 (34) Faya me tokoma me, me hiwakame, Bobi naba? faya so me 3pl.s to-ka-ma away-go-back.f me 3pl.s me 3pl.s hi-ka-ka-me oc-comit-go-back.m bobi slit na-ba a ux-immed.m ‘They left. They took him. “Shall we cut him up?”’ (35) Ee, bobi tinaho. ee yes bobi slit ti-na-ho 2sg.s-a ux-imp.m ‘“Y es, you cut him up. ”’ (36) E ibori nebanaka. ee 1in.s ibori carry na-hibana-ka a ux-fut.m-decl.m ‘“W e will carry him in pieces. ”’ (37) Biti yoto titiho . biti 3sg.poss.son(m) yoto intestines.m ti-iti-ho 2sg.s-take_out-imp.m ‘“Y ou gut his son. ”’ (38) Biti yoto sawi tikanisa ahi. biti 3sg.poss.son(m) yoto intestines.m sawi drape ti-ka-na-risa 2sg.s-comit-a ux-down ahi there ‘“Drape his son’s intestines along a pole. ”’ (39) Y oto me hiwabaya. yoto intestines.m me 3pl.s hi-awa-ba-ya oc-see-immed.m-now ‘“Let them see his intestines. ”’ (40) Faya yoto me hiti y oto me, awa baka na ya yoto fito nawa tonamakehitematamonaka ahi. faya so yoto intestines.m me 3pl.s hi-iti oc-take_out.m yoto intestines.m me 3pl awa tree(f) baka be_broken na a ux.f ya adju yoto intestines.m fito run na-waha a ux-change 497 N Mayawari to-na-make-hiti-himata-mona-ka away-a ux-following-along_the_way-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘So they took out his intestines. His intestines were extended along some sticks. ’ (41) Biti yoto hete kanisa faya kame wati tama kane hiwa awaremata awaka. biti 3sg.poss.son(m) yoto intestines.m hete be_stuck_in ka-na-risa comit-a ux-down.list faya so ka-me come-back.m wati arrow(m) tama hold_onto ka-ne comit-a ux.m hiwa 3sg.refl.m awa-ra-himata see-neg-fp.n.m awa-ka seem.m-decl.m ‘His son’s intestines were stuffed in the openings of split sticks. When he came, he had been carr ying arrows, but wasn’t thinking. ’ (42) E awakere . ee 1in.s awa-ke-re see-decl.f-neg.f ‘I don’t know . ’ (43) Mayawari Mayawari Mayawari Mayawari kakama re Mayawari totowamake tinahi ko yete kanebona ati ne kamakabote nebona ati ne inamate fame fawa naka. Mayawari Mayawari(m) Mayawari Mayawari(m) Mayawari Mayawari(m) Mayawari Mayawari(m) ka-ka-ma dup-come-back re neg.m Mayawari Mayawari(m) to-to-awa-make dup-away-see-following ti-na-hi 2sg.s-a ux-imp.f koo tree.sp(f) yete hunt ka-na-hibona comit-a ux-int.m ati say ne a ux.m ka-ma-kabote come-back-quickly na-hibona a ux-int.m ati say ne a ux.m inamate child(m) fame be_with.m fawa disappear na-ka a ux.cont.m-decl.m ‘“Mayawari didn’t come back. Go look for Mayawari. He said he was going to wait for game at the ko tree. He said he was going to come back right away . He disapp eared with his boy . ”’ (44) T okomake wati tama karemata awaka. to-ka-make away-go-following wati arrow(m) tama hold_onto ka-ra-himata comit-neg-fp.n.m 498 awa-ka seem.m-decl.m ‘He went. He appare ntly didn’t take any arrows. ’ (45) Hine kabanamine rama hinamati sa hikaremeteni, me aati toimaro amani. hine 3.refl ka-habana-mi-ne comit-order_someone_against-back.nom.f-irr.f rama unusual hinamati someone(m) saa shoot_with_arrow hi-ka-ra-hemete-ni oc-comit-neg-fp.n.f-bk g.f me 3pl.s a-ati dup-say to-hi-maro ch-a ux.nom.f-fp.e.f ama-ni be-bk g.f ‘“If he would have be en alert, the enemy wouldn’t have speared him, ” they always said. ’ (46) Faya tokomakematamonaka. faya so to-ka-make-himata-mona-ka away-go-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He went. ’ (47) T okomake, Oko koma me, oko koma me kabakeni. to-ka-make away-go-following o-ka 1sg.poss-poss koma son_in_law(m) me 3pl o-ka 1sg.poss-poss koma son_in_law(m) me 3pl.s kaba-ke-ni eat-decl.f-ip.n.f ‘He went. “They ate my son-in-law . ”’ (48) Hee ati nematamonaka. hee hey ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“Y oohoo, ” he said. ’ (49) Hee. hee hey ‘“Y oohoo. ”’ (50) Mayawari ka koma owa naro har o. Mayawari Mayawari(m) ka poss koma son_in_law(m) o-waa 1sg.s-stand.list na-haaro a ux-look.f haaro that_one.f ‘“I’m here , Mayawari’s son-in-law . ”’ 499 O Kamabira (5) W afa biti oharimatamonaka hekamahari. wafa woolly_monkey(m) biti young.m ohari-himata-mona-ka be_one-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m hi-ka-ka-ma-haari oc-comit-come-back-ip.e.m ‘He only took home one little monkey . ’ (6) Mati yifo afo hikana ya, wafa tokamematamonaka. mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) yifo fire(f) afo light hi-ka-na oc-comit-a ux.f ya adju wafa woolly_monkey(m) toka-ma-himata-mona-ka partially_burn-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He burned the hair off the monkey back in the village, in the fir e his mother lit. ’ (7) W afa tokame, wafa bobi ne wafa yokematamonane, yifo ya. wafa woolly_monkey(m) toka-me partially_burn-back.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) bobi slit ne a ux.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) yoka-himata-mona-ne roast_on_coals-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m yifo fire(f) ya adju ‘He burned the hair off the monkey , then cut up the monkey , and roasted the monkey on the fire . ’ (8) Faya iyawa sire , wafa yamama nimatamonane. faya so iyawa grated_mash(f) sire toast.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) yama-ma remov e_from_fir e-dup niha-himata-mona-ne ca us-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘He toasted some manioc mash, and to ok the monkey off the fire . ’ (9) W afa yamama ni wafa kabawematamonaka wafa amehinoho. wafa woolly_monkey(m) yama-ma remov e_from_fir e-dup niha ca us.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) kaba-waha-himata-mona-ka eat-change-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m wafa woolly_monkey(m) ama-hino-ho be_blo ody-ip.n.m-dup ‘He took the monkey off the fire . Then he ate the monkey , not noticing it still had blood in it. ’ 506 (10) Bani ame tikabine tini? mati ati nemetemoneni. bani animal(m) ame be_blo ody .m ti-kaba-ne 2sg.s-eat-cont.f ti-ni 2sg.s-bk g.f mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) ati say na-hemete-mone-ni a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘“ Are you eating bloody meat?” his mother said. ’ (11) Bani amakara. bani animal(m) ama-ka-ra be_blo ody-decl.m-neg.m ‘“The meat doesn’t have blood in it. ”’ (12) Bani siba kara. bani animal(m) siba be_all_right ka-ra decl.m-neg.m ‘“The meat isn’t bloody . ”’ (13) Ofimimakoni ama oke ati nematamonaka. o-fimi-makoni 1sg.s-be_hungr y-for_this_reason.f ama sec o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“I’m really hungry , ” he said. ’ (14) Ofimimakoni, wafa okobine o. o-fimi-makoni 1sg.s-be_hungr y-for_this_reason.f wafa woolly_monkey(m) o-kaba-ne 1sg.s-eat-cont.f o 1sg.s ‘“I’m really hungry , that’s why I’m eating the monkey . ”’ (15) Faya yana nematamonaka. faya so yana get_up na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He got up. ’ (16) Fa fawematamonane . faha water(f) fawa-himata-mona-ne drink-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘He drank some water . ’ 507 O Kamabira (17) Sina, sina hisi nematamonaka. sina snuff(f) sina snuff(f) hisi sniff na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He took some snuff. ’ (18) Sina hisi ne tokawematamonaha, mi nebonaha. sina snuff(f) hisi sniff ne a ux.m to-ka-waha-himata-mona-ha away-go-change-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup mii defecate na-hibona-ha a ux-int.m-dup ‘He took some snuff, and then went out to defecate. ’ (19) T oke kamematamonaha. to-ke away-go.m ka-ma-himata-mona-ha come-back-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘He went out, and then came back. ’ (20) Me winakosemetemoneke. me 3pl.s wina-kosa-hemete-mone-ke live-middle-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘The house was in the middle of a large clearing. ’ (21) T ab ora tabora nafimetemoneni. tabora village(f) tabora village(f) nafi-hemete-mone-ni be_big-fp.n.f-rep.f-bk g.f ‘The village plaza was very big. ’ (22) Me winakosa me, ni ya hiwa yana kanematamonaka. me 3pl.s wina-kosa live-middle .f me 3pl ni to ya adju hiwa 3sg.refl.m yana start ka-na-himata-mona-ka comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘ As they w ere living in the middle of a clearing, he got a fev er . ’ (23) Ofanoko kome fotake ati nematamonaka. o-fanako 1sg.poss-thigh kome pain.f fota-ke be_big-decl.f ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“My thighs are really hurting a lot, ” he said. ’ 508 (24) Otati kome nafini, ati nematamonane, no tonenoho , Oto W ari ya. o-tati 1sg.poss-head kome pain.f nafi-ni be_big-bk g.f ati say na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m noho be_hurt to-na-hino-ho ch-a ux-ip.n.m-dup Oto_W ari Oto_W ari(m) ya adju ‘“My head is hurting a lot, ” he said. He had b een hurt by a monster , at Oto W ari village. ’ (25) Oto W ari ya no toneno, yama sokimetemone amake. Oto_W ari Oto_W ari(m) ya adju noho be_hurt to-na-hino ch-a ux-ip.n.m yama thing(f) soki-mete-mone be_dark.nom-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ke be-decl.f ‘He had gotten hurt in Oto W ari. It was dark. ’ (26) Faya me amo nemetemoneke fahi. faya so me 3pl.s amo sleep na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then ‘They slept. ’ (27) Me amo na, me amo na me ni ya, ati tafimatamonane. me 3pl.s amo sleep na a ux.f me 3pl.s amo sleep na a ux.f me 3pl ni to ya adju ati voice tafi-himata-mona-ne wake_up-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘ As they slept, he w oke up talking [b ecause of his fever ]. ’ 3 (28) Y asi, yasi teb ere bono ati nematamonaka. bono beak.m ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“Y asi, yasi teb ere, ” he was whistling, like a bird. ’ (29) Y asi, yasi teb ere bono ati nematamonane. bono beak.m ati say na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘“Y asi, yasi teb ere, ” he was whistling, like a bird. ’ 3 The clause ati tafimatamonane is an example of an interesting phenomenon in Jarawara, whereby an inalienably possessed noun is treated as if it were a complement clause . If we were to translate the clause in the most literal way possible, it w ould be ‘his voice woke up ’ . In this case, the inalienably possessed noun is treated as if it were a complement clause such as hiyari ‘speaking’ . 509 O Kamabira (30) Kamabira no toneno bono ati saika hari, e e, batise ati nematamonaha. Kamabira Kamabira(m) noho be_hurt to-na-hino ch-a ux-ip.n.m bono beak.m ati voice sai-ka be_heard-decl.m haari that_one.m ee (pause) batise 3sg.poss.uncle(m) ati say na-himata-mona-ha a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘“That’s Kamabira whistling, he was hurt by a monster , ” his uncle said. ’ (31) Noho okare . noho be_hurt o-ka-re 1sg.s-decl-neg.f ‘“I wasn’t hurt by a monster . ”’ (32) Otamina oke ati nematamonaha. o-tamina 1sg.s-be_go od o-ke 1sg.s-decl.f ati say na-himata-mona-ha a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘“I’m fine, ” he said. ’ (33) Faya me hikawine, kiya ni nafiw ematamonaka fahi. faya so me 3pl.s hi-ka-wine oc-comit-lie_in_hammock.m kiya have_a_fev er ni a ux.nfin nafi-waha-himata-mona-ka be_big-change-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fahi then ‘They stayed with him. His fev er got worse . ’ (34) Me toma hine, toma ni me fawa hinematamonaka. me 3pl.s toma suck hi-ne oc-a ux.m toma suck ni a ux.nfin me 3pl.s fawa stop hi-na-himata-mona-ka oc-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘They sucked on him to make him well. After sev eral tried, they stopped trying. ’ (35) Faya, faya me banemetemoneke fahi. faya so faya so me 3pl.s bana-hemete-mone-ke move_away-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f fahi then ‘Then they mov ed to another place. ’ (36) Ee, Nami Abono, Nami Abono, T e tai toama. ee (pause) Nami_Abono Nami_Abono(f) Nami_Abono Nami_Abono(f) tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ha-ma ch-a ux-back ‘“Y ou and the others go on ahead. ” Nami Ab ono said. ’ 510 (37) Y ama aawa ob e, okiti ati nematamonaha. yama thing(f) a-awa dup-see o-be 1sg.s-immed.f okiti 1sg.poss.grandfather(m) ati say na-himata-mona-ha a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘“I want to find out what hurt him, ” my grandfather said. ’ (38) Nami Abono, T e tai toamahi ha, ha te ta. Nami_Abono Nami_Abono(f) tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ha-ma-hi ch-a ux-back-imp.f haa dem haa dem tee 2pl taa contrast ‘“No, y ou go on ahead, ” said Nami Ab ono. ’ (39) Owa te noki karima nahi Nami Ab ono fana ati nemetemoneke. owa 1sg.o tee 2pl.s noki wait_for ka-rima comit-neg.imp.f na-hi a ux-imp.f Nami_Abono Nami_Abono(f) fana female(f) ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“Don’t wait for me, ” Nami Abono said. ’ (40) Haa, ee, te yotoya. haa all_right ee yes tee 2pl.s yoto-yahi follow-dist.imp.f ‘“ All right, ” he said in anger . “Y ou come on later . ”’ (41) Okomibone, okiti ati nematamonaha. o-ka-mi-bone 1sg.s-go-back.nom.f-int.f okiti 1sg.poss.grandfather(m) ati say na-himata-mona-ha a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘“I’m leaving, ” my grandfather said. ’ (42) Faya okiti yifo katise, banematamonaka. faya so okiti 1sg.poss.grandfather(m) yifo hammock(m) ka-tise comit-undo.m bana-himata-mona-ka move_away-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘So my grandfather took down his hammock, and moved out. ’ 511 O Kamabira (43) Me tokomemetemonehe. me 3pl.s to-ka-ma-hemete-mone-he away-go-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘They left. ’ (44) Faya Y e Y ome, rabike, Y e Y ome rabike Bato W ene me hikayotomatamonaka. faya so Y ee_Y ome Y ee_Y ome(m) rabike be_sick.m Y ee_Y ome Y ee_Y ome(m) rabike be_sick.m Bato_W ene Bato_W ene(m) me 3pl.s hi-ka-yoto-himata-mona-ka oc-comit-follow-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘Y e Y ome was sick, and Bato W ene and his companion went with him after the others. ’ (45) Me hikayoto , me hekamaki, hawi enoki ya, me hiwatarisematamonaha. me 3pl.s hi-ka-yoto oc-comit-follow .m me 3pl.s hi-ka-ka-maki oc-comit-go-following.m hawi trail(f) eenoki middle ya adju me 3pl.s hi-wata-risa-himata-mona-ha oc-exist-down-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘They wer e taking him on their backs, and halfway they put him on the ground. ’ (46) Otara nonoki timata. otara 1ex.o no-noki dup-wait_for ti-mata 2sg.s-short_time ‘“W ait a little for us. ”’ (47) Ota mi kamatibe me ati nemetemoneke. otaa 1ex.s mii defecate ka-mata-be comit-short_time-immed.f me 3pl.s ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“W e are going to defecate , ” the two of them said. ’ (48) Faya me towaka, me mi kanani me kakamemetemonehe . faya so me 3pl.s to-ka-ka away-comit-go.f me 3pl.s mii defecate ka-na-hani comit-a ux-ip.n.f me 3pl.s ka-ka-ma-hemete-mone-he comit-come-back-fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ‘The two of them went off and defecated, and then came back. ’ 512 (49) Me kakama me, bono ati saimatamonaka. me 3pl.s ka-ka-ma comit-come-back.f me 3pl.s bono beak.m ati voice sai-himata-mona-ka be_heard-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘ As they came back, they hear d a bird. ’ (50) Y asi, yasi teb ere ati nematamonaka. ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“Y asi, yasi teb ere, ” he was whistling. ’ (51) Mano ka ya yaka nawarematamona yama kabani ya ahi. mano arm.m ka loc ya adju yaka walk na-wahare-himata-mona a ux-all_over-fp.n.m-rep.m yama_kabani forest(f) ya adju ahi then ‘He was crawling on all fours all around in the forest. ’ (52) Momoto nawa nematamonaka. mo-moto dup-loop na-waha a ux-change na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He was going in circles. ’ (53) Tiwa ota towakamakiabone tiwehene hiyarineke, me ati nemetemoneke . tiwa 2sg.o otaa 1ex.s to-ka-ka-maki-habone away-comit-go-following-int.f ti-ehene 2sg.poss-deed hiya-ra-ne-ke be_bad-neg-cont.f-decl.f me 3pl.s ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“W e are taking y ou and you are not behaving, ” they said. ’ (54) Orabika okare . o-rabika 1sg.s-be_sick o-ka-re 1sg.s-decl-neg.f ‘“I’m not sick. ”’ (55) Orabikara oko rabiki te tonihine ati nematamonaha. o-rabika-ra 1sg.s-be_sick-neg.f o-ka 1sg.poss-poss rabiki be_sick.nfin tee 2pl.s to-niha-ne ch-ca us-cont.f ati say na-himata-mona-ha a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘“I’m not sick, you are just making it up, ” he said. ’ 513 O Kamabira (56) Hima e tokomakibe. hima let’s_go ee 1in.s to-ka-maki-be away-go-following-immed.f ‘“Come on, let’s go. ”’ (57) Tiwa tiwa wey e omisamibe, ati nematamonaka. tiwa 2sg.o tiwa 2sg.o wey e carry o-misa-ma-be 1sg.s-up-back-immed.f ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“I’m going to lift you onto my back again, ” he said. ’ (58) Faya wey e himisame, me tokomake , moni yana tonematamonaka, bari. faya so wey e carry hi-misa-me oc-up-back.m me 3pl.s to-ka-make away-go-following moni sound yana start to-na-himata-mona-ka ch-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m bari back ‘He lifted him onto his back. They went on. They hear d someone hitting on his back. ’ (59) Bari inamati hinabowematamonane. bari back inamati spirit(m) hi-naabowa-himata-mona-ne oc-hit-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘The spirit was hitting on his back. ’ (60) Faya sonematamonaka fe bari ya. faya so sona-himata-mona-ka fall-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m fee 3sg.poss bari back ya adju ‘He fell off his back to the ground. ’ (61) Y e Y ome ahabaka. Y ee_Y ome Y ee_Y ome(m) ahaba-ka die-decl.m ‘“Y e Y ome has died. ”’ (62) Y e Y ome mati tokomake ahaba, hibaka temene iteba? Y ee_Y ome Y ee_Y ome(m) mati 3sg.poss.mother(f) to-ka-make away-go-following ahaba die.list hibaka where temene grave .m ita-hiba sit-fut.m ‘“Y e Y ome has died and his mother went on ahead. Where will his grave be?”’ 514 (63) T emene itebanaka ahi, hawi beri ya, me ati nemetemoneke. temene grave .m ita-hibana-ka sit-fut.m-decl.m ahi here hawi trail(f) beheri side ya adju me 3pl.s ati say na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘“His grave will be right here beside the trail, ” they said. ’ (64) Maka hitimakematamonaka. maka monster(m) hi-iti-make-himata-mona-ka oc-take_out-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘The monster took away his soul. ’ (65) Maka hinabowematamonane . maka monster(m) hi-naabowa-himata-mona-ne oc-kill-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘The monster killed him. ’ (66) Faya me , faya me me hinakamakia me, hikamomatamonaka. faya so me 3pl faya so me 3pl.o me 3pl.s hi-na-ka-makia oc-ca us-go-following.f me 3pl.s hi-kamo-himata-mona-ka oc-bury-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘They got the others, and buried him. ’ (67) Hotonebona me wi hine me hikamomatamonaha. hotone-bona hole.m-int.m me 3pl.s wii dig hi-ne oc-a ux.m me 3pl.s hi-kamo-himata-mona-ha oc-bury-fp.n.m-rep.m-dup ‘They dug the hole for him and buried him. ’ (68) Faya me kamimetemone amake ahi. faya so me 3pl.s ka-mi-mete-mone come-back.nom.f-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ke be-decl.f ahi here ‘Then they came back this way . ’ (69) Me kama, me kobo namimetemone amake Siro W ari ya. me 3pl.s ka-ma come-back.f me 3pl.s kobo arrive na-mi-mete-mone a ux-back.nom.f-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ke be-decl.f Siro_W ari Siro_W ari(m) ya adju ‘They came and arrived at Siro W ari. ’ 515 P The poison root song (12) T e tai toahi. tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ha-hi ch-a ux-imp.f ‘“Y ou go on ahead. ”’ (13) K ona te baro nibeya, ati nematamonaka. kona plant.sp(m) tee 2pl.s baro beat na-be-ya a ux-immed.f-now ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“Y ou beat kona , ” he said. ’ (14) T e tai toa. tee 2pl.s tai be_ahead to-ha ch-a ux ‘“Y ou go on ahead. ”’ (15) K ona ewene te kakiba, na. kona plant.sp(m) ewene wood.m tee 2pl.s ka-iba comit-set_down.list na a ux ‘“Y ou put the poles for kona on the ground, too. ”’ (16) Okomakebana o. o-ka-make-habana 1sg.s-go-following-fut.f o 1sg.s ‘“I will come later . ”’ (17) Sina hisi omate sina. sina snuff(f) hisi sniff o-mate 1sg.s-short_time.imp.f sina snuff(f) ‘“I’m going to take snuff now . ”’ (18) Sina hisi ne, faya sina hisi ne , mi nebona tokematamonaka. sina snuff(f) hisi sniff ne a ux.m faya so sina snuff(f) hisi sniff ne a ux.m mii defecate na-hibona a ux-int.m to-ka-himata-mona-ka away-go-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He took snuff. He went to defecate. ’ 522 (19) T oke, toke mi towiti, kame kobo name, K ona ota baro namate. to-ke away-go.m to-ke away-go.m mii defecate to-witi away-out.m ka-me come-back.m kobo arrive na-me a ux-back.m kona plant.sp(m) otaa 1ex.s baro beat na-mate a ux-short_time.imp.f ‘He went. He w ent and defecate d. He came back and arrived. “W e are going to beat kona for a while. ”’ (20) K ona ota baro namateya. kona plant.sp(m) otaa 1ex.s baro beat na-mate-ya a ux-short_time.imp.f-now ‘“W e ’re going to beat kona for a while. ”’ (21) Kamakimatamonaka. ka-maki-himata-mona-ka come-following-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He came to the others. ’ (22) Kamaki, noko mawa kanematamonaka ahi, ate ya. ka-maki come-following.m noko face.m mawa paint_red ka-na-himata-mona-ka comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then atehe annatto(f) ya adju ‘He came. He had painted his face red with annatto. ’ (23) Ate ya noko mawa kanematamonaka. atehe annatto(f) ya adju noko face.m mawa paint_red ka-na-himata-mona-ka comit-a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘He had painted his face red with annatto. ’ (24) Noko mawa kane kamaki, Faira? noko face.m mawa paint_red ka-ne comit-a ux.m ka-maki come-following.m fahi-ra that-npq ‘He painted his face red and came. “W ell?”’ (25) T ani te iti? ati nematamonaka. tani song_about tee 2pl.s iti begin ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“Have you begun the kona song?” he said. ’ 523 P The poison root song (26) T ani ota itikara. tani song_about otaa 1ex.s iti-ka-ra begin-decl.m-neg.m ‘“W e haven’t begun the kona song. ”’ (27) Me ki hine awane. me 3pl.s kii look_at hi-ne oc-a ux.m awa-ne seem.m-bk g.m ‘“They are taking a long time . ”’ (28) T e b ere kanahi. tee 2pl.s bere be_in_a_line ka-na-hi comit-a ux-imp.f ‘“Sit in rows. ”’ (29) Me bere kanemetemone ahi. me 3pl.s bere be_in_a_line ka-na-hemete-mone comit-a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then ‘They sat in ro ws. ’ (30) Ha me kaya kana ha me kaya kana nemetemoneke, kona kona tani me , itihibanoho. haa dem me 3pl.s kaya be_on_one_side ka-na comit-a ux.list haa dem me 3pl.s kaya be_on_one_side ka-na comit-a ux.list na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f kona plant.sp(m) kona plant.sp(m) tani song_about me 3pl iti-hiba-no-ho begin-fut.m-ip.n.m-dup ‘One group sat on one side , and the other group sat on the other side, and he started the kona song. ’ 1 (31) Itaririsematamonaka ahi. ita-ri-risa-himata-mona-ka sit-raised_surface-down-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He sat down on a pole. ’ 1 The last occurrence of me is a mistake. 524 (32) Itaririse, itaririsematamona. ita-ri-rise sit-raised_surface-down.m ita-ri-risa-himata-mona sit-raised_surface-down-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘He sat down. He sat down. ’ (33) Itaririse, awa itimatamonaka ahi, kona babar obonaha. ita-ri-rise sit-raised_surface-down.m awa wood(f) iti-himata-mona-ka pick_up-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then kona plant.sp(m) babaro-bona-ha thing_for_beating-int.m-dup ‘He sat down and grabbed a stick, to b eat the kona with. ’ (34) A wa itimatamona ahi. awa wood(f) iti-himata-mona pick_up-fp.n.m-rep.m ahi then ‘He grabbe d a stick. ’ (35) T eio o ati nematamonaka ahi. teioo (sound_of_hitting_on_w ood) ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘ T eio o he went. ’ (36) T eio o ati ne ee, E Onira itimatamonane, kona tani. teioo (sound_of_hitting_on_w ood) ati say ne a ux.m ee (pause) Ee_Onira Ee_Onira(f) iti-himata-mona-ne begin-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m kona plant.sp(m) tani song_about ‘ T eio o he went. He started the E Onira, the kona song. ’ (37) K ona tani itimatamonaka ahi. kona plant.sp(m) tani song_about iti-himata-mona-ka begin-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘He started the kona song. ’ (38) Okasima, okasima, aba, aba sitakari iti, okasima watomonerani ha, monerani ha ati nematamonane. okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) aba fish(m) aba fish(m) sitakari gall_bladder iti take_out.nfin okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) wato-mone-rani know-rep.f-? 525 P The poison root song haa dem mone-rani rep.f-? haa dem ati say na-himata-mona-ne a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-bk g.m ‘“My younger sister doesn’t know how to take out fish gall bladder , ” he said. ’ (39) Okasima, okasima, aba sitakari iti, okasima watomonerani ha, monerani ha ati nematamonaka ahi, kona tani itihari. okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) aba fish(m) sitakari gall_bladder iti take_out.nfin okasima 1sg.poss.younger_sister(f) wato-mone-rani know-rep.f-? haa dem mone-rani rep.f-? haa dem ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then kona plant.sp(m) tani song_about iti-haari begin-ip.e.m ‘“My younger sister doesn’t know how to take out fish gall bladder , ” he said, singing the kona song. ’ (40) E Onira me hiri na me, hiri nemetemoneke ahi. Ee_Onira Ee_Onira(f) me 3pl.s hiri sing na a ux.f me 3pl.s hiri sing na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ahi then ‘The sang the E Onira. ’ (41) Baro baro bar o baro baro bar o baro me , me yowaba nemetemone ahi, okobi me ati toamaroke . baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) me 3pl me 3pl.s yowaba be_in_a_line na-hemete-mone a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f ahi then okobi 1sg.poss.father(m) me 3pl.s ati say to-ha-hamaro-ke ch-a ux-fp.e.f-decl.f ‘ Baro , baro . They wer e in lines, my father and the others used to say . ’ (42) E Onira saihemetemone amake ahi. Ee_Onira Ee_Onira(f) sai-hemete-mone be_heard-fp.n.f-rep.f ama-ke sec-decl.f ahi then ‘The E Onira could be heard. ’ 526 (43) Me mowimowi kana nemetemoneke , kona me baro na mati ahi. me 3pl.s mowi-mowi dup-bend ka-na comit-a ux na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f kona plant.sp(m) me 3pl.s baro beat na a ux.f mati 3pl.s ahi then ‘They kept bending their heads down as they beat the kona . ’ (44) E Onira itihiba, kamaki E Onira ki nematamona. Ee_Onira Ee_Onira(f) iti-hiba begin-fut.m ka-maki come-following.m Ee_Onira Ee_Onira(f) kii start_suddenly na-himata-mona a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘He came to start the E Onira, and all of a sudden he started the E Onira. ’ (45) Ota, e ka yama wasini amaremetemone . otaa 1ex ee 1in ka poss yama thing(f) wasi-ni be_comp osed.nfin-ip.n.f ama-ra-hemete-mone be-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f ‘“Our people never sang this song a long time ago. ”’ (46) E ka yama wasini amari, amarimetemone, me ati ninetini, ati nematamona. ee 1in ka poss yama thing(f) wasi-ni be_comp osed.nfin-ip.n.f ama-ri be-neg.nom.f ama-ri-mete-mone be-neg.nom.f-fp.n.f-rep.f me 3pl.s ati say na-ne-ti-ni a ux-cont.f-hab.nom-ip.n.f ati say na-himata-mona a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m ‘“Our people never sang this song a long time ago, ” he said. ’ (47) E ka yama wasini, e ka yama wasini amaremetemone , metemonehe, ati nematamonaka. ee 1in ka poss yama thing(f) wasi-ni be_comp osed.nfin-ip.n.f ee 1in ka poss yama thing(f) wasi-ni be_comp osed.nfin-ip.n.f ama-ra-hemete-mone be-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f mete-mone-he fp.n.f-rep.f-dup ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ‘“Our people never sang this song a long time ago, ” he said. ’ 527 P The poison root song (48) E ka yama wasini amarametemonera e yetene baro tokini, baro tokini ati nematamonaka ahi. ee 1in ka poss yama thing(f) wasi-ni be_comp osed.nfin-ip.n.f ama-ra-mete-mone-ra be-neg-fp.n.f-rep.f-neg ee_yetene our_teenage_b oys baro beat to-ka-ni ch-comit-bk g.f baro beat to-ka-ni ch-comit-bk g.f ati say na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then ‘“Our adolescent boys are beating to the song that our pe ople never sang a long time ago, ” he said. ’ (49) Me hiwatoaba amake. me 3pl.s hi-wato-haba oc-know-fut.f ama-ke sec-decl.f ‘“They will learn it. ”’ (50) Baro baro bar o baro baro bar o baro , kona tanimatamona kona. baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) baro (sound_of_beating) kona plant.sp(m) tani-mata-mona song_about-fp.n.m-rep.m kona plant.sp(m) ‘ Baro , baro . It was the kona song. ’ (51) K ona me kona me baro nemetemoneke . kona plant.sp(m) me 3pl kona plant.sp(m) me 3pl.s baro beat na-hemete-mone-ke a ux-fp.n.f-rep.f-decl.f ‘They beat the kona . ’ (52) K ona me baro na me , E Onira hiri nematamonaka ahi, kona tani hiri nari ahi. kona plant.sp(m) me 3pl.s baro beat na a ux.f me 3pl.s Ee_Onira Ee_Onira(f) hiri sing na-himata-mona-ka a ux-fp.n.m-rep.m-decl.m ahi then kona plant.sp(m) tani song_about hiri sing na-haari a ux-ip.e.m ahi then ‘ As they beat the kona , he sang the E Onira, the kona song. ’ 528 [Document text truncated for crawler view.]