Supplementary Material: MIND THE GAP: Evidence Gap Map and Meta-Analysis of Mindfulness-based Interventions in the Workplace

Appendix Appendix A Search Strategy and Outcome Categories Appendix B Table of Study Description Appendix C Review outcomes: Graphs and Analysis Appendix D Graphical display of Evidence Gaps Appendix E Meta-analytic effect estimates Post-intervention and Follow-up Appendix F Table of Moderator Analysis Appendix G PRISMA Checklist Appendix H Abbreviations 1 Appendix A Search Strategy and Outcome Categories Table A.1 Keywords Concept 1 AND Concept 2 AND Concept 3 AND Concept 4 NOT Concept 5 Mindfulness Meditation Mind Body Workplace Occupational health Employee Worksite Job Stress, Mental health, Work, performance, Well-being RCT, randomized controlled trial, randomized controlled trial Systematic review, Metaanalysis, review Table A.2 Description of Outcome categories Outcome Subcategories Stress Biomarkers: cortisol, alpha amylase, HRV Client related distress Conflicts with nurses Conflicts with physicians Death and dying Distress Distress tolerance Emotional distress Implicit affect Inadequate preparation Job strain Lack of support resources Mental distress Occupational stress Perceived stress Perceived work stressor Personal distress Physical distress Psychological distress Psychological strain Psychological stress Severity of distress Stress symptoms Stressful events Time urgency Uncertainty of treatment Work related stress workload 2 Mindfulness Acceptance Acknowledgement Attention regulation Awareness Body listening Calmness Compassion Consciousness Describing Emotional awareness Mindfulness in teaching Non-distracting Nonjudging Nonreactivity Non-worrying Noticing Observing Present moment Present-centered awareness Psychological flexibility Self-compassion Self-regulation Trusting Burnout Compassion fatigue Depersonalization Emotional exhaustion Mental distance Personal accomplishment Well-being Affect Compassion satisfaction Emotional well-being General mental health / well-being Health complaints Job satisfaction Life purpose Life satisfaction Mental well-being Mental health Psychological quality of life Psychological well-being Quality of life Satisfaction outside work Self-efficacy of coping Well-being 3 Work-life balance Work-life conflict Work-related well-being Job performance Absenteeism absorption Capacity for work Classroom management Classroom organization Contextual performance Counter-productive work behavior Decreased ability to work Dedication Instructional practices Intention to quit Job engagement Job rumination presenteeism Productivity loss Self-efficacy Student engagement Task performance Vigor Willingness to contribute Work engagement Work impairment Work limitations Work motivations Work performance 4 Appendix B Table of Study Description Table B.1 Table of Characteristics of included Studies Author, Year Country Intervention Techniques Comparison Occupation Duration Age Share of females (%) Outcomes Aghamohammadi et al. (2022) IR MBSR adapted to culture Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 14 NA NA Stress Aikens et al. (2014) US MI Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) NA 7 NA NA Mindfulness Stress Aeschbach et al. (2022) DE MBSR adapted to resident physicians Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (Information Control) 2 18 31.02 65.31 Mindfulness Well-being Alexander et al. (2015) US Mindful Yoga Open monitoring Active Control (UC) 2 NA 46.38 97.5 Mindfulness Burnout Alfurjani et al. (2023) JO MBSR adaptation – In MBSR adaptation – Out Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 2 30.09 70.3 Mindfulness Stress Allexandre et al. (2016) US Web-based stress management program Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 4 8 40 83.2 Mindfulness Stress Burnout Well-being 5 Amutio et al. (2015) ES MBSR Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 20 47.31 57.1 Mindfulness Burnout Ancona und Mendelson (2014b) US MI for teachers Breathing techniques Passive Control (WL) 2 4.5 38.1 81.4 Stress Burnout Anderson et al. (1999) US Standardized meditation program Mantra meditation Passive Control (WL) 2 7.5 NA 84.61 Stress Burnout Asl (2021) TR MBCT adaptation Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 4.68 33.06 55.1 Stress Asuero et al. (2014) ES Mindfulness in everyday activities Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 20 47 92 Mindfulness Burnout Auserón et al. (2017) ES MBSR and MSC adaptation Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 5 20 49 84.4 Mindfulness Stress Baby et al. (2018) NZ Online Mindfulness Course for Pain Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (Communication skill training) 5 NA 46.3 78 Stress Bartlett et al. (2021) AU Smiling Mind Workplace App Smiling Mind Workplace Program Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) Inactive Intervention (App) 2 14 48.6 51 Mindfulness Stress Well-being 6 Bartlett et al. (2016) AU MaWP (MBSR adaptation) Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (Information Control) 1 7.5 40.42 82.5 Mindfulness Stress Well-being Job performance Rice et al. (2024) US MBSR-ld MBSR-hd Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 0 12 20 48 46 Mindfulness Bhandari (2017) IN Integrated Yogic Intervention Mantra meditation Passive Control (WL) 2 281.6 33.72 0 100 Stress Bhardwaj et al. (2023) IN Yoga based meditation and breath Intervention Breathing techniques Passive Control (WL) 2 6 28.26 36.73 Stress Burnout Wellbeing Biman et al. (2021) IN Yoga intervention Breathing techniques Passive Control (WL) 7 5212 37.51 54.84 Well-being Bostock et al. (2018) GB Headspace and reflection Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) NA 112 35.5 59.2 Well-being Brinkmann et al. (2020) DE MBSR adaptation with elements of MBCT and compassion Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) Active Control (HRV-Biofeedback) 2 210 43.27 71.23 Mindfulness Stress Burnett and Pettijohn (2015) US MBST Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) NA 5.95 39.36 63.6 Stress 7 Active Control (relaxation) Cheema et al. (2013) AU Hatha Yoga Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 3 24.9 38 81.08 Well-being Chelidoni et al. (2020b) GB BuiBase app MT (body scans) Breathing techniques Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 0.08 32.32 64 Stress Chin et al. (2018) US MT-hd Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (MT-ld) 2 12.6 30.52 66.7 Stress Christodoulou et al. (2024) GB MBSR Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) Inactive Intervention (ACT) 2 7.92 42 77 Mindfulness Stress Job performance Christopher et al. (2018) US MBSR adaptation (mindfulness-based resilience training) Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 5 16 43.97 10 Mindfulness Stress Burnout Coelhoso et al. (2019) BR Well-being app with reflection Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (Perception monitoring) 2 8 34.6 NA Stress Well-being Cook et al. (2016) US Achiever resilience curriculum Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (Attention control training) 2 12.5 NA NA Stress Well-being 8 Crain et al. (2016) CA Workplace mindfulness training Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 35.839 46.9 89 Mindfulness Well-being Job performance De Bloom et al. (2017) FI Relaxation Breathing techniques Passive Control (WL) Active Control (walking) 2 6.25 45.5 48.9 90 89.2 Well-being Desai et al. (2024) US Heartfulness meditation Psychoemotional focused Active Control (Gratitude) 2 28.14 45 84.8 Stress Burnout Well-being Job performance Díaz-Silveira et al. (2020) ES MM (MBSR adaptation) Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) Active Control (Physical Exercise) 1 10 46.81 67 Stress Well-being Santos et al. (2021) BR Flourish Program Mantra meditation Passive Control (WL) 2 12 38.13 43.5 100 Stress Dwivedi et al. (2015) IN Yoga Breathing techniques Inactive Intervention (Information Control and physical exercise) 3 50 27.74 45 Well-being Eriksson et al. (2018) SE Mindful self-compassion program Mantra meditation Passive Control (WL) 2 9 36.2 98.76 Mindfulness Stress Burnout 15 Radin et al. (2025) US headspace Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 9.52 35.54 80.8 Mindfulness Stress Burnout Job performance Rao et al. (2017) IN Mind sound resonance technique Mantra meditation Passive Control (WL) 2 107.5 41.5 100 Stress Reis et al. (2024) DE MT Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) Active Control (CBI) NA 5.22 40.56 75.57 Stress Rich et al. (2021) GB Headspace Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 NA NA 69.6 Mindfulness Stress Well-being Job performance Roeser et al. (2021) US Mindfulness-Based Emotional Balance Psychoemotional focused Passive Control (WL) 2 28 41.23 69 Mindfulness Stress Burnout Job performance Safaeian et al. (2023) IR MBSR Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) Active Control (Schema therapy) 2 8 NA 100 Burnout Sawyer et al. (2023) US MT Psychoemotional focused Passive Control (WL) 2 13.5 44.37 87.01 Mindfulness Stress Burnout 16 Well-being Job performance Schroeder et al. (2016b) US Mindful Medicine Curriculum (MBSR adaptation) NA Passive Control (WL) 2 16.98 42.76 73 Mindfulness Stress Burnout Sheppard et al. (1997) US Transcendental Meditation Mantra meditation Active Control (Stress Management) 3 10.98 50.5 85 Mindfulness Shonin et al. (2014) GB Meditation Awareness Training NA Inactive Intervention (Information control) 1 12 40.03 56.9 Stress Well-being Job performance Slutsky et al. (2018) US MT-hd Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (MT-ld) NA 12.6 30.52 66.7 Well-being Sood et al. (2011) US Stress Management and Resiliency Training Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 12 48.5 52.5 Stress Well-being Sood et al. (2014) US Stress Management and Resiliency Training Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 12 47.75 42.31 Mindfulness Stress Well-being Steinberg et al. (2016) US MBI NA Passive Control (WL) 2 8 44.05 88 Well-being Job performance 17 Strauss et al. (2021) GB MBCT-L NA Passive Control (WL) 2 16 43.94 82.91 Mindfulness Stress Burnout Well-being Job performance Strub und Tarquinio (2013) LU MBCT NA Passive Control (WL) NA 16 NA 40 Stress Burnout Tagg (2015) US Brief Mindfulness Intervention NA Active Control (Applied behavior analysis) 2 2 NA NA Stress Burnout Talebiazar et al. (2024) IR MBSR Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 16 29.88 51.67 Stress Burnout Taylor et al. (2015) CA Mindfulness training Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 37.26 NA 89.83 Mindfulness Stress Taylor et al. (2021) US Mindfulness program Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 6 42.77 95.8 Stress Burnout Trombka et al. (2021) BR MBHP Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 5 NA 42.26 74.7 Mindfulness Tsang et al. (2021) HK .b Foundations Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 12 39.54 72.58 Mindfulness Stress Well-being 18 Vainre et al. (2024) GB Be Mindful MBP Open monitoring Active Control (Physical exercise) 2 NA 44.63 81.93 Mindfulness Stress Job performance Van Berkel et al. (2014) NL Mindful VIP Intervention Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (Information Control) NA 30.51 45.55 67.32 Mindfulness Job performance VerdesMontenegroAtalaya et al. (2021) ES MBSR + MSC Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 10 10.61 76.79 Stress Versluis et al. (2018) NL worry reduction Ecological momentary intervention Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) Active control (emotion registration) NA NA 43.23 71 Mindfulness Stress Verweij et al. (2017) NL MBSR Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 20 31.2 88 Mindfulness Burnout Well-being Job performance Wang et al. (2024) CN guided self-help MBI Open monitoring Inactive Intervention (Information control) 2 16.8 31.85 87.88 Mindfulness Burnout Wilson (2012) US Mindfulness-based art processing MBSR-ld Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) NA 8 NA 66.25 Mindfulness Stress Well-being 19 Job performance Wolever et al. (2012) US Viniyoga Stress Reduction Program MT MT (online) Breathing techniques NA Passive Control (WL) NA 12 42.87 76.57 Mindfulness Stress Job performance Xiang-Zi und JiaYuan (2022) CN MBI Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 12.8 29.72 72.72 Burnout Xie et al. (2020) CN MBIB NA Inactive Intervention (Information Control) 2 20 27.7 100 Mindfulness Burnout Xu et al. (2021) AU Headspace Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 4.76 NA 78 Mindfulness Stress Burnout Well-being Yang et al. (2018) CN MBSR Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 2 NA 29.2 67.37 Stress Yıldırım und Yıldız (2022) TR Mindfulness-based breathing and music therapy Open monitoring Active Control (Relaxation) 2 0.5 28.33 50 Stress Well-being Yoon et al. (2022b) KR InMind App Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) NA 14 37 26.67 Stress Well-being 20 Żołnierczyk-Zreda et al. (2016) PL MBI Open monitoring Passive Control (WL) 1 24 39.4 49 Stress Job performance 21 Appendix C Review outcomes: Graphs and Analysis C1 Review of Stress Outcome (p. 22) C2 Review of Mindfulness Outcome (p. 29) C3 Review of Burnout Outcome (p. 35) C4 Review of Well-being Outcome (p. 41) C5 Review of Job performance Outcome (p. 48) 22 C1.1 Stress Post-Intervention C1.1.1 Forest Plot 23 24 C1.1.2 Funnel Plot C1.1.3 Baujat Plot C1.1.4 Egger’s Regression test z =-2.339, p = 0.019, b = -0.066, Cl [-0.212, 0.345] 31 C2.1.5 Influence Plot 32 C2.2 Mindfulness Follow-Up C2.2.1 Forest Plot 33 C2.2.2 Funnel Plot C2.2.3 Baujat Plot C2.2.4 Egger’s Regression test Z = 3.918, p < 0.000, b = -1.368, Cl [-2.305, -0.430] 34 C2.2.5 Influence Plot 35 C3.1 Burnout Post-Intervention C3.1.1 Forest Plot 36 C3.1.2 Funnel Plot C3.1.3 Baujat Plot C3.1.4 Egger’s Regression test z = -1.987, p = 0.047, b = -0.040, 95% Cl [-0.204, 0.285] 37 C3.1.5 Influence Plot 38 C3.2 Burnout Follow-Up cC3.2.1 Forest Plot 39 C3.2.2 Funnel Plot C3.2.3 Baujat Plot C3.2.4 Egger’s Regression test z = -1.221, p = 0.222, b = 0.077, Cl [-0.445, 0.599] 40 C3.2.5 Influence Plot 47 C4.2.5 Influence Plot 48 C.5.1 Job performance Post-Intervention C5.1.1 Forest Plot 49 C5.1.2 Funnel Plot C5.1.3 Baujat Plot C5.1.4 Egger’s Regression test z = 3.095, p = 0.002, b = -0.737, 95% Cl [-1.471, -0.003] 50 C5.1.5 Influence Plot 51 C.5.2 Job performance Follow-Up C5.2.1 Forest Plot C5.2.2 Funnel Plot 52 C5.2.3 Baujat Plot C5.2.4 Egger’s Regression test z = 0.597, p = 0.551, b = 0.069, Cl [-0.624, 0.762] 53 C5.2.5 Influence Plot 54 Appendix D Graphical display of Evidence Gaps Figure D.1 Outcomes distributed across the World 55 Figure D.2 Interventions distributed across the World Appendix E Meta-analytic effect estimates Post-Intervention and Follow-up Table E.1 Meta-analytic effect estimates post intervention and follow-up Outcome k SMD 95% confidence interval Heterogeneity Lower limit Upper limit Q 𝜏² I² (%) H² Post Intervention Stress 140 0.380*** 0.286 0.474 706.192 0.255 86.51 7.42 Mindfulness 97 0.376*** 0.2867 0.466 401.874 0.141 77.22 4.39 Burnout 46 0.275*** 0.181 0.369 88.174 0.042 49.71 1.99 Well-Being 73 0.341*** 0.247 0.436 237.683 0.112 73.38 3.76 Job performance 41 0.358* 0.083 0.633 313.639 0.756 96.31 27.13 Follow-Up Stress 51 0.266** 0.077 0.456 374.184 0.413 92.42 13.19 Mindfulness 38 0.402* 0.018 0.786 309.040 1.388 97.30 37.05 Burnout 16 0.239*** 0.101 0.378 16.965 0.015 19.38 1.24 Well-Being 28 0.260*** 0.110 0.410 91.256 0.111 72.91 3.69 Job performance 18 0.270** 0.074 0.467 75.857 0.135 81.63 5.44 ***p < . 001; **p < .01; *p < .05 63 JCQ Job content questionnaire JD-R Job Demands-Resources Model JES Job Engagement Scale JSS Job Satisfaction Scale K10 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale LASA Linear Analog Self-Assessment Scale LS Likert Scale MAAS Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale MAIA Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness MaWP Mindfulness at Work Program MBCT Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy MBCT-L Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy - low MBHP Mindfulness-based health promotion MBI Maslach Burnout Inventory MBI Mindfulness-based Interventions MBIB Mindfulness-based Intervention MBP Mindfulness-based Program MBSR Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction MBSR-hd Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction – high dose MBSR-ld Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction – low dose MBST Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Therapy MHC Mental Health Continuum MM Mindful Meditation mMBSR Modified Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction MMSS The McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale MSC Mindfulness-SelfCompassion MT Mindfulness Training MT-hd Mindfulness Training – high dose MT-ld Mindfulness Training – low dose MTS Mindfulness in Teaching Scale NSS Nursing stress scale (Gary Taft and Anderson) OCB Organizational citizenship behavior OLBI Oldenburg Burnout Inventory OSI-2 Occupational Stress Indicator PANAS Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale PBNK psychosomatische Beschwerden im nichtklinischen Kontext PDMWS Psychological Distress Manifestations at Work Scale PICO+S Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalyses ProQOL Professional Quality of Life Scale PSM-9 Psychological Stress Measure PSQ Perceived Stress Questionnaire 64 PSS Perceived Stress Scale PWBMWS Psychological Well-being Manifestations at Work Scale PWBS Psychological Well-Being Scale QOL Quality of life RBPS Role-Based Performance Scale RMSSD Root mean square of successive differences SA-45 Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire SCBCS Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist-90-R SCS Self-Compassion Scale SERIS Siegrist Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale SES Self-Efficacy Scale SF-36 Short Form-36 SIY Search inside yourself program SMBM Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure SMBQ Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire SOCS Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales SOSS Stress Overload Scale Short SPWB Scales of Psychological Well-being SSQ Staff perception of work stressors STAI-I State Anxiety Inventory SVF 120 stress-coping questionnaire SWEMWBS Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale SWLS Satisfaction With Life Scale SWWS Satisfaction with Work Scale TICS-SSCS Trierer Inventar zum chronischen Stress TSCS Tennessee Self-Concept Scale TSES Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale TSI Teacher Stress Inventory UBOS-L Utrecht Burnout Scale-Education UWES Utrecht Work Engagement Scale WEMWBS Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale WHO-5 World Health Organization Well-Being Index WHOQOL World Health Organization Quality of Life WLB Work-life balance 3 point scale WLCS Work–Life Conflict Scale WMF-E Work Motivation Form-Employee WPAI Work Productivity and Activity Impairment WRFQ Work Role Functioning Questionnaire WRSS work-related stress scale WSI indice de stress au travail de Légeron (2003) WSIT HSE Management Standards Work-Related Stress Indicator Tool