DE-BIAS: Vocabulary – English

DE-BIAS: Vocabulary – English This vocabulary was developed as part of the EU-funded project DE-BIAS - Detecting and cur(at)ing harmful language in cultural heritage collections (2023/2024). The project aimed to promote a more inclusive and respectful approach to describing digital collections by developing an AI-based tool to identify and contextualise the outdated or potentially harmful terms in this vocabulary in object descriptions from cultural heritage institutions. The DE-BIAS tool has been integrated into the Europeana environment and is also available as a standalone application for archives to use directly on their local databases. This document represents the English version of the DE-BIAS vocabulary, which includes nearly 250 terms. It is also available in Italian, Dutch, French and German, with each version reflecting the linguistic and cultural specificities of its respective language. The terms in the vocabulary are accompanied by contextual information and, where appropriate, suggestions for reflection and alternative wording. These recommendations guide users in dealing with controversial language in metadata and aim to raise awareness of current linguistic sensitivities. While replacing offensive language is not always feasible or advisable, providing context can support more appropriate and respectful displays on online portals. This vocabulary focuses primarily on migration and colonial history, gender and sexual identity, and ethnicity and ethno-religious identity, with some terms relating to other minority communities. Developed with input from under-represented groups and research into over 100 existing glossaries and (academic) publications, it cites the sources for the description of each term to increase visibility of these sources and support their automated use for the bias detection in archival databases. This vocabulary captures the discussions surrounding these terms at the time of publication. It is intended to be a living document and will continue to be updated beyond the end of the project as the discourse evolves. Content note: Readers are advised that this document contains distressing words. Please note that terms marked with an asterisk (*) are excluded from detection by the DE-BIAS tool as they require contextual information which was often not available, leading to frequent false positives. However, readers may find them useful as a guide for cataloguing work outside the tool. 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 1 The contents of this PDF vocabulary are taken from the machine-readable DE-BIAS knowledge graph available on EU Vocabularies. For comments and further information about this document or the DE-BIAS tool, please contact [email protected]. This and all previous versions of the vocabulary can be cited with the DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14680648. 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 2 Table of contents (((echo)))..................................................................................................................................... 10 Aboriginal..................................................................................................................................11 Addict / Junkie...........................................................................................................................12 Adventure..................................................................................................................................13 Africana......................................................................................................................................14 Afro-American / African American.........................................................................................15 Albino......................................................................................................................................... 16 Amputee.................................................................................................................................... 17 Androgyne.................................................................................................................................18 Annamite................................................................................................................................... 19 Ape.............................................................................................................................................20 Bachelor.................................................................................................................................... 21 Barbarian...................................................................................................................................22 Basuto........................................................................................................................................23 Bent............................................................................................................................................ 24 Berber........................................................................................................................................ 25 Bi-racial...................................................................................................................................... 26 Black-skinned / Dark-skinned.................................................................................................27 Bombay..................................................................................................................................... 28 Brute..........................................................................................................................................29 Brutish.......................................................................................................................................30 Bufter......................................................................................................................................... 31 Buggery......................................................................................................................................32 Bush Negro...............................................................................................................................33 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 3 Bushman / Bushwoman..........................................................................................................34 Butch.......................................................................................................................................... 35 Cannibal.....................................................................................................................................36 Caucasian..................................................................................................................................37 Child marriage..........................................................................................................................38 Chinaman.................................................................................................................................. 39 Chinaman’s nightcap...............................................................................................................40 Chinky........................................................................................................................................41 Clan............................................................................................................................................42 Closeted.....................................................................................................................................43 Coloured.................................................................................................................................... 44 Complexion............................................................................................................................... 45 Concubine.................................................................................................................................46 Coolie.........................................................................................................................................47 Costume....................................................................................................................................48 Courtesan..................................................................................................................................49 Creature.....................................................................................................................................50 Creole.........................................................................................................................................51 Cripple....................................................................................................................................... 52 Crone......................................................................................................................................... 53 Cross-breed / Inter-racial........................................................................................................54 Crossdresser............................................................................................................................. 55 Curiosities..................................................................................................................................56 Dark Continent.........................................................................................................................57 Degenerate............................................................................................................................... 58 Descent......................................................................................................................................59 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 4 Disabled.....................................................................................................................................60 Discover..................................................................................................................................... 61 Disfigured.................................................................................................................................. 62 Drag............................................................................................................................................63 Dwarf......................................................................................................................................... 64 Dyke........................................................................................................................................... 65 Effeminate................................................................................................................................. 66 Encounter.................................................................................................................................. 67 Eskimo....................................................................................................................................... 68 Ethnicity..................................................................................................................................... 69 Exchange...................................................................................................................................70 Exotic..........................................................................................................................................71 Explore.......................................................................................................................................72 Eyetie..........................................................................................................................................73 Faggot........................................................................................................................................74 Features.....................................................................................................................................75 First World................................................................................................................................. 76 Fritz.............................................................................................................................................77 Frog............................................................................................................................................78 Garb........................................................................................................................................... 79 Gay............................................................................................................................................. 80 Greed.........................................................................................................................................81 Guinea....................................................................................................................................... 82 Gypsy......................................................................................................................................... 83 Hag.............................................................................................................................................84 Half breed................................................................................................................................. 85 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 5 Half-blood..................................................................................................................................86 Half-caste..................................................................................................................................87 Handicapped.............................................................................................................................88 Harlot.........................................................................................................................................89 Headhunter...............................................................................................................................90 Hermaphrodite.........................................................................................................................91 Hispanic / Latino.......................................................................................................................92 Homosexual.............................................................................................................................. 93 Hottentot................................................................................................................................... 94 Hun.............................................................................................................................................95 Hussy......................................................................................................................................... 96 Illegal immigrant......................................................................................................................97 Illuminati....................................................................................................................................98 Impotent....................................................................................................................................99 Indian....................................................................................................................................... 100 Indigenous..............................................................................................................................101 Indo.......................................................................................................................................... 102 Insane......................................................................................................................................103 Invalid......................................................................................................................................104 Inversion / Invert....................................................................................................................105 Jerry..........................................................................................................................................106 Jock........................................................................................................................................... 107 John Chinaman....................................................................................................................... 108 Kaffir........................................................................................................................................ 109 Khazars.................................................................................................................................... 110 Kraut........................................................................................................................................111 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 6 Latinx.......................................................................................................................................112 Limp-wrist...............................................................................................................................113 Maroon.................................................................................................................................... 114 Medicine man......................................................................................................................... 115 Midget......................................................................................................................................116 Minority...................................................................................................................................117 Missing link............................................................................................................................. 118 Mixed heritage.......................................................................................................................119 Mohammedan........................................................................................................................120 Mongoloid (I)...........................................................................................................................121 Mongoloid (II)..........................................................................................................................122 Mongrel / Mutt....................................................................................................................... 123 Moor........................................................................................................................................ 124 Mudlark...................................................................................................................................125 Muladi...................................................................................................................................... 126 Mulatto....................................................................................................................................127 Multi-racial..............................................................................................................................128 Native.......................................................................................................................................129 Negro.......................................................................................................................................130 Octoroon.................................................................................................................................131 Oriental....................................................................................................................................132 Paki...........................................................................................................................................133 Paraphilia................................................................................................................................134 Paraplegic................................................................................................................................135 Pederasty................................................................................................................................ 136 Perversion............................................................................................................................... 137 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 7 Primitive.................................................................................................................................. 138 Promiscuous........................................................................................................................... 139 Prostitute................................................................................................................................140 Prostitution.............................................................................................................................141 Pygmy......................................................................................................................................142 Quadroon................................................................................................................................143 Queen......................................................................................................................................144 Queer....................................................................................................................................... 145 Race..........................................................................................................................................146 Racial features........................................................................................................................ 147 Ragamuffin..............................................................................................................................148 Retarded..................................................................................................................................149 Root..........................................................................................................................................150 Sapphic.................................................................................................................................... 151 Savage......................................................................................................................................152 Scapegoat................................................................................................................................153 Senile....................................................................................................................................... 154 Servant.................................................................................................................................... 155 Skin colour.............................................................................................................................. 156 Slave.........................................................................................................................................157 Special needs..........................................................................................................................158 Spic...........................................................................................................................................159 Taff...........................................................................................................................................160 Tart........................................................................................................................................... 161 The Goyim Know....................................................................................................................162 Third World.............................................................................................................................163 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 8 Traditional............................................................................................................................... 164 Trans........................................................................................................................................165 Transsexual.............................................................................................................................166 Transvestite............................................................................................................................ 167 Tribe......................................................................................................................................... 168 Trollop..................................................................................................................................... 169 Urchin......................................................................................................................................170 Voodoo....................................................................................................................................171 Wench...................................................................................................................................... 172 Western...................................................................................................................................173 Wetback...................................................................................................................................174 Wheelchair-bound / Confined to a Wheelchair.................................................................175 White........................................................................................................................................176 Whore......................................................................................................................................177 Wilderness.............................................................................................................................. 178 Wog..........................................................................................................................................179 Zionist......................................................................................................................................180 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 9 Albino Term(s) in this context Albino Albinism refers to a group of inherited disorders in people that result in little or no melanin production, affecting skin, hair, and eye color, as well as optic nerve development and vision. While debated, albinism is often considered a disability due to vision problems. The term “albino” when applied to people has been used in hateful ways throughout history. However, in contexts like plants or animals, “albino” is generally seen as a neutral, scientific term and appropriate to use. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Suggested alternatives Person with albinism Source National Center on Disability and Journalism, “Disability Language Style Guide”, 2021. https://ncdj.org/style-guide/#mentalillnessmentaldisorder Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 16 Amputee Term(s) in this context Amputee Amputation refers to the removal of a bodily extremity, usually during a surgical operation, for a variety of reasons. People who have undergone an amputation are commonly referred to as “amputees,” but the term may be offensive and often is not used correctly. Some people have a physical characteristic that is not a result of an amputation. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Suggested alternatives Person with an amputation Source National Center on Disability and Journalism, “Disability Language Style Guide”, 2021. https://ncdj.org/style-guide/#mentalillnessmentaldisorder Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 17 Androgyne Term(s) in this context Androgyne A person appearing and/or identifying as neither male nor female, presenting a gender which is either mixed or neutral ; Scientific term used for effeminate homosexual men in the early 20th century. When referring to people, only use this term if it is the person’s own self identification. In other contexts, the term “androgyne” can be used to describe organisms with both male and female reproductive organs, such as certain plants and animals. In mythology and literature, it can refer to beings that embody both male and female qualities, like the Greek figure Hermaphroditus. Additionally, in art and design, “androgyne” is used to describe creations or characters that blur gender boundaries, merging masculine and feminine features. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.1 LGBTQIA+ History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BTMAjtMw83GoAPQzAyH7qUTQlxEj0GtYg9eal4i3dM/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 18 Annamite Term(s) in this context Annamite Annam, meaning “Pacified South” in Sino-Vietnamese, originates from the Chinese term “An Nan.” It historically referred to the Tonkin region of northern Vietnam, from the Gulf of Tonkin to the Red River plains. Under French rule, Annam became a protectorate. Before this, the name Annam was used in the West to refer to all of Vietnam, with its people called Annamites, a term later used derogatorily by the U.S. Army and then more generally in the English language. While the term is therefore problematic when referring to people, it remains uncontroversial in other contexts, such as the Annamite Range or Annamite Mountains, a sanctuary for endangered species. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit “Annam (French Protectorate),” Wikipedia, November 8, 2024, accessed December 2, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate) Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 19 Ape Term(s) in this context Ape Baboon Chimp Chimpanzee Gorilla Monkey Orangutan Primate Simian Racist comparisons of Black and Asian people to apes stem from outdated and false 19th century ideas that these groups were less evolved or the ‘missing link’ between humans and apes. Cartoons depicting the Japanese and Irish as monkeys were popular in the USA in the 20th century. It is harmful to use the term to insult or dehumanise people. However, it is fine to use it when talking about actual animals, as it is the correct scientific term for certain primates. Recommendations for use This term can only be used if it refers to animals. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 20 Bachelor Term(s) in this context Bachelor* The term “bachelor” was occasionally used as a euphemism for a homosexual man during the early 20th century, particularly in contexts where direct references to homosexuality were socially taboo or legally dangerous. This usage stemmed from the perception of lifelong bachelors as men who either avoided traditional heterosexual relationships or exhibited behaviors associated with same-sex companionship. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.1 LGBTQIA+ History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BTMAjtMw83GoAPQzAyH7qUTQlxEj0GtYg9eal4i3dM/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 21 Barbarian Term(s) in this context Barbarian In Ancient Greece, 'barbarians' referred to people with an unfamiliar language and/or culture. Then the term 'Barbary' was used for North Africa, for example in 16th century cartography and travel accounts. Its inhabitants were described as 'barbarians'. These words became negatively associated with piracy and the slave trade and the word 'barbarian' increasingly gained the meaning of uncivilized. Nowadays the word is often used to express the idea that someone or something does not meet generally accepted standards, norms and values. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 92. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/92 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 22 Basuto Term(s) in this context Basuto An outdated colonial term for the Sotho people – otherwise known as Basotho – who are a Bantu nation native to southern Africa. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Suggested alternatives Sotho people Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 23 Bent Term(s) in this context Bent* The term “bent” was used as a derogatory slang term for gay men, primarily in British English, starting in the mid-20th century. Its origins stem from the idea of deviation from what was considered “straight” or “normal” in terms of sexual orientation. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.1 LGBTQIA+ History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BTMAjtMw83GoAPQzAyH7qUTQlxEj0GtYg9eal4i3dM/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 24 Berber Term(s) in this context Berber The term refers to various groups of people living across several countries in Northern Africa. It dates back to antiquity and appears in Arabic manuscripts by 900 AD. Many people, however, believe it to be a European invention related to the term ‘barbarian’. While the term is still used by many people who self-identify as Berber, it is rapidly falling out of favour and more and more people prefer to refer to themselves as ‘Amazigh.’ Recommendations for use Use with caution. Suggested alternatives Imazighen (Plural) Amazigh (Singular) Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 93. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 25 Buggery Term(s) in this context Buggery A term used from the 16th century to describe 'unnatural intercourse' i.e. sex with animals (bestiality) or same-sex intercourse. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.1 LGBTQIA+ History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BTMAjtMw83GoAPQzAyH7qUTQlxEj0GtYg9eal4i3dM/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 32 Bush Negro Term(s) in this context Bush Negro Originates from the Dutch term ‘bosch’ meaning ‘wild land’ and ‘neger’ (see also ‘Negro’). It was a pejorative term for Africans (and their descendants) who escaped from slavery in Suriname and the Guyanas and settled in inaccessible, interior/mountainous regions, from which they fought against colonisation. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 97. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/97 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 33 Bushman / Bushwoman Term(s) in this context Bushman Bushwoman Derived from 17th-century Dutch ‘Bosjesmans’ it is a pejorative term for Africans (and their descendants) who escaped from enslavement in Suriname and the Guyanas and settled in inaccessible interior/mountain areas. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF See also Bush Negro 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 34 Butch Term(s) in this context Butch A historical term applied to a ‘masculine’ gay woman or lesbian. Traditionally, a ‘butch’ woman would be paired with a ‘femme’ woman in a lesbian relationship. Outside the LGBTIQ+ community, the term is often used in a derogatory way. At the turn of the 20th century, the term meant ‘tough kid’ or referred to a man's haircut. It was first used as a term among women who identified as lesbians in the 1940s, where it materialized as an underground term used by working-class women and gay men to describe masculinity in their own communities. In the 1980s, ‘butch’ and ‘femme’ reemerged as sexually empowering terms and remain so for many today. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.1 LGBTQIA+ History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BTMAjtMw83GoAPQzAyH7qUTQlxEj0GtYg9eal4i3dM/edit Them, “InQueery: The REAL Meaning of the Word ‘Butch’,” August 21, 218. Accessed April 3, 2024, https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-butch Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 35 Cannibal Term(s) in this context Cannibal The term is derived from the Spanish ‘caníbal’ or ‘caríbal’ that was originally used as a name for the Caribs, a people from the West Indies that were said to have eaten human flesh. An alternative is the more neutral term ‘anthropophagy’, meaning ‘eating humans’. Throughout history, European merchants and colonizers brought home many stories of anthropophagy practised by the native peoples they encountered. By associating them with anthropophagy, Indigenous peoples were being dehumanised as part of the justification for the atrocities committed to them during colonisation. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source “Human Cannibalism,” Wikipedia, April 1, 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 36 Caucasian Term(s) in this context Caucasian The term “Caucasian” was introduced in the late 18th century by German anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who idealized the Caucasus region as the origin of the “white race” and an aesthetic ideal. In the 19th century, it became a racial category encompassing Europeans, some North Africans, and parts of Western Asia, as part of pseudoscientific theories that hierarchically classified humans based on physical traits. Though later incorporated into Nazi racial ideology, the term was less central than narrower categories like “Aryan.” In the U.S., “Caucasian” became a common term for describing white populations in legal, demographic, and social contexts, often as a synonym for “white.“ but it is increasingly criticized for its imprecision and roots in outdated racial theories. Recommendations for use Use with caution in the context of people. The term is unproblematic when it refers specifically to people from the Caucasus region. Suggested alternatives White Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 98. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Moses, Yolanda, “Why Do We Keep Using the Word ‘Caucasian’?,” SAPIENS, February 1, 2017, accessed December 4, 2024, https://www.sapiens.org/culture/caucasian-terminology-origin/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 37 Child marriage Term(s) in this context Child marriage The term refers to when a person is forced to marry against their will, including marriage under the age of consent. Forced marriage is a human rights violation and an important issue in our gender justice work. Do not use the term ‘child marriage’ as it is never legitimate for a child to marry. Marriage under the age of consent is always a forced marriage. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Suggested alternatives Forced marriage Source “Inclusive Language Guide,” Oxfam, March 8, 2023, accessed December 2, 2024, https://doi.org/10.21201/2021.7611 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 38 Chinaman Term(s) in this context Chinaman Archaic term for the Chinese, first used as a racist insult in the 1800s. After the Opium Wars, Britain and France forced the Qing government to allow Chinese labour migration to Western countries to replace enslaved Africans, marking the beginning of the global dispersal of Chinese people. During the gold rush and railway construction era in western North America and Australia (1848-1955), Chinese workers faced poor pay and dangerous conditions. Although widely considered derogatory, some Asian Americans use the term to self-identify. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Suggested alternatives Chinese person Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 39 Chinaman’s nightcap Term(s) in this context Chinaman’s nightcap Derogatory term towards Chinese people used to reference opium. It was a negative racist stereotype that Chinese people were addicted to opium and gambling. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 40 Chinky Term(s) in this context Ching chong Chink Chinki Chinky Chonky Highly offensive ethnic slur towards people of East Asian descent. Regarded as the ‘cword’ for some Asian Americans today. Its etymology is debated, with some tracing it to the Chinese courtesy ching-ching, and others saying it derived from the name of the Qing (Ch’ing) dynasty. The term ‘chinky’ first appeared in print in 1878. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 41 Costume Term(s) in this context Costume* The word ‘costume’ can be problematic when used to describe non-Western clothing, as it can imply that these garments are somehow less authentic or legitimate, reinforcing stereotypes and contributing to an exoticising or ‘othering’ perspective. In contrast, referring to traditional or cultural clothing as ‘clothing’ or ‘dress’ can promote greater respect and understanding. However, the term ‘costume’ is often appropriate and unproblematic in contexts where it clearly refers to clothing worn for theatrical or film performances, celebrations or specific events, such as Halloween, stage plays or traditional festivals. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 48 Courtesan Term(s) in this context Courtesan Originally used in the 13th century to mean the female equivalent of 'courtier' – someone who attends the court of a monarch. From the 14th century, its meaning shifted to 'a wanton woman, a mistress'. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.2 Women's History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tpZmKNmmNAttiXKGKgV2u3suvPgZbTrsiMnNRW9MHsc/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 49 Creature Term(s) in this context Creature The term “creature” has a long history of being used in both neutral and pejorative ways. While it originally referred broadly to any created being, its use to dehumanize non-European people is rooted in colonial, racial, and cultural hierarchies established during the era of European imperialism. Colonial-era writings often described nonEuropean people as “creatures” to emphasize their supposed exoticism, savagery, or subhuman status. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 50 Creole Term(s) in this context Creole The term ‘Creole’ is contentious due to its complex history and varying regional meanings. Originally referring to people born in colonial territories rather than their ancestral lands, its usage has evolved differently across regions. It becomes particularly problematic in several contexts: when used to categorize mixed-heritage individuals without their consent, when applied as a racial classifier in institutional records and databases, when used to exoticize Caribbean and Latin American cultures in media and tourism, or when employed to make assumptions about someone's background based on appearance. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source “Creole (People) - Citizendium,” June 27, 2023, last accessed December 2, 2024, https://citizendium.org/wiki/Creole_(people) “Free People of Color in Louisiana,” Louisiana state University Library, n.d., last accessed December 2, 2024, https://lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/sc/fpoc/terminology.html “Creole | History, Culture & Language,” Encyclopedia Britannica, October 8, 2024, last accessed December 2, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Creole Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 51 Cripple Term(s) in this context Cripple Crip Originating from the Germanic word for ‘creeping’, the term was and is used to describe a person with a physical disability. It developed into a slur and was also appropriated in slang in its shortened from ‘crip’, meaning ‘easy’. This usage reflects the low social expectations held for people with disabilities, as in the phrase ‘to give someone the cripple's inch.’ Although some disability activists have reclaimed the term, there are many others who consider them offensive. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Source Disability language guide Stanford University 2024. Accessed May 2 2024. https://disability.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj26391/files/media/file/disability-language-guidestanford_1.pdf “Crip (Disability Term),” Wikipedia, April 11, 2024, accessed May 3, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crip_(disability_term) Victoria Ann Lewis, “Crip,” Keywords (blog), April 27, 2015, accessed May 3, 2024, https://keywords.nyupress.org/disability-studies/essay/crip/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 52 Crone Term(s) in this context Crone In folklore, a crone is an older woman, often portrayed as unpleasant or malicious, with magical or supernatural traits that can be either helpful or obstructive. In feminist spirituality, croning is a rite of passage into wisdom and personal power. Socially, the term is problematic as it reflects patriarchal views that devalue aging women, often portraying them as bitter or evil. The term entered English in the 14th century from Anglo-French carogne (“carrion”,“unpleasant woman”). Today, the crone is also seen as a woman revered for her judgment and wisdom. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.2 Women's History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tpZmKNmmNAttiXKGKgV2u3suvPgZbTrsiMnNRW9MHsc/edit “Crone,” Wikipedia, October 25, 2024, accessed December 2, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crone Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 53 Cross-breed / Inter-racial Term(s) in this context Cross breed Cross-breed Inter-racial Interracial The term refers to someone who has parents, grandparents or great-grandparents of different races. People of mixed race may have different opinions about which terms are considered derogatory or acceptable, depending on region, country or personal preference. In any case, such terms are often seen as homogenising. Recommendations for use Always honour a person’s self-identity and be specific, when appropriate i.e Person of [x] and [x] heritage. The order in which an individual lists their ethnic identities may be important to them. Do not use word like ‘half’ or ‘quarter’ to describe someone’s ethnic heritage. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 54 Crossdresser Term(s) in this context Crossdresser Individuals who wear clothes stereotypical to or associated with a gender other than their predominantly-identified gender. Crossdressers often develop a persona while crossdressing. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Source “Crossdressers,” homosaurus.org, n.d., accessed April 3, 2024, https://homosaurus.org/v3/homoit0000316 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 55 Curiosities Term(s) in this context Curiosities The term has historically been used to describe collections of unusual or exotic objects, sometimes including living people. This term is still used today to talk about objects, exhibitions and collections, often suggesting that museums hold ‘curious’, ‘strange’ or ‘exotic’ objects for visitors to explore.While not always problematic, this language can make certain people and cultures seem ‘strange’ or ‘other’, creating a divide between the dominant culture and those who are seen as different. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source “Curiosities,” The Decolonial Dictionary, January 19, 2021, accessed April 3, 2024, https://decolonialdictionary.wordpress.com/2019/06/24/curiosities/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 56 Dark Continent Term(s) in this context Dark Continent Centuries ago, Africa was dubbed the “Dark Continent” by European explorers, who saw it as mysterious and unexplored. Welsh journalist Sir Henry Morton Stanley popularized the term to market his books. However, historians argue that the idea of Africa being unknown was a colonial myth, as Africans had long traded with Middle Eastern and Asian nations. European exploration and colonization were driven by the desire to exploit Africa's resources, while obscuring its rich civilizations. This narrative of savagery helped justify colonization, with Christian missionaries and anti-slavery campaigns further demonizing African cultures and religions. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Suggested alternatives Africa Source Oyindamola Depo Oyedokun, “The Real Reason Why Africa Was Called the Dark Continent,” Africa Rebirth, October 31, 2023, accessed December 3, 2024, https://www.africarebirth.com/the-real-reasonwhy-africa-was-called-the-dark-continent Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 57 Dwarf Term(s) in this context Dwarf Dwarfism is a condition where people are shorter than average due to medical or genetic reasons. Outside of a medical context, the term is offensive. In European art, literature, and film, people of short stature have often been portrayed in a satirical way. In the 1800s and early 1900s, dwarfism was displayed in colonial exhibitions, “freak shows,” and circuses, where people with this condition were treated as abnormal, like other racialized or colonized groups. However, the term is acceptable when referring to characters in fairy tales or fantasy stories. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Applicable only in a medical diagnosis. Suggested alternatives Person of short stature Little person Someone with dwarfism Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 104. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/104 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 64 Dyke Term(s) in this context Dyke The word “dyke” is a slang term that has been historically used as a derogatory insult toward lesbian women. However, in recent decades, it has been reclaimed by some within the LGBTQ+ community, particularly by lesbians, as a term of empowerment and self-affirmation. When used in this positive context, “dyke” can refer to a woman who identifies as a lesbian, often with an emphasis on strong, bold, and unapologetic aspects of lesbian identity. The term’s reclamation reflects broader themes of empowerment within marginalized communities, where slurs are reappropriated as symbols of pride. Despite this, it is still considered offensive and harmful when used by individuals outside the community or in a derogatory manner. As with many reclaimed terms, the meaning and tone of “dyke” depend on context, the intent behind its use, and the identity of the person using it. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Only use to describe people who self-identify with the term. Source “Dykes,” homosaurus.org, n.d., accessed April 3, 2024, https://homosaurus.org/v3/homoit0000384 “Dyke”, PFLAG - Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, n.d., accessed September 15, 2024, https://pflag.org/glossary/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 65 Effeminate Term(s) in this context Effeminate Effete (With reference to a man) having characteristics and ways of behaving traditionally associated with women and regarded as inappropriate for a man. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source “Effeminate” Oxford English Dictionary. 2024. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/effeminate_adj?tl=true “Effete (figurative)“. Oxford English Dictionary. Accessed May 2. 2024. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/effete_adj?tab=meaning_and_use#5759411 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 66 Encounter Term(s) in this context Encounter* This is a term often found in commemorative anniversary language, particularly referring to both the 'moment' of first contact between cultures and the longer processes of colonialism in which cultures encountered one another. However, when used to describe often violent events, the word takes on a passive tone, eliding the complicated and contested and continuing nature of colonialism. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source “Encounter,” The Decolonial Dictionary, July 10, 2019, accessed April 3, 2024, https://decolonialdictionary.wordpress.com/2019/07/10/encounter/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 67 Eskimo Term(s) in this context Eskimo The term refers to the diverse Indigenous peoples of Arctic and sub-Arctic North America, Greenland and Northeastern Siberia. It has never been widely used by these communities, who prefer their own indigenous terms. While its linguistic origins are debated - some regard the term as a French (Esquimaux) or English version of an indigenous term - the term is more accepted in Alaska than in Canada or Greenland, where it is often seen as pejorative. It has largely fallen out of official use, and while ‘Eskimo-Aleut’ describes the linguistic group, finding a broad, accepted term for all circumpolar peoples remains challenging. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Suggested alternatives Iñupiat peoples of northern Alaska Inuit peoples of Canada Kalaallit of Greenland Yup’ik (I.e. the Central Alaskan people of the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, Kuskokwim River, and coastal Bristol Bay in Alaska) Alutiiq people of the Alaska Peninsula and coastal and island areas of southcentral Alaska Suqpiaq people of the Alaska Peninsula and coastal and island areas of southcentral Alaska Yupighyt Inuit of Siberia Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 105. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/105 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 68 Ethnicity Term(s) in this context Ethnicity The term “ethnicity” refers to the shared social, cultural, or historical experiences and practices of a group of people, such as language, religion, or dress, often linked to a national or regional background. An “ethnic group” describes people who share these characteristics. While the term may seem neutral, it is often used to describe something or someone considered different or foreign, as seen in phrases like “ethnic food” or “ethnic music.” When applied to people, the term is typically associated with minority groups, even though everyone has an ethnic identity. Recommendations for use Use with caution. The term should not be confused with ‘race’. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 106. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/106 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 69 Exchange Term(s) in this context Exchange* This term is sometimes used to denote the meeting of peoples, ideas and cultures that necessarily accompanied the colonial project. 'Exchange' implies balance, equity and is defined as the 'act of giving one thing receiving another (especially of the same kind or equivalent value) in return'. It also connotes an idea of a benign and even desirable cosmopolitanism. Using a term like 'exchange' without qualification obscures these power relations in favour of an uncritical mutuality, not accounting for the negative aspects of colonialism. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source “Exchange,” The Decolonial Dictionary, August 7, 2019, accessed April 3, 2024, https://decolonialdictionary.wordpress.com/2019/08/07/exchange/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 70 Exotic Term(s) in this context Exotic This term comes from the Ancient Greek word exōtikós, which means “from the outside.” Over time, it has become linked to ideas about people being seen as different or “other,” often in ways tied to race or sexuality. While it is commonly used to describe plants and animals, it’s also used for people, usually People of Color. When applied to people, it often implies they are different from what’s considered “normal,” especially in their appearance or name (like saying, “What an exotic name!”). Sometimes, it also carries a sensual undertone. Recommendations for use This term can be used if it refers to animals or plants; the use when referring to people is advised against. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 107. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/107 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 71 Explore Term(s) in this context Explore While the term itself is not inherently problematic and is suitable in many contexts, it should sometimes be used with caution. In museums, it is often used to describe bold adventurers who traveled to distant places in the name of science and knowledge. However, such narratives often adopt a triumphant tone that overlooks discussions about power dynamics and their lasting impacts. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source “Explore,” The Decolonial Dictionary, August 21, 2019, accessed April 3, 2024, https://decolonialdictionary.wordpress.com/2019/08/21/explore/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 72 Eyetie Term(s) in this context Eyetie The term first appeared in the U.S. after World War I as an offensive slang word for Italians or people of Italian descent, who were often seen as outsiders. It’s a mocking version of the word “Italian,” sounding similar but used in a negative way. This pattern is common in xenophobic nicknames. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Source Ghiselli, Serena. 2024. “A Quantitative Analysis of Racist Epithets Referring to Italians and Their Translations in Movie Subtitles: The Case of Wop, Eyetie and Goombah”. Cadernos De Tradução 44 (esp. 2):1-18. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2024.e99464 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 73 Gay Term(s) in this context Gay The term “gay” refers to someone who has enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attractions to people of the same gender. For women, the term “lesbian” is sometimes preferred. People of all genders, including men, women, and non-binary individuals, may use this term to describe themselves. It is best to avoid the outdated and sometimes derogatory term “homosexual,” as it is considered offensive by many in the LGBTIQ+ community. Additionally, the term “gay” is still in use as a slur by nonLGBTIQ+ individuals in certain contexts. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Source “Glossary of Terms: LGBTQ,” GLAAD, May 1, 2023, accessed December 2, 2024, https://glaad.org/reference/terms/ “Glossary of Terms,” Human Rights Campaign, May 31, 2023, accessed December 2, 2024, https://www.hrc.org/resources/glossary-of-terms Link to record in RDF See also Homosexual 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 80 Greed Term(s) in this context Greed* Greed refers to a selfish and excessive desire for more of something, such as money, than is necessary. When linked to Jews, the stereotype of greed becomes an antisemitic trope, forming the basis of persistent and harmful falsehoods. This association has fueled antisemitism throughout history and continues to affect Jews today. Therefore, connecting the term “greed” with Jews and Jewish culture is considered derogatory. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source American Jewish Committee, “The Translate Hate Glossary,” February 2024, 17, https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2024-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2.2024.pdf Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 81 Guinea Term(s) in this context Guinea* Derogatory term for Italian people, likely deriving from the term 'Guinea negro'. Dates back to World War Two. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.8 Contemporary Slurs,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WxghXJnuJNOBePuVlhQhw9WiDLpEiu4jUxiCqJZ0F9Q/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 82 Gypsy Term(s) in this context Gypsy The term is generally used to refer to members of a traveling or itinerant group, specifically the Romani people, who are made up of various subgroups. Due to their history of (often forced) migration, negative stereotypes of Roma as thieves and vagabonds persist to this day. When used by people outside the community, “Gypsy” can be seen as offensive or a racial slur. However, some Romani groups, particularly in Europe, have reclaimed the word, including many individuals in the UK who proudly identify as “Gypsy.” Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. In general, ‘Roma’ can be used. Groups and subgroups, however, have their own preferred names (e.g., Sinti) so it is advised to use these when known. Suggested alternatives Roma GRT community Sinti Source Sami McLaren, “Frequently Asked Questions - Friends, Families and Travellers,” Friends, Families and Travellers, October 8, 2024, accessed December 2, 2024, https://www.gypsy-traveller.org/about-us/frequently-asked-questions/ Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 109. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 83 Hag Term(s) in this context Hag The term “hag” is used to describe an older woman, usually in a negative way, suggesting she is unattractive, unpleasant, or mean. This characterization is rooted in misogynistic and ageist stereotypes that degrade and diminish women as they age. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.2 Women's History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tpZmKNmmNAttiXKGKgV2u3suvPgZbTrsiMnNRW9MHsc/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 84 Half breed Term(s) in this context Half breed The term “half breed” is used for mixed-race individuals, and many similar terms are considered offensive because they imply that these people are “less than whole.” This term, along with “full-blood” and “half-blood,” originated in the 18th and 19th centuries, when people believed that races were biologically different and that certain “bloodlines” were superior to others. “Halb breed” was often used to describe individuals of mixed White European and Non-White descent, particularly those with Native American and white ancestry, and is considered derogatory. Recommendations for use Always honour a person’s self-identity and be specific, when appropriate i.e Person of [x] and [x] heritage. The order in which an individual lists their ethnic identities may be important to them. Do not use word like ‘half’ or ‘quarter’ to describe someone’s ethnic heritage. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 85 Half-blood Term(s) in this context Half-blood Half blood The term “half-blood” originally referred to individuals with one common parent, such as a half-sister or half-brother. However, it was most commonly used in a derogatory way to describe people of mixed White European and Non-White descent, particularly those with Native American and white ancestry. Recommendations for use Always honour a person’s self-identity and be specific, when appropriate i.e Person of [x] and [x] heritage. The order in which an individual lists their ethnic identities may be important to them. Do not use word like ‘half’ or ‘quarter’ to describe someone’s ethnic heritage. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit “half-blooded”, in: Collins Dictionary, n.d., accessed December 2024, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/half-blooded. Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 86 Half-caste Term(s) in this context Half-caste The term is used for mixed-race individuals, and many similar terms are considered offensive because they imply that these people are “less than whole.” Historically, it was often used to refer to people of mixed White European and Non-White descent, particularly those with European and Hindu or European and Muslim parentage, and is considered derogatory. Recommendations for use Always honour a person’s self-identity and be specific, when appropriate i.e Person of [x] and [x] heritage. The order in which an individual lists their ethnic identities may be important to them. Do not use word like ‘half’ or ‘quarter’ to describe someone’s ethnic heritage. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit “half-caste”, in: Collins Dictionary, n.d., accessed December 2024, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/half-caste Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 87 Handicapped Term(s) in this context Handicapped The term “handicap” originally came from gaming and racing, where it referred to adjusting the values or speeds to level the playing field, often by a neutral judge. When used to describe a person’s physical or mental disability, or in terms like “handicapped parking space,” it is considered a euphemism. The idea behind the term suggests that a person with a handicap is carrying a heavier burden than others. This view reinforces the idea that disability is a personal burden, rather than a societal issue. Recommendations for use When possible, refer to a person’s specific condition. Regulations or places like “handicapped parking” are generally acceptable. However, it’s more preferred to use the terms like “accessible parking.” Be as specific as you can instead of using generalising terms that are not appropriately representative. Suggested alternatives People with disabilities Differently abled Disabled people Disabled person Person with a disability Source Disability language guide Stanford University 2024. Accessed May 2 2024. https://disability.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj26391/files/media/file/disability-language-guidestanford_1.pdf University of Bristol, “Inclusive writing: Disability,” accessed May 3, 2024, https://www.bristol.ac.uk/style-guides/writing/inclusive/disability/ “Disability,” Wikipedia, April 29, 2024, accessed May 3, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 88 Harlot Term(s) in this context Harlot The term refers to a female prostitute or promiscuous woman and historically carries negative moral judgments about women's sexuality. It reflects a gendered double standard, shaming women for behaviors that might be more socially accepted in men. Outdated and offensive, the term reinforces harmful stereotypes, objectifies women, and perpetuates societal pressures surrounding sexual purity. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.2 Women's History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tpZmKNmmNAttiXKGKgV2u3suvPgZbTrsiMnNRW9MHsc/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 89 Hussy Term(s) in this context Hussy Originally, the term meant a female head of a household and came from the 13thcentury word husewif. In the 17th century, its meaning shifted to describe a “disreputable woman of improper behavior.” Since then, it has been used to refer to a woman who acts in ways considered immoral or improper and is now viewed as a sexist term. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.2 Women's History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tpZmKNmmNAttiXKGKgV2u3suvPgZbTrsiMnNRW9MHsc/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 96 Illegal immigrant Term(s) in this context Illegal immigrant Illegal migrant Illegal migration People are not illegal. Crossing an international border without the legal status for it is an administrative fault. Avoid language which reinforces the concept of migration and refugees as a problem or implies criminal activity. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Suggested alternatives Immigration Undocumented immigrant Undocumented worker Irregular migrant/migration Undocumented migrant/migration People seeking protection People seeking asylum People seeking refuge Refugee Source “Inclusive Language Guide,” Oxfam, March 8, 2023, accessed December 2, 2024, https://doi.org/10.21201/2021.7611 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 97 Illuminati Term(s) in this context Illuminati The Order of the Illuminati was originally a secret society founded in 18th-century Bavaria by Adam Weishaupt to promote secularism. In the 1900s, fascist propaganda portrayed the Illuminati as a tool of Jewish elites, allegedly behind global capitalism, Soviet communism, and plans for a New World Order. Conspiracy theorists continue to claim that ‘Illuminati Jews’ are behind major conflicts to further wealthy Jewish interests. These ideas, which often focus on Jewish bankers such as the Rothschilds, are rooted in classic antisemitic stereotypes. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source American Jewish Committee, “The Translate Hate Glossary,” February 2024, 19, https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2024-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2.2024.pdf Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 98 Impotent Term(s) in this context Impotent In its early English sense referred to people considered unable to look after themselves for reasons of age, infirmity, or disability. The 'impotent poor' were distinguished from the 'able bodied' poor in legislation. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 5. Working Class History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dz6XNaJbO1v85OAlCeyL6HXO27__S7e3jOnC8YG-8Zo/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 99 Indian Term(s) in this context Indian In the 16th century, when Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, he mistakenly called the inhabitants “Indians,” believing he had arrived in India. This misnomer was soon used to describe the Indigenous peoples of North America. Because of the term's complicated and divisive history, those who are not part of the First Nations should avoid using it. When used to refer to people from the land of India, the term is appropriate. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. There is no consensus on the use of the term. In the U.S., “American Indian” has a complicated history but is still used for self-identification by some individuals and communities, as well as by the U.S. and Canadian Federal Governments. In Spanishspeaking Central and South America, “indio” is generally seen as problematic and rarely used by Indigenous people. In Brazil, however, “índio” is less contested and more commonly accepted. This term can be used if it refers to animals or plants; the use when referring to people is advised against. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 116. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/116 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 100 Indigenous Term(s) in this context Indigenous Originally applied to plants and animals, in recent decades it has become a legal term for people who have been colonised by Europe. It refers to specific groups who identify with a place as their original homeland, have deep-rooted traditions there, and who have been displaced from their land by colonisation, often resulting in (cultural) genocide. The term is now seen as empowering, partly due to the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), but it is broad and should be used carefully when referring to specific groups. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Use with caution. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 117. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/117 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 101 Indo Term(s) in this context Indo* Abbreviation for Indo-European. The term emerged during the colonial period to describe people of Indonesian and European descent (not restricted to the Netherlands). Arguably, the first known example of its use in the Netherlands dates to 1898. The term rapidly lost favor due to its ethnic and colonial connotations, but has recently been adopted as a term of pride and empowerment by people identifying as being of Indo-European heritage living in the Netherlands. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Suggested alternatives Indo-European (Do not confuse with Indonesian.) Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 119. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/119 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 102 Insane Term(s) in this context Insane The terms ‘insane,’ ‘insanity’ and ‘mentally deranged‘ are commonly used informally to denote mental instability or mental illness but can be considered offensive. The medical profession favors use of the terms ‘mental disorder’ or ‘psychopathology.’ Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Suggested alternatives Mental illness (Except in a quote or when referring to a criminal defense.) Mentally ill Source National Center on Disability and Journalism, “Disability Language Style Guide”, 2021. https://ncdj.org/style-guide/#mentalillnessmentaldisorder Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 103 Invalid Term(s) in this context Invalid Term for people who have been made weak or have a disability through illness or injury. Today it is widely viewed as offensive as it suggests a person is ‘less than’ their contemporaries and that they are weak, inferior or useless. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Suggested alternatives Disabled people Source “Terminology and Language,” Greater Manchester Coalition of Disabled People, August 2, 2017, accessed April 3, 2024, https://gmcdp.com/terminology-and-language Link to record in RDF See also Disabled Handicapped 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 104 Inversion / Invert Term(s) in this context Inversion* Invert* Sexual inversion is discussed in early sexology, specifically the theories of Kraft-Ebbing and Havelock Ellis and indicates an innate inversion of gender traits. This was in the 19th century associated with homosexuality. The term can be used both for male and female inversion, but is no longer used today. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source Oxford English Dictionary. “Inversion I, 10. Accessed 2 May, 2024. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/inversion_n?tab=meaning_and_use#191120 Homosaurus Vocabulary Site. Accessed 2 May, 2024. https://homosaurus.org/v3/homoit0000677 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 105 Latinx Term(s) in this context Latinx ‘Latinx’ is a gender-neutral term used in lieu of “Latino’ or ‘Latina’ to refer to a person of Latin American descent. Using the term ‘Latinx’ to refer to all people of Latin American decent has become more common as members in the LGBTQ community and its advocates have embraced the label. The gendered structure of the Spanish language has made ‘Latinx’ both an inclusive and controversial term. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. ‘Hispanic’, ‘Latino’ and ‘Latinx’ have different connotations. Ideally, use the term that a person self-identifies with. Be mindful that some prefer to identify themselves as ‘Hispanic,’ while others call themselves ‘Latino’. In general, naming a nation or region of origin is preferred (e.g., Bolivian, Salvadoran, or Costa Rican). Source “Racial and Ethnic Identity,” apastyle.apa.org, n.d., accessed April 3, 2024, https://apastyle.apa.org/stylegrammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities Adrianna Rodriguez, “‘Latinx’ Explained: A History of the Controversial Word and How to Pronounce It,” USA TODAY, June 29, 2019, accessed April 3, 2024, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/29/latina-latino-latinx-hispanic-what-do-theymean/1596501001/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 112 Limp-wrist Term(s) in this context Limp-wrist The expression 'limp-wrist' comes from the stereotyped behaviour of women and effeminate men, who let their hands fall with their arms are raised. It is a derogative expression to name homosexual and effeminate men. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 3.1 LGBTQIA+ History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BTMAjtMw83GoAPQzAyH7qUTQlxEj0GtYg9eal4i3dM/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 113 Maroon Term(s) in this context Maroon As a noun, the term is used to refer to Africans (and their descendants) who escaped from slavery in the Americas, and settled in the inaccessible, interior/mountainous regions. The term itself derives from the 16th-century Spanish word ‘cimarrón,’ meaning runaway cattle and is, thus, regarded by some as derogatory. Simultaneously, however, the term is used as one of empowerment as the Maroons have been celebrated as a symbol for the continuous resistance to colonialism. Recommendations for use Generally acceptable to use the term. In the context of Suriname, however, it is better to use the specific names for each Maroon group: such as Saamaka, Matawai, Aluku, Kwinti, Paamaka. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 122. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/122 Link to record in RDF See also Bush Negro Bushman / Bushwoman 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 114 Medicine man Term(s) in this context Medicine man The term is used to describe traditional or spiritual healers among some indigenous peoples in different parts of the world. The figure of the ‘medicine man’ has been represented in numerous films, novels and other popular media often in sensational and eroticising terms. Such representations have denied the complexity of the knowledge associated with healing, as well as the important role traditional healers played in many societies. Within the last few decades the term has been regarded by many as pejorative. Recommendations for use Where known use the term that the group to which the traditional healer belongs regard as acceptable and respectful. Suggested alternatives Spiritual healer Traditional healer Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 123. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/123 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 115 Midget Term(s) in this context Midget The term was never officially coined to describe people with dwarfism, but was historically used to describe people of short stature who were exhibited for public curiosity and entertainment. Today, when the word is applied to a person, it is considered to be a derogatory slur. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Refer to a person's short stature only when it is relevant. It is best to ask people which term they prefer to describe them. Suggested alternatives Person of short stature Little person Someone with dwarfism Source National Center on Disability and Journalism, “Disability Language Style Guide”, 2021. https://ncdj.org/style-guide/#mentalillnessmentaldisorder Little People of America, “LPA Issues Statement to Abolish the ‘m’ Word - Sep 2015”, accessed September 15, 2024, https://www.lpaonline.org/assets/documents/Adv-Articles/LPA%20statement%20abolish%20MWord.pdf Little People of America. “Resources for Advocating Against the ‘M’ Word”, accessed November 7, 2024, https://www.lpaonline.org/m-word-resources Link to record in RDF See also Dwarf 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 116 Minority Term(s) in this context Minority A minority group is a smaller group within a population with different ethnic, religious, or linguistic traits from the majority. Members often feel united and work to protect their culture, traditions, religion, or language. In academia, “minority” and “majority” often refer to power differences, not just numbers. For example, during apartheid in South Africa, black Africans were considered a “minority” despite outnumbering white Europeans, as they were socially, economically, and politically disadvantaged. The term is also used for groups that are generally disadvantaged or oppressed by a more powerful group. Recommendations for use When it is necessary to compare a dominant racial group with a nondominant racial group, use a modifier like ‘racial,’ ‘ethnic,’ or ‘racial-ethnic.’ Otherwise, other terms may be preferred, such as ‘people of color‘ to refer to non-White racial and ethnic groups or more generally, ‘underrepresented people.’ Suggested alternatives Historically minoritised people Historically marginalised group Historically marginalised population Source “Racial and Ethnic Identity,” apastyle.apa.org, n.d., accessed April 3, 2024, https://apastyle.apa.org/stylegrammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities Sironi, A. C. Bauloz and M. Emmanuel (eds.), 2019. “Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law”, No. 34., 143, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/IML_34_Glossary.pdf Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 117 Missing link Term(s) in this context Missing link A “missing link” refers to a hypothetical extinct creature that is thought to be halfway between modern humans and their ape ancestors. In the late 1800s, many misunderstood Charles Darwin's work, thinking that humans directly evolved from existing species of apes. Racist comparisons of Black and Asian people to apes stem from outdated and false 19th century ideas that these groups were less evolved or the ‘missing link’ between humans and apes. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Riley Black, “What’s a ‘Missing Link’,” Smithsonian Magazine, March 2, 2018, accessed December 2, 2024, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/whats-missing-link-180968327/ Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 118 Mixed heritage Term(s) in this context Mixed heritage The term refers to having two or more different racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural backgrounds. It is one of many labels used to describe multiracial people in Englishspeaking countries. However, many of these terms are considered derogatory, implying that such individuals are not “whole”—a notion often reinforced by the use of the word “half” to describe their background. Additionally, these labels are frequently criticized for being homogenising. Recommendations for use Always honour a person’s self-identity and be specific, when appropriate i.e Person of [x] and [x] heritage. The order in which an individual lists their ethnic identities may be important to them. Do not use word like ‘half’ or ‘quarter’ to describe someone’s ethnic heritage. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit “Mixed Heritage,” in: Cambridge Dictionary, November 27, 2024, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/mixed-heritage Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 119 Mohammedan Term(s) in this context Mohammedan “Mohammedan” was a term commonly used in the past to refer to someone who worshipped the Prophet Muhammad. Many Muslims object to this term because Islam teaches the worship of God alone. Today, “Muslim” and “Islamic” are the preferred terms. “Mohammedan” is more likely to be found in museum databases than in everyday language. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Suggested alternatives Muslim Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 124. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/124 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 120 Mongoloid (I) Term(s) in this context Mongoloid An outdated and offensive term used to describe a person with the genetic condition Down Syndrome due to the presumed similarity in facial features to the so-called Mongolian race. In modern day usage the term is used as a curse word to describe someone regarded as retarded. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Suggested alternatives Person with Down Syndrome Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 125. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/125 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 121 Multi-racial Term(s) in this context Tri-racial Triracial Mixed race Mixed-race Multi-racial Multiracial The term refers to someone who has parents, grandparents or great-grandparents of different races. Multiracial people may have different opinions about which terms are considered derogatory or acceptable, depending on region, country or personal preference. In any case, such terms are often seen as homogenising, some claim it aligns with a narrative of a ‘pure race’. If someone identifies themselves in this way it should be respected. Recommendations for use Always honour a person’s self-identity and be specific, when appropriate i.e Person of [x] and [x] heritage. The order in which an individual lists their ethnic identities may be important to them. Do not use word like ‘half’ or ‘quarter’ to describe someone’s ethnic heritage. Usually more useful when describing large, diverse groups of people than individuals. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit “Biracial, Multiracial,” University Marketing & Communications, November 26, 2024, accessed December 2, 2024, https://marcomm.washu.edu/style-guide-entries/biracial-multiracial/ “Inclusive Language Guide,” Oxfam, March 8, 2023, accessed December 2, 2024, https://doi.org/10.21201/2021.7611 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 128 Native Term(s) in this context Native The term derives from the Latin word natus and was historically used to describe people born in a particular place. It has been criticized for reinforcing colonial hierarchies, where natives were seen as inferior to the colonizers, and (contradictorily) for implying an exclusionary racial or ethnic right to a place by a specific group. Today, some groups, such as Native Americans, use the term in political claims for sovereignty. In Europe, this concept is increasingly employed in xenophobic politics. Recommendations for use Use with caution in relation to humans. When referring to animals, plants or things the usage of the term is unproblematic. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 128. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/128 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 129 Negro Term(s) in this context Negro The term originates from the Latin word ‘niger,‘ meaning black. In the 20th century, “Negro” was used to reinforce stereotypes about Black people, yet - spelled with a capital ”N” - it was also reclaimed and was used among northern African Americans and Black leaders such as Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois. It was in this context also commonly used in anti-colonial movements and efforts to raise awareness of Black identity. Today, however, the term is widely regarded as offensive, including by many Black people and activists. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. This term is not recommended for use in contemporary context. Specify region or nation of origin when possible to avoid the impression that all people of African descent have the same cultural background, family history, or family experiences. Note that 'Black' is appropriate rather than 'African American' to describe people of African descent from various national origins (e.g., Haitian, Nigerian). Suggested alternatives Black Source “Racial and Ethnic Identity,” apastyle.apa.org, n.d., accessed April 3, 2024, https://apastyle.apa.org/stylegrammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/racial-ethnic-minorities Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 129. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 130 Octoroon Term(s) in this context Octoroon An outdated term that white people used in the nineteenth and throughout the early twentieth century to refer to people who had one great-grandparent that was perceived as Black or African American and the rest of their parentage was white (in cruder terms, someone who was “one-eight” Black) Recommendations for use Always honour a person’s self-identity and be specific, when appropriate i.e Person of [x] and [x] heritage. The order in which an individual lists their ethnic identities may be important to them. Do not use word like ‘half’ or ‘quarter’ to describe someone’s ethnic heritage. Source “CHM Research Guides - LibGuides at Chicago History Museum,” August 20, 2021, accessed December 2, 2024. https://libguides.chicagohistory.org/blog/African-American-and-Black-Identity-and-ResearchTerms Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 131 Oriental Term(s) in this context Oriental This term derives from the Latin word 'Oriënt', meaning east. Historically, the term came to be used in Europe to describe people or things from Asia. 'Oriental' gained widespread critique after the 1978 publication of Edward Said’s seminal work Orientalism, which critiqued Euro-American patronising representations of the (Middle) East. While the term is contested for being geographically Eurocentric, and especially for its romanticising and stereotypical image of Asian people as mysterious, 'exotic' and foreign, it is still widely used. Recommendations for use The use of more specific terms for the countries, languages and cultures from Asia and the Middle East is suggested. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 130. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/130 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 132 Paki Term(s) in this context Paki The term “Paki” is derived from “Pak,” meaning “purity” in Persian, Urdu, and Pashto, and is part of the exonym Pakistan, which was coined by Rahmat Ali in 1933 as a name for the new state. While “Paki” originally referred to the people of Pakistan, it has since become a derogatory slur in the UK, directed at individuals of Pakistani, South Asian, or Muslim descent. The term is now increasingly replaced by the euphemism “the P-Word” due to its offensive nature. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.8 Contemporary Slurs,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WxghXJnuJNOBePuVlhQhw9WiDLpEiu4jUxiCqJZ0F9Q/edit “Paki (Slur),” Wikipedia, November 22, 2024, accessed December 1, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paki_(slur) Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 133 Paraphilia Term(s) in this context Paraphilia Term denoting sexual preferences that are regarded as abnormal or perverted because they do not involve orientation towards an adult heterosexual partner, including zoöphilia, fetishism, pedophilia and SM. The term was quite common in early sexology and psychoanalysis but is no longer used today. Recommendations for use This term is outdated. Using it in a contemporary context is hence advised against. Source Oxford English Dictionary. “Paraphilia“/ Accessed 2 May, 2024. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/paraphilia_n?tab=meaning_and_use#31902899 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 134 Paraplegic Term(s) in this context Paraplegic Paraplegia is defined as the loss of movement in the lower extremities and torso. It is typically caused by a spinal cord or brain injury. Referring to someone as “a paraplegic” is offensive to some people as it implies that their condition defines them. Recommendations for use Avoid referring to an individual as a paraplegic. Instead, say the person has paraplegia. Sometimes people with paraplegia refer to themselves as a “para.” In those cases, use the word in quotes. Suggested alternatives Person with paraplegia Source National Center on Disability and Journalism, “Disability Language Style Guide”, 2021, accessed November 4 2024, https://ncdj.org/style-guide/#mentalillnessmentaldisorder Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 135 Pederasty Term(s) in this context Pederast Pederasty Pederasty refers to a sexual relationship between an adult man and an adolescent boy, often in the context of a mentor-protégé dynamic. This practice was socially accepted in Ancient Greece, Rome, and some other cultures, such as Pre-Meiji Japan. Today, the legality of such relationships is determined by the age of consent, with adult involvement with minors considered abusive in most countries due to the psychological and physical harm it can cause. Historically, the term has also been misused to falsely describe gay men. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source “Pederasts,” homosaurus.org, n.d., accessed April 3, 2024, https://homosaurus.org/v3/homoit0001094 “Pederasty,” Wikipedia, November 1, 2024, accessed December 4, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 136 Perversion Term(s) in this context Pervert Perv Perversion The term “perversion” comes from psychology, where it refers to a deviation from a norm. In Freud's work and early sexology, perversion described sexual preferences that didn’t lead to adult heterosexual intercourse as the ultimate goal. In a broader, non-sexual sense, perversion can also refer to behaviors like sociopathy or psychopathy, which psychoanalysis views as difficult to treat. Today, alternative sexual preferences are no longer seen as deviant, but rather as variations of human sexuality. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Source Oxford English Dictionary “Pervert“. Accessed 2 May, 2024. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/pervert_n? tab=meaning_and_use#31012459 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 137 Queen Term(s) in this context Queen* (With reference to a man) slang term used to refer to a person as having characteristics and ways of behaving traditionally associated with women and regarded as inappropriate for a man. Usually associated with homosexuality. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Source https://homosaurus.org/v3/homoit0001148 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 144 Queer Term(s) in this context Queer Particularly since the 1980s, 'queer' has served as an umbrella term for sexual identities that challenge social norms, including not just LGBTQIA+ but also people with sexual fetishes or those who practice polyamory. Reclaimed as a proud identity, the term contrasts with its earlier meanings of strange or curious. However, not everyone under this umbrella term actively uses it; many prefer to identify with other LGBTQIA+ terms. Despite its reclamation, 'queer' is still sometimes used as a slur against those seen as sexually deviant. Recommendations for use Use terms and pronouns that people find acceptable and respectful for describing themselves. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 134. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/134 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 145 Race Term(s) in this context Race ‘Race’ refers to the categorisation of humans based on physical features, including skin colour. This is regarded as a sign of incommensurable difference between groups, including a hierarchy in aptitude, abilities, behaviour and development. According to 18th and 19th century racial sciences, humans were divided into groups, arranged hierarchically. These typologies reinforced colonial ideologies of difference. While race is not a biological fact, it has social consequences. Racism, therefore, should be understood as a form of prejudice and discrimination based on the presumed superiority of one group over another. Recommendations for use This term can be used if it refers to animals or plants; the use when referring to people is advised against. There is no easy alternative for this term. The term is used by some in quotation marks to acknowledge the controversy surrounding the term. Racism is a valid term to use, as it acknowledges the discriminatory practices of racial thinking. Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 135. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/135 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 146 Racial features Term(s) in this context Racial features This term is not necessarily discriminatory, but might be indicative of racially harmful content. It refers to the racist pseudoscientific of criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who in the beginning of the 20th century linked facial features to criminality. The theories of biological determinism were widespread but have been controversial since the very beginning, most notably from the angle of sociology which links criminal behaviour to social background and societal structures. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 1.6 Empires and Imperialism,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qCKze8kPN69b12mejnUk7_ZJ2ny14le0E-jnpo-94QY/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 147 Ragamuffin Term(s) in this context Ragamuffin Refers to a dirty, shabbily-dressed child. Recommendations for use The term can be used in a descriptive or historical context, in which case the use of quotation marks is suggested. Source Cultural Heritage Terminology Network, “Inclusive Terminology Glossary. 5. Working Class History,” 2024, accessed April 3, 2024, https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dz6XNaJbO1v85OAlCeyL6HXO27__S7e3jOnC8YG-8Zo/edit Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 148 Retarded Term(s) in this context Retarded The terms ‘mentally retarded,’ ‘retard’ and ‘mental retardation’ were once commonly used to refer to people with intellectual disabilities. They are now considered outdated and offensive. Recommendations for use This term is highly offensive or derogatory and should not be used. Do not use the term retarded or other iterations. If you are going to use it in a quote, consider that decision carefully, as the word is particularly charged. Instead, always try to specify the type of disability being referenced. Otherwise, the term 'intellectually disabled' is acceptable. Consider using people-first language, as in 'a person with an intellectual disability' rather than 'an intellectually disabled person.' If known, use the term the described person prefers. Suggested alternatives Intellectually disabled Person with an intellectual disability Source National Center on Disability and Journalism, “Disability Language Style Guide”, 2021. Accessed 7 November 2024, https://ncdj.org/style-guide/#mentalillnessmentaldisorder. Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 149 Root Term(s) in this context Root* ‘Roots’ has become popular as a way of describing one’s identity, the place from where one originally comes. ‘Roots’ is often tied to feelings of displacement or loss, especially associated with diasporic communities. In recent years, the term has received criticism because it references a stable and fixed identity. To ask someone about their roots may be problematic, as it presupposes that they don't belong or their roots are the defining factor for their identity. This is compounded by the fact that the question is mostly asked of non-White people. Recommendations for use Generally, it is not considered problematic if people choose to speak of roots when referring to themselves. Some people, however, experience it as an intrusion. It might be more useful to refer to routes (the cultural and social biopgraphy of people). Source Tropen Museum et al., eds., “Words Matter: An Unfinished Guide to Word Choices in the Cultural Sector,” 2018, 136. https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/words_matter.pdf.pdf Andrei Nesterov, Laura Hollink, Marieke van Erp, and Jacco van Ossenbruggen. (2023). cultural-ai/wordsmatter: Words Matter: a knowledge graph of contentious terms (v1.0.2) [Data set]. European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), Hersonissos, Greece. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713157 ; https://w3id.org/culco/wordsmatter/136 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 150 Sapphic Term(s) in this context Sapphic Women and, in some definitions, non-binary people of any sexual identity or sexuality who are attracted to women. Some but not all sapphics use the term 'sapphic' to describe their sexual identity or sexuality. The term “Sapphic” originates from the ancient Greek poet Sappho and also refers to her poetic style and meter, as well as themes of love and desire between women found in her work. Recommendations for use Adopt the terminology used and accepted as respectful by people from the community themselves. Suggested alternatives Lesbian Gay wlw (women loving women) Source “Sapphics,” homosaurus.org, n.d., accessed April 3, 2024, https://homosaurus.org/v3/homoit0002277 Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 151 Savage Term(s) in this context Savage This term has long been used to dehumanize and harm Native Americans and Indigenous people, labeling them as uncivilized or primitive. Recommendations for use This term can be used if it refers to animals. The use when referring to people is inappropriate. Source “Inclusive Language Guide,” Cal State East Bay, n.d., accessed December 3, 2024, https://www.csueastbay.edu/universitycommunications/inclusive-language-guide.html Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 152 Scapegoat Term(s) in this context Scapegoat A scapegoat refers to someone who takes the blame for others. The term originates from the story in the Book of Leviticus in the Torah, where the Hebrew word 'ăzāzêl translates to “absolute removal.” According to Jewish tradition, on Yom Kippur, the collective sins and grievances of the community are symbolically transferred onto a goat, which is then sent away or sacrificed, representing the removal of wrongdoing. For centuries, antisemites have used Jews as “scapegoats,” blaming them for societal problems and injustices. Recommendations for use Use with caution. Source American Jewish Committee, “The Translate Hate Glossary,” February 2024, 36, https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2024-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2.2024.pdf Link to record in RDF 2025-10-21 // Graph Version 6.0 // CC-BY-SA 4.0 153