Comparative Analysis of Toxicity Sensitivity and Life-History Traits in Fish: A Meta-Analysis Approach

Supplementary Material: Comparative Analysis of Toxicity Sensitivity and Life-History Traits in Fish Randel Kreitsberg, Richard Meitern, Ciara Baines, Tuul Sepp 2024-12-02 Introduction The document provides more detailed descriptive statistics and main results from a comparative analysis of toxicity sensitivity and life-history traits in fish species. The analysis is based on a dataset that includes toxicity data for various fish species and chemicals. The predictors under intrest include: •Order: the taxonomic order of the species •airBreathing: whether the species is air-breathing or not •Main_habitat: the main habitat of the species (freshwater, marine, brackish) •marineFreshMix: whether the species is marine, freshwater or mixed •geogTemp: whether the species is tropical, temperate, subtropical, boreal or polar living •waterColumn: whether the species is benthic, pelagic, demersal or a mix •maxAge: the maximum recorded lifespan of the species •maxLength: the maximum length of the species •Feeding: the feeding type of the fish like herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, planktivore, piscivore •Migration: the migratory type of the fish like anadromous, catadromous, amphidromous, potamodromous oceanodromous, non-migratory The file is ordered as follows: •An overview of basic descriptive statistics, including sample sizes. •Identification of fish and chemical groups that comprised the largest portion of the dataset. •Ranking of the most sensitive and least sensitive species. •Highlighting variability within species groups •Comparing sensitivity to toxic substances across phylogenetic groups. •Comparing toxic sensitivity between different life-history traits. It must be noted that the file uses the brms package for the phylogenetic regressions hence to fully reproduce the results the package must be installed together with STAN. Import and Prepare Data There are essentially three data sources imported in the previous file: S00_PrepareDataset.Rmd that are merged into a singe data frame. The non-filtered dataset contains 4564 observations including 201 species (from 63 families, belonging to 30 orders) The filtered dataset contains 3908 observations including 175 species (from 49 families, belonging to 18 orders) 1 Variable standardization In order to compare sensitivity to different substances we can also standardize the toxicity values. We are going to compute z-scores for each substance. Add the phylogeny The branch lengths that are used in the phylogenetic adjustment are retrieved from (timetree.org)[http: //www.timetree.org/]. See the 000_prepareData.R script for details. Decsriptive Results The preliminary dataset contains 4564 observations including 201 species (from 30 orders) and 29 chemicals (from 7 chemical classes). As there is a lot of data that comes form single studies or single species or single chemicals. To get a more robust results we have filtered out the Orders with less than 3 species and the chemical classes with less than 3 chemicals in the dataset. The filtering lost us 658 observations. The filtered dataset incudes 173 species (from 18 orders) and 25 chemicals (from 4 chemical classes). Table 1: Table S1. The mean and median LC50 values for the substances in the dataset. Substance Class Mean LC50 Median LC50 Nr Obs Pentachlorophenol organochlorine compound 0.27 0.2 562 4-nonylphenol benzene derivative 0.34 0.3 281 Pb and its compounds metal 183 32 164 Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-1,5. . . organochlorine compound 0.17 0.003 456 Hexachlorocyclohexane organochlorine compound 85 0.15 474 Cd and its compounds metal 35 2.8 849 Hg and its compounds metal 1.2 0.4 190 Ni and its compounds metal 85 47 70 Fluoranthene PAH 0.96 0.098 47 Trichlorobenzene organochlorine compound 2.5 2.1 24 Hexachlorobenzene organochlorine compound 16 7.6 25 Trichloromethane organochlorine compound 48 29 130 Trifluralin (2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-. . . benzene derivative 4 0.13 123 Naphthalene PAH 30 7.8 29 Diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimet. . . organochlorine compound 13 7.1 144 Alachlor (2-Chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl). . . organochlorine compound 4.2 4 38 2 Substance Class Mean LC50 Median LC50 Nr Obs Atrazine (6-Chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-(propan-2. . . organochlorine compound 31 20 89 Simazine (6-Chloro-N,N’-diethyl-1,3,5-tr. . . organochlorine compound 148 52 70 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate benzene derivative 77 0.32 45 Hexachlorobutadiene organochlorine compound 12 0.39 41 1,2-Dichloroethane organochlorine compound 221 183 24 4-(1,1’,3,3’-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol benzene derivative 0.91 0.41 4 Dichloromethane organochlorine compound 260 260 14 Anthracene and its compounds PAH 4.6 0.2 4 Pentachlorobenzene organochlorine compound 0.35 0.3 9 Table 2: Table S2. The species in the dataset ordered by mean standardized toxicity LC50 z-scores(ie senitivity to toxicants). The smaller the number the more sensitive is the species Species Order Min Mean Median Max N Tinca tinca Cypriniformes 0.593 0.593 0.593 0.593 1 Alosa sapidissima Clupeiformes 0.243 0.659 0.659 1.07 2 Acipenser oxyrinchus Acipenseriformes 0.243 0.741 0.409 1.57 5 Etheostoma fonticola Perciformes 0.458 0.832 0.783 1.3 4 Acipenser brevirostrum Acipenseriformes 0.409 0.889 0.978 1.47 5 Erimonax monachus Cypriniformes 0.409 0.947 0.789 1.8 4 Barbodes carnaticus Cypriniformes 0.984 1.06 1.06 1.16 4 Rutilus rutilus Cypriniformes 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1 Coregonus muksun Salmoniformes 1.01 1.08 1.08 1.16 3 Notropis mekistocholas Cypriniformes 0.739 1.13 1.1 1.57 4 Etheostoma lepidum Perciformes 0.954 1.13 1.02 1.54 4 Alburnus alburnus Cypriniformes 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.2 2 Phoxinus phoxinus Cypriniformes 0.984 1.23 1.09 1.79 5 Oncorhynchus clarkii ssp. stomias Salmoniformes 0.794 1.25 0.975 3 30 Craterocephalus marjoriae Atheriniformes 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1 Amniataba percoides Centrarchiformes 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1 Leiopotherapon unicolor Centrarchiformes 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1 Notropis atherinoides Cypriniformes 1.32 1.36 1.36 1.39 2 Chelon labrosus Mugiliformes 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 4 Polyodon spathula Acipenseriformes 1.37 1.38 1.38 1.39 2 Leucaspius delineatus Cypriniformes 0.587 1.4 1.79 1.83 3 Jordanella floridae Cyprinodontiformes 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 6 Poeciliopsis occidentalis Cyprinodontiformes 1.13 1.43 1.27 2.06 4 Menidia beryllina Atheriniformes 1.31 1.46 1.37 1.85 11 Lepomis gibbosus Perciformes 1.09 1.47 1.59 1.71 9 Morone americana Eupercaria 1.14 1.48 1.58 1.73 9 Salmo salar Salmoniformes 0.684 1.49 1.7 2.59 11 Thymallus arcticus Salmoniformes 1.44 1.5 1.44 1.7 5 3 Species Order Min Mean Median Max N Trichopodus trichopterus Anabantiformes 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 Xiphophorus hellerii Cyprinodontiformes 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1 Salvelinus namaycush Salmoniformes 1.37 1.52 1.45 2.13 29 Oncorhynchus apache Salmoniformes 0.849 1.54 1.37 3.66 48 Anguilla rostrata Anguilliformes 1.14 1.54 1.63 1.79 12 Morone saxatilis Eupercaria 1.07 1.55 1.67 2.68 23 Oncorhynchus clarkii Salmoniformes 0.975 1.58 1.48 2.54 37 Pagrus major Eupercaria 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 3 Parapristipoma trilineatum Eupercaria 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1 Acanthopagrus schlegelii Eupercaria 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1 Oncorhynchus clarkii ssp. henshawi Salmoniformes 0.739 1.58 1.54 3.05 48 Fundulus diaphanus Cyprinodontiformes 1.46 1.59 1.56 1.7 9 Sander vitreus Perciformes 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1 Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi Cypriniformes 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Cypriniformes 1.41 1.61 1.6 1.79 5 Ameiurus melas Siluriformes 1.17 1.62 1.68 2 8 Limanda limanda Pleuronectiformes 1.37 1.63 1.68 1.84 3 Cyprinodon variegatus Cyprinodontiformes 0.631 1.63 1.67 3.82 58 Terapon jarbua Centrarchiformes 1.57 1.63 1.63 1.7 4 Lagodon rhomboides Eupercaria 1.26 1.64 1.67 1.79 6 Mugil cephalus Mugiliformes 1.31 1.64 1.69 1.84 15 Cirrhinus mrigala Cypriniformes 1.54 1.65 1.67 1.67 5 Catostomus commersonii Cypriniformes 1.22 1.66 1.68 1.96 22 Planiliza parsia Mugiliformes 1.52 1.66 1.64 1.93 10 Lepomis macrochirus Perciformes 0.701 1.67 1.66 4.74 318 Clupea pallasii Clupeiformes 1.58 1.67 1.67 1.76 2 Leiostomus xanthurus Eupercaria 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 2 Nematalosa erebi Clupeiformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1 Macquaria ambigua Centrarchiformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 2 Oncorhynchus mykiss Salmoniformes 0.331 1.67 1.7 8.08 680 Jenynsia multidentata Cyprinodontiformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 2 Mystus cavasius Siluriformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1 Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Characiformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 2 Bidyanus bidyanus Centrarchiformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 2 Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Characiformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1 Melanotaenia duboulayi Atheriniformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 4 Pseudetroplus maculatus Cichliformes 1.63 1.67 1.67 1.72 2 Esomus danrica Cypriniformes 1.35 1.67 1.71 1.78 21 Scardinius erythrophthalmus Cypriniformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.68 2 Schilbe mystus Siluriformes 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1 Cyprinodon bovinus Cyprinodontiformes 0.695 1.68 1.24 3.01 9 Tilapia sparrmanii Cichliformes 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1 Anguilla japonica Anguilliformes 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.7 2 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Pleuronectiformes 1.31 1.69 1.42 2.34 3 Puntius sophore Cypriniformes 1.67 1.69 1.67 1.79 12 Cyprinus carpio Cypriniformes 0.591 1.7 1.7 3.88 105 Salvelinus confluentus Salmoniformes 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 6 Periophthalmus waltoni Gobiiformes 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1 Rasbora sumatrana Cypriniformes 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1 Australoheros facetus Cichliformes 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 4 4 Species Order Min Mean Median Max N Menidia peninsulae Atheriniformes 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2 Etroplus suratensis Cichliformes 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1 Pseudaspius hakonensis Cypriniformes 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2 Oreochromis aureus Cichliformes 1.67 1.71 1.67 2.17 15 Chrysiptera cyanea Ovalentaria 1.56 1.71 1.66 2 12 Parambassis ranga Ovalentaria 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1 Cymatogaster aggregata Ovalentaria 1.67 1.71 1.71 1.75 4 Oncorhynchus nerka Salmoniformes 1.7 1.71 1.71 1.72 3 Poecilia latipinna Cyprinodontiformes 1.69 1.71 1.7 1.75 7 Pethia conchonius Cypriniformes 1.69 1.71 1.71 1.73 2 Pethia ticto Cypriniformes 1.25 1.71 1.8 1.87 18 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Salmoniformes 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.72 2 Salmo trutta Salmoniformes 1.53 1.72 1.72 1.79 17 Ctenopharyngodon idella Cypriniformes 1.7 1.72 1.71 1.73 4 Tanichthys albonubes Cypriniformes 1.39 1.72 1.72 2.1 21 Barbatula barbatula Cypriniformes 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1 Oreochromis mossambicus Cichliformes 1.25 1.72 1.74 2.03 40 Garra mullya Cypriniformes 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1 Cyprinella lutrensis Cypriniformes 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1 Gobiocypris rarus Cypriniformes 1.72 1.73 1.73 1.73 4 Channa orientalis Anabantiformes 1.67 1.73 1.68 2.39 25 Menidia menidia Atheriniformes 1.7 1.73 1.71 1.79 14 Clarias gariepinus Siluriformes 1.69 1.73 1.73 1.77 4 Barilius bendelisis Cypriniformes 1.68 1.73 1.69 1.83 3 Zacco platypus Cypriniformes 1.7 1.75 1.75 1.79 2 Labeo rohita Cypriniformes 1.64 1.75 1.7 2.39 28 Mystus vittatus Siluriformes 1.58 1.75 1.67 3.5 34 Planiliza macrolepis Mugiliformes 1.58 1.75 1.79 1.79 7 Anguilla anguilla Anguilliformes 1.69 1.75 1.79 1.79 48 Notemigonus crysoleucas Cypriniformes 1.71 1.75 1.75 1.79 4 Salvelinus fontinalis Salmoniformes 1.09 1.75 1.7 3.25 38 Mugil curema Mugiliformes 1.72 1.76 1.77 1.8 4 Kryptolebias marmoratus Cyprinodontiformes 1.71 1.77 1.77 1.83 10 Cyprinodon dearborni Cyprinodontiformes 1.74 1.77 1.77 1.81 4 Lepidocephalichthys thermalis Cypriniformes 1.7 1.77 1.79 1.79 25 Encrasicholina purpurea Clupeiformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1 Thalassoma bifasciatum Eupercaria 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 3 Kuhlia sandvicensis Centrarchiformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 3 Perca flavescens Perciformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 2 Gobio gobio Cypriniformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 2 Lepomis microlophus Perciformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1 Notropis stramineus Cypriniformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1 Trichogaster lalius Anabantiformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 8 Sarotherodon galilaeus Cichliformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1 Paracheirodon axelrodi Characiformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 8 Gambusia holbrooki Cyprinodontiformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1 Garra gotyla Cypriniformes 1.79 1.79 1.79 1.79 1 Puntius dorsalis Cypriniformes 1.79 1.8 1.8 1.8 3 Clarias batrachus Siluriformes 1.67 1.8 1.68 3.05 26 Paralichthys olivaceus Pleuronectiformes 1.56 1.8 1.82 2.12 9 Barbonymus gonionotus Cypriniformes 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 3 Tautogolabrus adspersus Eupercaria 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1 5 Species Order Min Mean Median Max N Chaenogobius annularis Gobiiformes 1.59 1.81 1.82 1.93 25 Girella punctata Centrarchiformes 1.59 1.81 1.81 1.9 19 Anabas testudineus Anabantiformes 1.46 1.81 1.79 2.88 19 Poecilia vivipara Cyprinodontiformes 1.78 1.82 1.8 1.9 4 Oncorhynchus kisutch Salmoniformes 1.07 1.82 1.79 3.02 38 Lepomis cyanellus Perciformes 1.71 1.83 1.79 2.05 12 Micropterus salmoides Centrarchiformes 1.3 1.85 1.9 2.04 48 Carassius auratus Cypriniformes 1.02 1.87 1.68 10.8 110 Fundulus majalis Cyprinodontiformes 1.78 1.88 1.79 2.19 6 Ptychocheilus lucius Cypriniformes 1.01 1.88 1.51 4.38 48 Oreochromis urolepis Cichliformes 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 2 Oplegnathus fasciatus Centrarchiformes 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1 Pimephales promelas Cypriniformes 0.269 1.91 1.71 30 448 Boleophthalmus dussumieri Gobiiformes 1.73 1.93 1.96 2.09 3 Trichogaster fasciata Anabantiformes 1.67 1.94 1.79 2.82 20 Devario malabaricus Cypriniformes 1.8 1.94 1.94 2.09 2 Fundulus similis Cyprinodontiformes 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1 Oreochromis niloticus Cichliformes 0.699 2 1.79 8.28 41 Heteropneustes fossilis Siluriformes 0.0228 2.01 1.69 23.6 110 Xyrauchen texanus Cypriniformes 0.849 2.03 1.85 5.48 48 Solea solea Pleuronectiformes 1.59 2.03 2.08 2.43 3 Rasbora daniconius Cypriniformes 1.43 2.04 2.03 2.6 6 Gambusia affinis Cyprinodontiformes 1.49 2.08 1.79 5.26 65 Fundulus heteroclitus Cyprinodontiformes 1.27 2.1 1.99 4.53 125 Labeo catla Cypriniformes 1.72 2.12 2.03 2.97 10 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Salmoniformes 1.04 2.13 1.7 5.99 29 Danio rerio Cypriniformes 1.02 2.16 1.79 8.37 87 Ictalurus punctatus Siluriformes 1.12 2.17 1.68 11.9 69 Coptodon zillii Cichliformes 1.4 2.23 2.23 3.07 2 Channa striata Anabantiformes 1.45 2.24 1.78 5.69 20 Dawkinsia arulius Cypriniformes 1.86 2.25 1.91 3.25 6 Poecilia reticulata Cyprinodontiformes 0.762 2.38 1.79 7.89 135 Gila elegans Cypriniformes 1.06 2.41 2.06 5.48 48 Platichthys flesus Pleuronectiformes 1.73 2.41 2.4 3.48 7 Pomatoschistus minutus Gobiiformes 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2 Channa punctata Anabantiformes 1.42 2.57 1.79 13 74 Leuciscus idus Cypriniformes 0.073 2.78 2.05 8.09 26 Acanthocobitis botia Cypriniformes 2.82 2.97 2.99 3.09 4 Carassius carassius Cypriniformes 0.632 3.32 3.8 6.52 12 Trigonostigma heteromorpha Cypriniformes 0.963 3.37 1.63 9.46 8 6 212 6 6 1 3 43 1 24 5 231 6 6 3213 14 26 39 17 10 12 3334 1 3 21 5231 43 6 11331 7 10 12 22 5 7 1 0 200 400 600 Acipenseriformes Anabantiformes Anguilliformes Atheriniformes Centrarchiformes Characiformes Cichliformes Clupeiformes Cypriniformes Cyprinodontiformes Eupercaria Gobiiformes Mugiliformes Ovalentaria Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Salmoniformes Siluriformes Order Number of toxicity measurements benzene derivative metal organochlorine compound PAH Figure 1. The number of observations for each order and chemical class combination. The numbers on the plot indicate the number of species for the respective chemical group and order. Most of the measurements are from the orders Cypriniformes and Salmoniformes. The most common chemical classes are metals and organic compounds. Over half of the measured data comes from a single chemical_class organochlorine compound (53.8%) . The species composition is similarly disproportional as over half of the data is from Orders Cypriniformes (30.4%) and Salmoniformes (26.2%) (Figure 1). Variance within orders 7 Table 3: Table S3. Fold difference in mean adjusted toxicity sensitivity between species within orders. The total number of data points (N), proportion of the data falling to an order (Prop %) and the mean adjusted toxcicity for an order (Mean adj.tox) is also shown. Order Fold Diff. N Mean adj. tox Prop. (%) Cypriniformes 5.7 1189 1.9 30 Clupeiformes 2.7 6 1.4 0.15 Perciformes 2.2 351 1.7 9 Salmoniformes 2 1024 1.7 26 Acipenseriformes 1.9 12 0.91 0.31 Anabantiformes 1.7 167 2.2 4.3 Cyprinodontiformes 1.7 447 2.1 11 Pleuronectiformes 1.5 25 2 0.64 Gobiiformes 1.4 31 1.9 0.79 Centrarchiformes 1.4 81 1.8 2.1 Siluriformes 1.3 253 2 6.5 Cichliformes 1.3 109 1.8 2.8 Mugiliformes 1.3 40 1.7 1 Atheriniformes 1.3 32 1.6 0.82 Eupercaria 1.2 49 1.6 1.3 Anguilliformes 1.1 62 1.7 1.6 Characiformes 1.1 11 1.8 0.28 Ovalentaria 1 17 1.7 0.44 Around 65.8 % of the data comes from orders where the mean adjusted toxicity sensitivity between species within the order is at least 2-fold different (Table S 3 ) Among Cypriniformes the the difference is 5.7 fold. At the same time the maximum difference between the means of orders is only 2.4 fold. Orders Senistivity and Divergence Time The divergence times are approximate and based on the cumulative branch lengths from the root to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the species within each order, as inferred from the tree. Methodology: The tree was parsed to identify the nodes representing the MRCA of the species within each order. The divergence time for each order was calculated by summing the branch lengths from the root to the MRCA node of that order’s species. For some orders like Beloniformes, Carangiformes, Synbranchiformes, and Tetraodontiformes, the provided tree did include enough species to accurately determine the divergence times. The exact divergence times can vary depending on the phylogenetic methods and calibrations used in constructing the tree so we can conider this as a rough estimate. 8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 425 450 475 500 525 550 Approximate divergence time (MYA) Mean adjusted toxicity sensitivity Statistical Analysis We are going to fit a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family to the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable with the brms package. There going to be diffrent predictor variables but each model has random effects for study (ref_number), species name with phylogenetic distances between species (gr(sp, cov = A)) and the log transformed maximum length. Both with and without phylogeny adjustment models are presented. The figures include 95% credible interval (CI), which means that given the observed data and the prior information, there is a 95% probability that the parameter lies within this interval. When comparing groups using credible intervals. Non-overlapping intervals: If the credible intervals of two groups do not overlap, it suggests that the groups are likely different. The non-overlapping part can be interpreted as the range of values where the groups differ. Overlapping intervals: If the credible intervals of two groups overlap, it means there is considerable 9 Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes Order Mugiliformes Siluriformes -0.0719 -0.485 0.356 yes Order Ovalentaria Perciformes 0.127 -0.246 0.493 yes Order Ovalentaria Pleuronectiformes -0.0967 -0.499 0.298 yes Order Ovalentaria Salmoniformes 0.11 -0.374 0.591 yes Order Ovalentaria Siluriformes -0.031 -0.491 0.456 yes Order Perciformes Pleuronectiformes -0.224 -0.537 0.0626 yes Order Perciformes Salmoniformes -0.0137 -0.415 0.366 yes Order Perciformes Siluriformes -0.157 -0.546 0.224 yes Order Pleuronectiformes Salmoniformes 0.204 -0.239 0.607 yes Order Pleuronectiformes Siluriformes 0.0679 -0.354 0.488 yes Order Salmoniformes Siluriformes -0.141 -0.533 0.279 no Order Acipenseriformes Anabantiformes -0.713 -0.943 -0.492 * no Order Acipenseriformes Anguilliformes -0.58 -0.832 -0.344 * no Order Acipenseriformes Atheriniformes -0.611 -0.866 -0.364 * no Order Acipenseriformes Centrarchiformes -0.7 -0.922 -0.475 * no Order Acipenseriformes Characiformes -0.673 -0.982 -0.372 * no Order Acipenseriformes Cichliformes -0.63 -0.863 -0.411 * no Order Acipenseriformes Clupeiformes -0.301 -0.575 -0.0122 * no Order Acipenseriformes Cypriniformes -0.639 -0.85 -0.443 * no Order Acipenseriformes Cyprinodontiformes -0.677 -0.904 -0.46 * no Order Acipenseriformes Eupercaria -0.575 -0.795 -0.35 * no Order Acipenseriformes Gobiiformes -0.625 -0.893 -0.348 * no Order Acipenseriformes Mugiliformes -0.544 -0.81 -0.298 * no Order Acipenseriformes Ovalentaria -0.612 -0.981 -0.236 * no Order Acipenseriformes Perciformes -0.555 -0.775 -0.348 * no Order Acipenseriformes Pleuronectiformes -0.695 -0.947 -0.44 * no Order Acipenseriformes Salmoniformes -0.47 -0.672 -0.263 * no Order Acipenseriformes Siluriformes -0.616 -0.838 -0.406 * no Order Anabantiformes Anguilliformes 0.132 -0.0512 0.31 no Order Anabantiformes Atheriniformes 0.0976 -0.0653 0.273 no Order Anabantiformes Centrarchiformes 0.0115 -0.134 0.164 no Order Anabantiformes Characiformes 0.039 -0.212 0.267 no Order Anabantiformes Cichliformes 0.0846 -0.0573 0.227 no Order Anabantiformes Clupeiformes 0.415 0.171 0.681 * no Order Anabantiformes Cypriniformes 0.0731 -0.0286 0.176 no Order Anabantiformes Cyprinodontiformes 0.0359 -0.0847 0.153 no Order Anabantiformes Eupercaria 0.138 -0.0118 0.281 no Order Anabantiformes Gobiiformes 0.0856 -0.119 0.285 no Order Anabantiformes Mugiliformes 0.168 -0.028 0.361 no Order Anabantiformes Ovalentaria 0.103 -0.213 0.422 no Order Anabantiformes Perciformes 0.156 0.0323 0.291 * no Order Anabantiformes Pleuronectiformes 0.0181 -0.169 0.215 no Order Anabantiformes Salmoniformes 0.243 0.124 0.36 * no Order Anabantiformes Siluriformes 0.0955 -0.0246 0.213 no Order Anguilliformes Atheriniformes -0.0327 -0.235 0.181 no Order Anguilliformes Centrarchiformes -0.12 -0.302 0.0662 no Order Anguilliformes Characiformes -0.0924 -0.377 0.18 no Order Anguilliformes Cichliformes -0.0489 -0.229 0.132 no Order Anguilliformes Clupeiformes 0.28 0.00286 0.556 * no Order Anguilliformes Cypriniformes -0.0583 -0.216 0.101 no Order Anguilliformes Cyprinodontiformes -0.0972 -0.276 0.0717 16 Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable no Order Anguilliformes Eupercaria 0.0051 -0.165 0.181 no Order Anguilliformes Gobiiformes -0.0458 -0.288 0.184 no Order Anguilliformes Mugiliformes 0.0359 -0.184 0.259 no Order Anguilliformes Ovalentaria -0.0297 -0.366 0.32 no Order Anguilliformes Perciformes 0.0236 -0.149 0.197 no Order Anguilliformes Pleuronectiformes -0.113 -0.338 0.104 no Order Anguilliformes Salmoniformes 0.112 -0.0552 0.264 no Order Anguilliformes Siluriformes -0.0358 -0.211 0.129 no Order Atheriniformes Centrarchiformes -0.0871 -0.256 0.0883 no Order Atheriniformes Characiformes -0.0582 -0.313 0.198 no Order Atheriniformes Cichliformes -0.0153 -0.193 0.158 no Order Atheriniformes Clupeiformes 0.314 0.0431 0.576 * no Order Atheriniformes Cypriniformes -0.0255 -0.172 0.119 no Order Atheriniformes Cyprinodontiformes -0.063 -0.214 0.0808 no Order Atheriniformes Eupercaria 0.0384 -0.132 0.216 no Order Atheriniformes Gobiiformes -0.0132 -0.234 0.204 no Order Atheriniformes Mugiliformes 0.069 -0.15 0.284 no Order Atheriniformes Ovalentaria 0.000728 -0.318 0.358 no Order Atheriniformes Perciformes 0.0574 -0.104 0.22 no Order Atheriniformes Pleuronectiformes -0.0816 -0.288 0.127 no Order Atheriniformes Salmoniformes 0.145 -0.0118 0.306 no Order Atheriniformes Siluriformes -0.00268 -0.162 0.163 no Order Centrarchiformes Characiformes 0.0278 -0.241 0.265 no Order Centrarchiformes Cichliformes 0.0712 -0.0798 0.222 no Order Centrarchiformes Clupeiformes 0.4 0.143 0.648 * no Order Centrarchiformes Cypriniformes 0.0607 -0.0586 0.177 no Order Centrarchiformes Cyprinodontiformes 0.0242 -0.118 0.156 no Order Centrarchiformes Eupercaria 0.124 -0.0274 0.275 no Order Centrarchiformes Gobiiformes 0.0734 -0.104 0.257 no Order Centrarchiformes Mugiliformes 0.155 -0.0526 0.348 no Order Centrarchiformes Ovalentaria 0.0879 -0.243 0.414 no Order Centrarchiformes Perciformes 0.144 0.00499 0.279 * no Order Centrarchiformes Pleuronectiformes 0.00483 -0.192 0.197 no Order Centrarchiformes Salmoniformes 0.231 0.104 0.352 * no Order Centrarchiformes Siluriformes 0.0846 -0.0533 0.215 no Order Characiformes Cichliformes 0.0447 -0.203 0.288 no Order Characiformes Clupeiformes 0.373 0.0592 0.694 * no Order Characiformes Cypriniformes 0.0347 -0.189 0.256 no Order Characiformes Cyprinodontiformes -0.0041 -0.222 0.217 no Order Characiformes Eupercaria 0.099 -0.146 0.358 no Order Characiformes Gobiiformes 0.0478 -0.228 0.334 no Order Characiformes Mugiliformes 0.129 -0.157 0.415 no Order Characiformes Ovalentaria 0.0651 -0.308 0.435 no Order Characiformes Perciformes 0.117 -0.112 0.357 no Order Characiformes Pleuronectiformes -0.0223 -0.301 0.252 no Order Characiformes Salmoniformes 0.204 -0.0187 0.457 no Order Characiformes Siluriformes 0.0566 -0.169 0.308 no Order Cichliformes Clupeiformes 0.33 0.0824 0.589 * no Order Cichliformes Cypriniformes -0.00937 -0.117 0.101 no Order Cichliformes Cyprinodontiformes -0.0475 -0.174 0.0806 no Order Cichliformes Eupercaria 0.0551 -0.092 0.202 17 Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable no Order Cichliformes Gobiiformes 0.00244 -0.206 0.202 no Order Cichliformes Mugiliformes 0.0838 -0.111 0.283 no Order Cichliformes Ovalentaria 0.018 -0.296 0.335 no Order Cichliformes Perciformes 0.0732 -0.0587 0.21 no Order Cichliformes Pleuronectiformes -0.0653 -0.248 0.141 no Order Cichliformes Salmoniformes 0.16 0.0407 0.278 * no Order Cichliformes Siluriformes 0.0127 -0.113 0.14 no Order Clupeiformes Cypriniformes -0.34 -0.584 -0.108 * no Order Clupeiformes Cyprinodontiformes -0.378 -0.625 -0.133 * no Order Clupeiformes Eupercaria -0.275 -0.529 -0.0178 * no Order Clupeiformes Gobiiformes -0.328 -0.62 -0.0387 * no Order Clupeiformes Mugiliformes -0.246 -0.53 0.0388 no Order Clupeiformes Ovalentaria -0.311 -0.677 0.0835 no Order Clupeiformes Perciformes -0.257 -0.502 -0.0103 * no Order Clupeiformes Pleuronectiformes -0.395 -0.674 -0.106 * no Order Clupeiformes Salmoniformes -0.172 -0.417 0.0656 no Order Clupeiformes Siluriformes -0.318 -0.566 -0.0714 * no Order Cypriniformes Cyprinodontiformes -0.0378 -0.117 0.0524 no Order Cypriniformes Eupercaria 0.0645 -0.049 0.182 no Order Cypriniformes Gobiiformes 0.0127 -0.168 0.194 no Order Cypriniformes Mugiliformes 0.0947 -0.0759 0.27 no Order Cypriniformes Ovalentaria 0.0294 -0.27 0.343 no Order Cypriniformes Perciformes 0.0827 -0.00907 0.179 no Order Cypriniformes Pleuronectiformes -0.0557 -0.224 0.114 no Order Cypriniformes Salmoniformes 0.17 0.0966 0.24 * no Order Cypriniformes Siluriformes 0.0228 -0.0659 0.106 no Order Cyprinodontiformes Eupercaria 0.102 -0.0267 0.236 no Order Cyprinodontiformes Gobiiformes 0.0497 -0.135 0.242 no Order Cyprinodontiformes Mugiliformes 0.132 -0.06 0.317 no Order Cyprinodontiformes Ovalentaria 0.0659 -0.251 0.371 no Order Cyprinodontiformes Perciformes 0.121 0.0139 0.229 * no Order CyprinodontiformesPleuronectiformes -0.0183 -0.203 0.167 no Order Cyprinodontiformes Salmoniformes 0.208 0.098 0.32 * no Order Cyprinodontiformes Siluriformes 0.0595 -0.0524 0.174 no Order Eupercaria Gobiiformes -0.0523 -0.252 0.158 no Order Eupercaria Mugiliformes 0.0298 -0.17 0.209 no Order Eupercaria Ovalentaria -0.034 -0.36 0.285 no Order Eupercaria Perciformes 0.0182 -0.114 0.157 no Order Eupercaria Pleuronectiformes -0.121 -0.306 0.0708 no Order Eupercaria Salmoniformes 0.105 -0.0133 0.232 no Order Eupercaria Siluriformes -0.042 -0.175 0.0847 no Order Gobiiformes Mugiliformes 0.0827 -0.163 0.332 no Order Gobiiformes Ovalentaria 0.0149 -0.329 0.367 no Order Gobiiformes Perciformes 0.0708 -0.125 0.266 no Order Gobiiformes Pleuronectiformes -0.0685 -0.316 0.167 no Order Gobiiformes Salmoniformes 0.157 -0.0269 0.356 no Order Gobiiformes Siluriformes 0.0104 -0.189 0.201 no Order Mugiliformes Ovalentaria -0.0655 -0.421 0.275 no Order Mugiliformes Perciformes -0.0105 -0.211 0.174 no Order Mugiliformes Pleuronectiformes -0.15 -0.365 0.0495 no Order Mugiliformes Salmoniformes 0.0749 -0.104 0.25 18 Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable no Order Mugiliformes Siluriformes -0.0716 -0.263 0.106 no Order Ovalentaria Perciformes 0.0548 -0.267 0.366 no Order Ovalentaria Pleuronectiformes -0.0844 -0.414 0.271 no Order Ovalentaria Salmoniformes 0.14 -0.17 0.452 no Order Ovalentaria Siluriformes -0.00567 -0.307 0.32 no Order Perciformes Pleuronectiformes -0.139 -0.323 0.0474 no Order Perciformes Salmoniformes 0.0873 -0.0176 0.193 no Order Perciformes Siluriformes -0.0602 -0.174 0.054 no Order Pleuronectiformes Salmoniformes 0.226 0.0461 0.395 * no Order Pleuronectiformes Siluriformes 0.0801 -0.109 0.251 no Order Salmoniformes Siluriformes -0.147 -0.243 -0.0507 * The more stringent phylogeny adjusted model does not indicate clear differences between the orders as the CIs overlap considerably. The model without phylogeny adjustment suggests that Acipenseriformes are more sensitive to toxic substances than most other orders (Figure S2, Table S5). 19 Air-Breathing and Non-Air-Breathing Species Differing in Sensitivity 3346 560 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 FALSE TRUE air breathing LC50 concentration (z−scores) Phylogeny no yes Figure S3. The conditional effects of the model fitted using the brms package. The model is a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family, fitted on the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable. The predictor variable is air breathing, and random effects are included for study (ref_number). The red denotes model with phylogeny excluded (ie. random effects include species only) while the blue indicates the phylogeny adjusted model. The wiskers denote 95% credibility intervals (CI). The blue/red points are the posterior means. The gray points are the log transformed original data points (i.e. representing one value for a species toxicity measurement for a chemical in a study). The number of data points for each order is shown on the top of the plot. Not all points are shown as the y axis is limited to -1.2 to 1.2 for readability. 20 Table 6: Table S6 Pairwise comparisons from of the Bayesian regression models fitted to the data for the effect of air breathing. The models are fitted with and without phylogeny adjustment. The response variable is the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) and the predictor variables include log transformed maximum lenght of species. The random effects are included for study (ref_number) and species (sp). The models are fitted with a log-normal family. The lower and upper credibility intervals (95% CI) show the range within which the true marginal mean is expected to fall with 95% probability. Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes airBreathing FALSE TRUE -0.0495 -0.139 0.0491 no airBreathing FALSE TRUE -0.063 -0.14 0.0158 Air breathing species appear not to be more sensitive to toxic substances than non-airbreathing species (Figure S3, Table S6). 21 Habitats Differing in Sensitivity 184 1794 708 804 38 290 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 brackish freshwater freshwater/brackish marine marine/brackish marine/fw/brackish main habitat LC50 concentration (z−scores) Phylogeny no yes Figure S4. The conditional effects of the model fitted using the brms package. The model is a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family, fitted on the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable. The predictor variable is main habitat, and random effects are included for study (ref_number). The red denotes model with phylogeny excluded (ie. random effects include species only) while the blue indicates the phylogeny adjusted model. The wiskers denote 95% credibility intervals (CI). The blue/red points are the posterior means. The gray points are the log transformed original data points (i.e. representing one value for a species toxicity measurement for a chemical in a study). The number of data points for each order is shown on the top of the plot. Not all points are shown as the y axis is limited to -1.2 to 1.2 for readability. 22 Table 7: Table S7 Pairwise comparisons from of the Bayesian regression models fitted to the data for the effect of main habitat. The models are fitted with and without phylogeny adjustment. The response variable is the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) and the predictor variables include log transformed maximum lenght of species. The random effects are included for study (ref_number) and species (sp). The models are fitted with a log-normal family. The lower and upper credibility intervals (95% CI) show the range within which the true marginal mean is expected to fall with 95% probability. Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes Main_habitat brackish freshwater -0.034 -0.156 0.0998 yes Main_habitat brackish (freshwater/brackish)-0.0468 -0.176 0.0913 yes Main_habitat brackish marine -0.066 -0.215 0.0848 yes Main_habitat brackish (marine/brackish) 0.00173 -0.177 0.173 yes Main_habitat brackish (marine/fw/brackish)-0.0501 -0.194 0.0946 yes Main_habitat freshwater (freshwater/brackish)-0.0127 -0.0746 0.0421 yes Main_habitat freshwater marine -0.0318 -0.125 0.0569 yes Main_habitat freshwater (marine/brackish) 0.0352 -0.107 0.183 yes Main_habitat freshwater (marine/fw/brackish)-0.0162 -0.0989 0.067 yes Main_habitat(freshwater/brackish) marine -0.0187 -0.118 0.082 yes Main_habitat(freshwater/brackish)(marine/brackish) 0.0479 -0.108 0.192 yes Main_habitat(freshwater/brackish)(marine/fw/brackish) - 0.00295 -0.0935 0.0906 yes Main_habitat marine (marine/brackish) 0.0669 -0.0879 0.22 yes Main_habitat marine (marine/fw/brackish)0.0159 -0.0645 0.102 yes Main_habitat(marine/brackish) (marine/fw/brackish)-0.0505 -0.19 0.101 no Main_habitat brackish freshwater - 0.00923 -0.155 0.149 no Main_habitat brackish (freshwater/brackish)-0.0256 -0.184 0.13 no Main_habitat brackish marine 0.04 -0.134 0.212 no Main_habitat brackish (marine/brackish) 0.0707 -0.123 0.252 no Main_habitat brackish (marine/fw/brackish)0.0862 -0.0767 0.25 no Main_habitat freshwater (freshwater/brackish)-0.0162 -0.0793 0.0465 no Main_habitat freshwater marine 0.0486 -0.0496 0.147 no Main_habitat freshwater (marine/brackish) 0.0787 -0.0655 0.214 no Main_habitat freshwater (marine/fw/brackish)0.0952 0.0101 0.173 * no Main_habitat(freshwater/brackish) marine 0.0652 -0.0382 0.162 no Main_habitat(freshwater/brackish)(marine/brackish) 0.0947 -0.0479 0.241 no Main_habitat(freshwater/brackish)(marine/fw/brackish) 0.111 0.031 0.196 * no Main_habitat marine (marine/brackish) 0.0301 -0.123 0.193 no Main_habitat marine (marine/fw/brackish)0.0461 -0.0545 0.15 no Main_habitat(marine/brackish) (marine/fw/brackish)0.0167 -0.125 0.174 While the phylogeny adjusted model suggest no clear differences between the main habitats, the model without phylogeny adjustment suggests that species living in freshwater are more less sensitive to toxic substances than those capable of living in different salinities (Figure S4, Table S7). Let’s examine the sensitivity of species living in different salinities by combining some of the habitat types. 23 Water Salinities Differing in Sensitivity 104 2543 1259 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 marine freshwater mixed water type LC50 concentration (z−scores) Phylogeny no yes Figure S5. The conditional effects of the model fitted using the brms package. The model is a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family, fitted on the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable. The predictor variable is water type, and random effects are included for study (ref_number). The red denotes model with phylogeny excluded (ie. random effects include species only) while the blue indicates the phylogeny adjusted model. The wiskers denote 95% credibility intervals (CI). The blue/red points are the posterior means. The gray points are the log transformed original data points (i.e. representing one value for a species toxicity measurement for a chemical in a study). The number of data points for each order is shown on the top of the plot. Not all points are shown as the y axis is limited to -1.2 to 1.2 for readability. 24 Table 8: Table S8 Pairwise comparisons from of the Bayesian regression models fitted to the data for the effect of water type. The models are fitted with and without phylogeny adjustment. The response variable is the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) and the predictor variables include log transformed maximum lenght of species. The random effects are included for study (ref_number) and species (sp). The models are fitted with a lognormal family. The lower and upper credibility intervals (95% CI) show the range within which the true marginal mean is expected to fall with 95% probability. Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes marineFreshMix marine freshwater 0.00298 -0.112 0.115 yes marineFreshMix marine mixed 0.00648 -0.108 0.119 yes marineFreshMix freshwater mixed 0.00323 -0.0651 0.0735 no marineFreshMix marine freshwater -0.0158 -0.115 0.0815 no marineFreshMix marine mixed 0.0753 -0.0291 0.179 no marineFreshMix freshwater mixed 0.0908 0.0267 0.156 * The same pattern is observed when comparing species living in different salinities. The phylogeny adjusted model suggests no clear differences between the species living in different salinities, while the model without phylogeny adjustment suggests that species living in freshwater are less sensitive to toxic substances than those living in mixed environments (Figure S5, Table S8). 25 Table 11: Table S11 Pairwise comparisons from of the Bayesian regression models fitted to the data for the effect of geographical temperature. The models are fitted with and without phylogeny adjustment. The response variable is the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) and the predictor variables include log transformed maximum lenght of species. The random effects are included for study (ref_number) and species (sp). The models are fitted with a log-normal family. The lower and upper credibility intervals (95% CI) show the range within which the true marginal mean is expected to fall with 95% probability. Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes geogTemp polar subtropical 0.0285 -0.372 0.443 yes geogTemp polar temperate 0.0113 -0.392 0.415 yes geogTemp polar tropical -0.0208 -0.446 0.375 yes geogTemp subtropical temperate -0.0181 -0.0684 0.0331 yes geogTemp subtropical tropical -0.0502 -0.119 0.0167 yes geogTemp temperate tropical -0.0323 -0.108 0.0435 no geogTemp polar subtropical -0.0531 -0.455 0.342 no geogTemp polar temperate -0.0869 -0.482 0.311 no geogTemp polar tropical -0.128 -0.513 0.291 no geogTemp subtropical temperate -0.0326 -0.0959 0.0263 no geogTemp subtropical tropical -0.0747 -0.145 -0.00655 * no geogTemp temperate tropical -0.0422 -0.114 0.029 There is no clear evidence that the geographical region where the species live would affect their sensitivity to toxic substances (Figure S8, Table S11) Nevertheless, when comparing the tropical species to subtropical the non-phylogeny adjusted model suggests that tropical species are more sensitive to toxic substances. 32 Water Column Types Differing in Sensitivity 2472 1155 52 49 3 39 48 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 benthopelagic demersal pelagic pelagic_neritic pelagic_oceanic reef_associated temperate water column LC50 concentration (z−scores) Phylogeny no yes Figure S9. The conditional effects of the model fitted using the brms package. The model is a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family, fitted on the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable. The predictor variable is water column, and random effects are included for study (ref_number). The red denotes model with phylogeny excluded (ie. random effects include species only) while the blue indicates the phylogeny adjusted model. The wiskers denote 95% credibility intervals (CI). The blue/red points are the posterior means. The gray points are the log transformed original data points (i.e. representing one value for a species toxicity measurement for a chemical in a study). The number of data points for each order is shown on the top of the plot. Not all points are shown as the y axis is limited to -1.2 to 1.2 for readability. 33 Table 12: Table S12 Pairwise comparisons from of the Bayesian regression models fitted to the data for the effect of water column. The models are fitted with and without phylogeny adjustment. The response variable is the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) and the predictor variables include log transformed maximum lenght of species. The random effects are included for study (ref_number) and species (sp). The models are fitted with a log-normal family. The lower and upper credibility intervals (95% CI) show the range within which the true marginal mean is expected to fall with 95% probability. Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes waterColumn benthopelagic demersal 0.0352 -0.0191 0.0834 yes waterColumn benthopelagic pelagic -0.0157 -0.123 0.0917 yes waterColumn benthopelagic pelagic_neritic -0.00197 -0.138 0.134 yes waterColumn benthopelagic pelagic_oceanic 0.000626 -0.397 0.412 yes waterColumn benthopelagic reef_associated 0.015 -0.182 0.218 yes waterColumn benthopelagic temperate -0.0126 -0.303 0.257 yes waterColumn demersal pelagic -0.0501 -0.161 0.0663 yes waterColumn demersal pelagic_neritic -0.0376 -0.177 0.1 yes waterColumn demersal pelagic_oceanic -0.0344 -0.43 0.376 yes waterColumn demersal reef_associated -0.0191 -0.218 0.181 yes waterColumn demersal temperate -0.0474 -0.329 0.217 yes waterColumn pelagic pelagic_neritic 0.0134 -0.147 0.186 yes waterColumn pelagic pelagic_oceanic 0.0144 -0.396 0.443 yes waterColumn pelagic reef_associated 0.03 -0.193 0.257 yes waterColumn pelagic temperate 0.0037 -0.295 0.3 yes waterColumn pelagic_neritic pelagic_oceanic -0.000828 -0.421 0.427 yes waterColumn pelagic_neritic reef_associated 0.0164 -0.217 0.253 yes waterColumn pelagic_neritic temperate -0.0113 -0.31 0.303 yes waterColumn pelagic_oceanic reef_associated 0.017 -0.417 0.47 yes waterColumn pelagic_oceanic temperate -0.0114 -0.479 0.488 yes waterColumn reef_associated temperate -0.027 -0.353 0.329 no waterColumn benthopelagic demersal 0.0307 -0.0261 0.0864 no waterColumn benthopelagic pelagic 0.0506 -0.0943 0.201 no waterColumn benthopelagic pelagic_neritic 0.0832 -0.0448 0.218 no waterColumn benthopelagic pelagic_oceanic 0.0239 -0.432 0.486 no waterColumn benthopelagic reef_associated 0.0114 -0.174 0.197 no waterColumn benthopelagic temperate -0.0348 -0.339 0.272 no waterColumn demersal pelagic 0.0196 -0.132 0.173 no waterColumn demersal pelagic_neritic 0.0525 -0.0822 0.188 no waterColumn demersal pelagic_oceanic -0.00738 -0.453 0.459 no waterColumn demersal reef_associated -0.0188 -0.204 0.166 no waterColumn demersal temperate -0.0648 -0.375 0.231 no waterColumn pelagic pelagic_neritic 0.0324 -0.163 0.216 no waterColumn pelagic pelagic_oceanic -0.0286 -0.494 0.444 no waterColumn pelagic reef_associated -0.038 -0.267 0.191 no waterColumn pelagic temperate -0.0853 -0.405 0.265 no waterColumn pelagic_neritic pelagic_oceanic -0.0576 -0.537 0.408 no waterColumn pelagic_neritic reef_associated -0.071 -0.287 0.149 no waterColumn pelagic_neritic temperate -0.116 -0.457 0.197 no waterColumn pelagic_oceanic reef_associated -0.0107 -0.509 0.469 34 Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable no waterColumn pelagic_oceanic temperate -0.056 -0.609 0.492 no waterColumn reef_associated temperate -0.0461 -0.4 0.31 There is no clear pattern between the water column type and the sensitivity to toxic substances (Figure S9, Table S12). Migration Types Differing in Sensitivity 71 903 109 434 61 817 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 amphidromous anadromous catadromous non−migratory oceanodromous potamodromous migration type LC50 concentration (z−scores) Phylogeny no yes Figure S10. The conditional effects of the model fitted using the brms package. The model is a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family, fitted on the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable. The predictor variable is migration type, and random effects are included for study (ref_number). 35 The red denotes model with phylogeny excluded (ie. random effects include species only) while the blue indicates the phylogeny adjusted model. The wiskers denote 95% credibility intervals (CI). The blue/red points are the posterior means. The gray points are the log transformed original data points (i.e. representing one value for a species toxicity measurement for a chemical in a study). The number of data points for each order is shown on the top of the plot. Not all points are shown as the y axis is limited to -1.2 to 1.2 for readability. Table 13: Table S13 Pairwise comparisons from of the Bayesian regression models fitted to the data for the effect of migration type. The models are fitted with and without phylogeny adjustment. The response variable is the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) and the predictor variables include log transformed maximum lenght of species. The random effects are included for study (ref_number) and species (sp). The models are fitted with a log-normal family. The lower and upper credibility intervals (95% CI) show the range within which the true marginal mean is expected to fall with 95% probability. Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes Migration amphidromous anadromous 0.0528 -0.111 0.218 yes Migration amphidromous catadromous -0.0856 -0.294 0.116 yes Migration amphidromous (nonmigratory) 0.0253 -0.12 0.174 yes Migration amphidromous oceanodromous 0.000141 -0.184 0.178 yes Migration amphidromous potamodromous -0.0527 -0.172 0.0631 yes Migration anadromous catadromous -0.137 -0.338 0.066 yes Migration anadromous (nonmigratory) -0.0289 -0.141 0.0874 yes Migration anadromous oceanodromous -0.0522 -0.243 0.122 yes Migration anadromous potamodromous -0.107 -0.239 0.0358 yes Migration catadromous (nonmigratory) 0.111 -0.0794 0.302 yes Migration catadromous oceanodromous 0.0856 -0.0959 0.266 yes Migration catadromous potamodromous 0.0314 -0.151 0.217 yes Migration (nonmigratory) oceanodromous -0.0251 -0.184 0.151 yes Migration (nonmigratory) potamodromous -0.0789 -0.19 0.0386 yes Migration oceanodromous potamodromous -0.0543 -0.209 0.105 no Migration amphidromous anadromous 0.0955 -0.0425 0.232 no Migration amphidromous catadromous -0.0493 -0.204 0.106 no Migration amphidromous (nonmigratory) -0.00492 -0.137 0.119 no Migration amphidromous oceanodromous -0.0381 -0.203 0.121 no Migration amphidromous potamodromous -0.082 -0.196 0.0328 no Migration anadromous catadromous -0.144 -0.276 -0.0199 * no Migration anadromous (nonmigratory) -0.0996 -0.228 0.0128 no Migration anadromous oceanodromous -0.133 -0.277 0.00748 no Migration anadromous potamodromous -0.177 -0.265 -0.0985 * no Migration catadromous (nonmigratory) 0.0433 -0.0972 0.191 no Migration catadromous oceanodromous 0.011 -0.131 0.169 36 Phylogeny Predictor group1 group2 estimate l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable no Migration catadromous potamodromous -0.0341 -0.153 0.0861 no Migration (nonmigratory) oceanodromous -0.0315 -0.18 0.103 no Migration (nonmigratory) potamodromous -0.0779 -0.166 0.0183 no Migration oceanodromous potamodromous -0.0452 -0.171 0.0863 If phylogeny is not considered anadrosmous species appear to be more sensitive to toxic substances than catadromous or potamodromous species (Figure S10, Table S13). Maximum Ages Differing in Sensitivity −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 0 25 50 75 maximum age LC50 concentration (z−scores) Phylogeny no yes 37 Figure S11. The conditional effects of the model fitted using the brms package. The model is a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family, fitted on the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable. The predictor variable is maximum age, and random effects are included for study (ref_number). The red denotes model with phylogeny excluded (ie. random effects include species only) while the blue indicates the phylogeny adjusted model. The shaded areas denote 95% credibility intervals (CI). The blue/red lines are the posterior means. The gray points are the log transformed original data points (i.e. representing one value for a species toxicity measurement for a chemical in a study). The number of data points for each order is shown on the top of the plot. Not all points are shown as the y axis is limited to -1.2 to 1.2 for readability. Table 14: Table S14 Model estimates with 95% credibitly intervals of the Bayesian regression model fitted to the data for the effect of maximum age. The models are fitted with and without phylogeny adjustment. The response variable is the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) and the predictor variables include log transformed maximum lenght of species. The random effects are included for study (ref_number) and species (sp). The models are fitted with a log-normal family. The lower and upper credibility intervals (95% CI) show the range within which the true marginal mean is expected to fall with 95% probability. Phylogeny Predictor Covariate Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Notable yes maxAge Intercept 0.31 0.15 0.00 0.61 * yes maxAge maxAge 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 yes maxAge log_maxLength 0.00 0.02 -0.04 0.04 no maxAge Intercept 0.62 0.07 0.48 0.75 * no maxAge maxAge 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 no maxAge log_maxLength -0.02 0.02 -0.06 0.02 There is no clear pattern between the maximum age of the species and their sensitivity to toxic substances (Figure S11, Table S14). 38 Combining Results Figures 71 903 109 434 61 817 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 amphidromous anadromous catadromous non−migratory oceanodromous potamodromous LC50 concentration (z−scores) a 104 2543 1259 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 marine freshwater mixed b 3346 560 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Non−airbr. Airbreathing Phylogeny no yes c Figure S12. The conditional effects of the model fitted using the brms package. The model is a Bayesian regression model with a log-normal family, fitted on the z-scores of LC50 concentration (tox_conc_z) response variable. The predictor variable is either migration type (a), salinity (b) or air-breathing (c), and random effects are included for study (ref_number). The red denotes model with phylogeny excluded (ie. random effects include species only) while the blue indicates the phylogeny adjusted model. The wiskers denote 95% credibility intervals (CI). The blue/red points are the posterior means. The gray points are the log transformed original data points (i.e. representing one value for a species toxicity measurement for a chemical in a study). The number of data points for each order is shown on the top of the plot. Not all points are shown as the y axis is limited to -1.2 to 1.2 for readability. 39