A Systematic Literature Review on the Role of Human Ecology Higher Education Institutions in Policy Development for Food and Nutrition Security in the Philippines

Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability Citation Dangcalan, R. J. P.; Austria, S. L.; Piñon, C. D.; Amparo, J. M. S.; Dimaano, M. C. D.; Mendoza, M. E. T.; Dapito, M. B.; & Fernandez, K. R. (2024). A Systematic Literature Review on the Role of Human Ecology Higher Education Institutions in Policy Development for Food and Nutrition Security in the Philippines. Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability, 2(5), 1. doi: 10.56237/jhes-che50-03 Corresponding Author Ron Jay P. Dangcalan Email rpdangc[email protected] Academic Editor Paul Alteo A. Bagabaldo Received: 29 August 2024 Revised: 21 October 2024 Accepted: 26 October 2024 Published: 29 October 2024 Funding Information This research is part of the grant of the Australian National University - Philippines Institute for the PROJECT: Strengthening the Role of Higher Education Institutions in Policy Development in Food and Nutrition Security using Transdisciplinary Problem-Solving Framework (SHIFT). ©The Author(s) 2024. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Review A Systematic Literature Review on the Role of Human Ecology Higher Education Institutions in Policy Development for Food and Nutrition Security in the Philippines Ron Jay P. Dangcalan , Stephanie Louise Austria , Caroline D. Piñon , Jennifer Marie S. Amparo , Maria Cristina D. Dimaano , Maria Emilinda T. Mendoza , Marife B. Dapito , and Klein R. Fernandez Department of Social Development Services, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Abstract The issue of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) in the Philippines has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and persistent social, environmental and agricultural problems. To address this concern, the involvement of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is explored by reviewing the local policies in the Philippines. Applications and recommendations on how human ecology can address the complex problem of FNS were then noted. This systematic literature review used a framework synthesis approach wherein the Australian National University (ANU) Transdisciplinary Framework was used to check if the stated policies, applications, and recommendations were aligned with the framework components, which are interactive, integrative, change-oriented, systemic, context-based, and pluralistic. This transdisciplinary framework is expected to promote policy change and development related to FNS. After that, 38 articles were included in the review. Upon the review, no local policies fit all of the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework’s components. Nonetheless, these policies mostly separately address food security and nutrition security. However, there are still no established responses to the concern of FNS as an integrated concept of food security and nutrition security. HEIs contribute to developing FNS-related policies by intensifying advocacy for integrating food and nutrition security and improving FNS-related research and programs. Keywords— food and nutrition security, higher education institutions, policy, human ecology, framework synthesis review 1 1 Introduction The concept of food and nutrition security integrates both the issue of food security and nutrition security to ensure good health and nutrition in the community. This can be made possible by acquiring sufficient food andcleanwater to maintain ahealthy life, preventing disease development [1]. Food and nutrition security (FNS) focuses on sustaining the food supply and ensuring that the food produced is loaded with nutrients that address nutrient deficiencies [2]. FNS is composed of four (4) pillars identified as food availability, food access, food utilization, and food stability. First, food availability pertains to food supply concerning production, net trade, and stock levels [3]. Second is food access, which tackles the economic, physical, and sociocultural perspective of food resources, i.e., food prices, incomes, expenditure and markets [3]. Third, food utilization refers to feeding practices, food preparation, diet diversity, and food distribution [3]. The balance and stability of these three pillars refer to food stability, the fourth component of the FNS pillars [3]. In the Philippines, malnutrition was determined by looking at the prevalence of stunting, underweight, andwasting. Asof2019, about 29.0%ofFilipinochildrenarestunted,19.0%areunderweight and 6.0% are wasted [4]. Statistics that have improved since 2008 are still considered alarming and should be given significant attention from the public health sectors [5]. In addition, it could not be denied that this progress can be put at risk due to the late COVID-19 pandemic [6]. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the number of households experiencing food insecurity and malnutrition due to economic contraction brought by numerous restrictions, i.e., quarantine [6]. Furthermore, the pandemic caused a disturbance in food supply systems due to slower economic activity, which resulted in higher unemployment rates and increased poverty in different parts of the world [7]. This high unemployment rate resulted in difficulty infood acquisition because of decreased purchasing power among households. In the Philippines, different responses were made to adapt to heightened challenges in FNS during the pandemic, including the conduct of community pantries, the provision of subsidies, and the provision of food relief that the Philippine government quickly made. However, these responses did not address the nutritional perspective of the FNS concept, as some of the food provided during the pandemic was not fit for the nutritional needs of the people. Common food items in the food packs provided were canned foods and dry goods, i.e., instant noodles and instant coffee which are high in salt and sugar [8]. Additionally, the Department of Social Welfare and Development also admitted that they found difficulties in incorporating nutritious food in relief packages they provided during the pandemic [9]. The long-term interplay of climate change and agricultural problems also contributed to the country’s FNS concern [10]. The Philippines is vulnerable to disasters, i.e., typhoons, droughts, volcanic eruptions etc., that have been exacerbated by climate change and have impacted the FNS situation in the country [6]. These disasters disrupt food production through damage to agricultural lands, affecting the national food supply [10]. Aside from this, climate change is also implicated in producing less nutritious food due to high carbon dioxide levels being deposited in the soil, causing the crops to lose their minerals and protein content [11]. To address the country’s FNS concern, several policies and interventions are being implemented by the national government and local government units (LGUs). Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are known to influence the creation and implementation of policies related to FNS. HEIs are important players in solving FNS-related problems by offering training and bachelor courses on Food Science, Food Technology, and Nutrition and conducting research that guides policymakers [12]. Sapitula [13] noted that various modalities and strategies by local State Colleges and Universities (SUCs) could become instruments in formulating options to solve food security. However, as suggested in the definition of FNS earlier, food security differs from FNS. Currently, few to no local studies in the Philippines tackle how local HEIs can potentially help in policy development to solve the food security and nutrition security problems at the same time [14,15]. Human ecology, as an approach, can explore the human-environment systems that sustain FNS by providing frameworks Dangcalan et. al. (2024) | Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability 2 for policy development [16]. Currently, four (4) human ecology HEIs in the country can potentially contribute to policy development regarding FNS concerns (Figure 1). Figure 1. State College Universities (SUCs) with College of Human Ecology This systematic literature review was done to examine how HEIs can potentially address the problemofFNSthroughtheuseofhuman ecologyinpolicydevelopmentbyansweringthefollowing objectives: (1) What are the existing policies related to FNS in the Philippines? (2) How do human ecology HEIs help influence policy development promoting FNS? (3) How can we improve the role of human ecology HEIs in addressing challenges to FNS? 2 Methodology 2.1 Research Design The study utilized a systematic literature review (SLR) to answer its objectives. The framework synthesis approach was used to analyze the data from various articles to determine existing policies addressing FNS-related problems in the Philippines. The framework synthesis processes used in this study were aligned with the study of Brunton [17], albeit adopted with some modifications (Figure 2). The framework synthesis approach is a pragmatic and flexible approach where existing framework components are used for policy mapping and analysis [18]. Different studies have used framework synthesis, including the effect of political commitment and nutrition [19]. The Dangcalan et. al. (2024) | Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability 3 main goal of the framework synthesis is to organize the information according to the framework components used in a study. For example, in the study of Baker [19], the data gathered were aligned to five (5) components synthesized by the authors by integrating different theories and frameworks. The integrated framework used in the study of Baker [19] was known as power of actors, political and societal contexts, framing, issue characteristics, and capacities and resources in which these components have their factors that will serve as a basis for data organization. Figure 2. Framework Synthesis Approach. Adopted from Brunton [17] with some modifications. In this research, the transdisciplinary framework of the Australian National University (ANU) was used as the reference framework for the review (Figure 2) [20]. This framework comprises six (6) components: interactive, integrative, change-oriented, systemic, context-based andpluralistic. This framework provides a perspective where different disciplines are integrated to address complex societal problems like FNS which can endorse policy change and development [20]. This concept can be seen in the study of Mitrano [22], where transdisciplinary problem-solving was used to explain the issue of plastic pollution. This application of transdisciplinary problemsolving involves people across multiple disciplines, including policymakers. This is a way of making connections that can influence policy decisions concerning plastic pollution [22]. In addition, research [21] demonstrates the utilization of the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework in a case study of identifying challenges and problems within a university to provide a better understanding which can further promote policy improvements [21]. On the other hand, this study similarly utilized the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework with Baker’s study [19]. This starts with organizing the policies that have been gathered into the components of the ANU Framework. This allowed each component to tackle different perspectives on Dangcalan et. al. (2024) | Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability 4 Figure 3. ANU Transdisciplinary Framework. Design credit: The figure was designed by Alice Wetherell from the Population Health Exchange (PHXchange) in the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health at ANU. Republished from Bammer [21] under CC-BY-ND-NC-4.0 existing FNS-related local policies. The definition of each component in the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework in application to the characteristics of FNS-related policies is displayed in Table 1. Stages of framework synthesis (Figure 3) were followed in doing this SLR, which are composed of (1) familiarization, (2) framework selection, (3) indexing, (4) charting, and (5) mapping & interpretation [17]. Overall, this SLR provided an overview about the existing policies and identified areas of improvement through the application of human ecology by aligning the existing policies to the framework components of the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework. 2.2 Data Collection Before the first stage of framework synthesis, the research syntaxes to search the articles were determined first. In this study, four (4) research syntaxes were identified to search for articles in Google Scholar. These four (4) research syntaxes explore the FNS in its definition, its situation within the Philippines, its interrelation with human ecology and the influence of HEIs regarding policy development. There are four syntaxes used in the study: (1) FNS definition, (2) FNS Philippines, (3) Dangcalan et. al. (2024) | Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability 5 Table 1. Topics Covered per ANU Framework Component with modifications from Bammer [21] Terms Definition Interactive Participation and engagement of different disciplines (educational, political, social etc., in developing such policies Integrative Answers how the policy is fit to address the FNS issue through integrating it to the different definitions of FNS Change-oriented Factors that were considered in making such policies and how they are transformed by the existing policies Process of adaptation of the community when the policies became implemented. Systemic Consideration and connection of the policies to the food systems such as food accessibility and food prices Context-based Consideration and connection of the policies to culture, environment, & economy of the community covered by such policies Pluralistic Relevance of policies to different views and values such as ethnic groups, religion who have specific beliefs when it comes to food and diet FNS human ecology, and (4) FNS higher education institution (HEI). Data extraction happened on the 3rd of June 2024 where 200 studies were included in the database. These 200 studies came from the ten (10) documents comprising each page on Google Scholar. A total of five (5) were used for each syntax. Most of these are qualitative studies that tackle the four research syntaxes. Google Scholar was chosen as the search engine because studies can be accessed for free. All of these studies were encoded in Google Sheets, including their title, abstract, citation, and link to the copy of the entire paper. In the familiarization stage of the framework synthesis, encoded studies in the datasheet were analyzed, from the title to the abstract and then to the entire paper. The title, abstract, and full paper were assessed and checked to see if they fit the study’s inclusion criteria. If the study title did not fit the provided inclusion criteria, it was immediately excluded from the review. Inclusion criteria included studies published after 2000 to 2024, written in English, and tackled FNS from the perspective of policies, challenges, and human ecology. Studies that were reviewed were peer-reviewed journals and policy papers. Book and book chapters were excluded. With framework determination, theauthors agreed to usethe ANUTransdisciplinary Framework. The components of the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework served as a basis for organizing the different FNS-related policies gathered from the review. Table 1served as a guide in aligning policies with each ANU Transdisciplinary Framework component. Following the framework determination, data extraction was the indexing stage based on the framework synthesis stages. Significant data from shortlisted articles were extracted at this stage, especially regarding the studies’ policies. In the indexing stage, a review guide with questions was used to note the data that went under thematic analysis whereas the data was analyzed. 2.3 Data Processing and Data Analysis The last two stages of framework synthesis comprise the data processing and data analysis stages. Charting, the fourth stage of the framework synthesis involves the organization of data extracted during the indexing stage. The data was mapped according to the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework during the last stage. Consequently, the data was then subjected to thematic analysis and interpreted. Dangcalan et. al. (2024) | Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability 6 2.4 Discussion Following the familiarization stage, 38 studies were short-listed from the 200 initial studies. Studies that are included in this review can be seen in Table 2. These studies discuss either of the following: policies, application of human ecology, and recommendations to improve the use of human ecology in solving FNS related concerns. Local policies went under the indexing stage, which is matched in the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework’s components as displayed in Supplementary Material Table S1. Aside from local policies, the application and recommendations extracted from the studies concerning policy development and improvement aligned with the ANU Transdisciplinary Framework’s components. Thereafter, the gathered data were organized, thematized, and interpreted. Table 2. Overview of the FNS related documents included in the review Author (Year) Title Code Aclaro-Naranjo, Mana-ay, Honculada-Genove, & Entea (2018) [23] Nutrition Intervention as Service Learning: Silliman University’s Indigenous Food Security in Philippine High Risk Calamity Areas A1 Angeles-Agdeppa (2002) [24] Food and nutrition security and poverty alleviation in the Philippines A2 Berry, Dernini, Burlingame, Meybeck, & Conforti (2015) [25] Food security and sustainability: can one exist without the other?. Public health nutrition A3 Capanzana & Aguila (2020) [26] Philippines case study: government policies on nutrition education A4 Cistulli, Rodríguez-Pose, Escobar, Marta, & Schejtman (2014) [27] Addressing food security and nutrition by means of a territorial approach A5 Davila (2018) Human ecology and food systems: Insights from the Philippines A6 Davila, Dyball, & Amparo (2018) [28] Transdisciplinary research for food and nutrition security: Examining research-policy understandings in Southeast Asia A7 Dioula, Deret, Morel, Vachat, & Kiaya (2013) [29] Enhancing the role of smallholder farmers in achieving sustainable food and nutrition security A8 Dyball, Davila, & Wilkes (2020) [16] A human ecological approach to policy in the context of food and nutrition security A9 El Bilali, Callenius, Strassner, & Probst (2019) Food and nutrition security and sustainability transitions in food systems A10 Esteban (2015) Achieving Food Security: Policy Lessons from the Philippines A11 Galang (2022) [30] Is Food Supply Accessible, Affordable, and Stable?: The State of Food Security in the Philippines A12 Govender, Pillay, Siwela, Modi, & Mabhaudhi (2017)[31] Food and nutrition insecurity in selected rural communities of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa—Linking human nutrition and agriculture A13 Dangcalan et. al. (2024) | Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability 7 Continuation of Table 2 Author (Year) Title Code Heidhues, Atsain, Nyangito, Padilla, Ghersi, & Vallée (2004) [32] Development strategies and food and nutrition security in Africa: An assessment A14 Holmer, Miso, & de Lima (2013) [33] Community-based vegetable gardens in rapidly urbanizing areas of the Philippines: impact on gender equity and food and nutrition security A15 Honculada-Genove (2020) [34] Nutrition security through sustainable home garden food production initiatives A16 Javier, Malabad, Maniego, Sumangue, & Duante (2022) [35] Determinants of the Youth’s Nutritional Status in Selected Areas in the Philippines and Opportunities for Program Development and Engagement A17 Jideani (2020) [12] Research, development and capacity building for food and nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa A18 Keatinge, Yang, Hughes, Easdown, & Holmer (2020) [36] The importance of vegetables in ensuring both food and nutritional security in attainment of the Millennium Development Goals A19 Machado, Gabriel, Soar, Neves, & Oliveira (2020) [5] State Plan for Food and Nutrition Security: potentialities and limitations A20 McDermott, Aït-Aïssa, Morel, & Rapando (2011) [37] Agriculture and household nutrition security—development practice and research needs A21 McMichael (2018) [38] Integrating nutrition with ecology: balancing the health of humans and biosphere A22 Nordin, Boyle, &Kemmer (2013) [39] Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Nutrition security in developing nations: Sustainable food, water, and health A23 Palanog, Calayugan, Descalsota-Empleo, Amparado, Inabangan-Asilo, Arocena, ... & Swamy (2005) [40] Zinc and iron nutrition status in the Philippines population and local soils A24 Pangaribowo, Gerber, & Torero (2013) [41] Food and nutrition security indicators: a review A25 Pousga, Bello, Francis, & Boly (2019) [42] Assessing Food and Nutrition Training in Burkina Faso Using the ‘Auditing Instrument for Food Security in Higher education (AIFSHE) A26 Qureshi, Dixon, & Wood (2013) [43] Public policies for improving food and nutrition security at different scales A27 Ramachandran (2018) [44] Food & nutrition security: Challenges in the new millennium A28 Rola, Ranola, Macandog, & Rola (2015) [9] Technological and institutional challenges to food security in the Philippines A29 Dangcalan et. al. (2024) | Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability 8 Continuation of Table 2 Author (Year) Title Code Savoie-Roskos, Hood, Hagedorn-Hatfield, Landry, Patton-López, Richards, ... & Mann (2013) [45] Creating a culture that supports food security and health equity at higher education institutions A30 Sidaner, Balaban, & Burlandy (2014) [46] The Brazilian school feeding programme: an example of an integrated programme in support of food and nutrition security A31 Simelane & Worth (2013) [47] Food and nutrition security theory A32 Solon (2020) [48] Food fortification in the Philippines: Policies, programmes, issues, and prospects A33 Solon (2006) [49] Good governance for nutrition in the Philippines: elements, experiences, and lessons learned A34 Talukder, Haselow, Osei, Villate, Reario, Kroeun, ... & Quinn (2006) [50] Homestead food production model contributes to improved household food security and nutrition status of young children and women in poor populations. Lessons learned from scaling-up programs in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines) A35 Tirado, Cohen, Aberman, Meerman, & Thompson (2010) [51] Addressing the challenges of climate change and biofuel production for food and nutrition security A36 Walls, Johnston, Tak, Dixon, Hanefeld, Hull, & Smith (2018) [52] The impact of agricultural input subsidies on food and nutrition security: a systematic review A37 Zamora, de Guzman, Saguiguit, Talavera, & Gordoncillo (2013) [53] Leveraging agriculture to improve nutrition in the Philippines A38 End of Table 3 FNS-Related Policies in the Philippines 3.1 Interactive Thissectionenumeratespoliciesinvolvingthe collaborationandinteractionofdifferentgovernment agencies and institutions. An example of this is the creation of different councils assigned to formulate and implement the policy related to FNS. For instance, Executive Order No.86 s. 1999 (EO86 s. 1999) created the National Council on Food and Council of Food on Security, which was assigned to implement the FNS-related policies [31]. Similarly, Executive No.101 s. 2020 (EO101 s. 2020) crafted the National Food Policy to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and sustain agriculture [31]. In addition, sciencebased approaches to improving agricultural knowledge, production, and resources were explored by small-scale farmers, farmers organizations, and scientists through Magsasaka at Siyentipiko para sa Pag-unlad ng Agrikultura (MASIPAG) to prioritize the needs of the Filipinos [53]. Aside from these collaborations, various seminars and workshops were also conducted to address the FNS issue in the Philippines. An example is the Kasapatan at Ugnayan ng Mamamayan sa Akmang Pagkain at Nutrisyon (KUMAIN). 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