ANALYSIS THE FACTORS AFFECT THE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN AREA - A CASE STUDY OF DHAKA CITY

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 144 ANALYSIS THE FACTORS AFFECT THE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN AREA - A CASE STUDY OF DHAKA CITY Samira - Binte - Saif Islami Bank Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Cite This Article: Samira - Binte - Saif, “Analysis the Factors Affect the Infrastructure Development of Urban Area - A Case Study of Dhaka City”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, Page Number 144-154, 2025. Copy Right: © Crystal Pen Publication, 2025 (All Rights Reserved). This is an Open Access Article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. DOI: Abstract: Bangladesh is the most promising developing country of the world. The capital of Bangladesh is Dhaka city which is eleventh biggest mega city in the entire world. Dhaka is an over populated city in the world. The profile of Dhaka city detect the route of its infrastructure development through rapid urbanization which turn it‟s to become a mega city. There are some factors that affect the infra structure development of Dhaka city such as political, economic, social technology, environment, population, safety and legal issues. The major challenges of Dhaka city is the rapid growth of population and unplanned urbanization. The prime issues of Dhaka city that hampered its infrastructure developments are poor transportation system, insufficient sanitation system, lack of electricity, insufficient water supply system, poor waste management system, improper housing system etc. The research found that population density; sex ratio, literacy rate, transportation system, road, bridge, number of household and many other factors affect the infrastructure development of Dhaka city. Key Words: Urban, Development, Dhaka City, Factors, Challenges, Impact, Infrastructure Development Introduction: A city‟s infrastructure is basically constituted of its population, water system, transport system, railway, electricity, wastewater system, roads and bridge, park, hospitals etc. These facilities are required for urban areas to serve their residential and non-residential inhabitants. The Dhaka city becomes increasingly urbanized. Now this city has a major demand for well organized and viable eco-friendly urban infrastructure development. The urban infrastructure development of Dhaka city covers a vast span of section comprising transportation, housing, population density, electricity, telecommunication, sanitation, literacy rate etc. Some crucial social, economic and legal factors affect the infrastructure development of Dhaka city. This research analysis the impact of various factors that affect the rapid urbanization of Dhaka city .In this research the author also address the complex troubles of the infrastructure development of Dhaka city. Here the author also focus on process of making of Dhaka city more vibrant and operative. Research Objectives:  To identify the factors that affect the infrastructure development of Dhaka city.  To investigate the impact of various factors that affect the infrastructure development of Dhaka city.  To evaluate the challenges of infrastructure development of Dhaka city. Literature Review: Urban structure of a country comprise of drinking water, sanitation, sewage systems, electricity and gas distribution, urban transport, primary health services and environment regulation. Urban infrastructure development of a city cover an extensive span of section / part incorporating transportation, recreation, water supply, energy and housing. Although this expeditious urbanization display a set of multiplex obstacles/problem that ought to be addressed to make certain towns and urban areas endure lively/vigorous and serviceable. Urban or rural infrastructure is the fundamental facilities / utilities and convenience that assists the standard of life of the natives and inhabitants. Generally governments as well as civil society organizations work jointly to expand and keep up a country‟s infrastructure, generating an essential part in the construction industry. There are some factors affect the infrastructure development of urban and rural areas such as political, economic, social, technology , legal, environmental and safety. Dhaka city has experienced haphazard and unconstrained growth .This city also face quick speed of urbanization. As a consequences the city has a scarcity of some basic facilities such as lack of electricity, inefficient transportation, lack of water and sanitation facilities. Taking in to account upgrading the infrastructure development of Dhaka city in a balanced way the government of Bangladesh has classify sophisticated method to poverty alleviation .This method has underscored that the local governance of Bangladesh ought to generated concurrently with urban infrastructure. For the third phase of the Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project (UGIIP-3) of Dhaka city in 2014 OFID expanded a US$40m loan. The Asia Development Bank has co-financed with the UGIIP-3. This project objective is to develop governance and the infra structure development of Dhaka city. The UGIIP-3 project has worked to manage urbanization of Dhaka city in an unsegregated an all-inclusive way. Apart from developing urban infrastructure at first this project make certain that righteous administration implementation are initiated within the city of Dhaka. In order to execute, control and carry on the fundamental urban utilities along elevate capability, balanced development is established at the community level. According to Shafiqul Islam Akand, UGIIP‟s project director, “UGIIP-3 is the latest initiative to improve urban development through governance and capacity building”. He also told that, “The project has enabled the municipalities to establish strong linkages among their citizens for delivering improved services.” Population of Dhaka City: Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh is one of the rapid growing maga city in the world. Dhaka city is estimated to be one of the world's largest metropolises by 2025, along with Tokyo, Mexico City, Shanghai, Beijing and New York City. In Dhaka city International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 145 most the population are rural migrants, including climate refugees. In this year (2024) the estimated population of Dhaka city is 23,935,652.In the year 1950 the population of Dhaka was 335,760.Dhaka as grown by 726,036 in the last year. The population growth rate of Dhaka city is 3.13%. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. Size of Household: Dhaka is a mega city, and has a population of 10.2 residents as of 2022, and a population of over 22.4 million residents in Dhaka Metropolitan Area. It is widely considered to be the most densely populated built-up urban area in the world. Household size refers to the average number of household members. The average household size in rural areas of Bangladesh collected from HIES 2022 survey is 4.30. It is greater than that of urban areas in all of the survey years. Household size in urban areas of Bangladesh found from the survey is 4.18.Household size in Dhaka city at present is 4.14, in 2015 the household size is 4.87 in Dhaka. The Urban Agglomerations of Dhaka City: The average annual urban growth rate for 1991-2019 of Dhaka city is as high as 8%. Alarmingly, its outskirts are sprawling badly, with a rate of 43% for the same period (Roy and Sowgat, 2021). The built-up areas in the outskirts of Dhaka expanded by 234 km2 between 1991 and 2019, compared to about 116 km2 in the city. Dhaka is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a density of 23234 people per square kilometer within a total area of 300 square kilometers. Because of rapid urbanization Dhaka city face some challenges such as high percentages of people living in slums, high cost of living and dominance of the informal sector, inadequate basic services (especially water, sanitation and energy), unplanned urban and pre-urban expansion, social and political conflict over land etc. Urbanizationof Dhaka City: Scarcity of pure drinking water and clean water supply is a major challenge Dhaka city. Maximum inhabitants of Dhaka city do not have access to it.Mega city and capital Dhaka is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. In this city average more than 23,000 people live on each square kilometer. Which indicates that individual living space is limited in Dhaka city. The informal settlement rate is very high in Dhaka city; the individual living space is very small in informal settlement. In maximum of the Dhaka city three quarters of households live in one single room. Extra three thousand square kilometers of land would be needed in order to develop the Dhaka residents with adequate and affordable housing. Bangladesh achieve independence from Pakistan in 1971, since that time this country has a huge young population. Now the forty percent of urban population of Bangladesh are children. Balanced Capitalize of Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure development is a prime driver for gaining long term economic benefits. Infrastructure development promoting aggregate demand and facilitating the betterment of economic activity. The giant infrastructure development target set by Bangladesh‟s Perspective Plan 2041 (PP41). There is a gigantic amount of financing required to achieve this plan. There are seven of the eight mega projects of Dhaka city - Padma bridge, Padma bridge rail link, Dhaka mass rapid transit line-6 (Metro Rail), Chattogram-Cox's Bazar rail link, Rooppur nuclear power plant, Matarbari 1200MW coal-fired power plant and the Payra deep sea port are extremely crucial to the country's economic growth and hence the infrastructure development. It is expected that the Mega-projects like MRT-6 and the Dhaka Elevated Expressway are redefining urban living in Dhaka, a city of 20 million people. The Bangladesh government realized this and identifieded PPP initiatives as a significant source of infrastructure funding in the near future. In order to attain everlasting funding of large infrastructure projects, the PP41 will look for to intensely fortify the PPP strategy with competent workforce and identify required lawful and stimulus matters to draw international - funding from most suitable sources. Urban Infrastructure Data of Dhaka City: There are some major infrastructure development project of Dhaka city. One prime trans formative project is Dhaka Metro Rail. Which is the Dhaka city‟s first current urban rail transport network. The MRT-6 has a US$2.8bn project. The source of fund is obtained by the Japan International Co-operation Agency and the Bangladeshi government. Another major infrastructure project of Dhaka city is the 47-km Dhaka elevated expressway. This elevated expressway connect the northern and southern parts of the city .It is expected that this express way are reduced the traffic jams during the rush hours .This project cost is US$1.2bn. Another big infrastructure project is Padma bridge, it is a US$3bn project. This bridge connecting Dhaka with the rest of the country. The government of Bangladesh is also planning to build a 227-km express railway connecting Dhaka with Chittagong. This is a US$6bn project. It is expected that this express railway would uplift export growth by connecting the Dhaka city with the main port city. The Impact of Urbanization of Dhaka City: The mega city Dhaka has experienced rapid growth in urban infrastructure development .There are many international multilateral donors, Bangladeshi government and PPPs are the source of fund of these urban infrastructure development. The Dhaka city together with the country at large will experience a long period of urbanization. At present in Bangladesh forty percent people live in towns. By 2050 Dhaka is likely to be the third-biggest city in Asia with an estimated 35m people, according to the UN. Much of the urbanization of Dhaka city will occur usually together with relatively will be assist by infrastructure connecting of Dhaka city; which cause a large portion of the income and employment of Bangladesh with the rest of the country. Development of the physical infrastructure of Dhaka in the near future will diminish obstruction to output growth as well as lessen the prime hindrance on the economic growth. Which will stimulate more distant migration into Dhaka and raise its population. The government of Bangladesh is conscious of the infrastructure development of Dhaka city is emergency. Proper infrastructure development has maintain the high growth rate and maintain the international value chain. We hope the completion of these projects of Dhaka city in the coming years to improve connectivity and tends to a robust growth. It is expected that most of the big public infrastructure projects will only become operational by 2022.As a consequence reduction in economic cost .In the mean time standard of life the citizen of Dhaka become poor and stressful. Again the ongoing issue of air pollution of Dhaka city will be raised by large-scale construction work in various parts of the city. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 146 Challenges in Urban Infrastructure Development of Dhaka City:  Population Growth: It the most serious challenges in urban infrastructure development of Dhaka city. The population of Dhaka city is increasing rapidly. Dhaka City is experiencing an invasion of inhabitants, which cause to overcrowding, intensify pressure on resources, and burden on prevailing infrastructure.  Aging Infrastructure: Dhaka city is struggling with aging infrastructure which requires up keep, rebuilt, or substitution. There are many aging roads, bridges, and utility systems in Dhaka city lead to safety risks and inhibit economic growth.  Environmental Sustainability: The Urban development of Dhaka city frequently accelerate environmental deterioration, together with air and water pollution and deforestation. Harmonizing the need for infrastructure with environmental protection is a major challenge of Dhaka city.  Traffic Congestion: In Dhaka city the increase in vehicle ownership contributes to traffic congestion, accelerating longer commute times, expands emissions, and diminish the standard of life for inhabitants.  Limited Resources: In Dhaka city municipal budgets are often fixed, producing it challenging to finance large-scale infrastructure projects.  Resilience to Natural Disasters: Dhaka city is vulnerable to natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods. Expanding strong infrastructure that can resist and retrieve from these circumstances is crucial. Data Collection Method & Data Source: Here the researcher collected data from various International journal and some organization of Bangladesh. Data is collected from different secondary data source. In this research data is collected by secondary data collection method. The data is collected from local news reports, the economist intelligence report, Power Cell Bangladesh, SREDA Bangladesh, BBS Estimated from UN, Bangladesh National Budget etc. Hypothesis: On the ground of the above discussion it is clear that various factors affect the infrastructure development of Dhaka city. Hence the research formulated thirty two hypothesis regarding factors affect urban infrastructure development of Dhaka city. The hypothesis (H) of the research is mentioned below:  H1: Total population has no impact on total household of Dhaka city.  H2: Density of population has no impact on the household size of Dhaka city.  H3: Density of population has no impact on the play ground of Dhaka city.  H4: Density of population has no impact on the park of Dhaka city.  H5: Density of population has no impact on the markets of Dhaka city.  H6: Literacy Rate has no impact on the Land use and land cover change of Dhaka city.  H7: Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP has no impact on the Density of population of Dhaka city.  H8: Estimated project cost has no impact on the Density of population of Dhaka city.  H9: Literacy Rate has no impact on the number of hospital/clinic of Dhaka city.  H10: Literacy Rate has no impact on the density of population of Dhaka City.  H11: Sex ratio has no impact on the Average trip length per day (KM) of Dhaka city.  H12: Literacy Rate has no impact on the park of Dhaka city.  H13: Sex ratio has no impact on the size of house hold of Dhaka city.  H14: Estimated project cost has no impact on population growth rate of Dhaka city.  H15: Population growth rate has no impact on number of bridge and culvert construction.  H16: There is no significant relationship exists between person trips per day and type of transport system.  H17: There is no significant relationship exists between passenger travel per day through walking and passenger travel per day through not walking.  H18: Person trips per day has no impact on number of of bridge and culvert construction.  H19: Passenger-km per day has no impact on the type of land use and land cover change of Dhaka.  H20: Person trips per day has no impact on the type of land use and land cover change of Dhaka.  H21: There is no significant relationship exists between type of power plant construction project and capacity.  H22: Population growth has no impact on Capacity of power plant in Dhaka City.  H23: There is no significant relationship exists between type of technology and Renewable Energy Installed Capacity.  H24: Population growth Renewable Energy Installed Capacity has no impact on the Renewable Energy Installed Capacity in Dhaka City.  H25: There is no significant relationship exists type of sector and of projects of ADP.  H26: Population growth has no impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP in Dhaka City.  H27: There is no significant relationship exists between Avg annual growth of year 2015 and Avg annual growth of year 2040.  H28: Prices and exchange rates Avg annual growth has no impact on the Population growth in Dhaka City.  H29: Population density has no impact on electricity.  H30: Population size has no impact on roads & bridges.  H31: Population density has no impact on telecommunication system.  H32: Population size has no impact on railways. Data Analysis: Here the author used independent t test, Chi-Square test, Pearson R test for data analysis purposes. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 147 Table 1: Demographic characteristics of mega city Dhaka Year Total HH Population Density Sex Ratio(M/F) Literacy Rate HH Size Growth Rate (%) 1951 NA 411279 4815 165 -- 6.4 -- 1961 127710 718766 5796 154 -- 5.6 -- 1974 341167 2068353 6156 137 -- 6.1 11.15 1981 527311 3440147 8547 139 48.1 6 5.22 1991 1088378 6487459 4795 126 57 5.4 6.55 2001 1920682 9672763 7055 125 65.1 4.6 4.08 2011 3232683 14509100 10484 113 67.3 4.1 -- 2016 4550000 18200000 11910 -- -- 4.0 -- Total 11787931 55507867 59558 959 237.5 42.2 27 Note: HH=Households, Derived from BBS; Estimated from UN. Table 2: Year wise Population growth rate of Dhaka city Year Population Growth Rate (%) 2015 17597000 3.62 2016 18234000 3.62 2017 18894000 3.62 2018 19578000 3.62 2019 20284000 3.61 2020 21006000 3.56 2021 21741000 3.50 2022 22478000 3.39 2023 23210000 3.26 2024 23936000 3.13 Source: SREDA Bangladesh Table 3: The key demographic and urban features of Dhaka City corporation area Description DNCC DSCC Total Area 83km^2 45^2 127km^2 Number of ward 36 57 93 Population 3957302 2288812 6246114 Population Density 47886/km^2 50862/km^2 49182/km^2 Holdings 172254 122780 295034 Markets 43 78 121 Community Centre 13 36 49 Park 42 27 69 Play Ground 55 09 64 Public Toilet 37 28 65 Hospital / Clinic 239 193 432 Annual budgets (2015-2016) $USD(M) 202 $USD(M) 263 $USD(M) 465 Source: Bhattacharjee and Khan [11]; DNCC [12]; DSCC [34] DNCC: Dhaka North City Corporation DSCC: Dhaka South City Corporation Hypothesis Testing: H1: Total population has no impact on total household of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 5262.124 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, Total population has no impact on total household of Dhaka city is reject or not true. So total population has a significant impact on total household of Dhaka City. H2: Density of population has no impact on the household size of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=-0.3572.70 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted, so the density of population has no impact on the household size of Dhaka city. H3: Density of population has no impact on the number of play ground of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 419.08 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, density of population has no impact on the play ground of Dhaka city is rejected. The Density of population has a significant impact on the number of play ground of Dhaka city. H4: Density of population has no impact on the number of park of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 419.08 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 148 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, density of population has no impact on the park of Dhaka city is rejected. So density of population has a significant impact on the number of park of Dhaka city. H5: Density of population has no impact on the number of markets of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 414.31 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, density of population has no impact on the markets of Dhaka city is rejected. So Density of population has an impact on the number of markets of Dhaka city. H6: Literacy Rate has no impact on the number of public toilet of Dhaka city . Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 13.21 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, Literacy Rate has no impact on the public toilet of Dhaka city is rejected. So Literacy Rate has a significant impact on the number of public toilet of Dhaka city. H7: Density of population has no impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 389.96 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, Density of population has no impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP of Dhaka city is rejected or not true. So Density of population has a significant impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP of Dhaka city. H8: Density of Population has no impact on the estimated project cost of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 423.13 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, density of Population has no impact on the estimated project cost of Dhaka city is rejected or not true. So Density of Population has a significant impact on the estimated project cost of Dhaka city. H9: Literacy Rate has no impact on the number of hospital/clinic of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -56.96 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So Literacy Rate has no impact on the number of hospital/clinic of Dhaka city is true. H10: Literacy Rate has no impact on the density of population of Dhaka City. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -418.92 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So Literacy Rate has no impact on the density of population of Dhaka City is true. H11: Sex ratio has no impact on the Average trip length per day (KM) of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 50.02 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis Sex ratio has no impact on the Average trip length per day (KM) of Dhaka city is rejected. So Sex ratio has a significant impact on the Average trip length per day (KM) of Dhaka city. H12: Literacy Rate has no impact on the number of park of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 10.47 If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis Literacy Rate has no impact on the park of Dhaka city is rejected. So Literacy Rate has an impact on the number of park of Dhaka city. H13: Sex ratio has no impact on the size of house hold of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -3590.72 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So Sex ratio has no impact on the size of house hold of Dhaka city is true. Table 4: Numerous Infrastructure projects will be completed in 2021-2025 Project Estimate Cost Us$ bn Projected Timeline Karnaphuli underwater tunnel 1.2 2017-2021 Rampal coal power project 5.0 2017-2022 Padma multipurpose bridge 3.7 2009-2022 Chattogram -Cox‟s bazar railway link 2.1 2018-2022 Dhaka Elevated expressway 1.2 2011-2022 Dhaka-Chattogram Express railway 1.4 2018-2022 Matarbari power plant 4.5 2014-2023 Dhaka metro rail 2.8 2012-2024 Padma rail link 4.6 2016-2024 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 149 Poppur nuclear power plant 12.7 2017-2024 Source: local news Reports: The economist intelligence report H14: Population growth rate has no impact on estimated project cost of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -0.41620826 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So Population growth rate has no impact on estimated project cost of Dhaka city is true. Table 5: Bridges and Culvert area of Bangladesh (Between 2009 and 2020) Location Areas Meters of bridges and culverts constructed in rural areas. 321322 Meters of bridges and culverts constructed in urban areas 13833 Source: SREDA Bangladesh Table 6: Population growth in Dhaka City in inter-census periods: Period Average Annual Population Growth (%) 1931-41 5.18 1941-51 1.28 1951-61 4.19 1961-74 9.32 1974-81 9.94 1981-91 8.70 1991-2001 4.91 Source: Jahan and Oda (2000) and (Thomas Brinkhoff, 2007) H15: Population growth rate has no impact on number of bridge and culvert construction. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=-1.5415 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So Population growth rate has no impact on number of bridge and culvert construction is true. Table 7: Modal split of trips in Dhaka Metropolitan Area Mode Person Trips Per Day Average Trip Length Per Day (KM) Passenger-Km Per Day Considering Walking (%) Not Considering Walking (%) Considering Walking (%) Not Considering Walking (%) Car 4.00 10.50 10.4 10.12 11.94 Bus 10.20 27.00 13.5 33.82 39.88 Auto rickshaw 5.80 15.20 12.8 18.28 21.56 Rickshaw 13.30 35.00 4.3 14.00 16.52 Others 4.70 12.30 7.5 8.56 10.1 Walk 62.00 - 1.0 15.21 - Total 100.00 100 4.1 100.00 100.00 Source: Developed by the authors from Alam and Habib (2003) Table 8: Observed Value Criteria Type of Transport Person trips per day Car Bus Auto Rickshaw Rickshaw Others Walk Total Considering walking (%) 4.00 10.20 5.80 13.30 4.70 62.00 100 Not considering walking (%) 10.50 27.00 15.20 35.00 12.30 0 100 Average trip length per day (KM) 10.4 13.5 12.8 4.3 7.5 1.0 49.5 Total 24.9 50.7 33.8 52.6 24.5 63 249.5 Source: Formulated by Author H16: There is no significant relationship exists between person trips per day and type of transport system of Dhaka city. Here the author used chi square test, The calculated Chisquare value is= 121.909 Degrees of Freedom= (3-1)*(6-1) =10 At 0.05 level of significance and 10 degrees of freedom the table value of Chi square value is=18.307 So chi square cal>chi square table .So the null hypothesis, there is no significant relationship exists between person trips per day and type of transport system of Dhaka city is rejected. So there is a significant relationship exists between person trips per day and type of transport system of Dhaka city. H17: Passenger travel per day through walking has no impact on passenger travel per day through not walking. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=-0.56 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So Passenger travel per day through walking has no impact on passenger travel per day through not walking is true. H18: Person trips per day has no impact on number of bridge and culvert construction. Here the author used independent t test, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 150 The calculated t value= -0.604.33 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So the null hypothesis Person trips per day has no impact on number of bridge and culvert construction is true. Table 9: Land use and land cover change of Dhaka city (1990-2020) Year 1990 2000 2010 2020 Land Use Type Area (Acres) Area (%) Area (Acres) Area (%) Area (Acres) Area (%) Area (Acres) Area (%) Built-up 33590.3 44.5 39693.1 52.6 45165.1 59.8 45340.1 60.1 Open Land 26325.8 34.9 25436.0 33.7 20526.6 27.2 22844.0 30.3 Wetland 15563.0 20.6 10350.0 13.7 9787.4 13.0 7295.0 9.7 Source: Hossain (2022) H19: Passenger-km per day has no impact on the type of land use and land cover change of Dhaka. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -2.9980 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So, Passengerkm per day has no impact on the type of land use and land cover change of Dhaka is true. H20: Person trips per day has no impact on the type of land use and land cover change of Dhaka. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -2.9976 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So Person trips per day has no impact on the type of land use and land cover change of Dhaka is true. Table 10: Ongoing power plant construction project (as of June 2022) Power Plants Renewable Energy Capacity (MW) Public 9 3 4339 Joint venture 3 1 3793 Private 9 10 5225 Total 21 14 13387 Source: Power Cell, Bangladesh H21: Population growth has no impact on the type of power plant of Dhaka city. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -2.195 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So the null hypothesis Population growth has no impact on the type of power plant of Dhaka city is true. H22: Population growth has no impact on Capacity of power plant in Dhaka City. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -1.73 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So the null hypothesis Population growth has no impact on Capacity of power plant in Dhaka City is true. Table 11: Renewable Energy Installed Capacity of Bangladesh Renewable Energy Installed Capacity Technology Off-grid (MW) On-grid (MW) Total (MW) Solar 351.82 307.73 659.55 Wind 2 0.9 2.9 Hydro 0 230 230 Biogas 0.69 0 0.69 Biomass 0.4 0 0.4 Total 354.91 538.63 893.54 Source: SREDA, Bangladesh H23: Population density has no impact on Renewable Energy Installed Capacity. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=8.22 .So the null hypothesis, Population density has no impact on Renewable Energy Installed Capacity is rejected .So Population density has a significant impact on Renewable Energy Installed Capacity. H24: Population growth has no impact on the Renewable Energy Installed Capacity in Dhaka City. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= -1.64 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So the null hypothesis Population growth has no impact on the Renewable Energy Installed Capacity in Dhaka City is true. Table 12: Sectoral allocation under ADP 2021-2022 Sector Projects in ADP Share (%) ADP Transport & Communication 290 27.4 Energy 83 20.4 Housing 188 10.5 Education 117 10.3 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 151 Health 65 7.7 Source: Bangladesh National Budget 2021-2022 H25: Population density has no impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP in Dhaka City. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 8.3432 .So the null hypothesis, Population density has no impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP in Dhaka City is rejected So Population density has an impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP in Dhaka City. H26: Population growth has no impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP in Dhaka City. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=-3.95 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So the null hypothesis, population growth has no impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP in Dhaka City is true. Table 13 Key Assumption: 2015 2040 Avg. Annual Growth GDP(Billion $US) 222 879 5.7% GDP per head($US) 1381 4459 4.8% Population(000s) 160996 197134 0.8% Urban Population(%of total) 34.3% 47.6% 1.3% Population density(person per km^2) 1237 1514 0.8% Source: 2015 prices and exchange rates Avg annual growth shows average annual charge in urban share of population. H27: There is no significant relationship exists between Avg annual growth of year 2015 and targeted annual growth of year 2040. Here the author used Pearson R test, r= 0.94 So there is a strong positive relationship exists between Avg annual growth of year 2015 and targeted annual growth of year 2040. H28: Prices and exchange rates Avg annual growth has no impact on the Population growth in Dhaka City. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 5.65 If our chi-square calculated value is greater than the chi-square critical value, then we reject our null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis, Prices and exchange rates Avg annual growth has no impact on the Population growth in Dhaka City is rejected. So Prices and exchange rates Avg annual growth has a significant impact on the Population growth in Dhaka City. Table 14 Sectors X Plan (Amt. Exp) 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total X1Plan Share (%) 1. Electricity 291850 81954 101553 126380 158017 198611 666525 a. Centre 102463 37508 43469 49989 57631 66420 255316 38.31 b. States 97553 20978 29729 41357 56670 76960 225097 33.80 c. Private 91834 23168 28355 35034 43726 55228 185512 27.83 2. Roads & Bridges 144892 51822 54789 59200 68370 79971 314152 a. Centre 71534 18318 19446 20673 22618 26304 107359 34.17 b. States 66354 17534 15150 15880 20613 24815 100000 31.83 c. Private 7004 15970 17193 19618 25140 28852 106792 33.99 3. Telecommunication 103365 31375 38134 48593 61646 78690 258499 a. Centre 49013 13525 14037 16061 17728 19401 80753 31.25 b. Private 54352 17850 24098 32532 43918 59289 177686 68.75 4. Railways (incl. Mrts) 119658 34225 40964 49525 60393 76701 261807 a. Centre 108950 25925 31176 37974 46685 59693 201453 76.95 b. States 10402 1575 1788 1979 2170 2489 10000 3.82 c. Private 307 6725 8000 9572 11537 14519 50354 19.23 Source: SREDA Bangladesh H29: Population density has no impact on electricity. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=-0.52 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So the null hypothesis Population density has no impact on electricity is accepted or true. H30: Population size has no impact on roads & bridges. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value= 3.13 .So the null hypothesis, Population size has no impact on roads & bridges is rejected. So Population size has an impact on roads & bridges. H31: Population density has no impact on telecommunication system. Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=-5.80 In that case, a negative t-value would not cause rejection of the null hypothesis. So the null hypothesis is accepted. So the null hypothesis Population density has no impact on telecommunication system is true. H32: Population size has no impact on railways. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME) International Peer Reviewed - Refereed Research Journal, Website: www.crystalpen.in Impact Factor: 7.315, ISSN (Online): 2454 - 6119, Volume 11, Issue 2, July - December, 2025 152 Here the author used independent t test, The calculated t value=3.14 .So the null hypothesis, Population size has no impact on railways is rejected. So Population size has an impact on railways of Dhaka city. Discussion & Analysis:  The research found that total population has a significant impact on total household of Dhaka City. So if the total population increased the total number of household is also increased. The research showed that the density of population has no impact on the household size of Dhaka city. Which indicate that there is discrimination exists among the size of household in Dhaka city? In Dhaka some house hold is very large in number and some household have small size of family member.  The research found that density of population has a significant impact on the number of play ground of Dhaka city. So if the density of population increased the number of play ground is decreased.  The author disclosed that density of population has a significant impact on the number of park of Dhaka city. The density of population of Dhaka is very high and the number of park is very low.  The research found that the density of population has an impact on the number markets of Dhaka city. In Dhaka the density of population is high and the number of market is also increased.  The research disclosed that the literacy rate has a significant impact on the number of public toilet of Dhaka city. In Dhaka city the literacy rate is average and the number of public toilet is very low.  The research showed that density of population has a significant impact on the Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP of Dhaka city. In Dhaka city the density of population is increased rapidly. The Sectoral Projects allocation of ADP mainly focus on the transport system of Dhaka city, then the percentage of energy. The sectoral project allocation of Dhaka city is very low in housing, education and health sector.  The research disclosed that the density of Population has a significant impact on the estimated project cost of Dhaka city. In Dhaka city the density of population is very high. The estimated project is high in Rampal coal power project .Then the estimated project cost is high in Matarbari power plant and rail link of Dhaka city. But the estimated project cost is not sufficient according to the density of population of Dhaka city.  The research showed that Literacy Rate has no impact on the number of hospital/clinic of Dhaka city is true. In Dhaka city the literacy rate is average and the number of hospital of hospital/clinic is also average.  The research found that the literacy rate has no impact on the density of population of Dhaka City is true. In Dhaka city the literacy rate is average and the density of population is very high. So literacy rate has no impact on the density rate of Dhaka city.  The research showed that sex ratio has a significant impact on the Average trip length per day (KM) of Dhaka city. In Dhaka city the sex ratio is high, this ratio influence the average trip length per day of Dhaka city.  The research disclosed that literacy Rate has an impact on the number of park of Dhaka city. In Dhaka city the literacy rate is average and the number of park is low.  The paper showed that sex ratio has no impact on the size of house hold of Dhaka city is true. The author found that various households have different sex ratio in Dhaka.  The researcher reveal that population growth rate has no impact on Estimated project cost of Dhaka city is true. In Dhaka city the population growth rate is high. The high growth rate of population not influenced the estimated project cost of Dhaka city.  The research showed that the population growth rate has no impact on number of bridge and culvert construction is true. In Dhaka city the population growth rate is high; this high growth rate of population not influenced the number of bridge and culvert construction of Dhaka city.  The research found that there is a significant relationship exists between person trips per day and type of transport system of Dhaka city. In Dhaka city the type of transports are bus, car, rickshaw, auto rickshaw etc. The people of Dhaka mainly used bus for their transportation. For short distance travel the people of Dhaka used rickshaw or auto rickshaw. Maximum people of Dhaka are walking to perform their short distance travel.  The research found that passenger travel per day through walking has no impact on passenger travel per day through not walking/used vehicle is true. In Dhaka city 62% of people are walking in order to reach their destination. Other people used transport for travel in Dhaka city. So walking people are not influenced the non walking people in Dhaka city. In high road and pavement people are made movement through walking and through vehicle.  The paper showed that person trips per day has no impact on area of bridge and culvert construction is true. In urban area of Bangladesh the area of bridge and culvert is low, because here the number of river, canal or pond is very low. So person trips per day are not depend on the area of bridge and culvert in Dhaka.  The research revealed that the passenger-km per day has no impact on the type of land use and land cover change of Dhaka city is true.  The research found that population growth has no impact on the type of power plant of Dhaka city is true.  The paper proved that population growth has no impact on Capacity of power plant in Dhaka City is true.  The research found that the population density has a significant impact on Renewable Energy Installed Capacity. In Dhaka city the density of population is very high, this high density of population is influenced the renewable energy installed capacity of Dhaka city. Because high volume of people consume more energy.  The research found that population growth has no impact on the Renewable Energy Installed Capacity in Dhaka City is true. In Dhaka city the population growth rate is high but which is not influenced the renewable energy installed capacity.