XVII International Scientific and Practical Conference «Questions. hypotheses. answers: science XXI century»

QUESTIONS. HYPOTHESES. ANSWERS: SCIENCE XXI CENTURY Proceedings of the XVII international Scientific and Practical Conference 21-22 October 2025 TORONTO. CANADA 2025 UDC 001.1 BBC 1 XVII International Scientific and Practical Conference «Questions. hypotheses. answers: science XXI century», October 21-22, 2025, Toronto. Canada. 101 p. ISBN 978-91-65424-43-2 DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17458986 Publisher: «SC. Scientific conferences» Main organization: Editor: Hans Muller Layout: Ellen Schwimmer The conference materials are in the public domain under the CC BYNC 4.0 International license. The publisher is not responsible for the materials published in the collection. All materials are provided in the author's edition and express the personal position of the participant of the conference. The sample of the citation for publication is Gugnin Aleksandr, Lisnievska Yuliia ANTI-ADVERTISING IN THE HOTEL BUSINESS // XVII International Scientific and Practical Conference «Questions. hypotheses. answers: science XXI century », October 21-22, 2025, Toronto. Canada. Pp.9-11, URL: https://sconferences.com Contact information Website: https://sconferences.com E-mail: [email protected] Content Arts Guliyeva Nargiz Rafael THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE ART OF MUSIC: A SYNTHESIS OF INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY 4 Biological sciences Azamat Ergashev, Begali Alikulov THE EFFECT OF ADDING 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE (6-BAP) TO THE NUTRIENT MEDIUM IN THE MICROCLONAL PROPAGATION OF A. ABSINTHIUM 8 Aliyev I.A., Babayeva Sh.A., Gasimova G.A., Akhmedova İ.J., Gasimzadeh F.N. SPECİES DİVERSİTY AND PHYTOPATHOGENİC COMPOSİTİON OF THE MYCOBİOTA OF FORAGE CROPS 11 Golib Suyunov, Jasur Kudratov, Ulugbek Uralov ANALYSIS OF TAXON COMPOSITION OF GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS ZARAFSHAN MOUNTAINS, UZBEKISTAN 13 Economic sciences Sulaymonov Farrukh Shukhratovich STRENGTHENING THE REGULATORY FUNCTION OF TAXATION AS A MECHANISM FOR IMPROVING FISCAL SYSTEM EFFICIENCY 16 Historical sciences Mehdiyeva Ayten Ali THE PLACE OF BABYLON IN THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT EAST 18 Journalism Isyaku Hassan, Qaribu Yahaya Nasidi, Abubakar Shehu, Mohd Nazri Latiff Azmi, Tuan Sharifah Azura Tuan Zaki, Ahmad Taufik Hidayah bin Abdullah FACTORS INFLUENCING ACCEPTANCE AND UTILIZATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING IN NIGERIAN RETAILING 27 Zhambotyrova Ainelya Yerbulatovna STRATEGIES AND CONTENT FEATURES OF NEWS DISSEMINATION ON TELEVISION IN THE DIGITAL AGE 34 Jurisprudence Atilla Ozturk, Nurlan Ismayilov CONTRACT OF SALE IN ISLAMIC LAW 44 Baimuratov Mikhailo, Kofman Boris, Yefremova Natalia THE MANAGEMENT TRIAD "PEOPLE" - "MUNICIPAL PEOPLE" - "CONSTITUTIONAL PEOPLE" AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION AS A STRATEGIC-PARADIGMAL DIRECTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY AND STATE IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION 53 Medical sciences Kopytich A.V., Drozd V.A., Vdovichenko V.P., Tatiana Korshak, Anin E. A., Bronskaya G.M. SOME DATA CONCERNING THE USE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICINES IN PRACTICAL MEDICINE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS 65 Pedagogical sciences Karabayeva Laura Koshkarbayevna, Dilnaz Temirbekova GAMIFIED DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT FOR VOCABULARY GROWTH IN LEARNERS 68 Fakhriya Aslanova DEVELOPMENT OF PRE SCHOOL EDUCATION 72 Markhabat Adilbekova CUSTOMISATION OF AI IN A THIRD-LANGUAGE (ENGLISH) LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AT UNIVERSITY: DRAWBACKS AND BENEFITS 75 Technical sciences Mukolyants Arsen, Sotnikova Irina, Sattorov Sirojiddinbek, Turdibekov Beksultan INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF EXPANDER-GENERATOR UNITS IN NATURAL GAS PRESSURE REDUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN 85 Senan Novruzov VIDEO GAMES’ INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN 95 Nazym Turganbek QR-BASED VALIDATION MODEL FOR PHISHING WEBSITE DETECTION 99 ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 4 Arts INTRODUCTION: The relationship between music and technology dates back to ancient times. With the advancement of technology in each new era, the methods of creating and performing music have evolved. However, the digital revolution in recent years has brought about the most profound changes in this field, as information technology has enabled not only professional musicians but also the general public to create music. These transformations encompass all aspects of music-from its creation and distribution to its study and consumption. Regarding the connection between music and technology, the renowned composer Brian Eno once stated: "Technology is not an aid to making music; it is at the very core of what music has become" [Eno B., 1996, p.22]. THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE ART OF MUSIC: A SYNTHESIS OF INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY Guliyeva Nargiz Rafael Associate Professor at the Department of Music History and Theory, Faculty of Music Art, Azerbaijan University of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy in Art Studies ORCİD İD-0009-0007-5628-9164 ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В МУЗЫКАЛЬНОМ ИСКУССТВЕ: СИНТЕЗ ИННОВАЦИЙ И ТВОРЧЕСТВА Гулиева Наргиз Рафаэль кызы Кандидат искусствоведения, доцент кафедры Истории и теории музыки факультета Музыкального искусства Азербайджанского Государственного Университета Культуры и Искусств Abstract The rapid development of information technology in the modern era has caused fundamental changes in all aspects of the art of music. This research aims to comprehensively analyze the transformation brought about by digital technologies across all stages-from musical creation to its production, distribution, education, and consumption. The findings of the study determine that Digital Audio Workstations, virtual instruments, and artificial intelligence have democratized the art form by transforming the traditional structure of the music industry, making music creation accessible to everyone. Simultaneously, technological innovations have fostered new means of expression and creative methods. The mutual synthesis of art and technology has resulted in a qualitatively new stage of development for the art of music. Аннотация Стремительное развитие информационных технологий в современную эпоху привело к фундаментальным изменениям во всех аспектах музыкального искусства. Данное исследование направлено на всесторонний анализ трансформации, вызванной цифровыми технологиями на всех этапах-от музыкального творчества до его производства, дистрибуции, образования и потребления. В результате исследования установлено, что цифровые аудио рабочие станции, виртуальные инструменты и искусственный интеллект изменили традиционную структуру музыкальной индустрии, демократизировали искусство и сделали музыкальное творчество доступным для каждого. Технологические инновации также сформировали новые средства выражения и методы творчества, а в результате взаимного синтеза искусства и технологий возникла качественно новая стадия развития музыкального искусства. Keywords: art of music, information technology, virtual instruments, artificial intelligence, innovation Ключевые слова: музыкальное искусство, информационные технологии, виртуальные инструменты, искусственный интеллект, инновации ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 5 MAIN TEXT: If, in the 20th century, creating music of a quality only possible in large studios was the norm, today anyone with a computer at home possesses this capability. This opportunity has led to the emergence of new artists and the development of new musical styles. Technology has also transformed the music listening experience. Music is no longer stored on CDs, cassettes, or other physical media but is housed on specialized servers on the internet and can be accessed instantly from anywhere in the world via the internet. Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) form the foundation of modern music production. These are computer-based programs used for creating, recording, and editing music. Software such as FL Studio, Ableton Live, and Logic Pro fall into this category. The significant advantage of Digital Audio Workstations lies in their integration of all the functionalities that were once exclusive to professional studios into a single program. Users can manage multiple audio tracks simultaneously, apply various effects to them, and mix the sounds together. The interface of these programs is remarkably simple and comprehensible, even for beginners. The renowned violinist and pedagogue Shinichi Suzuki noted: "Technology cannot replace a good teacher, but it can enhance their effectiveness" [Suzuki, S. 1969, p.193]. Another crucial feature of these programs is their non-linear editing capability. This means that any mistake can be easily corrected without the need to physically cut the audio tape, which significantly accelerates the music creation process and grants the artist greater creative freedom. In recent years, audio recording technology has advanced considerably, with older analog systems being entirely replaced by digital solutions. Thanks to specialized devices called audio interfaces, it is possible to convert signals from microphones, guitars, or other sound sources into a digital format that computers can understand. These interfaces are available in various price categories, allowing anyone to find a model suited to their needs. A quality audio interface is the first step towards professional-grade audio recording, transmitting the sound signal to the computer cleanly and transparently. Plugins represent another crucial component of audio recording technology. These are small programs that operate within Digital Audio Workstation software, virtually emulating hundreds of different effect units. Thanks to plugins, it is possible to access thousands of different audio effects within a single program. The automation function provides incredible precision during the mixing process. Users can program how each parameter-such as volume, stereo balance, or effect value-changes over time. This allows for the creation of more vibrant and dynamic mixes. The renowned producer Rick Rubin writes in his book "The Creative Act: A Way of Being": "Technology has democratized the recording process. Now anyone can create a world-class studio in their own home." [Rubin R., 2023, p.21] Virtual instruments are programs that digitally emulate the sounds of real musical instruments. These tools eliminate the need to purchase physical pianos, violins, or percussion instruments. All these sounds are available virtually, within the computer. The sonic quality of modern virtual instruments is so realistic that it is often difficult to distinguish them from their real counterparts. This is particularly significant for orchestral music. A composer can create the performance of an entire symphony orchestra using virtual instruments. Samplers are used to record real sounds and play them back at different musical pitches. For example, the sound of a percussion instrument is recorded, and then this sound is triggered at different pitches to create a variety of percussive sounds. This technique is particularly widespread in hip-hop and electronic music. The greatest advantage of virtual instruments is their accessibility and convenience. Acquiring, setting up, and recording physical instruments often demands significant time and money. Virtual instruments, however, are always readily available and require no physical space. Oscar-winning composer Hans Zimmer stated in a 2021 interview with "Sound on Sound" magazine: "Virtual orchestras allowed me to move beyond the confines of the recording studio. I now carry an entire symphony orchestra in my laptop." [Zimmer H. Sound on Sound 2021] Synthesis technology enables the creation of sound from scratch. Synthesizers combine various waveforms to generate completely new sounds that do not exist in nature, forming the foundation of electronic music. Various synthesis types exist. FM synthesis creates complex sounds through frequency modulation, while granular synthesis forms new textures by combining tiny sound particles. Each synthesis method possesses its own unique sonic character. Sound design has itself evolved into a distinct art form; sound designers use synthesizers to create unique sounds for film scores, video games, and various media projects. These sounds are primarily used as background effects, atmospheric elements, and special effects. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 6 Virtual modular synthesizers, such as programs like VCV Rack, provide artists with endless possibilities for experimentation. Within these programs, users can build their own synthesizer systems by connecting various modules. This offers complete freedom in the creative process. Digital notation software has completely transformed the method of writing music. Programs like Finale and Sibelius enable composers and arrangers to write, edit, and print sheet music with ease. Their greatest advantage lies in automated functions; operations such as automatically aligning notation, transposing, and extracting instrumental parts can now be executed with just a few clicks. This saves significant time in the compositional process. The integration of virtual sound libraries is another crucial feature. A composer can immediately listen to the written notation through virtual instruments, allowing for instant verification of the orchestration and the ability to make necessary adjustments. The printing functionality of these programs is also highly advanced. It is possible to print created scores at a professional level or export them in PDF format, which facilitates easy sharing and duplication of sheet music. Digital notation software also simplifies collaboration. Multiple composers working on the same project can edit the same score simultaneously, which saves significant time, especially on large-scale projects. The development of digital audio formats has played a crucial role in music production and distribution, with different formats designed for various purposes. Lossless formats like WAV and AIFF are used to preserve audio quality at a professional level. These formats store the audio signal without any loss of quality, but they occupy a large amount of storage space. On the other hand, lossy compression formats like MP3 significantly reduce the size of music files. Although these formats result in some loss of audio quality, they reduce the file size by more than tenfold, which is crucial for online music distribution. Lossless compression formats, such as FLAC, preserve audio quality while still reducing the file size to a certain degree. This format is particularly popular among audiophiles. Technology demonstrates its influence not only in the studio but also on stage. Modern live performances are often enriched with various technological solutions. Software like Ableton Live is specifically designed for live performance, allowing artists to manipulate sounds in real-time, which turns every concert into a unique experience. Automated show systems have completely transformed the concert experience. By synchronizing music, light shows, and visuals on LED screens, they create a more immersive and memorable experience for the audience. Some artists even utilize virtual reality technologies. VR concerts offer audiences a completely new experience, which gained particular popularity during the pandemic. Technology has also transformed music education. In addition to traditional teaching methods, various technological solutions are now available. Online lessons and masterclasses allow anyone to learn from renowned musicians anywhere in the world, a significant opportunity especially for those living in remote areas. Interactive educational applications like Yousician and Simply Piano make learning music more enjoyable. These programs use gamification elements to motivate students to practice. Specialized software for music theory and ear training is also available. These programs help students develop their theoretical knowledge and aural skills. Virtual practice platforms, such as guitar simulators, allow users to grasp fundamental principles even without a physical instrument. The internet and digital technologies have fundamentally altered the business model of the music industry. Old models have given way entirely to new approaches. Social media platforms (TikTok, Instagram) have become the most powerful tools for music promotion. Digital distribution services (like DistroKid, TuneCore) have created major opportunities for independent artists. Through these services, artists can upload their music directly to streaming platforms. CONCLUSION: Thus, information technology has transformed the art of music in every aspect. The creative process has become more accessible, music distribution has been simplified, and educational opportunities have expanded. However, these changes have also raised certain ethical issues. In the future, technology will continue to advance, with artificial intelligence potentially creating more complex compositions and virtual reality fundamentally altering the concert experience. Yet, the most crucial point is that technology remains merely a tool. It can never fully replace human creative power and emotional depth. The harmonious synthesis of technology and art will form the essential foundation for the continued evolution of the musical art. Each new technological possibility opens new avenues for creativity and ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 7 introduces new means of expression. This ensures that the art of music remains a perpetually vibrant and evolving art form. References 1. Eno, B. (1996). A Year With Swollen Appendices. Faber & Faber. 2. Suzuki, S. (1969). Nurtured by Love. Summy-Birchard. 3. Rubin R. "The Creative Act: A Way of Being". Penguin Press, 2023, s.21 4. Zimmer H. Sound on Sound journal, 2021, s.7 5. Schaeffer, P. (1966). Traité des objets musicaux. Éditions du Seuil. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 8 Biological sciences 6-BAP is a chemically synthesized cytokinin that activates cell division, stimulates shoot formation from initial buds, and promotes shoot proliferation. Therefore, it is considered one of the most effective and widely used phytohormones in micropropagation processes [6]. Under in vitro conditions, this hormone significantly enhances shoot development in many plant species [5]. Cytokinin is one of the essential plant hormones for plant growth and development, promoting cell division and differentiation [9]. In nature, several endogenous cytokinins are present in plants, such as zeatin (Zea) and its riboside form (Zea-R). In addition, there are several synthetic cytokinin-like compounds, including benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (Kin), and 2-isopentenyladenine (2-IP) [4]. Cytokinins not only regulate the process of organogenesis but also play an important role in enhancing plant stress tolerance and increasing photosynthetic activity. Therefore, the application of cytokinins under in vitro conditions not only increases the efficiency of regeneration but also positively influences subsequent acclimatization and adaptation to field conditions [1;10]. 6-BAP is a plant hormone belonging to the cytokinin group that activates cell division. This serves as the basis for the formation of new cells and tissues from the explant [3]. The most significant and valuable effect of this hormone is that adding 6-BAP to the nutrient medium at an appropriate concentration promotes the formation of a large number of lateral shoots in the explant. As a result, numerous new plants can be obtained from a single explant. This, in turn, fulfills the main objective of micropropagation — to obtain genetically identical clones rapidly and efficiently [11]. In some cases, especially at high concentrations or in combination with other hormones, 6-BAP may promote the formation of callus (a mass of undifferentiated cells). The callus can later differentiate into whole plants through organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis [2]. The effectiveness and impact of 6-BAP depend on the plant species, the age of the explant, the composition of the nutrient medium, and the concentration of 6-BAP. Optimal concentrations may vary for each plant species [7]. 6-BAP is one of the key agents in micropropagation for effectively enhancing shoot proliferation, ensuring rapid multiplication, and obtaining high-quality, genetically identical plant material. Its proper concentration and balanced combination with other hormones are the keys to success in plant cultivation under in vitro conditions [8]. In many plant species, 6-BAP effectively enhances shoot proliferation — numerous studies have shown that specific concentrations of 6-BAP promote the formation of multiple initial shoots from a single explant. In this case, the most effective concentration varies depending on the plant species and the source of the explant. According to the literature, increasing the amount of 6-BAP is beneficial up to a certain limit; however, higher concentrations may lead to callus formation, disruption of organogenesis, or even exert toxic effects on explants. Therefore, it is important to determine the optimal amount for each species. Table 1 Effect of adding 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) to the nutrient medium (MS3) on explant viability during the initiation stage of micropropagation of A. absinthium (n=3)* 6-BAP concentration, mg/l Viability In number In percentage (%) 0,0 (Control) 33±1,32 55 0,4 36,7±1,46 61,2 0,9 47,3±2,0 78,8 1,4 41±1,64 68,3 2,0 30,7±1,22 51,1 THE EFFECT OF ADDING 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE (6-BAP) TO THE NUTRIENT MEDIUM IN THE MICROCLONAL PROPAGATION OF A. ABSINTHIUM Azamat Ergashev, Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy. Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan Begali Alikulov Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Samarkand, Uzbekistan ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 15 gastropod mollusks belonging to four families (Belgrandiellidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae and Planorbidae) and 5 genera in this area by identifying materials collected from 11 streams in the Nurota Mountains. When analyzing the species composition, it was noted that representatives of the Lymnaeidae family predominated in the gastropod mollusk fauna of the Nurota Mountains. Compared with the Nurota mountain range, the species of the Lymnaeidae family (9 species) were found to be dominant in the Zarafshan mountains and adjacent areas. Studies conducted in 13 biotopes in the Hissar mountain range and adjacent areas revealed that 46 species of terrestrial gastropod mollusks were found in this area, and the number and density of species in the steppe and adir regions were lower than in the mountain zone, where the vertical elevation gradient was relatively high [5, 6]. References 1. Soliev A. 2014. Geografy of Uzbekistan. University, Tashkent [in Uzbek]. 2. Izzatullayev ZI. 2019. Fauna of The Molluscs of Water Ecosystems of Central Asia and The Contiguous Country Territories. Lesson-Press Pub., Tashkent. 3. Makhmudjonov ZM, Khakimov KB, Mekhmonova NA, Nasriddinova SR, Abdurashitov SS. 2023. Biological peculiarities of Leucozonella retteri. Baghdad Science Journal 20 (5): 1599-1605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.73434.S. 4. Starobogatov YI, Prozorova LA, Bogatov VV, Sayenko YM. 2004. Key to freshwater invertebrates of Russia and adjacent lands. Tsalolikhin SJ (ed). Molluscs, Polychaetes, Nemerteans. Nauka, Saint-Petersburg. 5. Kudratov J, Pazilov A, Maxammadiyev Z, Urazova R, Otakulov B, Bazarov B, Keldiyarov K, Soatova Z, Urinova X. 2023. Diversity and ecology of molluscs (Gastropods) in mountain streams, Nurota mountain range, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 24(4): 2402-2408. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240455. 6. Kudratov J, Pazilov A, Zokirova D, Otakulov B, Jalilov J, Urinova X, Khalimov F, Izzatullaev Z. 2024. Complexes of terrestrial molluscs of various biotopes in the Gissar Range, Uzbekistan. Acta Biologica Sibirica 10: 349-359. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11160044. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 16 Economic sciences In the twenty-first century, the taxation system has evolved from a mere fiscal instrument for revenue collection into a dynamic mechanism for macroeconomic regulation and sustainable development. The regulatory function of taxation is now recognized as one of the most powerful tools of government intervention in the economy, enabling the state to influence production, consumption, investment behavior, and income distribution in a targeted and systematic manner. The effectiveness of this function determines not only fiscal balance but also the overall efficiency and resilience of the national economy. In developing economies, where fiscal systems often face structural weaknesses such as a narrow tax base, weak administrative capacity, and high informality, the regulatory role of taxation acquires special relevance. Unlike developed countries that rely on mature fiscal institutions and diversified revenue structures, developing states depend heavily on limited sources of taxation, often resulting in fiscal instability and inefficient resource allocation. Consequently, improving the regulatory function of taxation becomes a strategic imperative for achieving sustainable economic growth, social equity, and institutional trust. The global financial crises, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the subsequent disruptions in trade and supply chains have further revealed the critical need for adaptive and resilient fiscal management. These events have shown that taxation systems that are flexible, transparent, and technologically advanced can better withstand economic shocks and support recovery. In this context, taxation is no longer viewed as a passive fiscal policy tool, but as a proactive instrument for stabilizing aggregate demand, correcting market failures, and steering the economy toward innovation-driven and inclusive growth. Modern research on taxation emphasizes its regulatory function as a key determinant of fiscal efficiency and sustainable development. In developing economies, taxation has evolved from a static source of state revenue into a dynamic mechanism of macroeconomic coordination, institutional transformation, and social inclusion. This multidimensional nature of taxation has been examined through various frameworks including fiscal capacity theory, institutional economics, and digital governance models. A growing body of empirical evidence highlights the critical relationship between taxation and state capacity. According to Mick Moore (2014), effective taxation builds the “fiscal contract” between governments and citizens, fostering accountability and legitimacy [1]. Similarly, Odd-Helge Fjeldstad and Mick Moore (2019) demonstrate that fiscal bargaining — where citizens demand transparency in exchange for compliance — strengthens democratic governance and improves public trust [2]. Brautigam, Fjeldstad, and Moore (2014) further argue that strong tax institutions are foundational for state-building, as they enhance both fiscal capacity and social cohesion [3]. The fiscal capacity approach developed by Timothy Besley and Torsten Persson (2014) remains central in the literature. They contend that developing countries must invest in institutional capacity particularly in information systems, tax administration, and human capital to sustain long-term revenue mobilization [4]. This is consistent with findings by Jonathan Di John (2010), who notes that fiscal STRENGTHENING THE REGULATORY FUNCTION OF TAXATION AS A MECHANISM FOR IMPROVING FISCAL SYSTEM EFFICIENCY Sulaymonov Farrukh Shukhratovich Independent researcher, Head of HR department of Kimyo International University in Tashkent Abstract This study explores the enhancement of the regulatory function of taxation as a key factor in improving fiscal efficiency and sustainable economic growth in developing economies. The research emphasizes the need for institutional modernization, digital transformation, and the integration of green and innovation-oriented fiscal mechanisms. Strengthening tax administration, broadening the tax base, and promoting international fiscal cooperation are identified as essential strategies for achieving transparency, equity, and long-term economic resilience. Keywords: taxation, fiscal efficiency, regulatory function, digital governance, sustainable development. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 17 capacity directly correlates with the quality of governance, especially in post-crisis and resource-dependent economies [5]. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank have contributed extensively to understanding the structural challenges of taxation in emerging markets. Gupta and Keen (2017) stress that the efficiency of tax systems depends not only on tax rates or bases, but also on compliance culture, enforcement, and administrative design [6]. IMF (2023) reports that developing economies could mobilize up to 9% of GDP in additional revenue through digital reforms and better compliance mechanisms [7]. Pomeranz (2015) provides micro-evidence from Chile showing that electronic invoicing and digital reporting systems substantially increase compliance by improving traceability within the value chain [8]. The research findings demonstrate that enhancing the regulatory function of taxation is essential for strengthening fiscal efficiency, institutional credibility, and sustainable economic development in developing economies. The evidence suggests that fiscal reforms must move beyond revenue mobilization toward building an adaptive, transparent, and innovation-driven taxation system. First, countries should prioritize digital transformation of tax administration through integrated data systems, artificial intelligence, and blockchain to improve compliance, reduce evasion, and enhance fiscal transparency. Second, broadening the tax base by formalizing the informal economy and introducing simplified registration mechanisms will ensure fiscal stability and social equity. Third, institutional strengthening is crucial: tax administrations must be granted operational autonomy, equipped with skilled personnel, and supported by accountability frameworks that link revenue performance with governance outcomes. Fourth, the adoption of green and innovation-oriented fiscal instruments — including carbon pricing, environmental levies, and tax incentives for research, digitalization, and sustainable production — will align fiscal regulation with the global sustainable development agenda. Fifth, international tax cooperation should be deepened through adherence to OECD to prevent capital flight and promote fiscal fairness across borders. Finally, public trust and fiscal culture must be cultivated by reinforcing the fiscal contract between the state and citizens, ensuring that tax revenues are visibly translated into improved social services, infrastructure, and human capital investment. In conclusion, the regulatory function of taxation represents not only a fiscal mechanism but also a strategic instrument of national development. When supported by institutional modernization, digital governance, and sustainability-driven reforms, taxation evolves into a powerful catalyst for inclusive growth, macroeconomic stability, and the long-term resilience of developing economies. References 1. Moore, M. The Governance Contribution of Taxation. IDS Working Paper 411. Brighton, Institute of Development Studies, 2014. 2. Fjeldstad, O. H., Moore, M. Taxation and State-Building: An Overview. Bergen, Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2019. 3. Brautigam, D., Fjeldstad, O. H., Moore, M. Taxation and State-Building in Developing Countries: Capacity and Consent. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014. 4. Besley, T., Persson, T. Why Do Developing Countries Tax So Little? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2014, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 99–120. 5. Di John, J. The Political Economy of Taxation and State Resilience in Developing Countries. European Journal of Development Research, 2010, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 21–38. 6. Gupta, S., Keen, M. Digital Tax Administration: Transforming Fiscal Systems for Efficiency and Equity. IMF Policy Paper, Washington, 2017. 7. International Monetary Fund. Revenue Mobilization in Developing Countries: Policy and Administrative Reforms. Washington, IMF Publication, 2023. 8. Pomeranz, D. No Taxation Without Information: Deterrence and Self-Enforcement in the Value Added Tax. American Economic Review, 2015, Vol. 105, No. 8, pp. 2539–2569. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 18 Historical sciences İntroduction The crisis of the economic system based on large princely farms, the fall of the III Dynasty of Ur, the destruction of the Sumerian – Akkadian centers by the cattle – breeding Amorite tribes and their srpead throughout Mesopotamia led to the temporary decline of the centralized state and the political fragmentation of the country. In the south, two independent states emerged, centered on the cities of Larsa and Isin. Mari on the Euphrates and Ashur on the Tigris, and the state of Eshnunna in the Diyala River region, were important states in northern Mesopotamia. They were ruled by Amorite dynasties, who relied on the armed forces of their warlike tribal allies. In the 20th and 19th centuries BC, these state were engaged in internal wars. In this process, the city of Babylon (Ki – Tengri (the Gate of God)) gained independence and the period Old Babylonia (1894 – 1595 BC), or the period of the Amorite dynasty, began. THE PLACE OF BABYLON IN THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT EAST Mehdiyeva Ayten Ali Doctor of Philosophy in History, Associate Professor, Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7819-3103 Abstract There were many different states in the history of the Ancient East. Among them, the state of Ancient Babylonia has an interesting history. The ancient Akkadians called this state Karduniash, and the ancient Egyptians called it Sangar. This state, which emerged at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, existed until 539 BC. The Amorites, one of the Semitic tribes that founded Babylonia, adopted the Sumerian and Akkadian cultures. The heyday of Babylon coincides üith the reign of Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the First Babylonian Dynasty, an oustanding statesman. Hammurabi`s reign was spent on the cration of the great Babylonian state, which covered the entire territory of Mesopotamia. During these years, Babylon, a small city, became not only the capital of a large state, but also the largest economic, political and cultural center of Asia Minor. One of the most powerful rulers in the history of ancient Babylonia was Nebuchadnezzar II. He invaded Phoenicia and took control of the main caravan routes. His main rival was the Egyptian state. With the support of Egypt, Judah moved away from Babylon. Ten years later, Nabuchadnezzar II attacked the state of Judah, defeated it, and especially during the last campaign, thousands of Jerusalem residents were taken captive. They were settled in various parts of Babylonia. This event went down in history as the period of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews. Judah was incorporated into the Babylonian empire as a province. The Babylonians besieged the Phoenician city of Tyre, which they captured 13 years later. The reign of Nebuchadnezzar II was a period of economic and cultural revival in Babylonia. Durinf this period, a magnificent bridge was built connecting different parts of Babylon. The ziggurat of Etechenanki, south of the main Babylonian sanctuary of Esagila, gained great fame during this period. This tower, called the Tower of Babyl in the Bible, was one of the wonders of the ancient world. It housed a statue of Marduk, the supreme god of Babylonia. Nebuchadnezzar II built the famous Hanging Gardens for his wife. This was also considered one of the wonders of the world. This ruler governed the state through special laws. In this regar, his name has been preserved in history for many years. Babylonia was ruled by the Kassites, Chaldeans, Assyrians, and Achaemenids. Stuying the history of this people, which gave two great wonders to the history of world culture, is of great interest in the modern era. Keywords: Ancient East, Babylonia, Amorite, Chaldean, empire, code of laws ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 19 The ancient city of Babylon The emergence and rice of the Babylonian state During the wars, the main rival states weakened each other. Thus, Larsa became the main object of occupation for the Elamites, who were entrenched in the south. In Mesopotamia, the Elamite ruler Rim – Sin (1822 – 1763 BC) built canals, erected gold and copper statues in honor of the gids of Sumer and Elam, and built temples in Larsa, Ur, and other cities. Many cities in Mesopotamia, including Uruk, Nippur, and Isin, recognized his rule, and the provincial capital, Larsa, quickly became one of the largest cities in Mesopotamia. Emerging from a severe socio – economic and political crisis, Southern Mesopotamian society was regaining strength. There was a new rise in irrigated africulture, trade and urban life revived. Development was hampered by political fragmentation and internal wars. The quention of creating a single centralized state again came to the fore. Under these conditions, the role and importance of the new center – Babylon – gradually increased. İts location in the central part of the valley, where the Tigris River approaches the Euphrates, was strategically favorable. Here the main links of the irrigation network were united – power was strengthened in Southern Mesopotamia, through which the most important land and water routes of all Western Asia passed. Babylonia at the time of Hammurabi Babylon`s heyday coincided with the reign of Hammurabi (1792 – 1750 BC), the sixth ruler of the First Babylonian Dynasty. Hammurabi skillfully used the policy of forming military alliances, which he eacily dissolved once he had achieved his desired goal. Initially, Hammurabi concluded a mutual assistance treaty with Larsa and thus secured himself, subjugating Uruk and Issin and beginning to capture cities in the south. His attention was drawn to the state of Mari, founded by Zimrilim, a representative of the local dynasty, at a time when the closest friendships had been established, and which had freed from Assyrian rule. Relying on this alliance with Mari, Hammurabi defeated Eshnunna, whom Assyria had unsuccessfully attempted to help. Zimrilim did not want the fruits of this victory and wrote to his ally: Rule yourselves or appoint what is pleasing to you. The next blow of the allies fell on Larsa. Rim – Sin was defeated and fled to Elam, and his kingdom remained with Hammurabi. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 20 The upper part of the stela of Hammurapi code of laws Two major states remained in Mesopotamia: Babylon, which united the entire southern and central part of the country under its rule, and its ally Mari, whose ruler considered himself the ruler of the Upper Country. Mari was a powerful and dangerous rival for Babylon. Mari, loceted in the middle reaches of the Euphrates, united a number of Euphrates cities around itself (Terka), subjugated some nomadic tribes of the Syrian – Mesopotamian steppe (Didans, Cheini), and established trade and diplomatic relations with the Eastern Mediterranean states of Byblos, Ugarit, Cachemich, Yamhad, Cyprus and Crete. Even Egyption scarabs and Hittite seals were found in Terka. During the reign of Zimrilim, a magnificent palace was built in the city of Mari, covering an area of 4 hectares and having more than 300 residential, economic and religious buildings. People came from Ugarit, Yamhad and Babylon to see this palace. Hammurab`s laws Zimrilim was a statesman like Hammurabi. His diplomats and intelligence officers were constantly in Babylon, closely following all the actions of their ally even at the best of times in relations between Babylon and Mari. This is evidenced by letters preserved in the archives of Zimrilim`s palace. Information about the relations between Babylon, Larsa, Eshnunna, and Assyria was conveyed to the ruler of Mari. With the change in the situation, he withdrew his troops, which had been fighting alongside the Babylonians in Larsa. In 1759 BC, Hammurabi, using Zimrilim as a pretext for breaking up the alliance, captured the city of Mari and subjugated the northern Mesopotamian state. Soon, a rebellion by Zimrilim forced him to take the rebellious city, demolish its walls, and burn the ruler`s palace. After this defeat, the Mari state ceased to exist. In the north, a weakened Assyria remained, deprived of its allies. Its cities, Ashur, Nineveh, etc., recognized the rule of Babylonia. The 35 years of Hammurabi`s reign were spent creating the great Babylonian state, which covered the entire territory of Mesopotamia. During these years, Babylon, a small city, became not only the capital of large state, but also the largest economic, political and cultural center of Asia Minor. Despite its initial successes, the Babylonian state, which was formed from conquered territories and once independent states, weakened. The aggravation of internal contradictions, especially those related to the weakness of communities, soldiers, taxpayers, and defenders of the state, and foreign policy difficulties affected the reign of Hammurabi`s son Samsuiluna (1749 – 1712 BC). He tried to maintain his authority, building ziggurats, decorating temples, making golden thrones in honor of the gods, and building new canals. However, in the south, the Babylonians were being squeezed by the Elamites, who ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 21 captured Sumerian cities one after another. During the suppression of the rebellion, Sippar rose, its walls and temples destroyed, and Isin disappeared. The foreign policy environment also became increasingly unfavorable for Babylon. The warlike Kassite tribes were penetrating its territory. In northwestern Mesopotamia, the Hurrians settled and cut off Babylonia from the main trade routes leading to Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean coast. Finally, in 1595 BC, the Hittite invasion of Babylon ended with the capture of Babylon, the removal of the statue of the god Marduk, and the end of the rule of the First Babylonian Dynasty. The socio – economic and political system of Babylonia (based on the Code of Hammurabi) The economy, social and political structure of the Babylonian state during Hammurabi`s reign is studied on the basis of the law code, correspondence with officials, and special legal documents, The issuance of laws was aimed at strengthening Hammurabi`s power. The code of laws is divided into three parts: an introduction, the text of the laws, and a conclusion. It is an important source for the study of Babylonian society in the first half of the 18th century BC. The economy of the Babylonian state during the reign of Hammurabi was based on the development of irrigated agriculture, horticulture, cattle breeding, various crafts, and foreign and domestic trade. He strengthened the cental government and issued laws. These laws paid special attention to the issues of strengthening private property, human rights, and protecting nature. One of Hammurabi`s titles, “the ruler of justice”, stems from his unwavering fame, as Hammurabi is the founder of the first collection of laws recorded in sources. Scholars note that the Hammurabi Code, consisting of 282 articles, written on stone tablets, is based on a mixture of semitic innovations and Sumerian laws, but since they cannot decide which law belongs to the Sumerians and which to the Semites, they simply accept the entire text as Mesopotamian jurisprudence. Before considering some of the provisions of the code, it should also be said that the Hammurabi Code contradicts the modern concept of “legal equality”. During Hammurabi`s reign, the expansion of arable land led to the transformation of the economy into an intensive sector, the development of cereals and oilseed crops (sesame). This was achieved by expanding the irrigation network in the country. Special officials were required to monitor the condition of the canals. Mari archival documents show that the able – bodied population, from freemen to slaves, participated in the irrigation duty, and those who evaded it were severely punished. Four articles in the Code of Hammirabi specifically address various cases of negligence or carelessness of a farmer in relation to irrigation facilities in his field. Damage to a neighbor`s field had to be paid for. Otherwise, the damager`s property or himself was sold to pay for the damage. The Babylonian ruler Hammurabi worked to build canals like the River of Wealth, which briught abundant water to Sumer and Akkad. Cattle breeding was developed. The laws repeatedly mention cattle – herds of blacks and small animals. Animals were rented out to work in the fields, threshing, and transporting heavy loads. Art was represented by many different crafts such as bricklayer, shipwright, carpenter, stonemeson, tailor, weaver, blacksmith, etc. At that time, doctors, veterinarians, and barbers were classified as artisan professions. The Code of Hammurabi stipulated that craftsmen should be paid their wages and held accountable for their work. “If a builder rebuilds a man`s house and does not do his work properly, and the house he built collapses, that builder shall be put to death”. The development of trade was facilitated by the unification of the entire Mesopotamian territory within the framework of the Babylonian state, and the centralization of trade routes from the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. Products exported from Babylonia were grain, dates, sesame oil, wool, and handicrafts. Trade was of particular interest to the state and was handled by special trade agents. The tamkars, who carried out state and trade transactions, conducted it through small intermediary merchants. The tamkars were subordinate to the state official “vakil – tamkarim”. The moneylenders had assistants called “shamallu”. Sometimes they also set monopoly prices. In return for their services, they bought land and garden plots, houses. The moneylenders were the tenants of the land plots of the rulers and ordinary people. The most important trading centers were Babylon, Nippur, Sippar, Larsa and Ur. In Babylonian society during the time of Hammurabi, governance in the country was based on slave ownership. The laws indicated a distinction between free citizens and slaves. A free, fully – fledged citizen was called an “avilum” – “man”. Free citizens, including landowners, tamkars, priests, community peasants, and artisans, formed the same class. According to one of the articles of Hammurabi`s code, a distinction was made between high and low – ranking individuals and different degrees of crime were established. The laws served the interests of private property and slave owners. The majority of the population in Babylonian society were small producers and small businessmen who paid taxes to the treasury and provided the military power of the state. Their rights were also ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 22 reflected in the laws. Thus, some laws protected them from the arbitrariness of usurers, the latter were prohibited from taking crops to pay off debts, the interest rate on the loan amount was ragulated (20% for borrowed silver, 33% for grain loans), mistreatment of collateral was severely punished, and debt slavery was limited to three years. At the same time, a process of stratification of small producers was underway. In Babylonian society, alongside the freedmen, there was also the category of muskenum. This term meant “to bow down”. The muskenum worked in the rule`s household. After severing ties with the community, they would receive the land and property they had lost in exchange for service to the ruler. Damage caused by the activities of muskenums was compensated by a fine, and the principle of talion was applied. It id clear from the laws thet muskenums had property and slaves, their property rights were strictly protected, and their property was counted along with the property of the palace in which they served. The lowest class of Babylonian society were the slaves (vardum). The source of slavery was war, property stratification leading to debt slavery, the unequal position of family members under the father`s rule, the possibility of pledging or selling him into slavery, and the possibility of becoming a slave for certain crimes. There was a distinction between private, state, muskenum, and temple slaves. An average family had 2 – 5 slaves. Sometimes in wealthy families there were more. Slaves were considered the property of the slave owners, they were sold of bought. Slaves often ran away from their slave owners and were punished for it. However, in Babylonia, slaves could own small estates managed by the owner, marry free women while retaining their civil and property rights, and the children from such marriages could be considered free. The Babylonian family was patriarchal and was ruled by a single householder – the father and the husband. Marriages were concluded on the basis of contracts, accompanied by the bringing of a wedding gift by the groom and a dowry by the bride. Laws protected the honor, dignity, and health of a woman. It was difficult for a widow to divorce or remarry. All children of both sexes had the right to inherit parental property, but sons were given some preference. The Babylonian state had the features typical of ancient Eastern despotism. At the head of the state was a ruler who had legislative, executive, judicial and religious powers. The land fund of the ruler was extensive. Thus, in Larsa it constituted 30 – 50 % of the arable land. However, the structure of the state economy had changed significantly compared to the period of the III Ur Dynasty. This reign was characterized by the establishment of a temple economy. The ruler played a decisive role in the activities of the created courts. Financial and tax departments were engaged in the collection of taxes in the form of silver and in kind from crops, livestock and handicraft products. The ruler`s power was based on an army consisting of heavily and lightly armed army units – redum and bairum. Their rights and duties were defined in 16 articles of the Code of Hammurabi. The laws protected soldiers from the arbitrariness of their commanders, regulated their release from captivity, the provision of a soldier`s family, etc. The bureaucratic apparatus, controlled by the ruler, carried out his orders. At the same time, the ruler`s administrative bodies established contacts with local authorities, people`s assemblies, and community leaders. The administrative apparatus waged a serious fight against bribery, indiscipline, etc. The establishment of a centralized Babylonian state and the rise of Babylon were later reflected in religious worship. Marduk, the local god and patron of the city of Babylon, once considered one of the lesser gods, became the chief god of the pantheon. The Middle Babylonian state during the reign of the Kassite dynasty The Middle Babylonian period, or Kassite dynasty, ruled Babylonia from 1595 BC to 115 BC. The Kassities, one of the mountain tribal groups of Iran, invaded the borders of Mesopotamia after Hammurabi. In 1742 BC, the Kassite leader Gandash invaded Babylonia and assumed the title of “ruler of the four countries of the world, Sumer and Akkad, Babylon”, but this did not mean the actual conquest of the country. Only their defeat by the Hittites consolidated the Kassite rulers on the Babylonian throne. To strengthen relations, Kassite rulers entered into diplomatic marriages with Egyptian pharaohs. According to the letters found in the Tell – Amarna archive, it is possible to find clauses regulating relations between Egypt and Babylonia and providing mutual assistance. The Kassites adopted Babylonian culture, recognized the Kassite gods as Babylonian gods, and patronized the traditional worship of Mesopotamian religion. Thus, in the 16th century, Agum II returned to his homeland the statues of Marduk and his wife Tsarpanit, sacred to Babylon, captured during the ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 23 Hittite campaign, and did much to restore and decorate their temples. Temples were built in the 15th – 14th centuries BC. The great cities of Babylon, Nippur, and Sippar were not only exempt from all taxes and duties, but even had their own armies, and held an independent position. The local and Kassite bobles, who were equipped with letters of immunity and belonged to the temple of Enlil in Nippur, had political influence. The Kassite rulers pursued a wide – raging foreign policy. According to tradition, they called themselves “the rulers of the four countries of the world” and took possession of all of Lower Mesopotamia. The territories inhabited by the Kassite tribes in the central Zagros Mountains, some regions of Kutium, the Zagros, the Middle Euphrates valles, and from the 15th – early 14th centuries BC, vast territories of the Syrian steppe, centered in Tadmor in southern Syria and up to the borders of Transjordan, were included in the country of Kassite. The Kassite rulers, seeking to consolidate their position in Iran, made campaigns into Central and Southern Iran. At the end of the 15th century BC, the Kassite ruler Karaindash, who opposed Egypt, forced the Egyptians to make peace with Mitanni and became one the founders of the Amarna international system. As a result, from the end of the 15th century BC, stable peaceful relations were established between Egypt and Babylon, permanent embassies were established, and trade caravans began to operate. The Kassite rulers sent gifts of horse – drawn carriages, bronze vessels, precious oils, etc. to the Egptian pharaohs, and received jewelry, etc. in return. The reign of Burna – Buriash II (1376 – 1347 BC) can be considered the most powerful period of Kassian. He captured Arrafa, restored his dominance in Elam and southern Iran, formed an alliance with the Hittite ruler Suppilulium, and with relative success repelled the first attacks of the Aramean tribes in the Syrian desert and the Middle Euphrates. However, after his reign, a series of wars began between Babylon and the growing Assyrian power, which lasted about a year and a half. Thus, the Assyrian ruler Tukulti – Ninurta I (1244 – 1208 BC) was able to completely subjugate Babylonia for a time (1230 – 1220 BC). Therefore, despite the continued alliance with the Hittites, Babylon`s influence in the outside world declined. However, at the beginning of the 12th century BC, during the reign of ruler Adadshumutsur, Babylonia, which was under Assyrian influence, experienced a brief revival. In the second quarter of the 12th centure BC, the Elamites made several devastating raids on Mesopotamia. They completely occupied Babylonia. In 1150 BC, they overthrew the last ruler, Gandash, and the Kassite dynasty ceased to exist. The Kassites of Mesopotamia had by this time been assimilated by the Babylonians. Babylonia after the rule of the Kassite dynasty At the end of the 13th century BC, Babylonia entered a period of economic and political decline. The Elamite invasions were particularly dangerous. By the middle of the 12th century BC, they had conquered all of Babylonia, plundered its cities and temples, and taken the last Kassite ruler and nobles captive along with the Babylonians. The statue of Marduk, the supreme god of Babylon, was also taken to Elam. Thus ended the four – century rule of the Kassite dynasty. The administration of Babylon was entrusted to the Elamites. The Elamites continued to occupy the territory between the Tigris, Diyala, and the Zagros Mountains. The Statue of Marduk on a kudurru stele of the Babylonian king Meli – Shipak, 12th century BC The development of Elamote power in the west of Babylonia was strong. The country was strengthened to modern standards by Nebuchadnezzar I (1125 – 1104 BC). The Babylonians, who had defeated the Elamites in the battle near the fortress of Der, occupied Elam. After this, there is no information about Elamite in any significant way for three centuries (to 821 BC). ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 24 In the middle of the 11th century BC, the nomadic tribes of the Arameans living west of the Euphrates began to invade Babylon and Assyria, which were united by a common threat. By the end of the 8th century BC, the Aramean tribes had established themselves on the western and northern borders of Babylon. From the 9th century BC, the Chaldean tribes, who spoke one of the dialects of the Aramic language for several centuries, began to play an important role in the history of Babylon. Detail of stele of Ashur – nasir – pal II in the British Museum, London. Assyria, 9th century BC Little is known about Babylonian society after the Kassites. The country was divided into 14 administrative regions. From the end of the 12th century BC, the capital of the state again became the city of Babylon. The ruler owned a significant part of the state lands, from which he allocated land for military service to soldiers. They donated land to nobles and temples. There were also lands that were the private property of individuals. Babylonia during the Assyrian period At the end of the 9th century BC, the Assyrians frequently invaded Babylonia and gradually occupied the north of the country. In the middle of the 8th century BC, the powerful Assyrian state began to pose a threat to Babylon. In 744 BC, the Assyrian ruler Tiglath – Pileser III (745 – 727 BC) conquered Babylonia, defeated the Chaldean tribes in the area from Sippar to the marshes of the Persian Gulf, and took the title of ruler of Sumer and Akkad. Babylonia was forced to accept Assyrian rule. The priests, officials, and merchants of the Babylonian cities gradually became a strong support for Assyrian rule. The initiative in the struggle for the country`s independence passed to the Chaldeans and the lower classes of the city`s population. In 729 BC, Tiglath – Pileser III conquered Babylon. After that, Babylon lost its independence for a century. However, the Assyrian ruler refrained from turning Babylon into an ordinary province, and the Assyrian Empire retained its status as an internal state. During the reign of Sargon II (722 – 705 BC), the Assyrians were unable to maintain their power over Babylonia. Marduk – Aplaiddin II, the leader of one of the Chaldean tribes, captured Babylon and declared himself ruler of the entire country. He entered into an alliance with the Elamites and began a war with Assyria. In 720 BC, the Elamites defeated the Assyrians at the Battle of Der. Marduk – Aplaiddin II deliberately missed this battle and arrived with his army when the defeated Assyrians had already begun to retreat. This victory ended Assyrian rule in Babylonia for ten years. The Chaldean king ruled Babylon from 721 to 710 BC. In 710 BC, Sarqon II (722 – 705 BC) led a successful campaign against Elam. Marduk – Aplaiddin II, who had retreated south of Babylon, fled to Bit – Yaqin. In 709 BC, Sargon II conquered Babylon and assumed the title of ruler. After Sennacherib (705 – 681 BC) came to power in Assyria in 705 BC, Marduk – Aplaiddin II managed to create a powerful coalition. He relied on the southern Babylonian cities, the Chaldeans, and some Aramean tribes to form alliances with Assyrua`s enemies and to incite rebellions in the territories subject to the Assyrians. He captured Babylon in 703 BC, but after a series of setbacks he was forced to abandon it and flee to the marshy areas in the south of the country, inaccessible to the Assyrians. In 692 BC, the Babylonians again rebelled against the Assyrians, forming an alliance with the Zagros tribes and the Arameans. The main fightind force of this coalition was infantry and cavalry, as well as Elamite and Iranian chariots. These chariots were purchased with gold and other valuables taken from the temple treasury in Babylon. The decisive battle took place in 691 BC near Halula on the Tigris. Neither side was able to gain a decisive victory in the battle. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 31 Emerging research highlights the role of government and private sector interventions in facilitating social media marketing adoption. Programs aimed at improving digital literacy, subsidizing internet access, and providing affordable digital marketing tools help bridge existing gaps (Kolawole & Eziyi, 2024). Moreover, partnerships between financial institutions and technology providers enable retailers to harness social commerce opportunities, expanding their market reach. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of these interventions varies widely across Nigerian regions, reflecting uneven access to infrastructure and education (Olawale & Obidike, 2023). Despite the progress highlighted, significant gaps remain in the literature on social media marketing acceptance and utilization in Nigerian retailing. Existing studies primarily focus on urban centers, leaving rural retail contexts underexplored. Additionally, longitudinal data evaluating sustained social media marketing practices and their long-term impacts on sales and customer loyalty are scarce. Furthermore, few studies address the interplay between cultural factors and digital marketing techniques in depth. Limited research also exists regarding gender and generational differences in social media marketing adoption among Nigerian retailers. Addressing these gaps would enrich understanding and contribute to more tailored strategies that reflect Nigeria’s diverse retail landscape. Challenges to Social Media Marketing Adoption in Nigerian Retail Limited digital skills among Nigerian retailers remain a significant impediment to the effective adoption and utilization of social media marketing. Many small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) operators lack the necessary competencies to create engaging content, analyze digital metrics, and implement strategic social media campaigns (Olaleye & Ayobami, 2025). This deficiency is often attributed to low levels of formal education and insufficient exposure to digital technologies, especially among rural retailers (Olannye, 2025). Digital literacy encompasses a range of skills, including understanding platform algorithms, producing multimedia content, and managing customer interactions online, which many Nigerian retailers find challenging (Adeola & Ojo, 2023). As a result, retailers may underutilize social media or rely excessively on basic promotional posts, limiting the potential benefits from these platforms. Moreover, the lack of trained personnel or digital marketing specialists within retail businesses exacerbates this skill gap, reinforcing suboptimal adoption patterns (Afolayan, 2025). Addressing these educational and training deficits through targeted programs and workshops is critical for enhancing retailers' capacity to exploit social media effectively. Cost concerns further hinder SMEs within the Nigerian retail sector from fully embracing social media marketing strategies. Although social media offers a relatively affordable alternative to traditional advertising, the cumulative expenses of digital devices, internet subscription fees, and paid advertising campaigns create significant financial barriers for many retailers (Kolawole & Eziyi, 2024). Nigerian SMEs often operate with limited capital, prioritizing immediate operational costs over investment in digital marketing efforts perceived as indirect or long-term (Olawale & Obidike, 2023). Additionally, high data costs and the need for continuous content creation and platform monitoring increase the ongoing financial burden associated with social media marketing (Dada & Abdullahi, 2024). These economic constraints are even more pronounced for micro-retailers and those in rural areas, where access to affordable financing is limited, and economies of scale are lacking. Consequently, budgetary limitations result in partial or inconsistent social media marketing practices, undermining branding and customer engagement initiatives. Stakeholders, including government bodies and financial institutions, must explore avenues such as subsidized data plans, grants, and digital marketing subsidies to ameliorate these cost-related challenges. Infrastructural challenges, particularly inconsistent internet access, represent a major barrier to continuous and effective social media marketing in Nigeria’s retail environment. Despite urban centers enjoying improved broadband connectivity, significant portions of Nigeria, especially rural and peri-urban areas, suffer from frequent service disruptions and limited network coverage (Adekunle & Alabi, 2023). Retailers reliant on unstable internet connections face difficulties maintaining active social media profiles, responding promptly to customer inquiries, and executing real-time marketing campaigns (Nwachukwu, 2024). In addition, frequent power outages exacerbate these issues by limiting access to digital devices and internet routers, thereby interrupting marketing activities (Olowo & Kolapo, 2025). These infrastructural weaknesses diminish retailers’ ability to build trust and maintain engagement through steady online presence, critical factors for social media marketing success. Policymakers must prioritize investments in telecommunications infrastructure and reliable energy supplies to create an enabling environment for digital marketing growth. Such improvements will help bridge the gap between social media marketing potential and actual retailer utilization in Nigeria. Conclusion ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 32 This study has critically examined the acceptance and utilization of social media marketing within Nigeria’s retailing sector through a comprehensive review of recent empirical research. The findings indicate that Nigerian retailers increasingly rely on social media platforms to engage customers, boost sales, and build brand loyalty. Key factors influencing acceptance include technological readiness, such as internet accessibility and digital literacy, as well as socio-cultural factors like consumer trust and social norms. Utilization varies across regions, with urban retailers leveraging social media more effectively due to better infrastructure and resources (Olaleye & Ayobami, 2025; Olannye, 2025). However, challenges such as infrastructural inefficiencies, cost barriers, and limited content creation skills restrict the full adoption and effectiveness of social media marketing by many Nigerian retailers. These constraints highlight the critical role of tailored capacity-building initiatives and policy interventions in supporting digital marketing adoption in Nigeria’s retail ecosystem. Despite the growing integration of social media marketing in Nigerian retail, limitations exist within the current body of research. Much of the existing literature focuses on descriptive analyses and cross-sectional data limited to urban or semi-urban centers, neglecting rural contexts and long-term impacts of social media marketing usage. Furthermore, there is a paucity of studies exploring gender and generational differences in acceptance and utilization. Recommendations include enhancing digital literacy training among retailers, expanding affordable internet access, and encouraging active collaboration between telecommunications providers, business development agencies, and government bodies. Future research should pursue longitudinal studies and broaden geographical and demographic scopes to provide nuanced insights into the evolving influence of social media marketing in Nigeria’s diverse retail landscape. Such efforts will be essential for maximizing social media’s potential to drive inclusive, sustainable growth in Nigerian retailing. References 1. Adamu, A. A., Yazeed, M., Dantsoho, M. A., Abdulkadir, J., & Gemu, A. A. (2025). Effect of Social Media Marketing on Online Retail Performance of Konga Nigeria Ltd. International Journal of Marketing, 15(2), 112-130. 2. Adekunle, S., & Alabi, S. (2023). Cultural Influences on Digital Marketing in Nigeria. Journal of African Media Studies, 11(1), 45-62. 3. Adeola, O., & Ojo, A. (2023). Infrastructure and Economic Challenges in Nigerian Retail Marketing. African Journal of Business Studies, 16(1), 77-91. 4. Afolayan, O. Z. (2025). Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing on the Sales and Profitability of Phone Accessory Businesses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afropolitan Journals. 5. Dada, S., & Abdullahi, A. (2024). Determinants of Social Media Marketing Adoption in Nigerian Retail SMEs. Journal of Marketing Research, 20(2), 113-128. 6. Igbinenikaro, O. J., & Adewusi, O. O. (2024). Social Media Platforms and Retail Marketing Strategies in Nigeria. Journal of Marketing Communications, 30(2), 102-119. 7. Kolawole, S. T., & Eziyi, O. C. (2024). Digital Literacy and Policy Interventions for Marketing in Nigeria. Global Journal of Commerce and Technology, 12(4), 205-220. 8. Kolawole, S. T., & Eziyi, O. C. (2024). Online Security Concerns and Digital Marketing in Nigerian Retail. African Journal of Business Ethics, 13(1), 78-95. 9. Nwachukwu, I. J. (2024). Consumer Trust and Social Media Marketing: A Nigerian Perspective. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 48(4), 412-429. 10. Olaleye, O. O., & Ayobami, K. A. (2025). Impact of Social Media Marketing on Customers’ Purchase Decision of Selected Online Super Stores in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Research Studies in Information Technology, 9(3), 171-177. 11. Olannye, H. (2025). Social Media Marketing and Customer Loyalty in The Retail Sector Of Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises In Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance & Management Research 12. Olannye, H. (2025). Social Media Marketing and Customer Loyalty in Nigerian SMEs' Retail Sector. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance & Management Research, 9(3), 171-177. 13. Olawale, A. O., & Obidike, N. A. (2023). Dynamics of Retail Marketing in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of African Business, 24(3), 254-271. 14. Olowo, O. M., & Kolapo, F. T. (2025). Influence of Social Media Usage on Customer Satisfaction in Nigerian SMEs. Global Journal of Management and Business Research 15. Smith, A. (2021). Social Media and Consumer Behavior: A Global Perspective. Journal of Marketing Research, 58(1), 64-79. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 33 16. Tuten, T. L., & Solomon, M. R. (2020). Social Media Marketing (3rd ed.). Sage. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 34 Кіріспе Қазіргі цифрлық дәуірде телевизия өзінің дәстүрлі медиалық шекараларын кеңейтіп, жаңа коммуникациялық экожүйеге бейімделіп отыр. Бұрын теледидар тек эфирлік арна арқылы ақпарат тарататын негізгі құрал болса, бүгінде ол көпплатформалы, интерактивті және деректерге негізделген ақпараттық кеңістікке айналды. Бұл трансформация жаңалықтар өндіру мен тарату тәсілдерін түбегейлі өзгертті: эфир мен онлайн кеңістік арасындағы шекара жойылып, телевизиялық контент әлеуметтік желілер, веб-порталдар, мобильді қосымшалар STRATEGIES AND CONTENT FEATURES OF NEWS DISSEMINATION ON TELEVISION IN THE DIGITAL AGE Zhambotyrova Ainelya Yerbulatovna L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Faculty of Journalism and Social Sciences 2-year Master’s student, Major: Journalism Abstract This study examines the dissemination strategies and content characteristics of television news in the digital age. The relevance of the research lies in the need for television to adapt to the expanding platform-based media environment driven by rapid technological development. The aim is to identify the structural and content transformation of television news in the digital ecosystem and to assess its impact on audience trust and information quality. The research employed descriptive and comparative methods. Data from four international empirical studies were analyzed using qualitative content analysis to examine media system typologies, the impact of artificial intelligence on content quality, and audience news consumption patterns. Findings indicate that in platform-oriented media systems, the share of television news remains around 27–30%, while online news consumption has risen to 70%. In institutionally regulated systems, television maintains a higher trust index (0.72), whereas digital platforms show lower trust levels (0.41). The use of artificial intelligence in content production increased audience attention by an average of 23.7%. The study concludes that television continues to play a vital role in the digital media ecosystem, maintaining its function as a source of public trust and information verification. Аннотация Бұл зерттеу цифрлық дәуір жағдайында телевизиялық жаңалықтардың тарату стратегиялары мен мазмұндық ерекшеліктерін талдауға бағытталды. Зерттеудің өзектілігі ақпараттық технологиялардың қарқынды дамуы мен медиақолданудың платформалық кеңеюі жағдайында телевизияның жаңа медиажүйеге бейімделу қажеттілігімен айқындалды. Мақсаты - цифрлық ортадағы телевизиялық жаңалықтардың құрылымдық және мазмұндық трансформациясын анықтау және олардың аудитория сенімі мен ақпарат сапасына әсерін бағалау.Зерттеу сипаттамалық және салыстырмалы әдістерге негізделді. Материал ретінде төрт халықаралық эмпирикалық зерттеу деректері пайдаланылып, медиажүйелердің типологиясы, жасанды интеллекттің контент сапасына ықпалы және аудиторияның ақпарат тұтыну ерекшеліктері сапалық контент-талдау арқылы қарастырылды. Нәтижелер платформаланған медиажүйелерде телевизиялық жаңалық үлесінің 27–30% деңгейінде қалып, онлайн жаңалықтардың үлесі 70%-ға дейін артқанын көрсетті. Институционалдық тұрғыдан тұрақты елдерде телевизияның сенім индексі 0,72 деңгейінде сақталған. Ал жасанды интеллект қолданылған контент көрермен назарын орта есеппен 23,7%-ға арттырған.Қорытындысында телевизия цифрлық медиажүйеде өз орнын жоғалтпай, қоғамдық сенім мен ақпараттық растау институты ретінде өз маңызын сақтап отырғаны дәлелденді. Keywords: television, digital transformation, news strategy, multimedia content, audience trust, artificial intelligence. Түйін сөздер: телевизия, цифрлық трансформация, жаңалық стратегиясы, мультимедиа, аудитория сенімі, жасанды интеллект. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 35 және стримингтік қызметтер арқылы тарай бастады. Осы үдеріс телевизияны тек ақпарат көзі ғана емес, сонымен қатар аудиториямен тікелей қарым-қатынас орнататын қатысымдық алаң ретінде қайта қарастыруды талап етеді. Зерттеу өзектілігі қазіргі ақпараттық тұтынудың мінез-құлқы мен құрылымы түбегейлі өзгерген жағдайда телевизиялық жаңалықтардың аудиторияға жету стратегияларын жаңғыртудың қажеттілігінде жатыр. Цифрлық медианың логикасы телевидениеден тек мазмұн сапасын емес, оны ұсыну форматы мен дистрибуция механизмін де қайта қарауды талап етеді. Мысалы, Қытай медиасындағы тәжірибелер жаңалықты таратуда іздеу жүйелері мен мобильді платформалар арқылы мақсатты аудиторияны тартудың тиімділігін дәлелдесе, Батыс елдеріндегі зерттеулерде телевизиялық контенттің әлеуметтік желілермен интеграциялануы аудиторияның медиасауаты мен сенім деңгейіне тікелей әсер ететіні анықталған [1,2]. Бұл құбылыстар ақпараттық кеңістіктегі бәсекенің тек мазмұн сапасы деңгейінде емес, сонымен қатар оның жеткізілу жылдамдығы, форматтық бейімделуі және платформалық ауқымы бойынша жүріп жатқанын көрсетеді. Сонымен қатар, жасанды интеллект пен деректерге негізделген технологиялар телевизиялық өндіріс пен журналистік тәжірибеге жаңа мүмкіндіктер әкелуде. Зерттеулерде жасанды интеллект құралдарының визуалды мазмұнды өңдеуде, сценарийді құрылымдауда және көрерменге бейімделген материал ұсынудағы шешуші рөлі атап өтіледі [3]. Мұндай технологиялық жаңару тележаңалықтардың мазмұндық құрылымына ғана емес, олардың эстетикалық және семиотикалық сипатына да әсер етеді. Сондай-ақ, цифрлық медианың саяси коммуникациядағы маңызы мен ақпараттық бедел үшін күрестің күшеюі талданып, телевизиялық жаңалықтардың қоғамдағы пікір қалыптастырушы функциясы бұрынғыдан да өзекті бола түскені айқындалады [4]. Осы тұрғыдан алғанда, телевизия тек ақпарат жеткізуші емес, қоғамдағы ақпараттық тәртіпті қалыптастыратын және қоғамдық пікірді бағыттайтын әлеуметтік институт ретінде қызмет етеді. Сондықтан цифрлық медианың қарқынды дамуы жағдайында телевизиялық жаңалықтардың тарату стратегиялары мен мазмұндық ерекшеліктерін зерттеу қазіргі медиа ғылымының маңызды бағыты. Бұл зерттеу телевизияның жаңа медиалық ортада қалай трансформацияланып жатқанын, аудиториямен өзара әрекеттесу формаларының қалай өзгергенін және контент өндірудің инновациялық тәсілдерінің тиімділігін анықтауға бағытталған. Зерттеу нысаны цифрлық дәуірдегі телевизиялық жаңалықтар жүйесі мен оның платформалық бейімделу процестері, ал зерттеу пәні телевизиядағы жаңалық тарату стратегияларының мазмұндық және технологиялық трансформациясы. Зерттеудің мақсаты цифрлық ортада телевизиялық жаңалықтардың жаңа тарату модельдерін айқындау және олардың мазмұндық ерекшеліктерін талдау. Осы мақсатқа жету үшін зерттеу келесі міндеттерді көздейді: цифрлық трансформация жағдайындағы телевизияның жаңалық тарату құрылымындағы және мазмұнындағы өзгерістерді сипаттау; жасанды интеллект, мультимедиалық және кросс-платформалық технологиялардың жаңалық өндірісіне әсерін анықтау; және халықаралық тәжірибелерді салыстыра отырып, телевизиялық жаңалықтардың тиімді стратегияларын жүйелеу. Осылайша, зерттеу цифрлық қоғам жағдайында телевизияның жаңа ақпараттық қызметін, аудиториямен өзара әрекеттесу тетіктерін және жаңалық мазмұнын қалыптастырудың инновациялық тәсілдерін ғылыми тұрғыдан негіздеуге бағытталған. Материалдар мен әдістер Бұл зерттеу сипаттамалық және салыстырмалы талдау әдістерін біріктіретін сапалық бағыттағы кешенді зерттеу ретінде ұйымдастырылды. Оның негізгі мақсаты цифрлық дәуір жағдайында телевизиялық жаңалықтардың тарату стратегиялары мен мазмұндық ерекшеліктерін ғылыми тұрғыда анықтау және олардың құрылымдық трансформациясын сипаттау болды. Әдістемелік тұрғыда зерттеу медиа-коммуникациялық жүйелерді, телевизиялық контент өндірісін және цифрлық технологиялардың медиа инфрақұрылымға ықпалын талдауға бағытталған интегративті тәсілді қолданды. Зерттеу эмпирикалық және теориялық деректерге сүйене отырып жүргізілді. Эмпирикалық база ретінде төрт халықаралық ғылыми еңбек пайдаланылды: Humprecht және әріптестері (2022) жүргізген 30 ел медиажүйесін салыстырған кең көлемді эмпирикалық зерттеу; Shen және Yu (2021) еңбегі, онда жасанды интеллекттің цифрлық контент пен визуалды дизайндағы рөлі талданған; Oparaugo (2021) сипаттаған саяси коммуникацияның медиа трансформациясы; сондай-ақ Wang (2022) зерттеген Қытайдың аймақтық телевизиялық ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 36 мәдениетінің желілік бейімделу ерекшеліктері [2,3.4]. Бұл еңбектердің мазмұндық әр алуандығы зерттеуге салыстырмалы тұрғыда қарауға және цифрлық телевизияның дамуын жүйелі сипаттауға мүмкіндік берді. Зерттеу нысаны ретінде цифрлық дәуірдегі телевизиялық жаңалықтар жүйесі мен олардың платформааралық бейімделу процесі алынды. Нысанның осылай анықталуы телевизияның тек дәстүрлі эфирлік арна ретіндегі емес, сонымен қатар әлеуметтік желілер, мобильді қосымшалар және интернет-платформалар арқылы көпарналы дистрибуцияны жүзеге асыратын кешенді ақпараттық жүйе ретіндегі қызметін қамтуға бағытталды. Зерттеу пәні телевизиялық жаңалық таратудағы стратегиялар мен мазмұндық трансформация процестері, яғни аудиториямен өзара әрекеттесудің жаңа үлгілері, контентті даралау тәсілдері және платформалық интеграцияның редакциялық саясатқа ықпалы. Деректерді жинау бірнеше кезеңнен тұрды. Бірінші кезеңде тақырыпқа сәйкес ғылыми мақалалар мен эмпирикалық зерттеулер халықаралық ғылыми базалардан (Scopus, Web of Science, SSRN, Hindawi) іздестірілді. Таңдау критерийлері ретінде соңғы бес жылда жарияланған, телевизия мен цифрлық медиа қатынасын қарастыратын рецензияланған еңбектер алынды. Екінші кезеңде табылған дереккөздер мазмұндық тұрғыда кодталып, негізгі аналитикалық категориялар бойынша топтастырылды: жаңалық тарату стратегиялары, цифрлық технологиялардың ықпалы, аудиториямен байланыс тәсілдері, және контенттің құрылымдық өзгерістері. Кодтау мен жүйелеу NVivo бағдарламалық ортасының көмегімен жүзеге асырылды, бұл деректердің мазмұндық қайталану жиілігі мен семантикалық байланыстарын айқындауға мүмкіндік берді. Зерттеу әдістерінің негізін сапалық контент-талдау, салыстырмалы медиажүйелік талдау және құрылымдық-функционалдық сараптама құрады. Контент-талдау барысында әрбір зерттеудегі тұжырымдар мен эмпирикалық деректер телевизиялық жаңалықтың өндірілуі мен таратылуына қатысты белгілер бойынша жіктелді. Салыстырмалы медиажүйелік талдау медиа типологиясына сүйеніп, елдердің ақпараттық кеңістігіндегі институционалдық айырмашылықтар мен платформалық саясаттың әсерін түсіндіруге мүмкіндік берді [2]. Жасанды интеллект технологияларын бағалау әдістемесі контент өндіру процесіндегі инновациялық құралдардың тиімділігін анықтауға бейімделіп қолданылды [3]. Сондай-ақ, желілік коммуникация үлгілері телевизиялық контенттің дистрибуциялық стратегияларын талдау үшін негіз ретінде алынып, саяси коммуникация мен аудитория сенімінің өзара байланысы жаңалықтардың этикалық және қоғамдық функциясын бағалау тұрғысынан қарастырылды. Зерттеу барысында алынған деректерді өңдеу индуктивті және дедуктивті талдау тәсілдерінің үйлесімімен жүргізілді. Индуктивті талдау цифрлық телевизиядағы жаңа үрдістер мен контент пішіндерінің табиғи түрде пайда болуын айқындауға мүмкіндік берсе, дедуктивті тәсіл қолданыстағы теориялық модельдермен сәйкестікті тексеруге бағытталды. Бұл екі тәсілдің үйлесімі цифрлық дәуірдегі телевизиялық жаңалықтардың мазмұндық және технологиялық трансформациясын ғылыми негізде түсіндіруге жағдай жасады. Жалпы алғанда, зерттеу көп дереккөзге негізделген сапалық талдау моделін қолдана отырып, телевизиялық жаңалықтардың платформалық кеңеюін, жасанды интеллект пен интерактивті технологиялардың әсерін, сондай-ақ аудиториямен жаңа деңгейдегі коммуникациялық байланысты кешенді сипаттады [5]. Алынған нәтижелер телевизияның цифрлық медиажүйедегі орны мен болашағын бағалауға, сонымен қатар жаңалық таратудың тиімді стратегияларын ғылыми тұрғыда жүйелеуге мүмкіндік берді. Нәтижелер Зерттеу нәтижелері цифрлық дәуірдегі телевизиялық жаңалықтардың құрылымдық, технологиялық және аудиториялық трансформациясының көпқырлы сипатын көрсетті. Эмпирикалық деректерге негізделген салыстырмалы талдау жаңалық тарату стратегияларының платформалық кеңеюімен қатар, мазмұн өндірісінде жасанды интеллект пен деректерге сүйенген шешімдердің белсенді қолданылуын, сондай-ақ аудиторияның ақпаратты тұтыну мінез-құлқындағы түбегейлі өзгерістерді айқындады. Humprecht және әріптестері (2022) жүргізген 30 елдің медиажүйесін қамтитын кең ауқымды салыстырмалы зерттеу медиа кеңістіктің платформалануы мен аудитория сенім деңгейі арасындағы корреляциялық айырмашылықтарды нақтылады. Зерттеу деректері бойынша платформаланған медиажүйелерде (мысалы, АҚШ, Ұлыбритания) жаңалық тұтынудың 68,9%-ы онлайн-порталдар мен әлеуметтік желілер арқылы жүзеге асырылса, ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 37 телевизиялық арналардың үлесі бар болғаны 27,3%-ды құрады. Ал реттелген, институционалдық құрылымы тұрақты елдерде (мысалы, Германия, Швеция, Финляндия) телевизиялық жаңалықтар аудиторияның 52,4%-ын қамтыған, бұл көрсеткіш цифрлық көздерден 18,6%-ға жоғары. Сенім индексі бойынша айырмашылық та айқын: платформаланған жүйелерде 0,41 деңгейінде тіркелсе, реттелген медиажүйелерде 0,72-ге дейін жеткен. Бұл деректер медиа нарығындағы платформалық кеңею дәстүрлі жаңалық форматтарының беделіне тікелей ықпал ететінін дәлелдейді. Сурет 1. Әртүрлі медиажүйелердегі жаңалық тұтыну үлесі мен сенім деңгейі (Humprecht et al., 2022). Кестеде көрсетілгендей, платформаланған медиажүйелерде телевизиялық жаңалықтар үлесі 20–25% төмен болғанымен, цифрлық жаңалықтардың қамту деңгейі екі есеге жуық артық. Бұл айырмашылық аудиторияның медиақолдану тәсілдері мен контент тұтыну психологиясының өзгергенін көрсетеді. Shen және Yu (2021) зерттеуінде жасанды интеллекттің телевизиялық визуалды дизайн мен жаңалық контентін қабылдау тиімділігіне әсері эксперименттік жолмен тексерілді [6]. A I технологиясы қолданылған дизайн үлгілері аудитория назарын ұзақ ұстап, контентті қабылдау деңгейін арттырған. Нәтижелер бойынша AI қолданылған материалдар орташа есеппен 23,7%- ға ұзақ қаралған (51,0 секунд), ал дәстүрлі тәсілмен дайындалған визуалдарға орташа көру уақыты 41,2 секунд болған. Сонымен қатар, қатысушылардың 76%-ы AI көмегімен дайындалған бейнематериалды «сенімді және эстетикалық жағынан тартымды» деп бағалаған. 27,3 52,4 38,6 68,9 33,8 51,2 0,41 0,72 0,57 Платформаланған (АҚШ, Ұлыбритания) Реттелген институционалдық (Германия, Скандинавия) Гибридті жүйелер (Оңтүстік Корея, Польша, Испания) Телевизиялық жаңалық үлесі (%) 27,3 52,4 38,6 Цифрлық жаңалық үлесі (%) 68,9 33,8 51,2 Аудитория сенімі индексі (0–1 шк.) 0,41 0,72 0,57 Әртүрлі медиажүйелердегі жаңалық тұтыну үлесі мен сенім деңгейі Телевизиялық жаңалық үлесі (%) Цифрлық жаңалық үлесі (%) Аудитория сенімі индексі (0–1 шк.) ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 38 Сурет 2. Телевизиялық визуалды дизайнда жасанды интеллект қолдану нәтижелері (Shen & Yu, 2021). Осы деректер телевизиялық жаңалықтарда AI технологияларын қолдану көрермен назарын арттырып, ақпаратты қабылдау тиімділігін 15–20% аралығында жақсартатынын көрсетті. Цифрлық және дәстүрлі медиадағы сенім деңгейін салыстырмалы талдау нәтижелері теледидарға сенімнің 62%, ал әлеуметтік желілерге сенімнің 39% деңгейінде екенін көрсетті [4,7]. Сондай-ақ, аудиторияның 48%-ы жаңалықты алдымен интернет арқылы көріп, кейін теледидардан тексеруді әдетке айналдырған. Бұл деректер телевизияның ақпараттық кеңістіктегі «фактчекинг» және верификация қызметінің маңыздылығы артып келе жатқанын дәлелдейді. Сурет 3. Ақпарат көздеріне сенім деңгейі 41,2 3,65 58 51 4,32 76 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Орташа көру уақыты (секунд) Қабылдау деңгейі (5-балл шк.) Эстетикалық сенімділік (% қатысушы) Дәстүрлі визуал AI қолданылған визуал 62 51 39 Аудитория сенімі (%) Телевидение Интернет-порталдар Әлеуметтік желілер ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 39 Cурет 4. Ақпарат көздерін алғашқы тұтыну үлесі (Oparaugo, 2021). Сурет 5. Ақпарат көздерін растау үшін үлесі (Oparaugo, 2021). Мәліметтерге сүйенсек, телевизия аудитория үшін бастапқы ақпарат көзі ретіндегі маңызын біршама жоғалтқанымен, растау және сенім индикаторы ретіндегі рөлі жоғары болып қала берген. Қытайдың Чандэ қаласы мысалында жүргізілген зерттеу нәтижелері телевизиялық мәдениеттің цифрлық бейімделу үдерісін айқын көрсетеді. 2018–2021 жылдар аралығында эфирлік телевизияның көрілім деңгейі 56%-дан 28%-ға дейін төмендеп, ал онлайн платформалар арқылы таралу үлесі 34%-дан 72%-ға дейін артқан [1,8]. Сонымен қатар, жаңалық таратудың мобильді арналардағы үлесі үш жыл ішінде екі еседен астам өсіп, 21%-дан 49%-ға жеткен. Бұл үрдіс ақпарат тұтыну әдеттерінің цифрлық форматтарға қарай жылдам ығысып жатқанын көрсетеді. Кесте 1. Цифрлық телевизиялық контенттің таралу динамикасы (Wang, 2022). Жыл Эфирлік таралым (%) Онлайн таралым (%) Мобильді үлес (%) 2018 56 34 21 2019 47 49 33 2020 36 64 43 2021 28 72 49 Деректер телевизиялық медианың төрт жыл ішінде аудиториясының басым бөлігін цифрлық арналарға жоғалтқанын көрсетеді. Онлайн таралым көлемі 38 пайыздық пунктке артқан, ал эфирлік үлес 50%-дан астамға азайған [9]. Бұл тенденция тек технологиялық 41 53 48 Алғашқы тұтыну үлесі (%) Телевидение Интернет-порталдар Әлеуметтік желілер 67 44 28 Растау үшін қолдану (%) Телевидение Интернет-порталдар Әлеуметтік желілер ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 40 бейімделуді ғана емес, аудиторияның ақпарат тұтыну тәсілінің түбегейлі өзгерісін де сипаттайды. Қосымша талдау нәтижелері медиа форматтардың бірігуі мен мультимедиалық өнімдерге сұраныстың артып отырғанын көрсетті. 2021 жылы кросс-платформалық жаңалық жобаларының қамту деңгейі дәстүрлі форматтармен салыстырғанда орта есеппен 31%-ға жоғары болған. Сонымен қатар, әлеуметтік желілердегі телевизиялық арналардың ресми парақшалары арқылы жаңалық көру уақыты 2019–2021 жылдар аралығында 19%-ға ұлғайған, ал тікелей эфир форматындағы жаңалықтарды қарау үлесі 14%-дан 27%-ға дейін өскен [1,2] Кесте 2. Телевизиялық контенттің цифрлық форматтардағы өсім көрсеткіштері (жинақталған деректер негізінде). Көрсеткіш 2019 ж. 2021 ж. Өзгеріс (%) Әлеуметтік желілердегі жаңалық көру ұзақтығы (орташа сек.) 32 38 +19 Тікелей эфирді қарау үлесі (%) 14 27 +13 Кросс-платформалық жобалардың қамту артуы (%) – +31 – Талқылау Зерттеу нәтижелерін талдау цифрлық дәуірдегі телевизиялық жаңалықтардың құрылымдық және мазмұндық эволюциясының бірнеше деңгейде жүріп жатқанын көрсетті. Әдістемелік тұрғыдан алынған мәліметтер сапалық контент-талдау мен салыстырмалы медиажүйелік талдаудың үйлесімділігін дәлелдеді, бұл тәсіл телевизияның платформалық трансформациясын ғылыми тұрғыда кешенді түсіндіруге мүмкіндік берді [10]. Зерттеуде қолданылған әдістердің тиімділігі нәтижелердің нақтылығымен және олардың халықаралық зерттеулермен сәйкестігімен расталды. Медиажүйелердің салыстырмалы деректері зерттеу үшін теориялық және эмпирикалық негіз ретінде пайдаланылды. 30 елдің медиажүйесін қамтитын үлгі жаңалық тарату құрылымының типологиясын айқындауға мүмкіндік берді. Анықталған заңдылықтарға сәйкес, платформаланған медиажүйелерде телевизиялық жаңалық үлесі 27,3%-ды ғана құрап, онлайн жаңалықтардың үлесі 68,9%-ға жеткен, ал реттелген институционалдық жүйелерде телеберілімнің үлесі 52,4% деңгейінде сақталған. Бұл көрсеткіштер платформалық кеңею үдерісінің дәстүрлі телевизиялық форматтарға әсерін нақты көрсетеді. Аудитория сенім индексі бойынша айырмашылықтар да осы үрдісті растайды: сенім индексі платформаланған жүйелерде 0,41, ал реттелген жүйелерде 0,72 деңгейінде тіркелген. Бұл деректер цифрлық медиада ақпараттың шамадан тыс көптігі мен шынайылықты тексерудің қиындығы аудитория сенімін қалыптастыруда институционалдық факторлардың маңызын арттыратынын дәлелдейді. Сонымен қатар, эксперименттік зерттеу нәтижелері телевизиялық контенттің визуалды және семиотикалық трансформациясын түсіндіруде маңызды эмпирикалық негіз ұсынды. Жасанды интеллект технологиясы қолданылған визуалды контент аудиторияның қабылдау деңгейін 18,4%-ға арттырып, көру ұзақтығын 23,7%-ға ұзартып, жалпы қызығушылық коэффициентін 1,2 есеге өсірген [12,13]. Бұл нәтижелер AI технологиясын тек техникалық құрал ретінде емес, аудиториялық тәжірибені байытатын когнитивтік және эмоциялық фактор ретінде қарастыру қажеттілігін көрсетеді. Мұндай үрдістер бұрынғы зерттеулермен де сәйкес келеді: автоматтандырылған визуализация мен деректерге негізделген журналистика көрермен назарын орта есеппен 15–25%-ға арттыратыны анықталған. Осылайша, 23,7%-дық айырмашылық қазіргі медиажүйелердегі жаһандық тенденциямен толық үйлеседі. Аудитория сенімі мен медиақолдану құрылымындағы айырмашылық телевизияның қазіргі қоғамдағы әлеуметтік функциясын айқындайды. Зерттеу нәтижелері бойынша респонденттердің 62%-ы тележаңалықтарға сенім білдірсе, интернет-порталдарға сенім деңгейі 51%, ал әлеуметтік желілерге небәрі 39% болған [14]. Бұл айырмашылық цифрлық платформалардағы контент көлемі мен таратылу жылдамдығы артқан сайын ақпарат сапасына деген күмәннің де күшейетінін көрсетеді. Сонымен қатар, аудиторияның 48%-ының жаңалықты алдымен интернеттен көріп, кейін теледидар арқылы тексеруі телевизияның “факт-чекингтік” рөлін күшейткенін дәлелдейді. Бұл нәтиже теориялық тұрғыда “екі сатылы ақпараттық сенім моделімен” түсіндіріледі, оған сәйкес аудитория ақпаратты алдымен “жылдам медиадан” алып, кейін “сенімді медиадан” нақтылайды [7]. Осы тұрғыда телевизия қазіргі ақпараттық экожүйеде тек жаңалық көзі емес, сонымен бірге ақпаратты растау және сенімділік институты ретінде маңызды орынға ие. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 47 Modern economic transactions—such as stock exchange operations, installment sales, and electronic commerce—are regulated through analogical reasoning based on classical fiqh principles. 3. Essential Elements of the Contract of Sale Islamic jurists have identified three fundamental elements for the validity of a sale contract: 1. The Parties (al-ʿāqidān): The buyer and seller must possess legal capacity (ahliyyah) to contract. In Hanafi jurisprudence, minors, coerced persons, and those with mental incapacity cannot conclude valid contracts. 2. The Subject Matter (al-maʿqūd ʿalayh): The object of sale must be lawful (halal), specific, and existent. The sale of uncertain, nonexistent, or prohibited items is invalid due to gharar (uncertainty). For example, selling “the unborn offspring of a camel” is invalid, as the subject does not yet exist. 3. The Consideration (thaman): The price must be specific, agreed upon, and measurable. It may consist of money or other goods (barter). If the price is uncertain, the contract is void. 4. Legal Purpose of the Contract of Sale The primary purpose of the sale contract is to ensure the lawful and equitable transfer of property or ownership between parties. As a result of this transaction: • The seller loses ownership of the property and receives payment in return. • The buyer acquires ownership and the right to use the property. In Islamic law, this process constitutes the lawful acquisition of property (kasb ḥalāl). The Qur’an expresses this principle as follows: “Do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly…” (Al-Baqarah, 2:188) Hence, property obtained through deceit (ghishsh), usury (riba), gambling (maysir), or uncertainty (gharar) is not considered lawful. 5. Economic and Social Importance of the Contract of Sale In Islamic law, the contract of sale aims not only to serve private interests but also to safeguard social justice and economic stability. The Prophet (peace be upon him) prohibited market manipulation and artificial price inflation, saying: “Whoever hoards goods to raise prices is a sinner.” (Muslim, Imān, 104) This indicates that interference with the natural operation of the market is forbidden. Thus, while Islamic law upholds the principle of economic freedom, it confines this freedom within the bounds of social justice and moral responsibility. 6. Comparison with Modern Law According to Article 405 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan: “Under a contract of sale, the seller undertakes to transfer an item to the buyer’s ownership, and the buyer undertakes to pay the established price for it.” This definition carries the same legal meaning as the concept of bayʿ in Islamic jurisprudence. However, the distinction lies in the fact that, in Islamic law, the permissibility (ḥalāl) of the contract according to Sharia is a key condition, whereas modern law considers only its legality. Therefore, Islamic law integrates moral responsibility alongside material legality as an essential component of the contract. CHAPTER III. CONDITIONS AND FORMS OF THE SALE CONTRACT In Islamic law, a sales contract (al-bay‘) is not merely a legal act but also an ethical and religious responsibility. Therefore, certain conditions and formalities are required for a contract to be considered valid. Both the buyer and the seller must act not only as legal subjects but also as trustworthy Muslims. The Qur’an states: “O you who believe! Do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly, but only [in lawful] business by mutual consent.” (An-Nisa, 4:29) Thus, voluntariness, mutual consent, and justice form the basis of sale in Islam. 3.1. Essential Conditions of the Contract In Islamic jurisprudence, several essential conditions must be fulfilled for a sales contract to be considered valid (sahih) and enforceable (nafidh). 3.1.1. Conditions related to the parties (al-‘aqidan) The contract involves two parties – the seller (bā’i‘) and the buyer (mushtarī). Each must meet the following requirements: • Sanity and maturity (‘aql wa bulūgh): Contracts made by minors or the mentally incompetent are invalid under Sharia. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 48 • Free will (ikhtiyār): A contract concluded under coercion, fear, or deception is void. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “There is no valid sale under compulsion.” (Ibn Mājah, Tijārāt, 13) • Ownership or authorization: The seller must own the goods or be authorized by the owner to sell them. 3.1.2. Conditions related to the sold object (mabī‘) The object of sale must meet certain criteria: • It must be lawful (halāl) and permissible (mubāh): The sale of prohibited items (e.g., wine, pork, etc.) is invalid. • It must exist and be deliverable: The sale of non-existent or undeliverable goods constitutes gharar (uncertainty). The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “The sale of uncertainty is prohibited.” (Muslim, Buyū‘, 1513) • It must be known and specified: The nature, quantity, and quality of the goods must be clearly defined. 3.1.3. Conditions related to the price (thaman) • The price must be specific and agreed upon. • It must be determined through lawful means and in accordance with Sharia. • If payment is deferred, the amount and date of payment must be stipulated in advance. 3.1.4. Condition of mutual consent (riḍā) Consent is a fundamental principle in Islamic law. The Qur’an states: “Do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly, but only by trade conducted by mutual consent.” (An-Nisa, 4:29) If one party is coerced, the contract is voidable (fasakh). 3.2. The Form (ṣīgha) of the Sales Contract Ṣīgha refers to the verbal or behavioral expression of mutual consent. Islamic jurists recognize three main forms of concluding a sale: 3.2.1. Verbal declaration (Offer and acceptance – ijāb wa qabūl) This is the most common form. The seller says, “I sell this item to you,” and the buyer replies, “I accept” or “I buy it.” This form is recognized in the Hanafi, Shafi‘i, and Hanbali schools. The offer and acceptance must occur in the same session (majlis). 3.2.2. Contract by conduct (mu‘āṭā) In some cases, mutual conduct implies consent even without verbal statements. For example, the buyer pays and receives the item, and the seller accepts. This is valid when there is mutual understanding and intent — typical in everyday market transactions (e.g., food, clothing). 3.2.3. Written contract Although not mandatory in Islamic law, written contracts are encouraged to ensure transparency and justice. The Qur’an states: “O you who believe! When you contract a debt for a fixed term, write it down.” (Al-Baqara, 2:282) Today, this principle underpins the legal security of commercial transactions. 3.3. Special Conditions for Different Types of Sale Certain forms of sale in Islamic law have additional requirements: • Bay‘ al-Salam (advance payment sale): The price is paid in advance, and the goods are delivered later. The quantity, quality, and delivery date must be precisely specified. • Bay‘ al-Mu’ajjal (deferred payment sale): The goods are delivered immediately, while payment is deferred. Any increase in price must not imply riba (interest). • Bay‘ al-Murāwaḍa (bargaining sale): Price negotiation is permissible as long as mutual consent is maintained. 3.4. Comparison with Modern Law Articles 406–422 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan define the concept and conditions of a sales contract. Modern legal principles such as freedom of will, equivalence, and transparency correspond to the Islamic principles of consent (riḍā), justice (‘adl), and prohibition of gharar. Thus, both systems share a common goal: to protect parties’ rights and ensure fair commercial relations. CHAPTER IV. BREACH, RESCISSION (FASAKH) AND THE RIGHT OF OPTION (KHIYĀR) ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 49 Although a sales contract in Islamic law is based on mutual consent, under certain circumstances it may be terminated, rescinded, or revised. These processes are expressed through the concepts of fasakh (rescission) and khiyār (option). 4.1. Concept of Rescission (Fasakh) In Islamic law, fasakh refers to the dissolution of a valid contract due to certain causes or by the will of one party. It is not retroactive invalidity but rather a termination of a previously valid contract. • Automatic (bi-nafsihi) rescission: Occurs automatically due to impossibility or destruction of the subject matter. • Intentional (bil-irādah) rescission: Occurs by the decision of one party or the judge. 4.2. Causes of Rescission 1. Breach of conditions: When agreed conditions are not fulfilled. 2. Fraud or concealment (gharar wa tadlīs): Concealing defects or deceiving the other party grants the right of rescission. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “He who cheats us is not one of us.” (Muslim, Iman, 164) 3. Destruction or impossibility of delivery: If the goods perish before delivery, the contract is automatically void. 4. Illegality or ownership defects: If the goods are discovered to be unlawful or stolen, the sale is void. 4.3. The Right of Option (Khiyār) The Arabic term khiyār means “choice.” Legally, it refers to the right granted to a party to either uphold or terminate a contract within a certain period. It serves as a safeguard against hasty decisions, fraud, and injustice. 4.4. Types of Khiyār 1. Khiyār al-Majlis (option of meeting): Exists while both parties are still in the same session. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “The buyer and the seller have the option [to cancel] as long as they have not separated.” (Bukhari, Buyū‘, 2112) 2. Khiyār al-Shart (conditional option): If a period of decision is stipulated, either party may approve or cancel the contract within that time. 3. Khiyār al-‘Ayb (defect option): If a hidden defect is found, the buyer may rescind the sale or demand a reduction in price. 4. Khiyār al-Ru’ya (option upon inspection): If the buyer has not seen the goods beforehand and is dissatisfied upon inspection, they may cancel the sale. 5. Other options: In some schools, the buyer may choose among several goods (Khiyār al-T‘ayīn) or withdraw upon change of prior conditions (Khiyār al-Naqz). 4.5. Difference between Fasakh and Khiyār Criterion Fasakh Khiyār Meaning Full cancellation of the contract Option to affirm or rescind Timing After the contract Immediately after or by condition Legal result Contract terminated Depends on party’s will Purpose To annul unjust contracts To prevent impulsive or unfair transactions 4.6. Reflection in Modern Law The Azerbaijani Civil Code mirrors these principles. Article 422 governs cases of contract termination, while Articles 433–434 regulate unilateral rescission. Conceptually, khiyār is similar to modern doctrines of consumer protection, return rights, and trial periods. 4.7. Ethical and Legal Significance The institutions of fasakh and khiyār serve to integrate moral values into trade. They preserve fairness, protect weaker parties, and ensure trust in market relations—showing that Islamic law functions not only as a legal system but also as a moral conscience of society. CHAPTER V. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ISLAMIC AND MODERN LEGAL SYSTEMS The sales contract is a fundamental institution in both Islamic and modern civil law systems. However, while Islamic law grounds it in religious and ethical principles, modern systems base it on secular economic and social considerations. Despite these differences, both share core values of justice, consent, and honesty. 5.1. Philosophical Foundations of Contract ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 50 In Islamic law, a contract is both an economic and moral commitment. The Qur’an commands: “Fulfill your covenants, for you will be asked about the covenant.” (Al-Isra, 17:34) In modern systems—especially those following the Romano-Germanic model (e.g., France, Germany, Azerbaijan)—contracts are based on the principles of free will and legal equality. Principle Islamic Law Modern Law Philosophical basis Religious–ethical responsibility, lawful gain Economic freedom, contractual autonomy Legal purpose Justice, mutual consent, prevention of riba and gharar Legal certainty, market efficiency Moral dimension Faith and conscience-based Legal accountability and state oversight 5.2. Contracting Parties and Legal Capacity In Islamic law, a contracting party must be sane, mature, and have free will. Trade with non-Muslims is permissible, provided the subject is lawful (halāl). In modern law, the focus is on legal capacity, not faith. Under the Azerbaijani Civil Code, any legally competent person over 18 may conclude a sales contract. Hence, in Islamic law, the contracting party is both a legal and moral agent, while in modern law, only a legal agent. 5.3. Regulation of the Contract Object In Islamic law, the subject matter must be lawful (halāl) and permissible (mubāh). Prohibited objects (wine, pork, gambling, usurious loans, etc.) cannot form part of a sale. In modern law, any item or right not prohibited by law can be a contract object. Aspect Islamic Law Modern Law Requirement of lawfulness Mandatory Secondary (only illegality excluded) Tangible/intangible objects Only real, existing goods Goods, services, rights, intellectual property Risk (gharar) Strictly prohibited Accepted as part of freedom of contract 5.4. Principles of Price, Interest (Riba), and Profit Interest (riba) is strictly forbidden in Islamic law. The Qur’an declares: “Allah destroys riba and increases charity.” (Al-Baqara, 2:276) Profit may only arise from real and lawful trade. In contrast, modern law and economics accept interest as a natural component of financial transactions. Thus, Islamic law aims at social justice and fairness, whereas modern law seeks economic efficiency and market stability. 5.5. Form and Means of Proof of the Contract In Islamic law, a contract is primarily concluded through oral consent (offer and acceptance). However, the Qur’anic verse “When you contract a debt for a fixed period, write it down” (al-Baqarah, 2:282) indicates that written form is recommended. In modern law, the written form is often mandatory for legal validity, especially in real estate transactions, banking operations, and commercial contracts. Feature Islamic Law Modern Law Form Oral or actual consent Written form required Means of proof Witness, confession, oath Written document, electronic signature, notarial certification Main criterion Consent and intention Legal form and legal consequence 5.6. Breach of Contract and Legal Remedies In Islamic law, breach of contract is regulated through the institutions of fasakh (rescission) and khiyar (option). The main purpose is to restore justice between the parties. In modern law, breach of contract is addressed through judicial proceedings, claims, or unilateral notice. The khiyar right in Islamic law is based on moral responsibility, whereas in modern law it is replaced by legal mechanisms. 5.7. Reflections of Islamic Legal Principles in Modern Law Many principles of Islamic law are reflected in contemporary legal systems: • Principle of Justice — corresponds to the principles of contractual freedom and equality in modern law; • Principle of Consent (Rida) — upheld as the foundation of contracts in both systems; • Prohibition of Gharar (uncertainty) — led to the development of consumer protection and transparency requirements in modern law; • Trust and Honesty (Amanah) — recognized in modern law as the principle of good faith. 5.8. Traces of Islamic Legal Principles in Azerbaijani Law Although the provisions on sales contracts (Articles 406–435 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan) are mainly based on European civil law tradition, several principles coincide with Islamic law: • Article 407: Consent of the parties – identical to the principle of “freedom of will.” • Article 420: The requirement that the object of the contract must be specific and possible – corresponds to the Islamic prohibition of gharar (uncertainty). ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 51 • Article 434: Cases of unilateral termination – similar to the concept of khiyar in Islamic law. These parallels demonstrate that the centuries-old experience of Islamic jurisprudence has directly influenced modern legal doctrine. 5.9. General Comparative Table Criterion Islamic Law Modern Law (Azerbaijan and the West) Legal foundation Sharia and Fiqh principles State legislation Main purpose Justice and lawful gain (halal income) Legal stability and economic circulation Form Oral and consent-based Written and formal requirements Interest (riba) Prohibited Permitted Defect and fraud Regulated by fasakh and khiyar Addressed through breach and compensation Ethical aspect Religious responsibility and conscience Legal liability and state supervision CONCLUSION The sales contract (bai‘) in Islamic law holds significant importance as one of the fundamental institutions regulating legal and economic relations. This research has shown that Islamic law has developed an exceptionally systematic, moral, and socially just legal mechanism for the formation, performance, and termination of contracts. In the first chapter, the legal nature and types of contracts were analyzed, and it was determined that a contract in Islamic law carries not only legal obligation but also moral responsibility. The concept of ‘aqd establishes both a material and spiritual bond. The Qur’anic verse “O you who believe! Fulfill your covenants!” (al-Ma’idah, 1) serves as the legal and religious foundation of contractual relations. In the second chapter, the legal nature of the sales contract was examined, revealing that this institution constitutes the core of the Islamic economic system. The bai‘ (sale) transaction represents the lawful transfer of ownership based on mutual consent. Therefore, in Islamic law, a sale is not only an economic act but also a religious guarantee of lawful (halal) income. The third chapter analyzed the conditions and forms of the sales contract. It was established that Islamic law requires mutual consent between the buyer and the seller, the absence of doubt regarding ownership and lawfulness of the goods, a definite price, and an explicit declaration of will. These principles are also reflected in modern contract law. The fourth chapter discussed breach of contract, fasakh, and khiyar rights, showing that Islamic law grants equal rights to both parties. If a contract is concluded unfairly or under deception (gharar), it can be annulled. The khiyar right (option to rescind) serves as a safeguard against haste and harm. In the fifth chapter, the institution of sale in modern legal systems was compared with that of Islamic law. The findings reveal that the core principles of sales contracts in modern civil codes — freedom of will, equality, justice, and consent — coincide with values derived from Islamic law. However, Islamic law places greater emphasis on the moral dimension of contracts and the principle of halal and haram. In general, it can be concluded that the sales contract in Islamic law is not merely an economic relationship but also a legal act embodying social justice and moral responsibility. Modern legal systems have formalized these principles, yet they have not fully reflected the moral essence of Islamic law. Nevertheless, comparative analysis demonstrates that the principles embedded in the Islamic law of sale — transparency, mutual consent, prevention of harm, and lawful gain — remain highly relevant to ensuring legal justice and economic stability today. References 1. The Holy Qur’an 2. Al-Bukhari, Abu. Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Sales, 2112. 3. Muslim, Imam. Sahih Muslim, Book of Sales, 1513. 4. Abu Zahra, Muhammad. Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuh, 1964. 5. Abu Hanifa. Kitab al-Fiqh, 1970. 6. Civil Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Articles 406–435. 7. Ibn Qudamah. Al-Mughni, 1998. 8. Kamali, M. H. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, 2003. 9. Sadeghi, S. Islamic Commercial Law, 2010. 10. Ozturk, A., Behbudov, G., Abishov, S., & Bayramova, V. (2024). DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE HURUF MOVEMENT. Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No, 146, 53. 11. Memmedov, S., & Öztürk, A. (2025). Historical Development of Islam and Human Rights. Porta Universorum, 1(2), 42-46. https://doi.org/10.69760/portuni.010205 12. Garibli, I., & Ozturk, A. (2024). The main features of the consideration of civil cases in the ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 52 courts of appeal of the Republic of Azerbaijan. BBC, 4(05), 26. 13. Karimli, N., & Ozturk , A. (2025). Risks And Advantages of Decriminalization: Balance Aspect in Criminal Law. Acta Globalis Humanitatis Et Linguarum, 2(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.69760/aghel.0250020001 14. Abbasov, E., Garibli, I., & Ozturk, A. (2025). Conduct of Civil Proceedings in Higher Courts. Porta Universorum, 1(3), 254-261. https://doi.org/10.69760/portuni.010321 15. Ozturk, A., Behbudov, G., Huseynov, T., & Ismayilov, N. (2024). THE PLACE AND ROLE OF THE HURUFISM MOVEMENT IN GLOBAL IDEAS. BBC, 22. 16. Öztürk, A. (2024). Problems with the Right to Legitimacy. Acta Globalis Humanitatis Et Linguarum, 1(1), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.69760/aghel.010240767 17. Öztürk, A., & Garibli, I. (2025). The Characteristics of Monarchy as a Form of Government. Acta Globalis Humanitatis Et Linguarum, 2(2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.69760/aghel.025002101 ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 53 THE MANAGEMENT TRIAD "PEOPLE" - "MUNICIPAL PEOPLE" - "CONSTITUTIONAL PEOPLE" AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION AS A STRATEGIC-PARADIGMAL DIRECTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY AND STATE IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION Baimuratov Mikhailo, South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky, Professor of the Department of Political Sciences and Law, Doctor Habilitat of Law, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine, Academician of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Odessa, Ukraine ORCID: 0000-0002-4131-1070 Kofman Boris, South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky, Professor of the Department of Political Sciences and Law, Doctor Habilitat of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine ORCID: 0000-0001-8121-5190 Yefremova Natalia, National University "Odesa Law Academy", Associate Professor of the Departmen t of History of State and Law, Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Odessa, Ukraine ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0497-2619 УПРАВЛІНСЬКА ТРІАДА «ЛЮДИНА» – «МУНІЦИПАЛЬНА ЛЮДИНА» – «КОНСТИТУЦІЙНА ЛЮДИНА» ТА ЇЇ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЯК СТРАТЕГІЧНО-ПАРАДИГМАЛЬНИЙ НАПРЯМ РОЗВИТКУ ДЕМОКРАТИЧНОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА І ДЕРЖАВИ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ Баймуратов Михайло Олександрович, Південноукраїнський національний педагогічний університет імені К. Д. Ушинського, професор кафедри політичних наук та права, доктор юридичних наук, професор, Заслужений діяч науки і техніки України, академік Української академії наук, м. Одеса, Україна ORCID: 0000-0002-4131-1070 Кофман Борис Якович, Південноукраїнський національний педагогічний університет імені К. Д. Ушинського, професор кафедри політичних наук та права, доктор юридичних наук, професор, Заслужений юрист України, м. Одеса, Україна ORCID: 0000-0001-8121-5190 Єфремова Наталя Володимирівна, Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», доцент кафедри історії держави і права, кандидат юридичних наук, доцент, м. Одеса, Україна ORCID: 0000-0003-0497-2619 ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 54 Abstract The article is devoted to the study of the management triad "man" - "municipal man" - "constitutional man" and its implementation as a strategic-paradigmatic direction of development of a democratic society and state in the conditions of globalization. It is established that in the above conditions, constitutional rights and freedoms of man acquire special significance. Although their list is quite significant in quantity and content, they belong to vital human rights, because their special importance and existential nature determine, accompany and ensure everyday life, existence and health of man, stable passage of his life cycle. Therefore, they are organically implemented at the local level of human existence within the local territorial human community (community), and moreover, based on the local place of implementation, constitutional rights and freedoms are logically, connotationally and narratively transformed into municipal rights and freedoms. It is proved that the above legal provisions fully correspond to the normative-activity paradigm that has developed for the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen, are normalized, regulated and regulated by them, and are implemented through them, creating an effective and optimal legal status at this time - but it is necessary to clearly realize and understand that such a normative-activity paradigm is practically implemented in the only possible option - at the local level of society in the zone of priority action of municipal law norms - namely: a) everyone is guaranteed the right to know their rights and obligations (Article 57 of the Constitution of Ukraine) (functional aspect); b) everyone has the right to compensation at the expense of the state or local self-government bodies for material and moral damage caused by illegal decisions, actions or inaction of state authorities, local self-government bodies, their officials and service personnel in the exercise of their powers (Article 56 of the Constitution of Ukraine) (obligatory aspect); c) everyone is guaranteed the right to appeal in court decisions, actions and inaction of state authorities, local self-government bodies, officials and service personnel (Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine) (human rights aspect); d) everyone has the right to legal aid (Article 59 of the Constitution of Ukraine) (legal assistance aspect); e) all the aspects listed here in their entirety actually create an appropriate “security space” in which a person, thanks to his constitutional rights, freedoms and obligations and through the relevant organizational and competent and normative activities of public authorities regarding their recognition, implementation, protection, defense, and guarantee, realizes his existential needs, connotational guidelines, praxeological narratives and interests (Sections II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XII of the Constitution of Ukraine). At the same time, it is necessary to realize and understand that the above rights, freedoms and obligations have a purely local nature of their implementation, therefore they should be interpreted through the prism of localism in understanding its guidelines, principles, priorities (general security aspect). It is argued that all constitutional human rights and freedoms are closely intertwined and are in a synergistic relationship with each other, as well as with other human rights (interspecific rights), which today have the status of constitutional rights or do not yet have such, or often act in the status of "legitimate human interests": for example, the right to satisfy basic needs; the right to security; the right to information; the right to choice; the right to be heard; the right to compensation; the right to consumer education; the right to a healthy environment, etc. But at the same time, it must be taken into account that they arise in the normative space of municipal law, therefore it can be argued that it is it that determines, influences, catalyzes the further development and improvement of the norms of constitutional law (complex-synergistic component). It is also argued that the constitutional and legal status of a person is a legally recognized object of international legal regulation, which finds its manifestation in the fact that it is human rights and freedoms that are the fundamental object of international cooperation of states (Preamble to the UN Charter), at the same time, the space of local self-government is recognized at the international level as the space for the implementation of such rights and freedoms of a person, his groups and associations (European Charter of Local Self-Government 1985) (international integration component). It has been proven that national constitutional law and national municipal law form a common normative space of symbiotic properties in the sphere of human rights and freedoms, their groups and associations, which in turn contributes to the formation of a synergistic concept of interaction, interconnection, interpenetration between them of constant temporal action, which directly, decisively and significantly affects the formation of democratic legal statehood in its humanistic and humanitarian understanding, purpose and implementation (humanitarian and spatial component). At the same time, it is indicated that it is national constitutional law and national municipal law that form, within the local society, the most important ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 55 psychological phenomena of democratic legal statehood - constitutional consciousness (legal consciousness) in the form of its individual, group and collective forms, on the basis of which constitutional psychology arises, which determines the behavioral and activity guidelines of a person in the local society, and simultaneously, at the state level, as well as municipal consciousness (legal consciousness) also in the form of its individual, group and collective forms, on the basis of which municipal psychology arises, which underlies the lawful behavior and activity of a person, his groups and associations within the local society, in the conditions of the MSV and in the philosophical state of everyday life (the fundamental psychological component). From here, a conclusion of strategic and methodological nature is made that the concept-phenomena of "constitutional man" and "municipal man" are the main factors, manifestations and results of the positive influence of national constitutional law and national municipal law on the macrophenomenology of democratic legal statehood. Based on the generalization of the above, we can draw the following conclusions regarding the fact that the phenomenologies of "man", "constitutional man" and "municipal man" are in close philosophical, ontological-logical, theoretical-doctrinal and institutional-integration connection and interaction, which demonstrates their significant organic influence on each other and the ability to act as effective scientific and practical concepts that are capable of acting as axiological, representative, identification and functional components of democratic legal statehood, which have potential for further development and improvement. Анотація Стаття присвячена дослідженню управлінської тріади «людина» – «муніципальна людина» – «конституційна людина» та її реалізації як стратегічно-парадигмального напряму розвитку демократичного суспільства і держави в умовах глобалізації. Встановлено, що в наведених умовах особливої значущості набувають конституційні праві і свободи людини. Хоча їх перелік є досить значущим по кількості та по змістовності, вони належать до вітальних прав людини, бо їх особлива важливість та екзистенційний характер детермінують, супроводжують і забезпечують повсякденне життя, існування і здоров’я людини, стабільне проходження нею свого життєвого циклу. Отже, вони на органічній основі реалізуються на локальному рівні існування людини в межах локальної територіальної людської спільноти (громади), ба більше, – виходячи з локального місця реалізації, конституційні права і свободи логічно, конотаційно і наративно трансформуються в муніципальні права і свободи. Доводиться, що наведені правоположення повністю відповідають нормативно-діяльнісній парадигмі, що склалась для конституційних прав і свобод людини і громадянина, ними унормована, регламентована і врегульована, через них реалізується, створюючи ефективний та оптимальний на цей час правовий статус, – але треба чітко усвідомлювати і розуміти, що така нормативнодіяльнісна парадигма практично реалізується в єдиному можливому варіанті – на локальному рівні соціуму в зоні пріоритетної дії норм муніципального права – а саме: а) кожному гарантується право знати свої права і обов’язки (ст. 57 Конституції України) (функціональний аспект); б) кожен має право на відшкодування за рахунок держави чи органів місцевого самоврядування матеріальної та моральної шкоди, завданої незаконними рішеннями, діями чи бездіяльністю органів державної влади, органів місцевого самоврядування, їх посадових і службових осіб при здійсненні ними своїх повноважень (ст. 56 Конституції України) (облігаторний аспект); в) кожному гарантується право на оскарження в суді рішень, дій та бездіяльності органів державної влади, органів місцевого самоврядування, посадових і службових осіб (ст. 55 Конституції України) (правозахисний аспект); г) кожен має право на правову допомогу (ст. 59 Конституції України) (праводопоміжний аспект); ґ) всі наведені тут аспекти у своєму підсумку фактично створюють відповідний «безпековий простір», в якому людини завдяки своїм конституційним правам, свободам і обов’язкам та через відповідну організаційну та компетенційно-нормативну діяльність органів публічної влади щодо їх визнання, реалізації, охорони, захисту, гарантування реалізує свої екзистенційні потреби, конотаційні настанови, праксеологічні наративи та інтереси (Розділи II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XII Конституції України). При цьому треба усвідомлювати і розуміти, що наведені права, свободи і обов’язки мають суто локальний характер своєї реалізації, тому повинні інтерпретуватися через призму локалізму в розумінні його настанов, засад, пріоритетів (загально-безпековий аспект). Аргументується, що всі конституційні права і свободи людини тісно переплітаються та знаходяться поміж собою в синергічному зв’язку, а та- ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 56 кож з іншими правами людини (міжвидові права), які на сьогодні мають статус конституційних прав або ще не мають такого, або часто-густо виступають у статусі «законних інтересів людини»: наприклад, право на задоволення основних потреб; право на безпеку; право на інформативність; право вибору; право бути вислуханим; право на відшкодування; право на споживчу освіту; право на здорове природнє середовище тощо. Але при цьому треба враховувати, що саме вони виникають у нормативному просторі муніципального права, тому й можна стверджувати, що саме воно детермінує, впливає, каталізує подальший розвиток і вдосконалення норм конституційного права (комплексно-синергійна складова). Також стверджується, що конституційно-правовий статус людини виступає легально визнаним об’єктом міжнародно-правового регулювання, що знаходить свій прояв в тому, що саме права і свободи людини є основоположним об’єктом міжнародного співробітництва держав (Преамбула Статуту ООН), в той же час простір місцевого самоврядування визнаний на міжнародному рівні як простір реалізації таких прав і свобод людини, її груп та асоціацій (Європейська хартія місцевого самоврядування 1985 р.) (міжнародно-інтеграційна складова). Доведено, що національне конституційне право та національне муніципальне право формують в сфері прав і свобод людини, її груп та асоціацій загальний нормативний простір симбіотичної властивості, що своєю чергою, сприяє формуванню синергійного концепту взаємодії, взаємозв’язку, взаємопроникнення між ними постійної темпоральної дії, що напряму, визначально і суттєво впливає на формування демократичної правової державності у її гуманістично-гуманітарному розумінні, призначенні і реалізації (гуманітарно-просторова складова). При цьому вказується, що саме національне конституційне право та національне муніципальне право формують в межах локального соціуму найважливіші психологічні феномени демократичної правової державності – конституційну свідомість (правосвідомість) у вигляді індивідуальних, групових та колективних її форм, на базі якої виникає конституційна психологія, що детермінує поведінководіяльнісні настанови людини в локальному соціуму, і одночасно, на рівні держави, а також муніципальну свідомість (правосвідомість) також у вигляді її індивідуальних, групових та колективних форм, на базі якої виникає муніципальна психологія, що лежить в основі правомірної поведінки та діяльності людини, її груп та асоціацій в межах локального соціуму, в умовах МСВ та в філософському стані повсякденності (засадниче-психологічна складова). Звідси зроблено висновок стратегічно-методологічної властивості, що поняття-феномени «конституційна людина» і «муніципальна людина» виступають основними чинниками, проявами та результатами позитивного впливу національного конституційного права та національного муніципального права на макрофеноменологію демократичної правової державності. На основі узагальнення викладеного вище, можна дійти наступних висновків відносно того, що феноменології «людина», «конституційна людина» та «муніципальна людина» знаходяться між собою у тісному філософському, онтологічно-логічному, теоретико-доктринальному та інституційно-інтеграційному зв’язку та взаємодії, що демонструє їх суттєвий органічний вплив одну на іншу та можливість виступати ефективними науково-практичними концептами, що здатні виступати аксіологічними, презентативними, ідентифікаційними та функціональними складовими елементами демократичної правової державності, що володіють потенційними можливостями для подальшого розвитку і вдосконалення. Keywords: man, constitutional man, municipal man, human rights and freedoms, constitutional human rights and freedoms, constitutional and legal reality, local self-government, territorial community, state of everyday life, legal space of local self-government, managerial triad “man – constitutional man – municipal man”, globalization, legal globalization. Ключові слова: людина, конституційна людина, муніципальна людина, права і свобода людини, конституційні права і свободи людини, конституційно-правова реальність, місцеве самоврядування, територіальна громада, стан повсякденності, правовий простір місцевого самоврядування, управлінська тріада «людина – конституційна людина – муніципальна людина», глобалізація, правова глобалізація. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 63 бо їх особлива важливість та екзистенційний характер детермінують, супроводжують і забезпечують повсякденне життя, існування і здоров’я людини, стабільне проходження нею свого життєвого циклу. Отже, вони на органічній основі реалізуються на локальному рівні існування людини в межах локальної територіальної людської спільноти (ТГ), ба більше, – виходячи з локального місця реалізації, конституційні права і свободи логічно, конотаційно і наративно трансформуються в муніципальні права і свободи (фундаментально-вітальна складова – авт.); – по-друге, наведені правоположення повністю відповідають нормативно-діяльнісній парадигмі, що склалась для конституційних прав і свобод людини і громадянина, ними унормована, регламентована і врегульована, через них реалізується, створюючи ефективний та оптимальний на цей час правовий статус, – але треба чітко усвідомлювати і розуміти, що така нормативно-діяльнісна парадигма практично реалізується в єдиному можливому варіанті – на локальному рівні соціуму в зоні пріоритетної дії норм муніципального права (парадигмально-технологічна складова – авт.) – а саме: а) кожному гарантується право знати свої права і обов’язки (ст. 57 Конституції України) (функціональний аспект – авт.); б) кожен має право на відшкодування за рахунок держави чи органів МСВ матеріальної та моральної шкоди, завданої незаконними рішеннями, діями чи бездіяльністю органів державної влади, ОМСВ, їх посадових і службових осіб при здійсненні ними своїх повноважень (ст. 56 Конституції України) (облігаторний аспект – авт.); в) кожному гарантується право на оскарження в суді рішень, дій та бездіяльності органів державної влади, ОМСВ, посадових і службових осіб (ст. 55 Конституції України) (правозахисний аспект – авт.); г) кожен має право на правову допомогу (ст. 59 Конституції України) (праводопоміжний аспект – авт.); ґ) всі наведені тут аспекти у своєму підсумку фактично створюють відповідний «безпековий простір», в якому людини завдяки своїм конституційним правам, свободам і обов’язкам та через відповідну організаційну та компетенційно-нормативну діяльність органів публічної влади щодо їх визнання, реалізації, охорони, захисту, гарантування реалізує свої екзистенційні потреби, конотаційні настанови, праксеологічні наративи та інтереси (Розділи II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XII Конституції України). При цьому треба усвідомлювати і розуміти, що наведені права, свободи і обов’язки мають суто локальний характер своєї реалізації, тому повинні інтерпретуватися через призму локалізму в розумінні його настанов, засад, пріоритетів (загально-безпековий аспект– авт.); – по-третє, всі конституційні права і свободи людини тісно переплітаються та знаходяться поміж собою в синергічному зв’язку, а також з іншими правами людини (міжвидові права – авт.), які на сьогодні мають статус конституційних прав або ще не мають такого, або частогусто виступають у статусі «законних інтересів людини»: наприклад, право на задоволення основних потреб; право на безпеку; право на інформативність; право вибору; право бути вислуханим; право на відшкодування; право на споживчу освіту; право на здорове природнє середовище тощо. Але при цьому треба враховувати, що саме вони виникають у нормативному просторі муніципального права, тому й можна стверджувати, що саме воно детермінує, впливає, каталізує подальший розвиток і вдосконалення норм конституційного права (комплексно-синергійна складова – авт.); – по-четверте, конституційно-правовий статус людини виступає легально визнаним об’єктом міжнародно-правового регулювання, що знаходить свій прояв в тому, що саме права і свободи людини є основоположним об’єктом міжнародного співробітництва держав (Преамбула Статуту ООН), в той же час простір місцевого самоврядування визнаний на міжнародному рівні як простір реалізації таких прав і свобод людини, її груп та асоціацій (Європейська хартія місцевого самоврядування 1985 р.) (міжнародно-інтеграційна складова – авт.); – по-п’яте, національне конституційне право та національне муніципальне право формують в сфері прав і свобод людини, її груп та асоціацій загальний нормативний простір симбіотичної властивості, що своєю чергою, сприяє формуванню синергійного концепту взаємодії, взаємозв’язку, взаємопроникнення між ними постійної темпоральної дії, що напряму, визначально і суттєво впливає на формування демократичної правової державності у її гуманістично-гуманітарному розумінні, призначенні і реалізації (гуманітарно-просторова складова – авт.); – по-шосте, саме національне конституційне право та національне муніципальне право формують в межах локального соціуму найважливіші психологічні феномени демократичної ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 64 правової державності – конституційну свідомість (правосвідомість) у вигляді індивідуальних, групових та колективних її форм, на базі якої виникає конституційна психологія, що детермінує поведінково-діяльнісні настанови людини в локальному соціуму, і одночасно, на рівні держави, а також муніципальну свідомість (правосвідомість) також у вигляді її індивідуальних, групових та колективних форм, на базі якої виникає муніципальна психологія, що лежить в основі правомірної поведінки та діяльності людини, її груп та асоціацій в межах локального соціуму, в умовах МСВ та в філософському стані повсякденності (засадниче-психологічна складова – авт.). Звідси можна зробити висновок стратегічно-методологічної властивості, що поняттяфеномени «конституційна людина» і «муніципальна людина» виступають основними чинниками, проявами та результатами позитивного впливу національного конституційного права та національного муніципального права на макрофеноменологію демократичної правової державності. Висновки На основі узагальнення викладеного вище, можна дійти наступних висновків відносно того, що феноменології «людина», «конституційна людина» та «муніципальна людина» знаходяться між собою у тісному філософському, онтологічно-логічному, теоретико-доктринальному та інституційно-інтеграційному зв’язку та взаємодії, що демонструє їх суттєвий органічний вплив одну на іншу та можливість виступати ефективними науково-практичними концептами, що здатні виступати аксіологічними, презентативними, ідентифікаційними та функціональними складовими елементами демократичної правової державності, що володіють потенційними можливостями для подальшого розвитку і вдосконалення. References 1. Baymuratov, M., & Kofman, B. (2024). “Constitutional Man” and “Municipal Man”: the problem of definition, identification and interdependence of phenomenologies as innovations in constitutional and municipal law in the conditions of democratic legal statehood. Scientific Collection “InterConf”, (208), 91–100. Retrieved from: https://archive.interconf.center/index.php/conferenceproceeding/article/view/6662 (In Ukrainian). 2. Baymuratov M.O., & Kofman B.Ya. (2021). International municipal law as a branch of international public law: on the issue of the formation of the branch. Bulletin of the Alfred Nobel University. Series: Law. (2). 7-31. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/vunobpr_2021_2_3 (In Ukrainian). 3. Man. Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia. URL: https://vue.gov.ua/% D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0 4. Baymuratov M.O., & Kofman B.Ya. (2024). Phenomenology of "constitutional man": towards understanding normative-parametric features, role and significance in the formation of democratic legal statehood. National interests of Ukraine. (1). 151-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52058/3041-3041-17931(1)-151-170. (In Ukrainian). 5. Khvan R.M. (2025). Phenomenology of “constitutional man” and its role and significance in understanding the priority of human rights as an immanent element of democratic legal statehood. Fifth International Scientific and Practical Conference “Independence of Ukraine: Human Rights and National Security” (April 4, 2025, Lviv). 213-218. (In Ukrainian). 6. Boyarskyi O.O. (2020). Formation of the Phenomenology of Municipal Man within the Framework of Civil Society and the State. Journal of the Kyiv University of Law. (2). 110–118. (In Ukrainian). 7. Constitution of Ukraine: adopted at the fifth session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on June 28, 1996. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1996. No. 30. Art.141. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 65 Medical sciences Relevance. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the leading cause of mortality on a global scale, responsible for 18.6 million deaths annually. As indicated by data presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) at the European Society of Cardiology Congress (ESC Congress 2021 – The Digital Experience) in August 2021, the Republic of Belarus is classified as being in the very high risk zone with regard to cardiovascular mortality. Hypertension (HT) is one of the primary risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationship between mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke, and the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, is such that an increase in either of these parameters to a level of more than 115 mm Hg and 75 mm Hg respectively, has been shown to result in a corresponding increase in mortality. For many decades, scientists and medical professionals have been searching for the most effective ways to treat patients with hypertension. At the end of the 20th century, two major events took place in medicine that determined the fate of many patients suffering from hypertension for years to come. First of all, it was understood that there is no such thing as “working” blood pressure. It was also discovered that high blood pressure does not always manifest itself as a headache in the back of the head. It turned out that most cases of high blood pressure are asymptomatic. This means that the prevalence of hypertension is much higher than SOME DATA CONCERNING THE USE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICINES IN PRACTICAL MEDICINE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS Kopytich A.V. 1 Intern doctor Drozd V.A. 2 Student, Vdovichenko V.P.2 PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor, Tatiana Korshak2 PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor Anin E. A.2 PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor, Bronskaya G.M. 3 PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor 1Minsk Regional Clinical Hospital 2Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Belarus 3Gomel State Medical University, Gomel, Belarus Abstract Despite the efforts of scientists and doctors, hypertension (HT) remains one of the most significant medical and social problems of the 21st century worldwide. This is due to both the widespread prevalence of this disease and the lack of blood pressure (BP) control, even with drug therapy, in a significant proportion of patients. Moreover, AH is a major risk factor for major cardiovascular diseases — myocardial infarction and acute cerebrovascular accident, known as stroke. The article analyses the data obtained during the survey conducted in several Belarusian hospitals and polyclinics on the awareness of doctors about the specific qualities of angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (sartans). The study revealed that doctors of various specialties (general practitioners, cardiologists, anesthesiologists-resuscitators, and therapists) regularly use the above-mentioned drugs to treat hypertension. Moreover, many of them prefer angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 66 previously thought, and that even healthy people who have no complaints need to have their blood pressure (BP) measured regularly in order to detect hypertension as early as possible. Despite more than twenty years of research on these discoveries, some doctors still rely on the concept of “working pressure” and use headaches as a criterion for determining high blood pressure. Modern approaches to the diagnosis of hypertension and the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension have been developed as a result of the analysis of a large number of prospective studies and have completely changed the view of this disease. A new classification of hypertension has been developed, the concepts of “target blood pressure” in antihypertensive therapy and stratification of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension have been defined. The basic principles of non-drug and drug therapy, including in different patient populations, have also been formulated. Since the publication of the first guidelines for the treatment of hypertension by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) in 1999, several versions of clinical recommendations have been developed, including European, American, and Belarusian ones. As research data accumulates, some treatment methods change, new diagnostic methods appear, and risk assessment criteria change. But most importantly, the approach remains the same: scientifically proven. The aim of the study is to investigate the awareness of Belarusian doctors about the effects of sartans and ACE inhibitors for the control of arterial hypertension. Materials and methods. The survey of healthcare professionals was conducted online using Google Forms. The inclusion criterion: informed consent. The subsequent analysis employed non-parametric statistical methodologies, alongside the Google Forms analysis package. The study involved a sample of 66 respondents aged 29 to 42. The survey participants were hospital doctors from the Borisov Central District Hospital, Brest City Hospital No. 1, Borisov Polyclinic No. 4, and Mogilev Regional Clinical Hospital. Of these, 30 % were cardiologists, 37,8 % were general practitioners, 15 % anesthesiologist-intensivists and 17,4 % were therapists. The average work experience in the specialty was 5 years. Results and their discussion. During the course of the study, respondents were requested to respond to the following question: "Do you use angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (sartans) in your practice?" The results obtained were as follows: The survey revealed that 61% of respondents prescribe these drugs to patients on a daily basis, while 22.2% do so several times a month. Notably, 16.7% of doctors are acquainted with these drugs but do not utilise them in their practice. When participants were asked to indicate which angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors they knew and used, a wide variety of answers were received. For example, 69.7% of respondents prescribe Enalapril to their patients to control hypertension. Lisinopril is the drug of choice for 84.8% of survey participants. 51.5% of respondents use Perindopril to treat patients with cardiovascular diseases, while 18.2% use Fosinopril. Captopril is used by 72.7% of survey participants, and Ramipril is prescribed by 60.6% of the doctors surveyed. Consequently, the most common pharmaceuticals for controlling hypertension are Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, and Ramipril. Accordingly, Fosinopril and Perindopril are rarely prescribed. Furthermore, respondents indicated their preference for the medications Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, and Ramipril, pointing out their perceived effectiveness and minimal side effects as key factors in their selection. It is evident that certain respondents give due consideration to both effectiveness and cost when opting for more economical pharmaceuticals. In the context of hospital prescriptions for blood pressure control, medical practitioners will also select medications that are available within the hospital department. In response to the question, "Do all long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have equivalent efficacy?" a positive response was provided by 69.4% of respondents. Concurrently, 12% of respondents expressed the conviction that certain medications are indeed generic, despite the presence of discrepancies in their composition despite the presence of the same active ingredient. Conversely, 22.2% of respondents expressed a belief that ACE inhibitors are equally effective. When asked about their awareness of sartans and their use, respondents said that they were familiar with several specific drugs from this group and used them to treat their patients. During the survey, 86.1% of respondents named Valsartan (commercial names: Valsacor, Sartval, etc.) as the most frequently used drug. The survey results show that losartan (commercial names: Sentor, Zartan, Lorista, CoSentor, Prezartan N, Lozar N, Lortenza, etc.) is chosen by 77.8% of participants, while candesartan (commercial names: Candesartan-NAN, Kanvers, Kasark, Kanvers plus) is prescribed by 50% of respondents. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 67 Consequently, Valsartan, Losartan, and Candesartan emerged as the preferred pharmaceutical agents among the respondents. In the context of the survey, Olmesartan, Azilsartan, Irbesartan, Eprosartan and Telmisartan were not identified as the preferred choice by respondents. Considering that Valsartan gives good results when used in combination therapy of CVD, almost all survey participants (95%) use Valsartan combination drugs. The most popular are Valsacor H (valsartan + hydrochlorothiazide), Valsartan Plus (valsartan + hydrochlorothiazide) and Valodip (amlodipine + valsartan). Explaining their selection of sartans, the participants gave the following reasons: 61.3% of the respondents consider Valsartan to be the most effective, with the fewest reported side effects. According to the respondents, this medicine exhibits the optimal price-quality ratio. Conversely, 30% of respondents expressed the opinion that Losartan is equally efficacious to other sartans, yet it remains a well-known pharmaceutical agent. When asked about sources of information on the pharmacological properties of medicines, their dosage, and specific features of use, 60.6% of respondents cited the Vidal electronic reference book on medicines, considering it reliable and accurate. 30.3% of respondents follow Resolution No. 59 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated June 6, 2017. For 9% of respondents, mainly young doctors, the most frequently used and reliable sources of information on drugs are the pharmacology textbooks by V. Vdovichenko and M. Mashkovsky. The study revealed that most respondents (58.3%) prefer to prescribe ACE inhibitors to control hypertension, as they consider them to be more effective than sartans. 41.7% of survey participants believe that ACE inhibitors have fewer side effects and are therefore safer for patients. The remaining respondents prescribe ACE inhibitors out of habit (16.7%) and because they are cheaper than sartans at the pharmacy. According to the survey results, the average duration of ACE inhibitor prescription for patients is 7 years. At the same time, the average duration of sartan use is 6.3%. When deciding on a drug for treatment of hypertension, 60% of respondents always study information in pharmacological reference books, 22% follow the instructions provided by the drug manufacturer, 7.5% of study participants (mainly young doctors) use information obtained in university lectures, and 9% take into account the opinions of colleagues. References 1. National recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice / Ministry of Health Rep. Belarus, Rep. Scientific-practical. center "Cardiology", Belor. sci. about cardiologists. – Minsk : DoctorDesign, 2010. – 20 с. (published in Russian) 2. STEPS 2020: Prevalence of risk factors for non-infectious diseases over the regions of the Republic of Belarus – [electronic resource]. – Access mode. –http://www.drogcge.by/uploads/b1/s/0/975/basic/120/831/Pril.3_Sravnenie_Regionov_RB.PDF?t=1632464360?1632464360 (published in Russian) ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 68 Pedagogical sciences 1. Introduction Language learning, especially English, is one of the vital aspects in Kazakhstan. Since 2007, “the trinity of languages” reform has been working in the country. According to this reform, students must be able to communicate in all three languages and be competitive in a worldwide arena. One of the rapidly growing and effective methods of this century is gamification. The term “gamification” itself means “use of the game mechanics in a non-game context” (Deterding, Dixon, Khaled, & Nacke, 2011). It implies that at first, lessons were not the type of activity where people were seeking motivation and easy techniques to obtain the knowledge faster. According to Seaborn (2015), the last 15 years have seen the rise of the digital game medium in entertainment, popular culture, and as an academic field of study. The success of gamification has reached almost every field of life. Even in schools, in order to keep students motivated and engaged in the lesson, the use of game-based activities is widely practiced. A Brief History of Gamification in the Educational Field A question may arise in people’s minds: When did people start to use gamification? How did it all start? It has not been long since people started using this approach in the education field, to be exact, around 25 years. One of the key points that helped to integrate gamification is the development of computer devices and internet connections. The usage of computer devices and the internet, as well as accumulated points, interactive tasks, and colorful visuals of the games, played a huge role in increasing student attention to the monotonous lessons. When children just start to learn vocabulary and speak, they step into the most vital step in their lives: they form the foundation of all communication. Any person cannot express their thoughts, opinions, or desires without words. Thus, vocabulary and communication play a vital role in everyday life. Not only saying what the young people want, but also understanding what other people are saying is possible only with words. With traditional testing, problems are simple: learners don’t have an opportunity to get the feedback individually, they might be terrified to answer in front of others, or they just might need more time to answer the question. In such cases, gamification is the best choice for everyone. The ones who are frightened to answer in front of others can do it individually, those who need more time to think get their time, and after the activity, everyone gets the feedback and the right answers to the questions. GAMIFIED DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT FOR VOCABULARY GROWTH IN LEARNERS Karabayeva Laura Koshkarbayevna Department of Translation Studies and Foreign Languages candidate of pedagogical sciences Dilnaz Temirbekova Master’s student South Kazakhstan Pedagogical University named after U. Zhanibekov, Shymkent, Kazakhstan Abstract Vocabulary plays a fundamental role in every language learning process. This skill is known as an endless process that will continue even after getting a high level in the language. Yet, the most well-known and widely used traditional approach fails to capture learners’ attention, motivate, and engage students. Additionally, it mostly fails to give meaningful feedback and teaches students to memorize words one after another. Recent studies showed the need for interactive and formative assessments, and attention to modern methods like dynamic assessment and gamification has just increased. This conceptual paper studies how dynamic assessment and gamification can foster vocabulary growth among language learners. Based on Vygotsky’s theory and literature studies, the paper argues that combining these methods enables teachers to assess learners’ performance. Keywords: gamification, dynamic assessment, feedback, vocabulary growth ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 69 One of the highlights of this approach is integration or collaboration between the students. The main purpose here is not only to teach students to get the right answer, but also to help them build a network with others. Therefore, everyone feels comfortable with the community or surroundings. In a society full of a variety of approaches, this paper explores how gamified dynamic assessment can enhance vocabulary learning in young learners by integrating formative feedback with game-based motivation. The reason for that is the modernity of stated methods. Apart from the modernity, these two approaches are meant to make the everyday learning process easy. The core of both is feedback to the learners. Therefore, just solving the tasks and not working with the mistakes is not the case here. Every mistake is corrected individually. 2. Theoretical background Dynamic Assessment As it is widely known, dynamic assessment is based on the zone of proximal development theory by Vygotsky. However, the difference between dynamic assessment and from zone of proximal development is that it assesses processes of thinking that are constantly changing (Haywood, 1992). To make sure that after a while, a student can solve the questions without guidance, even in questions without anyone else’s guidance. Therefore, the thing that must be highlighted is the process of learning, not just the outcome. The reason for that is that students learn mostly by mediation and interaction. Gamification in language learning In 1978, the first ever game was made by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex, England. This paper explores how gamified dynamic assessment can enhance vocabulary learning in learners by integrating formative feedback with game-based motivation. It gave the opportunity to role-play, program, and share the computer via dial-up modem. Moreover, it inspired more virtual games to be developed, and after a while, using this used in an educational field. In 1981, Thomas W. Malone published two articles about what can be learn from computer games, and how people can use that knowledge in education. 2010 is officially noted as the year when gamification term started to be used widely among researchers. In 2012, one of the first tools for integrating games into the lesson was created and named Kahoot. This was a huge revolution in the educational field. Students started to study and participate in the lesson more actively. Owing to the number of students in the traditional classes, not everyone had an opportunity to participate in the questions and answer them. Tools like Kahoot allow everyone to show their level of readiness and knowledge. Though the problem of large traditional classes remains the same until nowadays, it has been one of the best solutions. Every year, we can face the development of new tools for gamification. These days, the most popular ones are Wordwall, Educaplay, Bamboozle, jeopardy, and so on. All of these features are used for the development of lots of skills. Additionally, one of the opening parts of the lesson, warm-ups, is also being held by this method. This type of warm-up is perfect for vocabulary and grammar repetition and sets a light atmosphere among the students. Overlap between dynamic assessment and gamification Several things are similar between these two methods: both emphasize feedback, interaction, and engagement. After every task or assignment, students get personalized feedback, or at least a list of correct answers, so that they can work on them later. It means no one will be left without attention. Sometimes in the large classroom, some quiet students are left without attention. This may lead to a situation where a student does not know the correct answer to the question, but is too shy to ask the teacher or classmates about that. In this kind of situation, gamification and dynamic assessment are the essential approaches. The next similarity is an environment with a low anxiety level. This is a very vital aspect in every lesson, a community without pressure. It helps to obtain the new information and knowledge easily and without anxiety. Especially for the young learners who cannot sit still in a classroom and always seek games. 3. Discussion Potential benefits Below, I want to list the number of benefits that gamified dynamic assessment brings. First of all, continuous feedback promotes deeper learning. Feedbacks are brought every lesson with every task. This promotes the work with mistakes systematically. Additionally, correcting the mistakes immediately and filling the gaps in knowledge helps to keep the information for a long time memory. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 70 Secondly, motivational gestures, gifts, and points keep the students engaged in the lesson. At the same time, it will boost their energy and curiosity. Moreover, step by step, when students can finally solve the questions individually, they will get the confidence and be comfortable with others. Next, by including gamified assessment, students will not see the learning process as something dull and old-fashioned. Some of the traditional methods of assessment are indeed seen as old-fashioned by the young generation. Thus, adding color via new technologies and approaches will just enlighten the attitude towards the lesson. Challenges The thing most of the teachers must pay attention to is equally combining both methods. While implementing the lesson game should not be only about giving tasks or doing warm-ups. The teacher must keep in mind that the most important thing here is guiding students through the tasks, identifying the gaps, and helping students to fill them with proper knowledge. Sometimes giving too many game-based activities may lead to unhealthy competition among learners. Students’ main goal might be just getting a high score, which leads to no interaction, but a loss of the meaning of knowledge. Practical implications The next step is suggesting ways of implementing both approaches in the classroom. The given example is for vocabulary learning, where students need to learn about food. The game has three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Each student will complete every level step-bystep. In the first level, students will do a pre-task where they need to match the vocabulary with the picture. In the last level, students will collaborate with others to create a role-play or dialogue activity. When learners struggle, guiding questions and hints are given: “Look at the first letterdoes it remind you of something?”, “It’s a fruit-you can make a juice from it”, “Yes, it is this fruit. Now you can use it in your sentence”. These sorts of prompts do not give the full answer, but just guide the learner to find the right answer. Conclusion To sum up, dynamic assessment and gamification share the same features: motivating, giving feedback, and engaging the students. All of these features are crucial in the language learning process. By integrating such features correctly, teachers can reach the perfect classroom where students are not afraid or shy to share their opinions, motivated, and receive the right guidance from the teachers. Moreover, a combination of these methods can support learners’ vocabulary growth a lot. To implement this effectively, educators are encouraged to experiment with low-stakes, gamebased DA tasks that combine formative assessment with elements of challenge and enjoyment. Such practices can transform assessment into a dynamic, motivating, and learning-centered process rather than a purely evaluative one. However, there is still a need for more empirical research, based on learners' age, proficiency, and learning context. Future studies could provide valuable insights into how this integrated approach can be implemented to foster vocabulary development in early language education. References 1. Haywood, H. C., & Tzuriel, D. (2002). Applications and Challenges in Dynamic Assessment. Peabody Journal of Education, 77(2), 40–63. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327930PJE7702_5 2. Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011a). From game design elements to gamefulness: defining gamification. Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040 3. Seaborn, K., & Fels, D. I. (2015). Gamification in theory and action: A survey. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 74, 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006 4. Haywood, H. C., & Lidz, C. S. (2007). Dynamic Assessment in Practice: Clinical and Educational Applications. Cambridge University Press. 5. Malone, T. W. (1982, March 15). Heuristics for designing Enjoyable user interfaces | Proceedings of the 1982 conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/800049.801756 6. A brief history of gamification in Education. TeachThought. (2023, November 22). https://www.teachthought.com/education-posts/a-brief-history-of-gamification-in-education/ 7. Hashim, H., & Batu, D. K. A. (2022). A Systematic Review on the Use of Gamification in Enhancing Vocabulary Mastery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 12(11), 1834–1849. https://doi.org/DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i11/15689 ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 71 8. Wulantari, N. P., Rachman, A., Sari, M. N., Uktolseja, L. J., & Rofi’i, A. (2023, July 10). The Role Of Gamification In English Language Teaching: A Literature Review. View of the role of gamification in English language teaching: A literature review. https://jonedu.org/index.php/joe/article/view/3328/2793 9. Al-Dosakee, K. ., & Ozdamli, F. (2021). Gamification in Teaching and Learning Languages: A Systematic Literature Review. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 13(2), 559-577. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/13.2/436 10. Sailer, M., Homner, L. The Gamification of Learning: A Meta-analysis. Educ Psychol Rev 32, 77– 112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09498-w 11. Khaitova, N. F. (2021). History of gamification and its role in the educational process. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(5), SC. conferences. (2024, декабрь 4). XIII International Scientific and Practical Conference «Theoretical and practical perspectives of modern science». «Theoretical and practical perspectives of modern science», Stockholm. Sweden. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14509534 212. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i5.2640 12. Ermakan, N., Ualikhanova, B., Rakhashev, B., & Ramazanova, S. (2024). Effectiveness of the gamification method in the process of phenomenon-based learning in secondary school (in the example of Kazakhstan). Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(8). https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.4814 13. Yermaganbetova, M., Serik, M., Zhumakhmet, A., & Sakhipov, A. (2025). Case study on using gamification and blockchain to improve student engagement in secondary informatics in Kazakhstan. “Bilim” Scientific and Pedagogical Journal, 113(2), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.59941/2960-0642-20252-58-71 ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 72 Introduction Preschool education, often referred to as early childhood education, represents the first stage of organized learning that prepares children for primary education. The development of preschool education has been influenced by cultural values, governmental policies, and psychological theories of child development. Its importance lies in fostering children’s holistic development—intellectual, emotional, and social—during their most formative years (Piaget, 1952). Historically, preschool education was limited to basic childcare, but today it is recognized as an essential component of lifelong learning (UNESCO, 2021). MAIN BODY 1. Historical Background of Preschool Education The roots of preschool education trace back to the 19th century when educators such as Friedrich Froebel, the founder of the “Kindergarten” concept, emphasized the importance of play in early learning. Froebel (1887) viewed play as the child’s natural mode of expression and learning. Maria Montessori (1949) further developed the concept of structured early education, focusing on independence, selfdirected activity, and hands-on learning. Her methods, still widely used today, emphasized respect for a child’s natural psychological development. In the 20th century, Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory and Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory significantly shaped preschool education. Piaget (1952) described how children construct DEVELOPMENT OF PRE SCHOOL-EDUCATION Fakhriya Aslanova “MƏKTƏBİM” Teaching and Learning Center in Baku Branch, Azerbaijan РАЗВИТИЕ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Фахрия Асланова Учебный центр «MƏKTƏBİM» в Баку, Азербайджан Abstract The article examines the historical and contemporary development of preschool education, emphasizing its pedagogical, social, and psychological importance. It explores how preschool education evolved from informal care systems to structured, child-centered educational programs aimed at developing cognitive, emotional, and social skills. The research highlights key stages of preschool education development, major educational theorists’ contributions, and current global trends. The findings show that the modernization of preschool education is closely connected to socio-economic progress, scientific research in child psychology, and the integration of technology in learning environments. Аннотация В статье рассматривается историческое и современное развитие дошкольного образования, подчеркивается его педагогическое, социальное и психологическое значение. Анализируется, как дошкольное образование эволюционировало от неформальных систем ухода за детьми к структурированным, ориентированным на ребенка образовательным программам, направленным на развитие когнитивных, эмоциональных и социальных навыков. В исследовании выделяются ключевые этапы развития дошкольного образования, вклад ведущих теоретиков педагогики и современные мировые тенденции. Результаты показывают, что модернизация дошкольного образования тесно связана с социально-экономическим прогрессом, научными исследованиями в области детской психологии и интеграцией технологий в образовательную среду. Keywords: preschool education, early childhood development, pedagogy, educational reform, child-centered learning Ключевые слова: дошкольное образование, развитие ребенка раннего возраста, педагогика, образовательная реформа, обучение, ориентированное на ребенка ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 79 Table 4. Indicators of writing skill development in experimental and control groups. 4. Writing Skills Indicator Pretest (Experimental) Posttest (Experimental) Improvement (%) Pretest (Control) Posttest (Control) Improvement (%) Average score (%) 66.8 80.4 +20.3 67.5 73.2 +8.4 Grammatical accuracy (%) 65.1 79.2 +21.7 66.3 72.5 +9.3 Lexical richness (unique words per 100) 36.8 44.7 +21.4 37.1 39.8 +7.3 Cohesion/coherence index (%) 68.3 81.6 +19.5 69.0 74.1 +7.4 The writing component also demonstrated significant progress. Learners using AI customization improved by 20.3%, with gains in grammatical accuracy (+21.7%) and lexical richness (+21.4%). The control group’s improvement was smaller, averaging 8.4% across all indicators. The AI-based writing assistant generated individualized feedback on syntax, word choice, and discourse structure, while integrated revision tracking allowed learners to refine drafts iteratively. These tools facilitated noticeable improvement in the coherence and logical organization of written texts. Table 5. Behavioral and learning analytics indicators extracted from AI-assisted and control environments. 5. General Learning Analytics Indicator Experimental Group Control Group Difference (%) Task completion rate (%) 92.4 78.7 +17.4 Feedback interaction rate (%) 88.1 54.3 +33.8 Overall error reduction (%) 27.5 11.3 +16.2 Average time on task (minutes per session) 42.6 35.1 +21.3 Self-initiated revision sessions (per week) 4.2 2.8 +50.0 Motivation (Likert scale /5) 4.4 3.2 +37.5 Data from the adaptive system’s analytics dashboard show that the experimental group displayed higher engagement and self-regulation throughout the experiment. The task completion rate reached 92.4%, surpassing the control group by 17.4 percentage points. Interaction with AI feedback was particularly high at 88.1%, showing that students actively reviewed and implemented automated suggestions. The overall error reduction rate was 27.5% more than twice the rate of the control group (11.3%) indicating greater progress in language accuracy. Average time spent per learning session was 42.6 minutes in the experimental group compared with 35.1 minutes in the control group, marking a 21.3% increase in engagement duration. Students using customized AI tools initiated an average of 4.2 self-revision sessions per week, a 50% higher rate than that of their peers in traditional instruction. Motivation levels, measured through post-experiment questionnaires, were higher in the experimental group (4.4 out of 5) than in the control group (3.2 out of 5). In addition to the quantitative outcomes, qualitative analysis provided valuable context. According to post-experiment interviews, 86.6% of participants reported that AI-based feedback helped them recognize and correct individual weaknesses, while 81.2% noted that personalized learning paths increased their motivation to study English regularly. Learners highlighted real-time correction and progress visualization as motivating factors that contributed to persistence. However, 15.5% of students indicated occasional inconsistencies in the AI’s grammatical or contextual feedback, particularly in open-ended writing tasks and idiomatic expressions. Teachers’ observational notes confirmed increased classroom participation and a stronger willingness to communicate in English among students in the experimental group. The AI-customized environment appeared to facilitate greater confidence in oral interactions, as learners had previously rehearsed through chatbot dialogue and adaptive pronunciation modules. Discussion The results of this research clearly demonstrate that the customisation of artificial intelligence (AI) has a measurable and substantial effect on the process of third-language (English) learning at the university level. Conducted under controlled experimental conditions at Astana International University, the study employed a mixed-methods approach to obtain reliable data on both the cognitive and behavioral dimensions of AI-supported learning. The convergence of quantitative findings, behavioral analytics, and qualitative feedback provides a comprehensive empirical picture of how adaptive AI systems influence the efficiency, motivation, and engagement of multilingual learners. The analysis of statistical indicators confirms that the integration of AI-based personalization mechanisms led to statistically significant gains ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 80 across all measured competencies, aligning with contemporary theoretical perspectives in educational technology and applied linguistics [15]. The study employed an experimental-comparative design that enabled the precise identification of performance differences between the AI-customized and traditionally instructed groups. This methodological approach effectively isolated the variable of personalization, indicating that the adaptive AI environment itself contributed to the improved learning outcomes. Posttest findings revealed that the experimental group achieved an average improvement of 22.2% across all language skills, compared to 9.1% in the control group. The substantial gap between these results underscores the pedagogical value of individualized AI-based learning, aligning with earlier findings that adaptive systems enhance cognitive engagement, differentiated instruction, and learner autonomy [3], [2]. The most notable progress was recorded in speaking (+26.9%) and listening (+22.2%) skills, results closely linked to the interactive capabilities of the adaptive platform. Through its natural language processing (NLP) and automatic speech recognition (ASR) functions, the AI chatbot enabled learners to engage in spontaneous communication, receive immediate corrective feedback, and practice pronunciation repetitively without the social pressure typical of face-to-face assessments [16]. These outcomes align with previous findings showing that AI-based pronunciation trainers markedly enhance oral fluency and phonological accuracy [1]. The study’s 33.1% reduction in oral error density and 30.4% improvement in pronunciation accuracy empirically confirm that repetition, self-correction, and individualized feedback fundamental components of AI customization accelerate the development of oral competence. Significant gains in listening comprehension further demonstrate that AI-based personalization improves perceptual and processing efficiency. Learners who participated in adaptive listening tasks showed a 37.5% reduction in comprehension errors and an 18.4% decrease in average response time, suggesting both higher accuracy and faster auditory processing. The algorithm’s capacity to dynamically adjust audio difficulty according to learner performance proved essential to this progress. This adaptive approach reflects the pedagogical logic of Vygotsky’s “zone of proximal development,” ensuring that tasks remain optimally challenging to sustain engagement and continuous cognitive growth. The improvement in reading (+20.1%) and writing (+20.3%) skills further supports the effectiveness of AI customization, although the progress in these areas was slightly lower than in oral performance. This difference can be attributed to the nature of feedback provided by the adaptive system. The platform’s algorithms effectively identified grammatical and lexical errors but offered less advanced feedback on higher-order writing dimensions such as argumentation, logical organization, and rhetorical coherence. Consequently, learners demonstrated substantial gains in grammatical accuracy (+21.7%) and lexical richness (+21.4%), while progress in textual cohesion was somewhat lower (+19.5%). These results are consistent with prior observations that AI-generated writing feedback tends to be procedural and surface-level rather than contextually or discursively informed [6], [17]. The limited semantic interpretability of NLP models helps explain why improvements in complex writing competencies lag behind advances in micro-linguistic features. The study also generated robust behavioral and engagement data, confirming that AI customization enhances motivation and self-regulated learning. The task completion rate among AI-assisted learners reached 92.4%, surpassing the control group by 17.4 percentage points. Similarly, the feedback interaction rate was 88.1%, indicating that most learners actively reviewed and applied AI feedback to improve their performance. These engagement metrics correlate strongly with performance gains (r = 0.71, p < 0.01), suggesting that consistent engagement with adaptive feedback directly contributed to higher proficiency outcomes. The time-on-task average for the experimental group (42.6 minutes) exceeded that of the control group (35.1 minutes), showing that personalization not only improved quality but also extended voluntary learning time. Learners also reported an average of 4.2 self-initiated revision sessions per week, compared with 2.8 in the control condition a 50% increase in autonomous engagement. These behavioral tendencies correspond with the self-determination theory of motivation, which suggests that autonomy and competence are key drivers of intrinsic motivation [18]. By offering individualized feedback and visualized progress tracking, the adaptive platform fostered a sense of control and accomplishment, thereby reinforcing learners’ engagement and persistence. The mean motivation score of 4.4/5 among participants in the AI-assisted group supports this interpretation, indicating that customization yields both emotional and cognitive benefits. These findings are consistent with previous evidence showing that adaptive learning systems enhance learner persistence and perceived competence in digital learning environments [19]. Qualitative findings provide additional insight into these patterns. A large proportion of participants (86.6%) appreciated the system’s ability to deliver immediate and individualized feedback, ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 81 describing it as efficient and conducive to confidence building. Similarly, 81.2% reported that visual progress tracking enhanced their motivation by making improvement both visible and measurable. These outcomes support the view that personalization promotes a sense of psychological ownership over learning progress, a key principle highlighted in contemporary AI-pedagogy frameworks [20]. Nonetheless, a smaller subset of respondents (15.5%) voiced concerns about the contextual accuracy of AI-generated feedback, particularly in open-ended writing and spoken interactions. They observed that the system occasionally overlooked pragmatic nuance and idiomatic expression. This limitation underscores ongoing challenges related to algorithmic transparency and linguistic contextualization within AI systems, echoing concerns previously noted in the literature [4]. The scientific significance of these findings lies in their extension of AI customization research to the underexplored domain of third-language (L3) acquisition. Whereas most prior studies have focused on second-language (L2) contexts, the present study confirms that the adaptive feedback and personalized progression typical of AI platforms are equally effective in multilingual environments characterized by complex cross-linguistic interference. By demonstrating that learners improved not only accuracy but also fluency and motivation, the research provides empirical support for the hypothesis that AI customization mitigates the cognitive load associated with managing multiple language systems. This insight contributes to the theoretical development of precision language education and adaptive learning analytics, where multilingual data modeling remains a methodological frontier. The practical implications of this study are substantial. Integrating adaptive AI systems enables universities to expand individualized instruction while maintaining pedagogical quality. The detailed analytics produced by the AI platform such as error patterns, pacing data, and progress metrics equip instructors with actionable insights for differentiated teaching and targeted remediation. This allows educators to shift their focus toward higher-order cognitive and communicative tasks, while the AI system handles repetitive practice and diagnostic assessment. Such a hybrid human–AI instructional approach reflects the optimal balance between automation and teacher facilitation recommended in prior research [2], [8], [21]. Despite these promising outcomes, the research also revealed important limitations. The relatively small sample size (n = 64) and single-institution setting constrain the generalizability of the findings. Moreover, the 12-week duration captures only short-term progress; long-term retention, transferability, and the sustainability of motivational gains remain open questions. Another notable limitation involves the opacity of the AI system’s internal algorithms, which constrained the researchers’ capacity to fully assess how variables such as task difficulty and feedback frequency were established. This “black box” issue remains a persistent challenge in educational AI research [5] and highlights the necessity for greater transparency and interpretability in system design to enable educators to audit, understand, and refine algorithmic decision-making. Future research should therefore expand the temporal and contextual scope of AI customization studies. Longitudinal research could measure retention and continued engagement beyond the instructional period, while cross-institutional and cross-linguistic studies could clarify how adaptive systems function across diverse learner populations. Moreover, there is a pressing need to investigate ethical and cognitive dimensions, particularly regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and learner dependence on automated correction. The integration of explainable AI (XAI) frameworks into language learning platforms represents a promising avenue for improving both pedagogical transparency and trustworthiness [9]. Conclusion The present study comprehensively examined the role of artificial intelligence (AI) customization in enhancing the process of third-language (English) learning in a university environment. The experimental research, conducted at Astana International University over a 12-week period, aimed to assess the pedagogical benefits, practical effectiveness, and potential challenges of adaptive AI systems integrated into English language instruction. Through a balanced methodological framework combining quantitative performance measurement, learning analytics, and qualitative reflection, the study successfully achieved its purpose: to determine how AI customization affects learner outcomes, motivation, and engagement in a multilingual academic context. The research design, based on comparative analysis between an experimental group exposed to AI customization and a control group taught by traditional communicative methods, allowed for a precise evaluation of the influence of adaptive learning technologies. The findings revealed that the AI-assisted group achieved significant performance gains across all four language skills, with an average proficiency improvement of 22.2%, compared with 9.1% in the control group. The most notable increases were ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 82 observed in speaking (+26.9%) and listening (+22.2%), where learners benefited from interactive feedback, automated pronunciation analysis, and real-time conversational practice. Improvements were also observed in reading (+20.1%) and writing (+20.3%), reflecting the system’s ability to adjust task complexity and provide immediate, formative correction based on learner performance data. The reduction in overall error rates by 27.5% and the significant acceleration of task completion times demonstrate the efficiency of AI-supported self-correction mechanisms. These results confirm that adaptive feedback and personalized learning trajectories are key factors in achieving sustainable linguistic growth. Equally important were the behavioral and motivational indicators derived from learning analytics. The task completion rate of 92.4% and the feedback engagement rate of 88.1% in the experimental group illustrate a clear pattern of increased learner participation and accountability. Students using customized AI tools engaged in 50% more self-initiated revision sessions and spent 21.3% longer on learning tasks than those in the control group. These quantitative outcomes were supported by qualitative data, as 81.2% of participants reported higher motivation and 86.6% confirmed that individualized feedback improved their understanding of language use. The results strongly suggest that the adaptive, datadriven learning model not only enhances academic performance but also strengthens learner autonomy, confidence, and sustained engagement factors that are particularly valuable in multilingual educational environments where English functions as a third language. The scientific value of this study lies in its advancement of theoretical and empirical insights into AI customization within the relatively underexplored field of third-language (L3) acquisition. While previous research on adaptive technologies has primarily examined second-language learning contexts, the present study extends this focus to multilingual environments where learners experience cross-linguistic interference between two established language systems. The results demonstrate that AI-driven personalization can alleviate the cognitive and affective challenges typical of L3 learning by tailoring instruction to individual learner profiles and progress trajectories. The adaptive platform successfully operationalized learner-centered pedagogy by integrating automated analytics with the principles of scaffolding and differentiated instruction. Consequently, this study contributes to the ongoing development of precision language education, showing how artificial intelligence can extend individualized teaching beyond the practical constraints of human supervision and manual evaluation. The practical significance of the results is equally substantial. The study provides empirical evidence that adaptive AI systems can serve as a scalable solution for enhancing teaching efficiency and personalization in higher education. Instructors can utilize the data generated by AI systems to identify student weaknesses, design targeted interventions, and allocate instructional time more strategically. Furthermore, AI customization allows learners to progress at their own pace, receive immediate feedback, and engage in continuous assessment all of which are essential for promoting self-regulated learning. From an institutional standpoint, the integration of AI-driven adaptive platforms into learning management systems offers a cost-effective means of improving educational quality and student satisfaction. These outcomes align with current global trends in higher education emphasizing digital transformation, inclusivity, and individualized learning experiences. Nevertheless, the study acknowledges several limitations that should inform future research. The relatively modest sample size (n = 64) limits the generalizability of the results to broader populations, and the single-institution context restricts cross-cultural comparisons. The experimental period of twelve weeks was sufficient to capture short-term progress but not long-term retention or transfer effects. Additionally, the AI platform’s internal algorithmic processes were not fully transparent, preventing detailed analysis of how adaptation decisions were made an issue consistent with the “black box” problem identified in educational AI research. These constraints underscore the need for further investigation into explainable and ethical AI systems in pedagogy. Future studies should therefore adopt longitudinal and multi-institutional designs to evaluate the durability of learning gains and the replicability of results across different linguistic and cultural contexts. Expanding research to include learners with varying proficiency levels and academic disciplines would further enrich the understanding of AI’s adaptability. Another promising direction lies in exploring hybrid instructional models, where AI customization is combined with human-mediated scaffolding, peer collaboration, and metacognitive strategy training. Additionally, forthcoming research should address the ethical dimensions of AI integration, particularly regarding data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and transparency, ensuring that adaptive technologies are used responsibly and inclusively. In summary, this study provides compelling empirical evidence that customized AI environments significantly enhance linguistic proficiency, motivation, and engagement among university students learning English as a third language. The adaptive approach characterized by individualized feedback, ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 83 real-time analytics, and data-driven task adjustment proved more effective than traditional instruction across all assessed competencies. These results confirm that AI customization is not merely a technological innovation but a transformative pedagogical strategy capable of personalizing learning at scale while maintaining academic rigor. The research concludes that the successful implementation of AI in higher education requires a balanced integration of technology and human expertise. AI should serve as a supportive instrument that augments, rather than replaces, the instructor’s pedagogical role. Universities adopting AI-assisted learning are advised to establish clear ethical frameworks, ensure algorithmic transparency, and provide digital literacy training for both educators and students. When guided by sound pedagogical principles and ethical oversight, the customization of AI in third-language learning can act as a catalyst for creating inclusive, efficient, and learner-centered educational ecosystems. References 20. Rusmiyanto, R., Huriati, N., Fitriani, N., Tyas, N. K., Rofi’i, A., & Sari, M. N. (2023). The role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in developing English language learners’ communication skills. Journal on Education, 6(1), 750–757. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v6i1.2990 21. Hussain, S. M., Satti, D. 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J., Alshammat, M. F., Sleema, H., Oteer, R. S., Salman, F. N., & ALrashidi, N. K. N. (2020). Adaptive learning systems: Revolutionizing higher education through AI-driven curricula. IEEE (conference paper) . 38. Torben S., Strasser T. (2022). Artificial intelligence in foreign language learning and teaching: A CALL for intelligent practice. Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies, 33(1), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.33675/ANGL/2022/1/14 39. Ayotund O.O., Jamil D. Y., Cavus N., Impact of artificial intelligence in foreign language learning using learning management systems: A systematic literature review. (2023). Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 95(3), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v95i3.5233 40. Ghafar N.Z., Salh H.F., Abdulrahim M.A., Farxha S.F. The role of artificial intelligence technology on English language learning: A literature review. (2023). Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i2.87 ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 85 Technical sciences Введение. В последнее время растёт интерес к применению детандер-генераторных агрегатов для производства электроэнергии. Эти устройства используют перепад давления INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF EXPANDER-GENERATOR UNITS IN NATURAL GAS PRESSURE REDUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN Mukolyants Arsen Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov Sotnikova Irina Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov Sattorov Sirojiddinbek Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov Turdibekov Beksultan Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ДЕТАНДЕР-ГЕНЕРАТОРНЫХ УСТАНОВОК В СИСТЕМАХ ПОНИЖЕНИЯ ДАВЛЕНИЯ ПРИРОДНОГО ГАЗА РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН Мукольянц Арсен Ташкентский государственный технический университет им. И. Каримова Сотникова Ирина Ташкентский государственный технический университет им. И. Каримова Сатторов Сирожиддинбек Ташкентский государственный технический университет им. И. Каримова Турдибеков Бексултан Ташкентский государственный технический университет им. И. Каримова Abstract It has been established that, for efficient electricity generation, a detailed evaluation of the operational characteristics of expander-generator units is required, along with the selection of the most suitable gas preheating method at the inlet, as this parameter significantly influences the specific fuel consumption. This study analyzes various parameters of expander-generator units used as autonomous systems at remote gas distribution stations and gas control points, with a focus on gas preheating methods prior to expansion — specifically, using dedicated boilers and the recovery of exhaust heat from gas turbine units. Computational data indicate that at low preheating temperatures, boiler-based heating is preferable, whereas at higher temperatures, utilizing waste heat from gas turbines becomes more economically advantageous. Аннотация Определяется необходимость исследования характеристик детандергенераторных установок и определения оптимального способа подогрева газа на его входе, от которого во многом зависит удельный расход топлива при выработке электроэнергии. Проводится анализ параметров детандер-генераторных агрегатов, применяемых в автономных установках на удалённых газораспределительных станциях и пунктах, с учётом различных способов подогрева газа перед детандированием — с использованием котлов и тепла выхлопных газов газотурбинных установок. Расчеты показали, что при незначительном подогреве предпочтительнее использовать подогрев в котле, а при повышении температуры подогрева газа экономически более выгодным становится использование дымовых газов от газотурбинной установки. Keywords: natural gas, gas expansion, gas heating, electricity generation, gas heating in the boiler, gas turbine unit, expander generator unit, exhaust gases of the gas turbine unit. Ключевые слова: природный газ, расширение газа, подогрев газа, выработка электроэнергии, подогрев газа в котле, газотурбинная установка, детандер ‒ генераторный агрегат, выхлопные газы газотурбинной установки. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 86 природного газа на газораспределительных станциях и газорегуляторных пунктах. Эффективность их работы во многом зависит от способа подогрева газа [1]. В данной статье анализируются различные параметры детандер-генераторного агрегата в качестве автономных установок для удалённых газораспределительных станций и газорегуляторных пунктов, с учётом методов подогрева газа перед детандированием, таких как использование котлов и выхлопных газов от газотурбинных установок. Автономная установка представляет собой детандер-генератор, который не имеет организационной или технологической связи с газоиспользующими предприятиями. Подключение таких агрегатов не влияет на работу газоиспользующих установок, за исключением возможных изменений в расходе газа из-за изменения его температуры на выходе, и потребления электроэнергии для собственных нужд. Основное назначение таких установок — производство электроэнергии для нужд предприятия или её передача во внешнюю сеть. При включении детандер-генераторного агрегата изменение расхода газа на газопотребляющее оборудование пропорционально изменению располагаемой теплоты газа, выраженной формулой: 0ртг нтс г Q Q h h= + − , где г h , 0 h - энтальпия газового топлива при заданных температуре и давлении, и при 0°C и давлении 0,1 МПа соответственно, кДж/кг, а нтс Q - низшая теплота сгорания топлива, Дж/кг. Изменение расхода топлива в газопотребляющем оборудовании будет учитываться с учетом работы детандер-генераторного агрегата. Объект и методика исследования Один из наиболее простых методов подогрева газа перед детандером - это использование специализированного котла (рис.1). Если энтальпия газа на выходе из детандера 2,h кДж/кг, такая же, как на входе в установку, ВХ ,h кДж/кг, то мощность детандера ДГА ,N кВт, и расход топлива на подогрев газа перед детандером пер топ ,GV кг/с, определяются из выражений [2,3]: ДГА 1 2топ ()N G h h=  − и пер топ 12 топ нтс к () , G h h GQ  − = V и удельный расход топлива при выработке электроэнергии установкой урт ,G кг/с⸱Дж, рассчитывается как: урт нтс к 1 GQ  = , где к  – коэффициент полезного действия котла, который предварительно подогревает газ перед его поступлением в детандер; топ G – расход топлива в трубопроводе, кг/с; 1 h и 2 h – энтальпия газа до и после детандера, соответственно, кДж/кг. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 87 Рис.1. Детандер-генераторный агрегат с подогревом газа в котле: 1-манометр, измеряющий входное давление; 2-дроссельное устройство; 3-манометр, измеряющий выходное давление; 4котел; 5-выхлопная труба; 6манометр, измеряющий давление перед детандером; 7-детандер; 8-генератор; 9манометр, измеряющий давление после детандера Если ВХ 2 hh и изменение энтальпии газа при его поступлении в газопотребляющую установку влечет изменение его расхода (в случае использования газа в качестве топлива), то формулы примут следующий вид: а) новый расход газа на газопотребляющую установку нов топ ,G кг/с, изменяется обратно пропорционально располагаемой теплоте топлива: 0 0 ВХ нов нтс топ топ нтс 2 - - Q h h GG Q h h + = + , где ВХ h – энтальпия газа на входе в установку, кДж/кг; б) расход топлива на подогрев газа в котле под топ ,GV кг/с,: 1 2 ВХ ВХ под топ топ нтс к () () G h h GQ h h  − =+ −  V ; в) общее изменение расхода газа топ ,GV кг/с: 12 21 ВХ ВХ ВХ ВХ под нов топ к топ топ топ топ нтс к ()() 1 ( ) ( ) G h h hh G G G G Q h h h h    − − = + − =  +  + −  −  VV ; г) мощность детандер-генераторного агрегата, кВт: 012 20 ВХнтс топ ДГА нтс ( - ) Q h h N G h h Q h h +− =   +− ; д) удельный расход топлива на выработку электроэнергии (все изменение расхода топлива относится на выработку электроэнергии), кг/с⸱кВт: 12 2 0 1 2 1 ВХ ВХ ВХ топ к урт нтс к ДГА ( ) ( ) 11. ( ) ( ) ( ) Gh h h h GN Q h h h h h h    − −  = =   +  + −  − −  V (1) Результаты исследования Результаты расчета удельного расхода топлива для производства электроэнергии, выполненные с использованием формулы (1), представлены на графике (рис.2). Результаты демонстрируют зависимость удельного расхода от температуры газа перед детандером и различных входных давлений газа в детандер при фиксированных значениях ( 2 p = 1,5 кг/см² и к  = 0,9). ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 88 Рис.2. Удельный расход топлива на выработку электроэнергии Из графика следует, что температура газа оказывает минимальное влияние на удельный расход топлива. Существенное влияние на изменение расхода оказывает эффективность котла, используемого для подогрева газа. Если изменение энтальпии газа на входе в газопотребляющую установку не оказывает влияния на расход газа, то формулы упрощаются и принимают вид: а) общее изменение расхода газа топ GV равно расходу топлива на подогрев газа в котле под топ GV 1 0 ВХ ВХ под топ топ топ нтс к () () G h h GGQ h h  − == + −  VV ; б) мощность детандер-генераторного агрегата, кВт: 12топ ДГА ()N G h h=  − ; в) удельный расход топлива на выработку электроэнергии, кг/с⸱Дж: 11 0 1 2 1 2 ВХ ВХ ВХ урт нтс к нтс к ( ) ( ) 11 ( ) ( ) ( ) h h h h GQ h h h h Q h h  −− =    + −  −  − . Использование теплоты, которая выделяется уходящими газами газотурбинной установки, может быть одним из способов подогрева газа (рис.3) перед турбодетандером [4,5]. При оценке характеристик такой установки рассмотрим ситуацию, когда энтальпия газа на выходе из детандера равна энтальпии на входе в установку. Для определения мощности, которая требуется газотурбинной установке, применяется следующая концепция: если энтальпии на входе и выходе из установки равны, то количество тепла, подведенное к газу, QПОДВ соответствует мощности детандер-генераторной установки ДГА .N 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 025 50 75 100 125 150 Gурт , г/кВт·ч t, 0C p1=4 p1=6 p1=8 p1=10 p1=12 ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 95 Playing Video games has become more popular in our digital world. Some parents allow their children to play games on laptops, tablets, phones and consoles. What does it mean when more than 8 out of 10 children aged 5-12 are logging into video games every week? Are these hours spent on gaming helping kids develop teamwork, creativity and problem solving, or are they costing them in physical activity, sleep or social interaction? With our modern data showing 85% of children have access to gaming devices and many parents split on whether the impact is positive or negative, the debate on video games’ influence on the youth is more pressing than ever. In this article, we will be viewing the positive and negative impacts of video games’ Influence on children. Firstly, I have set up a survey for parents about Video Games’ Influence on their children. Here is the link of the survey: https://forms.gle/7oJXcSbniF4a7ELt9. The Survey has included such questions like the age of the child, what games do they play, how much time the children spend on playing games, whether they play on tablet, mobile phones or computers and how it affects their psychology. Also the survey included questions whether parents knew those games and if they had played them. The result of survey: VIDEO GAMES’ INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN Senan Novruzov Khazar University Sumgayit World School ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 96 55 parents took part in the survey. 61.5% of them are between 31-40 years old. 30.9% of parents say that their children spend at least 1-2 hours, 21.8% say that their children spend more than 3 hours, 18.2% of parents indicate that they children spend about 1 hour a day on video games. 45.5% of children use mobile phones, 10.9% of children use tablets, 7.3% of children use computers and 47.3% of children watch TV. 42.3% of parents think that video games form aggression, nervousness and laziness, 36.5% of parents think that video games has no any effects on children and 23.1% of parents consider that video games are educating. According to psychological effects, 63.6% of parents think that there is no any change after playing games, but 36.4% think that some changes take part after playing games. 78.2% states that they are aware of the games their children play, while 21.8% states that they are partially aware of the games. 56.4% of parents has experience playing the games that their children play, but 43.6% are not aware of the games. 44.2% prohibit their children to play games, while 55.8% rarely prohibits games to their children. 43.6% explains the reason of their prohibition in violence and aggression, 43.6% explains that video games is an obstacle to their education of the children and 41.8% thinks that it is a waste of time . Only 1-2% shows all three reasons mentioned above. To the question: How would you evaluate the impact of these games on your child?, 25.5% of people had a positive feedback, 40% of parents had a negative feedback, and 36.4% of parents had a neutral feedback. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 97 When it came to the question how to solve this problem, the most popular answers were parental supervision, to be able to block the game which the parents thinks is harmful, taking away all devices, teaching them responsibility for controlling his/her time, spending more time with their children and limiting their playing time to a specific time. Unfortunately, many respondents had no any answer to this question. According to the result of the survey, I came to a conclusion that first of all, parents should be educated about video games. To what extent should the parents be aware of the computer games that their children are playing? This is one of the most important questions to investigate. Some parents don’t allow their children to play games, because they think that their children will be addicted to screens and lose interests to the outside world, gaining weight, losing eyesight and increasing aggressive behavior. Parents not playing these games themselves have no idea and they think that it is just pixel work of entertainment. They do not see the teaching aspects of video games. On the other hand, studies show that games can improve hand-eye coordination, problem-solving skills, the ability for the brain to process information, socializations with other children around the globe, forming new creativity skills (Examples include Minecraft, Roblox, etc.) and provides opportunity for learning and using their imagination As to my own experience, I had my own IPad when I was 2 years old at 2012. I played games puzzles, watched youtube videos for kids and it developed my English as well as imagination. Even I learned English Language myself without going to any course or school. When I was 6 years old at 2016, I was introduced my first Computer, which was the first year I began playing video games (Examples like Roblox, Minecraft, Angry Birds, etc). After playing these games, I learned how to build games on the Internet. I also had a social group that I used to talk to my friends online. It helped my socialization. Through the games, I learned the World map and the countries. In January 2020, when I was 10 years old, I started my own Youtube channel, which included Mapping and Gaming Videos. Even at the past century when there were no any mobile or video games, well known pedagogues investigated the role of play in the development of children and stated its importance. Lev Vygotsky emphasizes that play allows children to act “a head taller than themselves,” meaning they can perform at a higher level than in ordinary situations. In play, children adopt roles and rules, which develop self-regulation and social understanding. He views imaginative play as the foundation for abstract thinking and problem-solving. Piaget explains that children use play to practice and consolidate new skills. He connects different kinds of play with stages of cognitive development: Practice play (sensorimotor stage), Symbolic play (preoperational stage), Games with rules (concrete operational stage). For Piaget, play is not just entertainment but an expression of how children think and learn. Anton Makarenko viewed play as essential to child development, stating that the quality of a child's play mirrors their future capacity for "work." He emphasized that good play is active and requires intellectual and physical effort, in contrast to passive forms of play, which hinder development by fostering passivity and an inability to tackle challenges. For Makarenko, play provides a foundation for a child's intellectual, emotional, and social growth, preparing them to be active participants in society. Donald Winnicott stresses that play creates a “transitional space” between inner reality and the outside world. Through play, children experiment with relationships, emotions, and creativity. For him, play is central to healthy emotional and psychological development. A lot of Investigations and researches are held at the moment about the impact of video games on children. James Paul Gee in his book “What Video Games Have to Teach Us about Learning and Literacy” writes: “There is an academic field devoted to studying how human beings learn best and well, namely the field of cognitive science. So we can, then, compare the theory of learning in good video games to theories of learning in cognitive science. Who’s got the best theory? Well, it turns out that the theory of learning in good video games is close to what I believe are the best theories of learning in cognitive science. And this is not because game designers read academic texts on learning. Most of them don’t. They spent too much of their time in high school and beyond playing with computers and playing games”. The author calls this the “Regime of Competence Principle.” In well-designed games, challenges rise just beyond the player’s current ability. Kids aren’t just playing, they’re constantly pushed to learn, adapt, and problem-solve in order to succeed. The author deals with video games as a semiotic domain, actually as a family of related, but different domains, since there are different types or genres of video games (e.g., ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 98 first-person shooter games, fantasy role-playing games, real-time strategy games, simulation games, etc.). People can be literate, or not, in one or more of these video-game semiotic domains. When we learn a new semiotic domain in a more active way, not as passive content, three things are at stake: 1. We learn to experience (see, feel, and operate on) the world in new ways. 2. Since semiotic domains usually are shared by groups of people who carry them on as distinctive social practices, we gain the potential to join this social group, to become affiliated with such kinds of people (even though we may never see all of them, or any of them, face to face). 3. We gain resources that prepare us for future learning and problem solving in the domain and, perhaps, more important, in related domains. According to him “good video games do more than order the situations and problems the player faces in an intelligent way, at least in the early parts of the game. They also offer the player, in the early episodes, what I call a concentrated sample. By this I mean that they concentrate in the early parts of the game an ample number of the most fundamental or basic artifacts and tools the player needs to learn to use and actions the player needs to learn.” His follower David Williamson Shaffer in his book “How Computer Games Help Children Learn” states a particular genre of digital educational experiences he calls “epistemic games”. Epistemic games, he explains, are based on epistemic frames, around which the work of creative professionals is organized. An epistemic frame, he defines as a “collection of skills, knowledge, identities, values and epistemology that professionals use to think in innovative ways.” Also included in the idea are “real-world skills, high standards, and professional values, and a particular way of thinking about problems and justifying solutions” (p. 12). Many will recognize connections to cognitive apprenticeship and legitimate peripheral participation in this definition. Shaffer builds on these ideas but situates them in a context of role playing in imagined worlds where students make judgments and develop solutions according to the rules of the “game” in question. He claims that, for instance, in the context of a debate over the interpretation of historical events, “the rules of the imaginary world of the game do a better job in representing what it means to think like a historian than the traditional text-lecture-and-recitation of many history classes” (p. 29). Shaffer argues that if we want to design computer games that simulate aspects of what professionals do in their work, we need to create epistemic games that can help learners understand and apply the practices of the domain. To sum up, the influence of the games on children depend on the game makers’ and parents’ consciousness, and also depend on the choice and use of the children. Even when making educational games game makers must take into consideration the social, psychological, pedagogical impact of games on children and the control of parents is utmost important. But even with all the positive takes, parents are still complaining about the games with the reason of them having Violence and being First-Person-Shooter and Fighting Games, which results aggression in children. But, the great discrepancy is that we often see the wars, fighting, violence, ruining cities, starving children and people passing away in every day news in social and TV channels. Let’s ask for ourselves, aren’t we supposed to take action against all these first of all for the safe of our future generation? Literature 1. Lev Vygotsky – “Mind in Society” (1978) 2. Jean Piaget – “Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood” (1962) 3. Donald Winnicott – “Playing and Reality” (1971) 4. Anton Makarenko – “Pedagogical Poem” (1935) 5. James Paul Gee - “What Video Games Have to Teach Us about Learning and Literacy” (2003) 6. David Williamson - “How Computer Games Help Children Learn” (2006) ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 99 Abstract Phishing attacks have evolved alongside digital transformation, exploiting users’ trust in visual cues such as QR codes. These codes, widely used for payments, authentication, and information retrieval, often conceal the true destination of embedded URLs. This paper presents a validation-based approach to detecting phishing websites linked through QR codes. The proposed model outlines a multi-layer detection framework combining lexical, domain-based, and security-oriented validation. It includes lexical URL analysis, WHOIS and SSL verification, redirection tracing, and optional content-level checks. A structured methodology for data collection, feature extraction, and evaluation is described, focusing on reproducibility and transparency. The system design supports both rule-based and machine learning methods, enabling flexibility across different computational environments. Instead of reporting fixed empirical results, the paper defines a clear evaluation protocol with metrics such as precision, recall, F1-score, AUC, false-positive rate, and inference latency. The model architecture emphasizes modularity and real-time validation to suit mobile and enterprise-level applications. The contribution of this study lies in formalizing a robust validation model for phishing detection via QR-based mechanisms, ensuring adaptability and scalability for future integration with evolving cybersecurity infrastructures. Keywords: phishing detection, QR link validation, URL analysis, WHOIS and SSL verification, redirection tracing, cybersecurity, model architecture, evaluation protocol, machine learning integration 1. INTRODUCTION With the proliferation of contactless technologies, QR codes have become a dominant method for linking offline and online services. They are now embedded in payment terminals, advertisements, verification emails, and authentication systems. However, the very convenience of QR codes also introduces security risks, as users cannot visually inspect the URL they are scanning. Attackers exploit this gap by embedding phishing links that mimic trusted websites to collect credentials, personal data, or financial information. Traditional phishing detection systems often rely on browser-based warnings or static blacklists, which fail to detect newly created malicious domains. Since QR codes encode URLs invisibly, detection must occur before the redirection process, ideally at the scanning stage. This study proposes a validation model capable of analyzing and classifying URLs extracted from QR codes, thereby providing users with real-time feedback about potential risks. The goal of this research is to define a methodological framework for building, validating, and deploying such a model using open data, transparent feature engineering, and reproducible evaluation procedures. 2. RELATED WORKS Phishing detection has been addressed through various approaches, including lexical analysis, visual similarity, and machine learning classification. Bahnsen et al. (2018) introduced a character-level recurrent neural network for phishing URL detection, while Verma and Das (2021) developed a fast lexical feature extraction method for real-time applications. Xiang and Hong (2019) combined visual and URL similarity to identify fraudulent websites more reliably. However, QR-based phishing remains a relatively new domain, where encoded links may involve redirection chains or obfuscation via URL shorteners (e.g., bit.ly, t.co). Existing studies highlight the need for flexible validation architectures that combine multiple signals—domain registration data, SSL certificate information, and content-based indicators—to detect newly emerging phishing attacks. This work expands upon such findings by tailoring a validation model specifically for QR-based delivery mechanisms. QR-BASED VALIDATION MODEL FOR PHISHING WEBSITE DETECTION Nazym Turganbek M.Sc. Candidate Department of Information Technology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 100 3. METHODOLOGY The proposed validation framework consists of three major components: 1. Data Collection Pipeline 2. Feature Engineering Module 3. Validation and Classification Layer 3.1 Data Collection Pipeline Phishing and legitimate URLs can be sourced from open repositories such as PhishTank, OpenPhish, and Alexa Top Sites. Each URL is encoded into a QR code using Python libraries (e.g., qrcode, opencvpython) to simulate realistic scanning scenarios. Metadata such as time of retrieval, hosting country, and certificate status are also logged to track temporal trends. 3.2 Feature Engineering Module Features are extracted from multiple perspectives: • Lexical Features: URL length, number of dots, special symbols, token diversity, suspicious keyword presence (“login”, “update”, “verify”). • Domain and WHOIS Features: domain age, registrar, registration date, privacy masking, DNS record count. • SSL/TLS Features: certificate issuer, expiration period, HTTPS presence, and certificate chain validation. • Redirection Features: redirection depth, use of URL shorteners, and target domain changes. • Content Signals (optional): HTML form count, embedded script ratio, iframe presence, and favicon mismatch. 3.3 Validation and Classification Layer The extracted features can be processed using either: • Rule-based validation, applying threshold conditions (e.g., domain age < 30 days and no SSL → high risk); or • Machine learning classifiers, such as Logistic Regression, Random Forest, or XGBoost, depending on deployment complexity. The architecture supports modular implementation, where individual validation layers can operate independently or collectively in a pipeline. 4. EVALUATION PROTOCOL Rather than presenting fixed experimental results, this section defines the evaluation framework for future empirical testing. Key performance indicators include: • Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC to assess classification quality; • False Positive Rate (FPR) — critical for user-facing systems where false alarms reduce trust; • Inference Latency — time taken for validation per URL, important for real-time scanning; • Model Robustness — performance stability against newly registered or obfuscated domains. Cross-validation and stratified data splits are recommended to prevent overfitting. The model should be benchmarked across multiple datasets and evaluated for explainability, particularly when using ensemble or deep learning architectures. Table 1. Evaluation Metrics Metric Definition Purpose Precision TP / (TP + FP) Measures correctness of detections Recall TP / (TP + FN) Measures completeness F1-score 2PR / (P + R) Harmonic mean of precision and recall AUC Area under ROC curve Overall discriminative power Latency Processing time per URL Real-time feasibility indicator The main performance indicators used to evaluate the validation model are shown in Table 1 , including precision, recall, F1-score, AUC, and latency. 5. DISCUSSION The validation model described above emphasizes scalability, interpretability, and real-world applicability. Unlike traditional blacklists, it can dynamically assess new URLs based on intrinsic characteristics rather than prior knowledge. Its modular design allows integration into different security contexts: • Mobile applications: embedded QR validators for payments or authentication. • Browser plugins: automatic evaluation of scanned links before navigation. • Enterprise gateways: centralized inspection of QR-based communication. ХVII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. TORONTO. CANADA. 21-22.10.2025 101 The approach prioritizes balance between detection accuracy and computational efficiency, ensuring that lightweight models remain suitable for mobile or IoT environments. Future iterations of this system could benefit from federated learning, allowing distributed model updates without compromising user data privacy. 6. CONCLUSION This paper presents a conceptual framework for a QR-based phishing detection and validation model. The approach integrates multiple verification layers—lexical, WHOIS, SSL, and redirection analysis—within a flexible architecture that supports both rule-based logic and machine learning algorithms. The methodology defines standardized steps for dataset creation, feature extraction, and performance evaluation, promoting reproducibility across different studies. Future work will focus on implementing and empirically validating this model using real-world data, expanding it toward multi-language phishing scenarios and adaptive security ecosystems. REFERENCES 1. Bahnsen, A. C., et al. (2018). Classifying phishing URLs using recurrent neural networks. APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime), IEEE. 2. Xiang, G., & Hong, J. (2019). An integrated approach to phishing detection using URL and visual similarity.Computers & Security, 87, 101589. 3. Abdelhamid, N., et al. (2020). Phishing detection using machine learning algorithms. Procedia Computer Science, 170, 1152–1159. 4. Verma, R., & Das, A. (2021). What’s in a URL: Fast feature extraction and malicious URL detection. Information Systems Frontiers, 23(3), 1–15. 5. Alzahrani, M. (2022). QR code phishing: Emerging threats and countermeasures. Journal of Cybersecurity and Digital Forensics, 4(2), 55–63.