D7.3: Contextualization and Market Analysis

HYPERGRYD. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101036656 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE WP7 – Exploitation and sustainability business model Task 7.2.1 – Technological Scouting Task 7.2.2 – Market Analysis D7.3 Contextualization and Market Analysis Ref. Ares(2024)7161145 - 09/10/2024 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 2 DISCLAIMER The opinion stated in this report reflects the opinion of the authors and not the opinion of the European Commission. All intellectual property rights are owned by HYPERGRYD consortium members and are protected by the applicable laws. Reproduction is not authorised without prior written agreement. The commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the owner of that information. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº 101036656. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 3 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Project Project Acronym HYPERGRYD Project Title Hybrid coupled networks for thermal-electric integrated Smart Energy Districts Grant Agreement number 101036656 Call identifier H2020-LC-GD-2020 Topic identifier LC-GD-2-1-2020 Innovative land-based and offshore renewable energy technologies and their integration into the energy system Funding Scheme Research and Innovation Action Project duration 42 months (From 1 October 2021) Coordinator ARCbcn Website http://HYPERGRYD.eu Deliverable Deliverable No. D7.3 Deliverable title Contextualization and Market Analysis Description Task 7.2 Technology scouting and Market Analysis (M6-M36) This task will ensure the Consortium to be aware and keep abreast of activities in the field and plan ahead for the next developments after HYPERGRYD. This will allow the consortium to make any decision or take any required action that a change in the environment would require in order to continue guaranteeing the highest impact and largest exploitation of the project. Task 7.2 is divided in two main parts: • T7.2.1: Technological scouting: It is a watch activity occur along the project lifetime. It looks to relevant news, technology, market trend and standard developments worldwide in the areas addressed by HYPERGRYD. RINA-C will set up a technology watching plan customized to DHN new generation’s needs, smart solutions and RES systems. • T7.2.2: Market analysis: The market analysis will be a business intelligenceoriented report assessing the market potential and impact of project results tailored to partner exploitation channels and generalised for broader contexts. It will then focus on defining: o The present and expected market trends for the transition from 3rd to the 4th/5th DHN generation. o Smart grid solutions, DHN technologies and their advantages respect to the common technologies. The market analysis will use as input the result from the of the 7.1 (D7.1) and in details the characterization of the project results done by the innovation and risks analysis (D7.2). WP No. WP7 Related task T7.2 - Technology scouting and Market Analysis Lead Beneficiary RINA-C Author(s) Francesco Guerra (RINA-C) – Fabio Calzia (RINA-C) Contributor(s) All project partners Type R Dissemination PU Public Language English – GB Due 30/09/2024 Submission date 08/10/2024 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 4 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Version Date Authors Description V.0.1 01/03/2024 Francesco Guerra (RINA-C) – Fabio Calzia (RINA-C) Table of content V.0.2 01/04/2024 Francesco Guerra (RINA-C) – Fabio Calzia (RINA-C) Methodology V.1.0 20/09/2024 Francesco Guerra (RINA-C) – Fabio Calzia (RINA-C) Version for internal review (to be approved by technical coordination) V.1.1 27/09/2024 Ana Trbovich GSY Review V.1.2 27/09/2024 David Verez ARCbcn Review V.2.0 04/10/2024 Francesco Guerra (RINA-C) – Fabio Calzia (RINA-C) Final version D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 5 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 10 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Scope and Methodology ......................................................................................... 12 2.2 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Contributions of Partners ........................................................................................ 14 3 DHN Market Analysis .................................................................................................... 15 3.1 DHN Industry Overview ......................................................................................... 15 3.2 From First Generation to Fourth & Fifth Generation of DHN ............................... 16 3.3 Expected Trends of District Heating ...................................................................... 17 3.4 DH Pros & Cons Analysis ...................................................................................... 17 4 Technology and Market Analysis of HYPERGRYD’s Innovations ........................... 19 4.1 Heat Pump .............................................................................................................. 19 4.1.1 Technology Description and Analysis ................................................................. 20 4.1.2 Market Overview and Size ................................................................................... 25 4.1.3 Market Segmentation ........................................................................................... 26 4.1.4 Opportunities and Barriers for Heat Pump ........................................................... 29 4.2 Water-PCM-Water (WPW) Heat Exchanger .......................................................... 31 4.2.1 Technology Description and Analysis ................................................................. 32 4.2.2 Water-PCM-Water (WPW) Heat Exchanger Market Overview .......................... 33 4.2.3 Opportunities and barriers for Water-PCM-Water Heat Exchangers .................. 34 4.2.4 Heat Exchangers Market Overview ..................................................................... 34 4.2.5 Heat Exchangers Market Size .............................................................................. 35 4.2.6 Heat Exchangers Barriers and Opportunities ....................................................... 36 4.2.7 Heat Exchangers Market Leaders ........................................................................ 37 4.3 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage .......................................................................... 39 4.3.1 Technology Description and Analysis ................................................................. 39 4.3.2 Competitive Advantages ...................................................................................... 45 4.3.3 Market Overview and Size ................................................................................... 45 4.3.4 Market Segmentation ........................................................................................... 46 4.3.5 Opportunities and Barriers for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) .......................... 47 4.3.6 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage Market Leaders .............................................. 48 4.4 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer (Cogeneration) ..... 50 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 6 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE 4.4.1 Technology Description and Analysis ................................................................. 50 4.4.2 Market Overview and Size ................................................................................... 55 4.4.3 Market Segmentation and Market Geography ..................................................... 57 4.4.4 Competitive Advantages ...................................................................................... 58 4.4.5 Opportunities and Barriers for Micro-CHP .......................................................... 59 4.4.6 Micro-CHP Market Leaders ................................................................................. 59 4.5 Digital Platform Technologies: Management and Controlling Systems ................ 61 4.5.1 Technology Description and Analysis ................................................................. 61 4.5.2 Market Overview and Size ................................................................................... 64 4.5.3 Opportunities and Barriers for Management and Controlling Systems ............... 64 4.5.4 Management and Controlling Systems Market Leaders ...................................... 65 4.6 Digital Platform Technologies: Energy Simulation Software ................................ 72 4.6.1 Technology Description and Analysis ................................................................. 73 4.6.2 Market Overview and Size ................................................................................... 76 4.6.3 Market Trends ...................................................................................................... 76 4.6.4 Opportunities and Barriers for Energy Simulation Software ............................... 78 4.6.5 Energy Simulation Software Market Leaders ...................................................... 79 5 Financing Sources Research .......................................................................................... 85 5.1 Projects Development Assistance (PDA) ............................................................... 86 5.2 EU Funding Possibilities in the Energy Sector ....................................................... 86 5.3 Private Financing Funding Sources ........................................................................ 89 6 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 91 6.1 Summary of Achievements..................................................................................... 91 6.2 Relation to Continued Developments ..................................................................... 92 6.3 Other Conclusions and Lessons Learned ................................................................ 92 7 Annexes ............................................................................................................................ 93 7.1 Relevant patents for Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger .................................... 93 7.2 Relevant patents for Sorption Thermal Energy Storage ....................................... 102 7.3 Relevant patents for Reversible Micro-CHP ........................................................ 107 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 7 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE List of Figures Figure 1 Timeline of District Heating Generations. Source: RINA-C re-elaboration. ............ 17 Figure 2 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Patent publishing trend ............................... 21 Figure 3 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Top IPCs ..................................................... 22 Figure 4 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Top standardized assignee .......................... 23 Figure 5 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Patents’ status ............................................. 24 Figure 6 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Geographical coverage ............................... 24 Figure 7 Development of heat pump sales, EU-21 (RINA-C re-elaboration) ......................... 25 Figure 8 Development of heat pump stock, EU-21 (RINA-C re-elaboration) ......................... 25 Figure 9 Sales development by type (“Air/air counts heat pumps with a primary heating function) ................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 10 The five biggest European heat pump markets in 2022 ........................................... 28 Figure 11 U.S. Heat Exchangers Market size & trends (size by products, USD Billions). Source: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/heat-exchangers-market ................... 35 Figure 12 Asia Pacific Heat Exchanger Market Size, 2018-2029 (USD Billion). Source: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/heat-exchangers-market-100919 35 Figure 13 Europe Heat Exchanger Market Size, By Technology, 2022-2032 (USD Billion). Source: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/europe-heat-exchanger-market ........ 36 Figure 14 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Patent publishing trend .................................. 42 Figure 15 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Top IPCs ........................................................ 42 Figure 16 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Top standardized assignee ............................. 44 Figure 17 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Patents’ status ................................................ 44 Figure 18 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Geographical coverage .................................. 45 Figure 19 Installed TES capacity projections according to IRENA’s Paris Agreement-aligned Transforming Energy Scenario ................................................................................................ 46 Figure 20 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Patent publishing trend .......................................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 21 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Top IPCs ............. 52 Figure 22 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Patents’ status ..... 54 Figure 23 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Geographical coverage ................................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 24 Electricity and Heat produced by cogeneration globally (source: https://www.cogenworld.org/2nd-global-cogeneration-market-report/) .................................. 55 Figure 25 CHP main fuel use (source: https://www.cogenworld.org/wpcontent/uploads/2023/12/CWC_2nd_Global_Market_Overview_Dec-2023.pdf) .................. 56 Figure 26 Combined Heat and Power Market Size, By Fuel, 2022-2032 (USD Billion) Source: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/combined-heat-and-power-CHP-market ...... 57 Figure 27 Europe Combined Heat and Power Market, 2022-2032 (USD Billion) Source: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/combined-heat-and-power-CHP-market ...... 57 Figure 28 Europe District Heating Market Size, 2019-2032 (USD Billion). Source: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/district-heating-market-100097 .. 64 Figure 29 Financing Categories ............................................................................................... 85 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 8 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE List of Tables Table 1 Key Exploitable Technologies (KET), Exploitable Results (ER), and Partners ......... 14 Table 2 Summary of the characteristics of DH generations. Source: RINA-C re-elaboration from Jodeiri et al., 2022. .......................................................................................................... 17 Table 3 Common risks associated with district heating. Bloomberg NEF, 2020. ................... 18 Table 4 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Patent analysis criteria ................................. 21 Table 5 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Top IPCs description ................................... 22 Table 6 WPW Heat Exchanger [AIT, OCHS] ......................................................................... 38 Table 7 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Patent analysis criteria ...................................... 41 Table 8 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Top IPCs description ......................................... 43 Table 9 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage [CNR, SOR] ......................................................... 49 Table 10 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Patent analysis criteria .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Table 11 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Top IPCs description .................................................................................................................................................. 52 Table 12 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Top standardized assignee .................................................................................................................................... 53 Table 13 Reversible micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer [RANO]................... 59 Table 14 Management and Controlling Systems – Start-ups analysis criteria: keyword 1 ...... 63 Table 15 Management and Controlling Systems – Start-ups analysis criteria: keyword 2 ...... 63 Table 16 Management and Controlling Systems – Start-ups analysis criteria: keyword 3 ...... 63 Table 17 BIM-GIS toolkit for DHC network piping and configuration planning + HYPERGRYD Digital Twin Platform-as-a-Service [IDP] ...................................................... 65 Table 18 Exergoeconomic optimization tool for 4th and 5th generation of DHC [GET] ....... 67 Table 19 Edge IoT-based optimal operation of heat pumps in a local energy network [KTH]71 Table 20 Energy Simulation Software – Start-ups analysis criteria: combined keywords and most relevant results ................................................................................................................. 74 Table 21 SAInt - Scenario Analysis Interface for Energy Systems (coupling modelling, simulation, and optimization tool for large-scale multi-energy carrier system) [ENCO] ........ 80 Table 22 Grid Singularity Exchange (local energy marketplace tool) + Software enhancements of open-source Grid Singularity Exchange [GSY] .................................................................. 83 Table 23 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 1 ....................................... 93 Table 24 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 2 ....................................... 93 Table 25 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 3 ....................................... 94 Table 26 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 4 ....................................... 95 Table 27 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 5 ....................................... 96 Table 28 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 6 ....................................... 97 Table 29 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 7 ....................................... 98 Table 30 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 8 ....................................... 99 Table 31 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 9 ..................................... 100 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 9 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Table 32 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 10 ................................... 100 Table 33 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 11 ................................... 101 Table 34 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 1 ........................................... 102 Table 35 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 2 ........................................... 102 Table 36 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 3 ........................................... 103 Table 37 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 4 ........................................... 104 Table 38 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 5 ........................................... 105 Table 39 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 6 ........................................... 106 Table 40 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 7 ........................................... 106 Table 41 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Relevant patent 1 107 Table 42 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Relevant patent 2 108 Table 43 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Relevant patent 3 109 Table 44 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Relevant patent 4 110 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 16 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE DH solutions are considered crucial infrastructures, that can enable the decarbonization process (Tilia et al., 2021) 9 . Indeed, this technology has been called one of the cost-effective ways to cut urban carbon emissions. However, the DH supply is still dominated by fossil fuels, compromising the decarbonization potential of this technology. 3.2 From First Generation to Fourth & Fifth Generation of DHN DH exists since the Roman Empire (D2Grid, 2023 10 ). They invented the “hypocaust”, a central heating system that piped hot hair from a furnace through pipes placed under floors and behind walls of buildings. Findings from literature shows that DHN solutions can be divided into different generations (D2Grid, 2023, Lund et al., 2021 11 ; 2014 12 ; Jodeiri et al., 2022 13 ). Within this paragraph, each generation of DH are identified and described. ▪ First Generation. As mentioned above, DH exists since Roman Empire. The introduction of DH system to the market occurred in the late 1800s, in the US, using heat as a steam carrier. The First Generation was characterized by central supply of heat, fuelled by coal and waste. The piping considered typically on concrete ducts. The heat was transported with steam. Currently, this kind of DH is considered outdated. ▪ Second Generation. The Second Generation of DH emerged around 1930s, fuelled by ware coal, waste, and oil fuel. They used pressurized hot water with a supply temperature above 100°C as a heat carrier. ▪ Third Generation. As the Second Generation of DH, the Third Generation uses pressurized hot water as a heat carrier. However, they can operate with lower supply temperature (below 100°C) 14 . The Third Generation represents the mainstream technology, currently available on the market. ▪ Fourth Generation. Fourth Generation of DH is represented by smart and energy efficiency-oriented systems. They are considered a key technology to face climate change risk. 4DH systems provide low temperature district heating for space heating and water for domestic purposes (below 70°C). Furthermore, they reduce the heat losses of the network by up to 75%. 9 Tilia, TU Wien, IREES, Oko-Institut, Fraunhofer ISI. 2021. Overview of District Heating and Cooling Markets and Regulatory Frameworks under the Revised Renewable Energy Directive”. European Commission. 10 Interreg North-West Europe D2Grids. Link: https://5gdhc.eu/different-generations-of-dhc/ 11 Lund H., Ostergaard P.A., Nielsen T.B., Werner S., Thorsen J.E., Gudmudsson O., Arabkoohsar A., Mathiesen B.V. 2021. Perspective on fourth and fifth generation of district heating. Energy. V.227. 12 Lund H., Werner S., Wiltshire R., Svenden S., Thorsen J.E., Hvelplund F., Mathiesen B.V. 2014. 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems”. Energy. V.68, pp. 1-11. 13 Jodeiri A.M., Goldsworthy M.J., Buffa S., Cozzini M. 2022. Role of sustainable heat sources in transition towards fourth generation district heating – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. V.158. 14 Pellegrini M., Bianchini A. 2018. The Innovative Concept of Cold District Heating Networks: A Literature Revew. Energies. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 17 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE ▪ Fifth Generation. Fifth Generation of DH raises the bar even further in terms of efficiency and technology. Currently, these systems are in their early stages of development. Next figure represents the Timeline of the District Heating Generations by year of appearance on the market. Figure 1 Timeline of District Heating Generations. Source: RINA-C re-elaboration. The table below provides a summary of the characteristics of district heating generations. Table 2 Summary of the characteristics of DH generations. Source: RINA-C re-elaboration from Jodeiri et al., 2022. DH Generation Entry into market Period of best availability technology Heat carrier Piping Heat production 1GDH 1880s 1880-1930 Steam In situ insulated steel pipes Coal steam boilers and some combined heat and power (CHP) plants 2GDH 1930s 1930-1980 Hot water > 100 °C In situ insulated steel pipes Coal and oil-based CHP and some heat-only boilers 3GDH 1970s/80s 1980-onwards Hot water < 100 °C Pre-insulated steel pipes Large-scale CHP, distributed CHP, biomass and waste, or fossil fuel boilers 4GDH 2010s/20s 2014-onwards Low temperature water 50-70 °C Pre-insulated flexible (possibly twin) pipes Renewable and excess heat sources in addition to conventional 5GDH 2010s/20s 2016-onwards Ambient temperature water/ brine 10-40 °C Pre-insulated or uninsulated flexible pipes Low-grade heat sources e.g., local urban waste heat and renewable sources 3.3 Expected Trends of District Heating As presented in paragraph 3.2, the 3GDH represents the mainstream technology. However, 4GDH and 5GDH are emerging. This paragraph presents the expected trends of DH technologies. 3.4 DH Pros & Cons Analysis DHN provides considerable advantages. They are summarized in the following bulleted list (Frederiksen et al., 2013; Nussbaumer et al., 2014) 15 . ▪ Economy of scale in the heat production. ▪ Economy of scope. ▪ Flexibility. ▪ Local environmental impact. 15 Nussbaumer T., Thalmann S. 2014. Status Report on District Heating Systems in IEA Countries. IEA Bioenergy Task 32, Swiss, Federal Office of Energy, Verenum, Zurich. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 18 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Another important benefit is the lowering of heating costs when international fuel prices are high and when lower environmental or climate impacts are valued by internalisation of external damage costs into national taxes or fees. The heat distribution costs are low in dense urban areas with concentrated heat demands (Werner, 2017 16 ). DHN current issues are depicted in the following bulleted list: ▪ Public Awareness of the benefits of DHN and smart grid are still low. ▪ Payback times could be very long (approximately 15-20 years). ▪ Cost-effective only in densely populated areas (due to the high cost of distribution systems). ▪ The cost of energy sold could be generally very high compared to other sources (biomass, methane, LPG). For example, in Italy, connecting to district heating for condominiums often involves signing binding contracts with monopoly operators and unregulated tariffs, resulting in economic disadvantage for the user. ▪ Cogeneration plants could be much noisier than traditional boilers and can generate noise pollution. Table 3 Common risks associated with district heating. Bloomberg NEF, 2020 17 . Type of Risk Description Level of significance Design Inaccurate heat mapping of heat supply and demand. High Construction Milestones are not met on budget and/or time. Medium Future demand Heat demand does not equal what was forecast or offtake is not secured. High Operational Lack of reliance or adequate back-up hot water supply in networks. Medium Commercial Operating and fixed costs are not covered by future demand. Medium Knowledge People are not equipped with the right knowledge and expertise to implement the project. Low Financial Milestones are not met and/or are incorrectly forecast. Medium Objectives Social, environmental, and/or economic drivers of project are not met. Low 16 Werner S. 2017. International Review of district heating and cooling. Energy. V.137, pp. 617 – 631. 17 Bloomberg NEF. (2020) District Heat Networks Need the Private Sector to Deliver a Net-Zero Transition. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 19 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE 4 Technology and Market Analysis of HYPERGRYD’s Innovations Based on Key Exploitable Technologies (KET) and Exploitable Results (ER) presented in D7.1, there are some innovations that can streamline the transition from the 3rd Generation to 4th and 5th Generations of district heating. To better carry out technological and market analyses, HYPERGRYD KETs and ERs shown in Table 1 were clustered as shown below to identify the main technological categories: • Heat Pump o KET 1: ER 2 – Modular Heat Pump with short-term PCM storage [AIT] • WPW Heat Exchanger o KET 1: ER 3 – WPW Heat Exchanger [OCHS] • Sorption Thermal Energy Storage o KET 2: ER 1 – Sorption Thermal Energy Storage [CNR, SOR] • Micro-CHP with Steam Engine o KET 3: ER 4 – Reversible micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer [RANO] • Digital Platform Technologies: Management and Controlling Systems o KET 1 ICT: ER 5 – BIM-GIS toolkit for DHC network piping and configuration planning [IDP] o KET 1 ICT: ER 9 – HYPERGRYD Digital Twin Platform-as-a-Service [IDP] o KET 2 ICT: ER 13 – Edge IoT-based optimal operation of heat pumps in a local energy network [KTH] o KET 3 ICT: ER 6 – Exergoeconomic optimization tool for 4th and 5th generation of DHC [GET] • Digital Platform Technologies: Energy Simulation Software o KET 4 ICT: ER 7 – SAInt Scenario Analysis Interface for Energy Systems (coupling modelling, simulation, and optimization tool for large-scale multienergy carrier system) [ENCO] o KET 5 ICT: ER 8 – Grid Singularity Energy Market Simulation Tool (heat pump and DH digital twin integration) [GSY] o KET 5 ICT: ER 16 – Software enhancements of open-source Grid Singularity Exchange [GSY] For each of these clusters, a technology analysis and a market analysis were carried out as described in following chapters. 4.1 Heat Pump This chapter describes the technology and market analyses of heat pumps, a mature technology in heating and cooling applications. The analyses described in this chapter cover KET 1/ER 2 “Modular Heat Pump with short-term PCM storage” developed during HYPERGRYD by partner AIT. In particular, this KET is a modular heat pump with short-term PCM storage, based on a PCM heat exchanger with optimum PCM material and geometry developed through numerical simulations. As shown in Table 1, this ER 2 is combined with ER 3 to define the whole KET 1. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 20 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE 4.1.1 Technology Description and Analysis The heat pump technology is mature in the heating and cooling applications. It is powered by the same kind of technology as an air conditioner or refrigerator: it takes heat from a source, such as the ambient air, ground-based geothermal energy, adjacent water sources, or waste heat from a plant, and then it intensifies and distributes the heat to the necessary areas. The actual heat pump is made up of a heat exchanger, that removes heat from the source, and a compressor, that cycles a refrigerant through a refrigeration cycle. After that, the heat is transferred via yet another heat exchanger to a heat sink 18 . In particular for the district heating (DH), heat pumps are used to distribute heat throughout the buildings since 2015. Waste heat sources with low temperatures (below 45°C) are used by heat pumps, which increase heat level and distribute it. Heat pumps could supply about 25% of the energy carried by the district heating grid, and district heating could meet up to 50% of Europe’s heating needs 19 . In fact, development activities are focused in obtaining larger sizes and higher temperatures to produce the so-called High Temperature Heat Pumps (HTHP). This kind of equipment will help to reduce emissions in “hard to abate” sectors like pulp and paper, metal, and chemicals because they will replace boilers, which are less efficient and consume oil 20 . About heat pumps in DH applications, the development path is contrary with the one described above: in fact, for these applications it is not necessary to develop heat pumps able to reach high temperatures because district heating networks (DHN) of fourth (4G) and fifth generation (5G) do not need high temperatures as heat source and heat sink (they should be between 0 and 80 °C) 21 . An interesting aspect of heat pumps in DHN is the versatility in terms of possible adoptable configurations. In fact, it is possible to define specific configurations that have different pros and cons depending on the adopted technical aspects. As example, it is possible to define DHN with single stage or multi-stage heat pumps, or with multiple heat sources. Each of the possible configuration has some benefits (for operations, technology, or management) but also has constraints21. 4.1.1.1 Patent analysis The patent analysis has been carried out exploiting the PatSnap database and retrieving relevant patents identified by using the following search query. Due to the characteristics of the Exploitable Results, RINA-C decided to carry out a comprehensive patent analysis for both the ER2 “Modular Heat Pump with short-term PCM storage” made by OCHS and the ER3 “WPW (water-PCM-Water) heat exchanger” made by AIT to better analyse similar solutions which address both topics simultaneously. 18 IEA (2022), The Future of Heat Pumps, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps, Licence: CC BY 4.0 19 https://www.iea.org/articles/heat-pumps-in-district-heating-and-cooling-systems 20 IEA HPT Annex 58, High-Temperature Heat Pumps, Task 1 – Technologies, Task Report, August 2023, Report no. HPT-AN58-2 21 J. Barco-Burgos, J.C. Bruno, U. Eicker, A.L. Saldaña-Robles, V. Alcántar-Camarena, Review on the integration of high-temperature heat pumps in district heating and cooling networks, Energy, Volume 239, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122378. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 21 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Table 4 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Patent analysis criteria Query TA_ALL:((Modular reversible heat pump) OR (Phase change material storage) OR (PCM thermal storage system) OR (Thermal energy density) OR (Latent heat storage) OR (Water-PCM-water heat exchanger)) AND PBD:[20100101 TO *] AND MIPC:(F24* OR F25* OR F28*) Time period From 01/01/2010 to * Results 2926 patents Since the query was carried out with the keywords agreed by the partners and it resulted in a manageable number of patents, RINA-C did not refine it. All the following analyses and graphs have been based on the patents selected by the search query. Patenting trend Figure 2 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Patent publishing trend The trend is strongly increasing. Since data from 2024 are not representative due to the timing of the procedures related to acceptance and publication of a patent, it seems that the increasing could continue. Analysing the curve, the chart reveals that the technology passed the first “innovation window” and “early adoption phase” and is now in a phase of “growth”. This aspect indicates that research activities about this combination of technologies is strong because companies and research centres are obtaining tangible results. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 22 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE IPC and key areas of research Figure 3 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Top IPCs The above figure shown the number of patents published in the selected period (from January 2010 to August 2024), related to the IPC code used to classify patent topics. Based on the number of identified patents, the following 10 IPC codes described in the table are the ones with most occurrences and, consequently, most relevant for the investigated topic. Table 5 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Top IPCs description IPC Code Patents Description F28D 20/02 1305 Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D 17/00 or F28D 19/00: using latent heat F28D 20/00 403 Heat storage plants or apparatus in general (specially adapted for particular applications); Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D 17/00 or F28D 19/00 F24F 5/00 284 Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by group F24F 1/00 or F24F 3/00 C09K 5/06 169 Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion: Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used, the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice-versa F24S 60/10 158 Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors (in working fluids forming pools or ponds F24S 10/10): using latent heat [2018.01] F24D 19/10 152 Details: Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices (only the heater being controlled F24H 9/20) F24D 11/00 150 Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses F24D 15/02 147 Other domesticor space-heating systems: consisting of self-contained heating units, e.g. storage heaters F24J 2/34 125 Use of solar heat, e.g. solar heat collector: Solar heat collectors having working fluid conveyed through collector, having heat storage mass F24H 7/02 118 Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release: the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 23 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE The analysis of the top IPC codes reveals that the effort is mainly addressed in IPCs F28D 20/02, F28D 20/00, and F24F 5/00, which are respectively: • Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D 17/00 or F28D 19/00: using latent heat. • Heat storage plants or apparatus in general (specially adapted for particular applications); Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D 17/00 or F28D 19/00. • Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by group F24F 1/00 or F24F 3/00. Assignee and dead/alive patents Figure 4 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Top standardized assignee In the above figure, Top standardized assignees of the published patents considered in this analysis. Among these 10 assignees, there are companies such as Sharp and Panasonic, multinationals operating in different sectors including the production of heat pump systems, and Pioneer Energy, a Chinese company that develops thermal energy storage technologies that is being used to heat farms, schools, and buildings (both industrial and civil), preventing energy waste. Also, there are many research centres: they are mainly Chinese universities, but there is even the CEA (Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), a major French national research organisation focused on fundamental research in many and various fields, such as low-carbon energy (nuclear and renewable), digital technology, technology for medicine of the future, and defence and national security. Moreover, other large multinational companies active in the thermal energy systems are in the patents’ list with less occurrences (e.g., Mitsubishi, LG, Bosch, Siemens), as many other universities and research centres. This data shows that heat pumps and WPW heat exchangers are interesting research fields for both public and private laboratories. Even companies are investing into the development of these systems according to the growth of the market in civil and industrial sectors. The below figure shows the patents’ status as the total number of dead, alive, and indeterminate patents. As can be seen in the graph, the majority of IP is currently dead; however, alive patents are still a large percentage: this fact could evidence that the technology is in a strong D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 24 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE development phase, where solutions are going to be rapidly developed. This reasoning is in according to the patents’ trend showed in the first figure of this chapter. Figure 5 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Patents’ status Geographical areas and markets Figure 6 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Geographical coverage In addition to what is shown in the figure, there are also 121 patents registered at the WIPO office and 240 at the EPO office. Applicants mainly come from China (1549), Asia (336 from Japan, 162 from Korea, 89 from India), United States (189), and Europe (104 from Germany). The most active countries are the ones with a strong industrial knowledge, but a significant aspect is that the most active countries are the ones that have very large cities with very high population density and where sustainability is becoming more and more important: probably for these reasons, these countries are interested in developing new innovative technologies in this sector and for these applications. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 25 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Relevant patents Please refer to chapter “Relevant patents for Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger” in Annexes section. 4.1.2 Market Overview and Size Heat pump production is a growing sector. Worldwide sales of heat pumps are set to soar in the coming years. According to the European Heat Pump Association (EHPA), the European sales of heat pumps amounted to 3 million in 2022. This value is 37% higher than the sales recorded in 2021 (2.2 million). Figure 7 Development of heat pump sales, EU-21 (RINA-C re-elaboration) Figure 8 Development of heat pump stock, EU-21 (RINA-C re-elaboration) 0 € 500,000 € 1,000,000 € 1,500,000 € 2,000,000 € 2,500,000 € 3,000,000 € 3,500,000 € Sales Sales - 4,000,000 8,000,000 12,000,000 16,000,000 20,000,000 24,000,000 Stock D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 32 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE 4.2.1 Technology Description and Analysis Heat exchangers (HEX) are devices able to transfer heat from a primary fluid to a secondary one. Liquid, gaseous, or even solid components could make up the primary and secondary sides of heat exchangers. Configurations, compactness, heat transfer process, flow and pass orders, phase of the heat transfer fluids, and heat transfer mechanism are typically used in the industry to categorize heat exchangers. 25 Actually, a large number of heat exchangers’ designs are feasible; there is no concrete objective function that can be defined explicitly as a function of the design variables. 26 Furthermore, many materials can be used in heat exchangers to store heat energy: an example can be the phase-change materials. Phase-change materials (PCM) are substances that releases or absorbs enough energy during a phase transition to provide usable heat or cooling. Usually, the transition will be from solid form to liquid form and vice versa. The phase transition could also be between non-classical states of matter, like the conformity of crystals, where the material changes from conforming to one crystalline structure to another, which may be a higher or lower energy state, there may also be a phase transition. 27 PCMs fall into three main categories: organic materials (carbon-containing, made from petroleum, plants, or animals, such as paraffine), salt hydrates (typically made from mineral deposits, salts, or byproducts of other operations), and eutectic materials (composed of two or more PCMs, which might be inorganic, organic, or even both). 28 PCMs can be used in a variety of areas such as refrigerators, solar plants and drying, photovoltaic electricity generations, hot water systems for household, heating and cooling of households, waste heat recovery, and DHN. In fact, PCMs can also be used to produce heat exchangers just for their ability in storing heat and exchange this energy during their transformation.28 Packed bed, flat plate, shall and tube, or finned tube are only few possible designs to develop a PCM heat exchanger. The best design depends on the application’s constraints, such as cost, environment, available materials, etc.27 HYPERGRYD project is a good example of PCM heat exchanger: in the project, this is coupled with a heat pump which provides hot water along the DHN. The interfaces of the PCM heat exchanger are with the water pumped by the heat pump, that is the reason for the name (WPW, water-PCM-water). This technology is designed to be a decentralized, sound-optimized solution for heating and potentially replacing gas-fired boilers in residential or neighbourhood constructions. It aims to maximize decarbonization levels for existing housing by using renewable technology. 25 Sajjad Mahmoudinezhad, Meisam Sadi, Hamed Ghiasirad, Ahmad Arabkoohsar, A comprehensive review on the current technologies and recent developments in high-temperature heat exchangers, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113467. 26 Upadhyay, Hemant. (2019). ‘A review on heat exchanger design’. 27 Hussein Togun, Hakim S. Sultan, Hayder I. Mohammed, A critical review on phase change materials (PCM) based heat exchanger: Different hybrid techniques for the enhancement, Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109840. 28 Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Kartikey Verma, Vinayak Mishra, Babulal Chaudhary, A review on carbonbased phase change materials for thermal energy storage, Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104166. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 33 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE The heat pump operates with an optimum amount of refrigerant per circuit, ensuring efficient energy use and minimum noise emissions. The system is intended for new buildings and can be adapted to replace existing gas boilers in apartments, focusing on urban areas. The innovation includes a modular design that allows refrigeration circuit modules to be connected in series or parallel for flexible operation. This design caters to different heating requirements and can be integrated into the existing thermal grid. 4.2.1.1 Patent analysis The patent analysis has been carried out exploiting the PatSnap database and retrieving relevant patents identified by using the following search query. Due to the characteristics of the Exploitable Results, RINA-C decided to carry out a comprehensive patent analysis for both the ER2 “Modular Heat Pump with short-term PCM storage” made by OCHS and the ER3 “WPW (water-PCM-Water) heat exchanger” made by AIT to better analyse similar solutions which address both topics simultaneously. For this reason, please refer to the chapter “Patent analysis“ in “Heat Pump“ section for the patent analysis of the whole solution. Furthermore, please refer to chapter “Relevant patents for Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger” in Annexes section for relevant patents. 4.2.2 Water-PCM-Water (WPW) Heat Exchanger Market Overview The water-Phase Change Material (PCM)-water heat exchanger market is gaining traction due to its potential in various applications, including spacecraft thermal control systems, domestic hot water generation, and industrial heat management. The use of water as a PCM is advantageous due to its high latent heat of fusion, this means that it can absorb and release a large amount of thermal energy during the melting and solidification process, making it an efficient medium for thermal energy storage and transfer. This storage is also capable of supplying domestic hot water at low temperatures, contributing to the efficiency of the 5th generation district heating and cooling systems. Key Developments NASA has been actively developing water-based PCM heat exchangers for spacecraft applications. These heat exchangers are designed to handle cyclical thermal environments, such as those encountered in low lunar orbit. The development focuses on optimizing the design to meet the heat rejection demands without using consumables, thereby reducing launch mass and volume requirements 2930 . A techno-economic analysis of a heat pump cycle, including a three-media refrigerant/PCM/water heat exchanger, has shown promising results for efficient domestic hot 29 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150003500/downloads/20150003500.pdf Continued Water-Based Phase Change Material Heat Exchanger Development, 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems 12-16 July 2015, Bellevue, Washington 30 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140009567/downloads/20140009567.pdf Water-Based Phase Change Material Heat Exchanger Development, 44th International Conference on Environmental Systems 13-17 July 2014, Tucson, Arizona D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 34 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE water generation. The integration of PCM in the heat exchanger enhances energy savings and reduces investment costs 31 . 4.2.3 Opportunities and barriers for Water-PCM-Water Heat Exchangers The high latent heat of fusion of water makes it an efficient PCM, leading to significant energy savings in various applications. This efficiency is a key driver for the adoption of water-based PCM heat exchangers in both industrial and residential sectors. Water-based PCM heat exchangers do not rely on consumables, reducing waste and environmental impact. This aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly technologies. The development of water-based PCM heat exchangers faces challenges related to freezing water in enclosed volumes. Issues such as ice formation, freeze front propagation, and solidification processes need to be addressed to ensure reliable performance30. While water-based PCM heat exchangers offer long-term energy savings, the initial investment costs could be high. Balancing cost and performance are crucial for market adoption. Future Prospects The market for water-based PCM heat exchangers is expected to grow as advancements in technology address existing challenges. Continued research and development, coupled with increasing demand for energy-efficient and sustainable solutions, will drive the market forward. 4.2.4 Heat Exchangers Market Overview The global heat exchangers market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the rising focus on efficient thermal management across various industries, including oil & gas, power generation, chemical & petrochemical, food & beverage, and HVAC & refrigeration 32 . 31 Emhofer, J.; Marx, K.; Barz, T.; Hochwallner, F.; Cabeza, L.F.; Zsembinszki, G.; Strehlow, A.; Nitsch, B.; Wiesflecker, M.; Pink, W. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Heat Pump Cycle Including a Three-Media Refrigerant/Phase Change Material/Water Heat Exchanger in the Hot Superheated Section for Efficient Domestic Hot Water Generation. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7873. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217873 32 https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/heat-exchangers-market Heat Exchangers Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Product (Plate & Frame (Brazed, Gasketed, Welded), By End-use (Chemical & Petrochemical, Oil & Gas, Power Generation), By Material, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2024 - 2030 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 35 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Figure 11 U.S. Heat Exchangers Market size & trends (size by products, USD Billions). Source: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/heat-exchangers-market 4.2.5 Heat Exchangers Market Size The global heat exchangers market size was valued at USD 15.94 billion in 2021 and is projected to grow to USD 27.55 billion by 2029, exhibiting a CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period. 33 The Asia Pacific region dominated the market with a share of 33.25% in 202133. Technological Advancements: Innovations such as tube inserts in heat exchangers are expected to complement market growth.32 Figure 12 Asia Pacific Heat Exchanger Market Size, 2018-2029 (USD Billion). Source: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/heat-exchangers-market-100919 The European heat exchanger market was valued at approximately USD 5.7 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.8% from 2024 to 203234. This growth is driven by rising 33 https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/heat-exchangers-market-100919 Heat Exchanger Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Type (Shell & Tube, Plate & Frame, Air Coolers, Cooling Towers, Others), By Application (Chemicals, Oil & Gas, Power Generation, HVAC, Automobile, Pharmaceuticals, Food & Beverages, Others), and Regional Forecast, 2024-2032 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 36 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE energy demands for heating and cooling systems in building infrastructure and increasing investments in heavy-duty industrial operations34. Figure 13 Europe Heat Exchanger Market Size, By Technology, 2022-2032 (USD Billion). Source: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/europe-heat-exchanger-market 4.2.6 Heat Exchangers Barriers and Opportunities The demand for energy-efficient heat exchangers is increasing due to the need for optimizing heat transfer and enhancing energy savings in industrial processes32. Significant power markets like China, the U.S., India, Russia, and Japan are restructuring their operating models to adopt renewable energy and efficient utilization of energy by installing heat exchangers32. The implementation of the European Green Deal and other energy efficiency norms are significant drivers. These regulations require substantial investments to enhance energy infrastructure and promote the adoption of efficient climate control solutions 34 . Accelerated investments in industrial infrastructure, particularly in sectors like oil & gas, chemical, and power generation, are boosting the demand for heat exchangers34. The expansion of urban areas and the construction sector increases the need for HVAC systems, further driving the market 35 . The significant costs associated with the installation and maintenance of heat exchangers can be a barrier to market growth34. 34 https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/europe-heat-exchanger-market Europe Heat Exchanger Market Size – By Technology, By Application (Oil & Gas, Chemical, Power Generation & Metallurgy, Marine, Mechanical Industry, Central Heating & Refrigeration, Food Processing), Country Outlook & Forecast, 2024 – 2032 35 https://www.nextmsc.com/report/europe-heat-exchangers-market Europe Heat Exchangers Market by Type (Shell & Tube, Plate & Frame, Air Cooled, and Others), by Material (Metals, Alloys, and BrazingCLAD), and by End User (Chemical, Energy & Power, Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVACR), Food & Beverage, Pulp & Paper, and Others)– Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2024–2030 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 37 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Rapid technological changes require continuous innovation and adaptation, posing a challenge for manufacturers35. Manufacturers also face challenges such as increasing demand variability, intense global competition, and more environmental compliance regulations32. Finally, the pandemic posed challenges in working conditions, leading to manufacturing delays and supply chain disruptions33. Future Prospects The market is expected to have a positive impact post-pandemic with increased preference for district energy and renewable energy targets, along with the need to satisfy HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) demand33. The market is expected to reach USD 11.3 billion by 2032, driven by continuous advancements in heat exchanger technologies and increasing investments in energy-efficient infrastructure34. The focus on utilizing waste heat from industrial processes and the harsh winter conditions in several European countries will further augment market growth34. 4.2.7 Heat Exchangers Market Leaders Alfa Laval (Sweden): Alfa Laval is specialized in heat transfer, separation, and fluid handling. They provide advanced heat exchanger solutions for various industries, including energy, food, water, and marine sectors. Their products are known for their efficiency and reliability in thermal processes 36 . Kelvion Holding GmbH (Germany): Kelvion is a leading global manufacturer of heat exchangers, offering solutions for HVAC, power generation, and process cooling. They provide a wide range of heat exchangers, including plate, shell and tube, and finned-tube heat exchangers, tailored to meet the needs of diverse industrial applications 37 . GEA Group (Germany): GEA Group is one of the largest suppliers of process technology for the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical sectors. They focus on machinery, plants, and advanced process technology, including heat exchangers that are integral to their thermal processing solutions 38 . SWEP International AB (Sweden): SWEP is specialized in brazed plate heat exchangers, offering efficient heating and cooling solutions. Their products are designed to maximize energy efficiency and are used in HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial applications 39 . 36 Alfa Laval printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) | Alfa Laval 37 Heat Exchangers: Cooling & Heating Systems | Kelvion 38 Heat exchangers | liquid processing systems (gea.com) 39 Challenge efficiency - SWEP D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 38 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Thermax Limited (India): Thermax offers sustainable solutions in energy and the environment, including heating, cooling, water, and waste management. Their heat exchangers are used in various industrial processes to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions 40 . API Heat Transfer (U.S.): API Heat Transfer provides high-performance heat transfer solutions for industries such as data centres, power generation, and food and beverages. They offer a range of heat exchangers, including plate, shell and tube, and air-cooled heat exchanger 41 . Tranter, Inc. (U.S.): Tranter specializes in gasketed and welded plate heat exchangers, serving industries like oil and gas, chemical, and HVAC. Their products are known for their compact design and high efficiency in heat transfer applications 42 . Mersen (France): Mersen is a global expert in electrical power and advanced materials, providing solutions for power management and anticorrosion. They manufacture a variety of heat exchangers, including graphite block and shell and tube heat exchangers, for use in corrosive chemical processes 43 . Linde Engineering (U.K.): Linde Engineering is a leader in the production, processing, storage, and distribution of hydrogen, with a focus on clean energy solutions. They provide advanced plate-fin and coil-wound heat exchangers for various industrial applications 44 . Table 6 WPW Heat Exchanger [AIT, OCHS] Products/ services Short description WPW (water-PCM-Water) heat exchanger The design is based on the WPW (Water-PCM-Water)-heat exchanger design developed in the HYBUILD and CHALLENGE EU-funded projects and will be a three media HEX with Domestic Hot Water, PCM and water passages (DPW-HEX). The PCM is charged with hot water provided by the water cycle of the HP through the water passages. During discharging, fresh water at about 15°C will be heated up to about 5060°C on demand to provide DHW to the apartment occupants. Competitive advantages Instead of a state-of-the-art DHW storage located in the apartments, a space saving instantaneous water heater based on PCM materials provides a more compact solution and allows faster water heating rates. Time to market 2028 Price EUR 6.000 excl. VAT Market Potential Target market(s))/ sector(s) HVAC Market(s))/ sector(s) description The product aims at the heating and cooling market for residential use. It’s b st su t d f t w n fu b s m nt m k t s w s t n w buildings market. 40 Press-release-Thermaxs-key-announcements-aligned-to-energy-transition.pdf (thermaxglobal.com) 41 Industry Expertise - API Heat Transfer 42 Heat exchangers for your company’s energy transition (tranter.com) 43 MERSEN | heat exchanger | heat transfer | design | condenser | cooler 44 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers (PFHEs) | A Linde Company (linde-engineering.com) D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 39 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Market(s))/ sector(s) size The German market for yearly sold heating units is about 1 mio. Units. Adding Austria (one 10th of the size) and the Swiss market would n s t m k t s z t 1.2 m un ts. It’s ssum d t t t changeover to a Heat pump-based solution requires an energy storage unit. Growth trends The heat pump market has encountered an extreme growth phase since 2020 with yearly growth rates in the range of 20 to 50%. Barriers to entry High initial cost and the availability of 5GDHN hinder the ease of access f t s ER. F m nt f w t n nts n’t f t nd d to transition to a sustainable solution and flat owners depend on the approval of their neighbouring flat owners. Competition Key competitor Conventional water based storage tank Market share >96 % Strengths Cheap solutions with well-established sales and maintenance paths. Widespread usage with mainstream installation procedures and adequate number of well-educated installers. Weaknesses Space requirements are much larger than for the ER. This becomes extremely critical for small flat sizes and refurbishment solutions. Customers Key Customers The WPW-storage manufacturer will most likely not sell directly to the end customer. The typical pathway is WPW-storage manufacturer -> resellers -> installers -> end-user. Purchase behaviour Products are typically replaced every 10 to 20 years. Customer need General need for heat storage is fulfilled with this ER. Communication channels Communication strategy Presence at national and international fairs as well. Direct approach of OEM customers by the WPW-storage manufacturer. Mouth-to-mouth advertising by satisfied customers is considered crucial. Budget Less than 10% of yearly expected sales of product 4.3 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage This chapter describes the technology and market analyses of sorption thermal energy storages (STES), a technology able to store thermal energy in a material made at least by a sorbent and a sorbate. The analyses described in this chapter cover KET 2/ER 1 “Sorption Thermal Energy Storage” developed during HYPERGRYD by partners CNR and SOR. In particular, this KET is an innovative sorption storage configuration for the flexible application in hybrid thermalelectric grids. 4.3.1 Technology Description and Analysis Sorption thermal energy storage (STES) is based on storing thermal energy in a material made at least by two components: a sorbent (e.g. salt hydrates, silica gel, zeolites) and a sorbate (e.g. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 40 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE water vapor). The two components participate in a reversible reaction in which thermal energy can be stored within the chemical and physical bonds of the material. 45 Thermal energy storages operate as follows: the thermal energy material used (sorbent or phasechange materials, PCM) will retain the excess thermal energy from a liquid (air or water) that is warmer than it; while the material will release its stored thermal energy to the liquid if this is colder. Main thermal energy storage systems have been classified into sensible heat storage (SHS), latent heat storage (LHS) and sorption thermal energy storage (STES) 46 . Sensible heat storage (SHS) systems use the process of media materials’ temperature increase or decrease to store or release thermal heat. The media materials include dirt, rock, water, concrete, and other elements46. Phase change materials (PCMs), which store or release heat through the phase change process at constant temperatures greater or lower than the phase change temperature, are used as media materials in latent heat storage (LHS) systems. Organic substances like paraffin and fatty acids, inorganic substances like salt and salt hydrates, and eutectic substances like urea-acetamide are among the PCMs that have been used46. The charging and discharging process is carried out via sorption thermal energy storage (STES) devices, which rely on the reversible processes that occur between the sorbent and sorbate46. Out of the three thermal energy storage methods, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems and solar water heaters have been developed using SHS and LHS, which have undergone extensive research and practice, while STES have been less investigated at the moment. However, STES technology has several advantages over SHS and LHS technologies, such as the possibility of long-term energy preservation with negligible heat loss once the sorbent and sorbate are separated, as well as a high storage density resulting from the strong bonding force between the two. As a result, these systems are receiving more attention and are being studied in greater detail: the creation of new working cycles, reactor and prototype design, and the synthesis and characterisation of novel sorption materials are the key areas of study on STES technology46. In particular, researchers are investigating in materials with the following characteristics: • High massive or volumetric energy storage density. • Low charging temperature. • High sorption capacity. • Large thermal conductivity and good heat and mass transfer. • Non-toxicity, non-corrosiveness, and non-harmfulness to the environment and humans. • Low cost. • Good thermal stability and mechanical strength46. Based on these, the focus is on materials with: • Porous structure (pore size, distribution, volume, and specific surface area). • Sorption capacity (high sorption capacity at certain conditions of temperature and pressure). • Sorption/desorption rate (which determines times of charging/discharging processes). 45 Techno-economic optimization of an energy system with sorption thermal energy storage in different energy markets, Luca Scapino, Carlo De Servia, Herbert A. Zondag, Jan Dirikena, Camilo C.M. Rindt, Adriano Sciacovelli 46 Yannan Zhang, Ruzhu Wang, Sorption thermal energy storage: Concept, process, applications and perspectives, Energy Storage Materials, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.02.024. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 41 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE • Sorption heat (energy storage density and occupied area). • Thermal conductivity (which influences heat exchange efficiency between the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and sorbent)46. The materials mainly used are: • Solid adsorbents, such as silica gel, zeolite sieves, activated carbon and natural rocks. • Novel porous materials, with better sorption properties compared to solid materials, such as aluminophosphates (AlPOs), silico-aluminophosphates (SAPOs) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). • Chemical sorbents, in particular salt hydrates because they have higher sorption heat due to the large reaction enthalpy of the chemical reaction compared with physical sorbents. They include chloride salts (LiCl, CaCl2, MgCl2), bromine salts (SrBr2 and LiBr) and sulphates (MgSO4). • Liquid absorbents, where H2O solutions with chemical sorbents (such as salts) absorb the related sorbate and transforms into a weak solution. • Composite sorbents, which are made such as a “hygroscopic salt inside a porous matrix with open pores”, inserting salt hydrates into the pores of the matrix, producing a composition of physical sorbents (with stable performance but low energy storage density) and salt hydrates (which have high storage density but low stability during time)46. 4.3.1.1 Patent analysis The patent analysis has been carried out exploiting the PatSnap database and retrieving relevant patents identified by using the following search query. Table 7 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Patent analysis criteria Query TA_ALL:(sorpt* AND (therm* OR heat*) AND stor*) AND PBD:[20100101 TO *] AND MIPC:(G01* OR F25* OR F24* OR F04*) Time period From 01/01/2010 to * Results 42 patents While the query resulted in a small number of patents, RINA-C did not refine it. All the following analyses and graphs have been based on the patents selected by the search query. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 48 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE support mechanisms, clear guidelines and regulations, and price support mechanisms for renewable district heating and cooling to accelerate projects. Another opportunity could derive providing ecosystem support to emphasize the benefits of thermal energy storage (TES) in renewable district energy projects. Buildings The buildings sector lacks consumer awareness and market demand for TES solutions. The buildings sector can use TES solutions to manage the increasing share of renewables and electrification, but they are not yet cost-competitive. It is important to highlight the lack of consumer awareness and market demand for novel TES solutions, such as phase change materials, and the reliance on incumbent technologies and infrastructure, such as gas boilers. Policy makers should fund R&D and demonstration projects, provide ecosystem support and price support mechanisms, and encourage the uptake of heat pumps and other renewable heating solutions. 4.3.6 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage Market Leaders Sunamp Sunamp is a worldwide company, produces thermal batteries using phase change materials that make products very energy-dense and space-efficient, therefore very versatile for installation with any renewable energy source, whether heat pumps or photovoltaics. Besides, Sunamp takes care of the greenness of its solutions: it strives to minimize CO2 emissions and achieve net-zero. However, Sunamp being relatively newer to the market, faces the issues of market penetration and brand recognition against the more established firms. 49 FAHRENHEIT FAHRENHEIT, a German company, is a high-efficiency adsorption chiller specialist with minimal impact on the environment. The products from this company reduce energy consumption and save on operating costs; an appeal to energy-conscious consumer markets is, therefore, strong. FAHRENHEIT focuses on absorption technology that is a niche market and may therefore miss out on many other market opportunities. In addition, this this type of system could be expensive at the point of initial sale, scaring away some prospective buyers. 5051 Va-Q-tec Va-Q-tec is a German company which added to its technologies the innovation of VIPs 52 (Vacuum Insulation Panels), which give superb thermal insulation in confined spaces. Their systems of thermal packaging maintain the temperature without any external energy input over longer periods this could be exploitable to different applications. Finally, though, even as 49 https://sunamp.com/about-sunamp/ 50 https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/fahrenheit-releases-rack-integrated-adsorption-chillers/ 51 https://fahrenheit.cool/en/references/ 52 https://ir.va-qtec.com/download/companies/vaqtec/CompanyPresentation/210622_IR_Company_presentation_ vFF.pdf D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 49 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE technology advances for Va-Q-tec’s products, it could be pricier than conventional insulation solutions. 53 Calmac Calmac is an USA company it has been rated in the industry as a veteran company dealing in temperature energy storage systems using ice. Their technologies are good in peak energy demand reduction. However, some of the systems or technologies used by Calmac could be relatively outdated and could require intensive maintenance 54 . Table 9 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage [CNR, SOR] Products/ services Short description Technology short description, key features TCM – thermochemical storage. Long-term storage providing heating/cooling Competitive advantages Competitive advantages of the product/service, innovativeness of the products TMC specifically design for 4th and 5th generation DHC network. Used of composite material suitable for low-temperature heat charge, exploiting waste heat and solar heat, and other options. An innovative multi-modular configuration higher flexibility in adapting to the different heat sources in the grid, and modular power provided. Optimization of operation as a multi-directional system to provide heating and cooling both toand fromfor a better integration in DHC system Recovery low temperature excess heat and include low enthalpy RES Time to market Expected starting product sell (Year) 2030 Price Ex t d s n 350/400 €/kW f syst m 100kW nd u t 6kWcold provided Market Potential Target market(s)/ sector(s) In HYPERGRYD it primarily addresses the DHCN reference market. It can be targeting other market when heating/cooling storages are needed. Focus on cooling potential market more than heating. Market(s))/ sector(s) description Single and multifamily house, small office/commercial activities and workshops Market(s))/ sector(s) size From GA Market size in terms of value and volume The global DHC Market size in 2017 was estimated at over USD 200 b n. In 2013 t DH s s n Eu d t t f € 23 billion (according to euroheat.org) Growth trends From GA In 2013 the capacity of DHC sales in Europe was projected to rise from about 9% to 50% of total H/C demand. The global HP market s z su ss d € 40 b n n 2019, and annual units sold is anticipated to exceed 13 million units by 2026 with a CAGR of 5%. Barriers to entry High cost of production and develop, young technologies, lack of reference for certifications Compe tition Key competitor No direct competitors. Some similarity with PCM solution Market share Direct contact has no market. PCM supplier less than 5% 53 https://www.va-q-tec.com/en/ 54 https://www.calmac.com/icebank-energy-storage-benefits D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 50 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Strengths Present in the market since several years. Compact unit easy to be installed and low maintenance Weaknesses High prices, young technologies, well known for small application Customers Key Customers B2B to reach different sectors and expand the technologies with installer, general contractor, agency Purchase behaviour Single purchasing, to be installed in existing system or new design solution Customer need Green saves energy, circular economy to use and reuse waste available heat. Economical advantage to smooth the peak and save cost by discharging the system when the cost of the energy is higher Communication channels Communication strategy LinkedIn/webpage in the future direct contact for B2B in exhibition Budget Ex t d bud t t t t t mmun t n. F m 2 t 5k€ depending on situation 4.4 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer (Cogeneration) This chapter describes the technology and market analyses of cogeneration (CHP) systems, focusing on micro-CHP systems with steam engines and buffers, which are systems able to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, providing both electric energy and heat. The analyses described in this chapter cover KET 3/ER 4 “Reversible micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer” developed during HYPERGRYD by partner RANO. In particular, this KET is a CHP solution able to be driven by different renewable energy sources (RES), with the possibility of optimized reversible operation for the improvement of existing thermal grids and the provision of services to electrical grids. 4.4.1 Technology Description and Analysis This technology is a compact steam engine that generates electricity and stores steam, to be used as waste heat or with solar energy to produce additional power. The design aims to be durable and efficient, avoiding the need for oil and reducing fuel consumption. The creators are experimenting with materials to find the best options that withstand heat and corrosion, contributing to environmental sustainability. The production of electric energy with the reuse of the heat generated by the engine and/or the combustion is called “cogeneration” or “combined heat and power” (CHP). This kind of generator is more efficient compared to standard combustion generators because it recovers the heat that, otherwise, will be lost. In last years, the research is focused on the development of small and micro-CHP (mCHP) systems because they can offer potential benefits to the environment such as the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the decentralization of energy supply and the improvement D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 51 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE of energy security, the reduction of energy losses from electricity transmission and distribution networks, and the reduction of energy cost to consumers. 55 The main components of these systems are a prime mover (e.g., Sterling engine, reciprocating engines, stream engines, gas turbines, micro turbines) and an Organic Rankine cycle. This combination allows to simultaneously produce power and heat, and each adopted technology has pros and cons. Their use in building sector, especially in residential buildings, may really provide benefits, in particular according to the energy consumption and the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions: it will provide electric energy, hot water or steam, and heat for the building.55 4.4.1.1 Patent analysis The patent analysis has been carried out exploiting the PatSnap database and retrieving relevant patents identified by using the following search query. Table 10 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Patent analysis criteria Query TA_ALL:((micr* AND (CHP OR cogenerat*)) AND steam*) AND PBD:[20100101 TO *] Time period From 01/01/2010 to * Results 27 patents While the query resulted in a small number of patents, RINA-C did not refine it. All the following analyses and graphs have been based on the patents selected by the search query. Patenting trend Figure 20 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Patent publishing trend 55 S. Murugan, Bohumil Horák, A review of micro combined heat and power systems for residential applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.064. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 52 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE The trend shows an irregular shape, with an increase that culminate in the 2018 peak followed by a low number of published patents. Even if data from 2024 are not totally representative due to the timing of the procedures related to acceptance and publication of a patent, it seems that a new peak could happened in this year. This final aspect could indicate a possible new increase in the research activities about the combination of micro-CHP and steam engines/buffers. Considering this, from the small number of patents emerged that the technology is in a preliminary phase of development. IPC and key areas of research Figure 21 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Top IPCs The above figure shown the number of patents published in the selected period (from January 2010 to August 2024), related to the IPC code used to classify patent topics. Based on the number of identified patents, the following 5 IPC codes described in the table are the ones with most occurrences and, consequently, the most relevant for the investigated topic. Table 11 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Top IPCs description IPC Code Patents Description F22B 33/18 2 Steam-generation plants, e.g. comprising steam boilers of different types in mutual association: Combinations of steam boilers with other apparatus F01K 13/00 2 Combinations of two or more machines or engines C01B 32/336 2 Carbon; Compounds thereof: Active carbon preparation characterised by gaseous activating agents F01K 27/00 2 Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for F01D 15/10 2 Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby (regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups; aspects predominantly concerning driven devices, see the relevant classes for the devices): Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 53 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE The analysis of the top IPC codes reveals that there is not a main field of research for this topic. However, main IPCs are in the “F – Mechanical Engineering; Lighting; Heating; Weapons; Blasting” field: • F01-F04 “Engines or Pumps”. • F21-F28 “Lighting; Heating”. Moreover, the analysis also identified other IPC codes related to the topic, such as “B – Performing Operations; Transporting”, “C – Chemistry; Metallurgy”, and “G – Physics”. Assignee and dead/alive patents Table 12 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Top standardized assignee Standardized Current Assignee Patents Hepu Energy Environmental Technology Co Ltd 2 Enviro Power LLC 1 Flow Tech 1 Services Shukasiewicz - Warszawski Inst of Tech | Marczenko Wodzimierz 1 Hebei Univ of Tech 1 Ozhikenova Zhanat Farhatovna 1 China Petroleum & Chem Corp | 石化盈科信息技术有限责任公司 1 庞永清 | 庞峥 | 庞凯元 1 North China Electric Power Univ 1 Energetix Genlec 1 박영배 1 Mingguang Jinyang Solar Energy 1 Voon Gerard 1 Ясаков Николай Васильевич 1 Univ Moulay Ismail 1 Nanjing Forestry Univ | No 63971 Troops Pla 1 Inha Univ Res & Business Foundation 1 Federalnoe Gosudarstvennoe Avtonomnoe Obrazovatelnoe Uchrezhdenie Vysshego Obrazovaniya Samarskij Natsionalnyj Issledovatelskij Univ Imeni Akadka S P Koroleva | Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Metallist Samara 1 Sichuan Leiming Biology Environmental Protection Project Co Ltd 1 Rauta Ion 1 Amicable Inventions LLC 1 Nestec SA 1 Proton Power 1 The Trustees of Columbia Univ in the City of New York 1 Univs Gadjah Mada 1 Karahan Ahmet 1 The above table shows the 26 standardized assignees of the published patents considered in this analysis. The only one with 2 patents is Hepu Energy Environmental Technology Co Ltd, a national Chinese high-tech enterprise that operates in energy power consumption, thermal power flexibility, steam storage transformation, and comprehensive energy services. Other D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 54 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE identified companies active in the energy sector are Enviro Power, Flow Tech, Nestec, and Proton Power. The other assignees are universities, research centres, and inventors. This data shows that micro-CHPs that works with steam are in a developing phase and that, at the moment, the research on this topic is at the beginning. The below figure shows the patents’ status as the total number of dead, alive, and indeterminate patents. As can be seen in the graph, the majority of IP is currently dead: this fact could evidence that the technology is still in a first development phase, even according to the patents’ trend showed in the first figure of this chapter. Figure 22 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Patents’ status Geographical areas and markets Figure 23 Reversible Micro-CHP with Steam Engine and Steam Buffer – Geographical coverage In addition to what is shown in the figure, there are also 2 patents registered at the WIPO office. Applicants mainly come from Asia (8 from China, 4 from Singapore, 3 from Korea, and 1 from D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 55 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Japan, Kazakhstan, and Indonesia), while the rest is divided in Europe, Africa, and North America. A significant aspect is that most active countries are the ones with a strong industrial knowledge, with active workforce in energy systems that is committed to sustainability. Because of this, these countries are interested in developing new innovative technologies. Relevant patents Please refer to chapter “Relevant patents for Reversible Micro-CHP” in Annexes section. 4.4.2 Market Overview and Size The global market for cogeneration solutions is rapidly expanding, driven by increasing demand for energy efficiency and the need to reduce CO2 emissions. Micro-CHP technologies represent a significant portion of this market, with applications in both residential and commercial settings 56 . Technological innovation and stricter environmental regulations are fostering the adoption of micro-CHP systems. According to the report of COGEN World Coalition (CWC), GLOBAL COGENERATION MARKET OVERVIEW 2nd Edition (December 2023), the total capacity of CHP plants and installations worldwide, in terms of their combined heat output, has increased by more than 25% since 2010. 57 Between 2010 and 2020, annual CHP heat and power output increased on average by 3% and 2% respectively. In 2020, electricity generation decreased by 1%, which can be explained by Covid-19 pandemic.57 Figure 24 Electricity and Heat produced by cogeneration globally (source: https://www.cogenworld.org/2nd-globalcogeneration-market-report/) 56 https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/cogeneration-equipment-market Cogeneration Equipment Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application, Regional Outlook, Competitive Strategies, And Segment Forecasts, 2019 To 2025 57 https://www.cogenworld.org/2nd-global-cogeneration-market-report/ CWC’s 2nd Global Market Report confirms growing use of cogeneration technologies around the world D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 56 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE According to the latest data (from 2020), the annual output of CHP systems globally amounts to 11,449 TWh of heat and 4,119 TWh of electricity, which represents just over 15% of total electricity generation. CHP systems are primarily being driven by fossil fuels, especially coal and coal products (59.6%) and natural gas (31.8%) 58 . Future trends and opportunities for the reversible microCHP with steam engine and steam buffer could be the gradual phaseout of coal (however very slow) and electrification of industry. Figure 25 CHP main fuel use (source: https://www.cogenworld.org/wpcontent/uploads/2023/12/CWC_2nd_Global_Market_Overview_Dec-2023.pdf) The global combined heat and power (CHP) market size was valued at USD 18.6 billion in 2021 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of over 8.1% from 2022 to 2028. This technology witnessed a substantial penetration across the globe thanks to ongoing efforts to reduce the reliance on coal power plants and the introduction of cleaner generation technologies to curb soaring emissions 59 . 58 https://www.cogenworld.org/wpcontent/uploads/2023/12/CWC_2nd_Global_Market_Overview_Dec-2023.pdf GLOBAL COGENERATION MARKET OVERVIEW 2nd Edition (December 2023), Cogen world coalition 59 https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/combined-heat-and-power-CHP-market Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Market Size - By Fuel (Natural Gas, Coal, Biomass), By End Use (Residential, Commercial, Industrial), By Capacity (1 kW – 0.5 MW, 0.5MW - 5MW, Above 5 MW), By Technology & Forecast, 2024 - 2032 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 57 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Figure 26 Combined Heat and Power Market Size, By Fuel, 2022-2032 (USD Billion) Source: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/combined-heat-and-power-CHP-market 4.4.3 Market Segmentation and Market Geography Asia-Pacific, Europe and North America are the regions with the most developed markets for cogeneration technologies. CHP systems are widely used in energy-intensive industries such as chemicals, pulp and paper, as well as food and drink, and they are increasingly being deployed to provide electricity and heat for facilities such as hospitals and universities, as well as district heating and cooling networks57. Europe: CHP share in total electricity generation is overall stable at around 19%. The main fuels are natural gas and coal, followed by biofuels and waste. Natural gas has a stable share of 60%; coal is declining at a very slow rate (-3% in 10 years); biofuels and waste have a modest growth trend (+5% in 10 years). Germany is the biggest CHP market, representing c. 31% of total CHP electricity production in EU, followed by Poland (20%) and Italy (13%). Together they represent 64% of total CHP market. Figure 27 Europe Combined Heat and Power Market, 2022-2032 (USD Billion) Source: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/combined-heat-and-power-CHP-market The European combined heat and power market has seen strong growth, with forecasts indicating it will exceed USD 17.5 billion by 2032. This growth is driven by increasing energy efficiency regulations, rising demand for sustainable and decentralized energy solutions, and D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 64 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE 4.5.2 Market Overview and Size The market for digital platform technologies used in managing and controlling systems for building district heating and cooling (DHC) is growing significantly. This market is part of the broader district heating market, which was valued at USD 168.29 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 241.27 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.43%. 67 Figure 28 Europe District Heating Market Size, 2019-2032 (USD Billion). Source: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/district-heating-market-100097 The digitalization of DHC systems involves integrating advanced technologies like smart meters, demand-based heating systems, and home automation. These technologies help optimize energy use, improve efficiency, and support the transition to more sustainable energy systems. 68 4.5.3 Opportunities and Barriers for Management and Controlling Systems A growing emphasis on reducing carbon footprints and enhancing energy efficiency drives the adoption of advanced management and control systems. Government regulations and policies promoting renewable energy and grid modernization push the demand for sophisticated energy control and management technologies. Innovations in digital technologies, including AI, machine learning, and IoT, are enhancing the capabilities and applications of management systems. The need for resilient and reliable energy systems, particularly in the face of increasing grid complexities are another source of opportunity for new digital solutions. 67 https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/district-heating-market-100097 District Heating Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Heat Source (Coal, Natural Gas, Renewables, Oil & Petroleum Products, and Others), By Plant Type (Boiler, CHP, and Others), By Application (Residential, Commercial, and Industrial), and Regional Forecast, 2024-2032 68 https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/district-heating-market-5980 District Heating Market Analysis, District Heating Market, By Plant Type (Boiler Plant, Combined Heat and Power (CHP)), By Heat Source (Coal, Natural Gas, Renewables, Oil and Petroleum Products), By Application (Residential Commercial and Industrial), and By Geography (North America, Europe, Asisa Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 65 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Barriers entail substantial by initial investment required for deploying advanced management and control systems. Integrating these management and controlling systems with existing infrastructure and ensuring compatibility across different platforms and devices can be challenging. Finally, handling and analysing vast amounts of data generated by these systems require robust data management solutions and infrastructure. 4.5.4 Management and Controlling Systems Market Leaders Large global digital solutions providers in the energy industry include the following: Siemens AG is a German company, it is leader in energy management systems, providing comprehensive solutions for energy automation and smart grid technologies 69 . Schneider Electric, a French company, offers a range of energy management and automation solutions that improve efficiency and sustainability in energy systems 70 . ABB Group, a Swiss company, is specialized in control systems for utilities and industries, emphasizing smart grids and digitalization 71 . General Electric (GE), an American company, provides advanced software solutions for grid management and control, focusing on digital energy transformation 72 . In addition, there are many other solution providers and in the European Union they generally participate as members of the smartEn business association integrating the consumer-driven solutions of the clean energy transition. Below is a tabular presentation of the market assessment for digital tools developed in the HYPERGRYD project: Table 17 BIM-GIS toolkit for DHC network piping and configuration planning + HYPERGRYD Digital Twin Platform-as-aService [IDP] Products/ services Short description BIM-GIS toolkit for DHC network piping and configuration planning + HYPERGRYD Digital Twin Platform-as-a-Service This novel Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology enhances interoperability with other formats and software tools used by endusers, incorporating all relevant data into a common database using an open BIM format. Designed to support decision-making, it generates optimized network layouts and dimensioning parameters for nextgeneration district heating networks’ infrastructure planning, applicable to both new and existing networks. 69 https://www.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/grid-software/operation/gridcontrol.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIkdLalrjWhwMV2ahoCR10UAThEAAYASAAEgJF4PD_BwE&acz=1&ga d_source=1 70 https://www.se.com/ww/en/ 71 https://new.abb.com/buildings 72 https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/GE-Digital-Announces-GridOS-Software D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 66 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Competitive advantages • Provides a visual decision support user interface and generates optimized network layouts and dimensioning parameters for the infrastructure planning of the next generation DHC networks. • Extends BIM methodology to make it interoperable with GIS to model intermodal terminals (InfraBIM). • Assess and validate defined KPIs which required the data exchange from diverse software tools through API development • Geospatial network optimization tool based on exergoeconomic models. Time to market Not defined. Price Licence monthly and yearly price not defined. Market Potential Target market(s))/ sector(s) Building Information Modelling (BIM) Market(s))/ sector(s) description With the introduction of computer software, planning and modelling for architecture have undergone a paradigm shift in recent years. Improvements in digital design tools, computer-controlled fabrication, connectivity, and interconnectedness have opened up a new stage of the design and build process. Building information modelling has seen a lot of expenditures and developments. Source: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industryreports/building-information-modelling-market Market(s))/ sector(s) size Estimated at USD 8.72 billion in 2024. Source: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industryreports/building-information-modelling-market Growth trends Expected to reach USD 16.72 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 13.90% during the forecast period (2024-2029). Source: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industryreports/building-information-modelling-market Barriers to entry Cost, complexity, lack of standardization, skills gap, and regulatory challenges. Competition Key competitor Esri, Autodesk, QGIS. Market share Fragmented – Highly competitive market without dominant players. Strengths Market stablished solutions. Weaknesses • High-cost software • Limitation of the trained professionals • Implementation Issues Source: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industryreports/building-information-modelling-market Customers Key Customers B2B & B2C Purchase behaviour Monthly and yearly license. Customer need • A user-friendly web platform that doesn’t require specific tools for usability. • License fees more affordable compared to competitors. • Maintenance and consulting services provided for the client. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 67 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Communication channels Communication strategy HYPERGRYD communication plan. Budget Not defined. Table 18 Exergoeconomic optimization tool for 4th and 5th generation of DHC [GET] Products/ services Short description The Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool is designed for the design and operation optimization of 4th and 5th generation District Heating and Cooling (DHC) systems. It integrates economic and thermal modelling, aiming for cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency. Key features include the utilization of Geographic Information System (GIS) data, loads, energy prices, Renewable Energy Sources (RES), and storage data. It supports scenario comparison, exergy-based analysis, and visualizes results like flow rates, temperatures, and pressure drops. The tool is enhanced with Python scripts and operates within the QGIS platform, enabling detailed planning, operation optimization, and integration with the HYPERGRYD platform for broader analysis and decision-making. Competitive advantages The Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool for 4th and 5th generation District Heating and Cooling systems presents a unique competitive advantage by combining thermal and economic optimization within a single framework. This innovative approach allows for the integration of renewable energy sources and the optimization of the system’s operation and design, emphasizing cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency. The tool’s integration with GIS enhances its functionality, enabling precise planning and optimization based on real-world geographic data. Its capability to handle various input data types, including loads, energy prices, and renewable energy sources, further distinguishes it from traditional optimization tools. Moreover, the tool’s ability to perform detailed scenario comparisons and visualize results through flow rates, temperatures, and pressure drops offers users valuable insights into the potential improvements and cost savings of DHC systems. This level of detail and integration with the HYPERGRYD platform, through an API interface, facilitates a broader analysis and decision-making process that is both innovative and practical for planners, system operators, and developers. The tool’s flexibility, comprehensive analysis capabilities, and focus on renewable energy integration represent significant advances in the field of DHC system optimization, setting a new standard for efficiency and sustainability in energy management D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 68 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Time to market The Tool is not planned to be sold as a standalone product. Instead, the focus is on offering it as a service for the optimization of district heating networks. This service is expected to become available starting from mid-2025. The shift from a product-based model to a service-oriented approach reflects a strategic decision to provide specialized optimization services directly to operators and planners of DHC systems, leveraging the tool’s capabilities to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of heating and cooling solutions. Price As the Tool is intended to be offered as a service for optimizing District Heating and Cooling systems, there is no set sale price for the tool itself. Instead, the cost of this service will primarily be composed of consulting fees. These fees will be tailored to the specific needs and requirements of each project, including the scale of the DHC system being optimized, the complexity of the analysis, and the level of expert consultation required. This approach allows for a flexible pricing model that can adapt to the diverse needs of clients, focusing on delivering value through expert optimization of DHC systems for improved efficiency and sustainability. Market Potential Target market(s))/ sector(s) The target market for the Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool encompasses the energy sector, specifically focusing on District Heating and Cooling systems. Market(s))/ sector(s) description The Tool targets the evolving energy sector, particularly focusing on the optimization of DHC systems. This tool represents a key enabling technology that offers services for enhancing the efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of DHC systems through advanced exergoeconomic analysis. It aligns with the increasing demand for integrating renewable energy sources and optimizing energy systems. Key players in this market segment include energy service companies, utility providers, municipalities, and developers of DHC systems, who are all pivotal in adopting and implementing these optimization solutions. The sector is marked by a trend towards sustainability and energy efficiency, driven by environmental concerns and the need to reduce operational costs. Growth trends indicate a rising interest in technologies that can seamlessly integrate renewables and optimize energy distribution and consumption. However, barriers to entry include the technical complexity of DHC systems, the need for specialized knowledge in exergoeconomic analysis, and the competitive landscape of energy management solutions. Despite these challenges, the tool’s innovative approach positions it to meet the needs of this dynamic market, offering significant opportunities for impact in the energy sector. Market(s))/ sector(s) size The market size for the Tool is closely tied to the global growth of DHC systems. With trends leaning towards energy efficiency and sustainable practices, the DHC sector’s expansion signals a broad market opportunity. The tool’s market value is linked to consulting services for system optimization, targeting urban areas, municipalities, and energy companies. The volume of the market corresponds to the rising number of DHC systems that require optimization, indicating a substantial potential market in both value and volume terms, influenced by the demand for improved efficiency and sustainability. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 69 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Growth trends The market for DHC systems is experiencing growth, driven by the shift towards sustainable and efficient energy solutions. This growth trend, relevant to both value and volume, reflects the increasing demand for renewable energy integration and optimization of energy systems. The Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool, with its focus on improving DHC systems’ efficiency and sustainability, is well-positioned within this expanding market, indicating its potential for significant impact in the evolving energy sector. Barriers to entry Entering the market for DHC systems optimization tools can face economic barriers such as high initial development and operational costs, need for specialized knowledge and expertise, and intense competition from established players. Legal barriers might include regulatory compliance, intellectual property rights, and the need to navigate complex energy sector regulations. These barriers can affect the adoption and scalability of innovative solutions like the Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool, requiring strategic planning and partnerships to overcome. Competition Key competitor Potential key competitors for the Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool in the market include established energy management software providers, companies specializing in district energy solutions, and developers of advanced optimization algorithms for heating and cooling systems. These competitors likely offer similar analytics, optimization capabilities, and consulting services, aiming to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of DHC systems. Market share Established players in the energy management and district heating and cooling optimization sector could command significant portions of the market, depending on their geographical presence, technological advancements, and service offerings. Market share would vary widely, influenced by factors like innovation, customer relationships, and the ability to meet evolving regulatory and sustainability requirements. Strengths Competitors’ strengths may include offering finished software products for direct sale, enabling them to quickly capitalize on market demands. Their products might generate valuable consumer data using simple algorithms, enhancing user engagement and decision-making. Strong market positioning, achieved through established brand recognition, alongside effective marketing strategies that highlight their products’ ease of use and immediate benefits, further solidifies their competitive edge. Weaknesses A significant drawback might be their inability to provide detailed analyses, calculations, or evaluations for clients’ specific projects, limiting the tool’s practical applicability. Lack of experience and guidance for new customers on effectively utilizing the tool could hinder user satisfaction. Additionally, competitors might not offer solutions for generating missing data in case of data gaps, diminishing the tool’s utility. The absence of a structured process for incorporating user feedback into software development could impede ongoing improvement and relevance of their products. Customers Key Customers Key customers for the Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool’s services could include utilities managing DHC systems, energy service companies (ESCOs) focusing on sustainable and efficient energy solutions, and developers or planners of urban infrastructure projects seeking to integrate renewable energy sources and optimize energy systems for cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Additionally, large-scale D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 70 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE property developers and managers of complex building heating grids could benefit from the tool’s detailed planning and optimization capabilities. Purchase behaviour Customer purchase behaviour for the services utilizing the Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool is characterized by long-term engagement and ongoing support over years, indicating a preference for continuous system optimization. Sales channels include word-ofmouth and existing client referrals, LinkedIn for professional networking, and connections within the “QM-Heizwerke-Netzwerk” in Austria, emphasizing a targeted and community-based approach to client acquisition. This strategy suggests customers value trust, reliability, and proven effectiveness in their purchasing decisions. Customer need Purchase motivations for customers seeking services utilizing the Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool are primarily driven by the desire for tailored solutions rather than a standalone software product. Many potential clients prefer expert assistance due to a lack of personnel skilled in using such specialized tools. They seek to collaborate with professionals in developing solutions, especially for optimizing DHC grids. The psychological motivation stems from trust in expertise and the desire for operational efficiency, while the physical motivation is anchored in achieving economic benefits, such as cost savings and strategic investment in infrastructure. This approach underlines a demand for convenience, reliability, and the assurance of obtaining tangible benefits, fostering customer loyalty towards businesses that can deliver expert, customized solutions. Communication channels Communication strategy Communication channels for advertising and promoting the services utilizing the Exergoeconomic Optimization Tool include a blend of personal and digital strategies. Word-of-mouth and referrals from existing customers form the cornerstone of the marketing approach, leveraging trust and proven results to attract new clients. Professional networking platform LinkedIn is utilized to engage with industry professionals and decision-makers, while participation in the “QMHeizwerke-Netzwerk” in Austria provides a targeted channel to connect with potential customers within the heating utilities sector. These channels enable direct, meaningful interactions with the target audience, emphasizing the value of expert solutions and fostering community within the industry. Budget The expected budget for communication efforts primarily involves allocating resources towards personnel hours dedicated to creating LinkedIn posts, networking activities, and maintaining relationships with existing customers. Given the emphasis on direct engagement and professional networks, the budget should focus on supporting staff in these activities, including content creation, strategic planning for outreach, and regular interaction with the community and clients. This approach suggests a budget that prioritizes human resources over traditional advertising spends, aiming to maximize the impact of personalized communication and relationship-building in the professional and industry-specific networks. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 71 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Table 19 Edge IoT-based optimal operation of heat pumps in a local energy network [KTH] Products/ services Short description An edge control panel with data-driven smart energy management that upgrades existing BMS systems. Competitive advantages - The fact that it is data-driven makes it highly scalable to fit any modern thermal or electric-based heating and cooling system (e.g., heat pumps, HVAC, chillers, etc) including modern ones (sorption storage, PCM, etc). - It is designed to support all industrial communication protocols and modern machine-to-machine communication. - Data collection, storage, processing, and analysis are all handled locally in the panel. - There is a possibility to bridge data to the cloud in a secure way for backup and for public visualization. Local data visualization, without need for cloud services, is also possible. - Energy assets are driven thanks to artificial intelligence algorithms. - This local smart energy management tool is designed to coordinate control with the already implemented BMS if it exists. - Advanced system diagnosis and predictive maintenance functions. - As an optional feature, a user interface tool, with smart human-machine interaction service, can be added. Time to market First prototype in 2025 Price It will be based on the scalability and features provided. Taking into consideration factors such as system size, complexity, and additional us nt f t ns. B s s n s 15 k€ Market Potential Target market(s))/ sector(s) Industrial sectors with a focus on HVAC and BMS. This includes commercial, public, and partially residential buildings. Market(s))/ sector(s) description Businesses and organizations with a need for efficient energy management solutions for their HVAC systems. It caters to sectors where optimizing energy consumption is critical for cost savings and environmental sustainability. Market(s))/ sector(s) size Large, given the widespread use of HVAC systems and BMS in various industries. Growth trends Highly growing due to increasing awareness of energy efficiency, sustainability goals, and the need for advanced solutions in building management. The integration of AI and data-driven technologies aligns with the growing trend towards smart and sustainable infrastructure. Barriers to entry Barriers to entry may include: - A need for specialized knowledge in energy management, compliance with industry standards. - Establishing partnerships with manufacturers and system integrators. - Regulatory compliance and gaining trust in data security. Competi tion Key competitor Modern BMS companies that started adding new smart integrated features, such as IoT. Market share Estimated market share in industrial and public BMS or/and HVAC can cross 20 %. However, with lower estimation for companies for residential sector, c.a. 10%. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 72 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Strengths The strengths lie in the product’s scalability, compatibility with various systems, local data handling capabilities, and integration of AI for efficient energy management. The ability to bridge data to the cloud securely and other IoT features. Weaknesses Potential weaknesses could be: - Potential complexity of implementation to legacy systems. - Potential resistance to adopting new technologies. - Lack of knowledge of the need for energy efficiency and decarbonization of heating and cooling systems. - Need for training users. Customers Key Customers B2B (Business-to-Business): - Commercial real estate developers, - industrial complexes - Facilities management companies. - any business with large-scale HVAC systems. B2C (Business-to-Consumer): - No potential envisaged customers! Purchase behaviour Purchase Frequency: it may vary depending on the industry and the lifecycle of the building systems. Typically, businesses might make this kind of investment when upgrading or installing new HVAC systems, leading to longer purchase cycles. Purchase Channels: B2B customers might prefer purchasing through direct sales channels, possibly involving consultations, demonstrations, and customized solutions. Additionally, an online presence for product information and initial inquiries could be crucial. Customer need - Aware of a precise payback evaluation for each case specification. - Aware of the expected impact regarding being environmentally responsible. - The need for a reliable and advanced energy management system for extended life-time of HVAC system and efficient diagnosis functions. Communication channels Communication strategy - Communication Channels: Utilize a mix of channels for B2B communication, including direct sales teams for personalized engagement, industry events and conferences for networking, and an online presence for information dissemination. Social media can be effective for creating awareness and showcasing success stories. Advertising: Targeted advertising in industry publications and platforms, both online and offline. - Events: Participate in industry events, trade shows, and conferences to showcase your product, connect with potential customers, and stay updated on industry trends. Budget An st m t d bud t f t s u s n 12 k€. 4.6 Digital Platform Technologies: Energy Simulation Software This chapter describes the technology and market analyses of digital software for the simulation of energy systems, focusing on technologies developed for DHN and networks with distributed energy resources (DER). The analyses described in this chapter cover the following KETs developed during HYPERGRYD: D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 73 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE • KET 4 ICT: ER 7 – SAInt Scenario Analysis Interface for Energy Systems (coupling modelling, simulation, and optimization tool for large-scale multi-energy carrier system) [ENCO] • KET 5 ICT: ER 8 – Grid Singularity Energy Market Simulation Tool (heat pump and DH digital twin integration) [GSY] • KET 5 ICT: ER 16 – Software enhancements of open-source Grid Singularity Exchange [GSY] In particular, these KETs are digital solutions able to model, simulate, and optimize DHC networks, energy markets, and energy systems. Each of them has specific characteristics such as the type of control and optimization methods. Advanced energy simulation software is a subset of digital platform technologies that involves modelling and simulation of an energy system and in some cases also of an energy market. Such software is crucial for the HYPERGRYD project, which aims to evaluate and improve the operation of an energy system that couples heating, electricity, and gas networks, such as a DHC network integrated with the electric grid and decentralized renewables and storage. In HYPERGRYD, a team of organizations (GSY, GET, SONNE, ENVI, and KTH) is working together to develop a system that advances local energy trading, while also accounting for thermal energy assets, namely heat pumps and district heating. The goal is to simulate and manage a local marketplace where energy can be traded directly, peer-to-peer (P2P) 73 . The following market analysis delves into the market dynamics, key players, trends, and opportunities within the energy simulation software sector 4.6.1 Technology Description and Analysis Energy simulation software and tools are essential for designing, managing and optimising DHCN. They are used by companies that manage these networks, such as energy service companies (ESCOs) and heat distribution companies, but also by research centres and universities for study purposes and by companies which would enter in this business, to simulate the technical aspects of this investment. 74 These tools are also becoming increasingly important for energy citizens and energy communities. Energy simulations tools have many uses. In the thermal energy sector, they allow companies and technicians to analyse DHN behaviours in case of different operating conditions (such as load variations, faults or maintenance interventions) and different designs: in fact, these systems can easily help the evaluation of different networks’ configurations (such as change in pipe sizing, substation positioning, etc.) to identify the best solutions in terms of efficiency and costeffectiveness.Moreover, accurate simulations can help companies to predict reliability, estimating the probability of faults and interruptions (preventive maintenance systems and interventions can be planned based on these), and to assess the impact of new technologies, 73 HYPERGRYD Grant Agreement 74 S. Kuntuarova, T. Licklederer, T. Huynh, D. Zinsmeister, T. Hamacher, V. Perić, Design and simulation of district heating networks: A review of modeling approaches and tools, Energy, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132189. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 80 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE HOMER Energy, now part of UL Solutions, is headquartered in Boulder, Colorado, United States. HOMER is a hybrid energy simulation software that optimizes microgrid design across all sectors. HOMER combines engineering and economics into a single powerful model 89 . OpenStudio, an USA project, is an open-source software development kit (SDK) for Building Energy Modelling (BEM). OpenStudio is a development platform aimed at drastically reducing the effort required to build and maintain applications that use BEM. OpenStudio allows third parties to focus on adding individual differentiating value and serving their customers by providing a common infrastructure 90 . Notably, none of these are direct competitors to the GSY-developed tool described below since they do not model local energy trading. Currently GSY is the only service provider that facilitates this type of energy simulation. Table 21 SAInt - Scenario Analysis Interface for Energy Systems (coupling modelling, simulation, and optimization tool for large-scale multi-energy carrier system) [ENCO] Products/ services Short description SAInt is a software application that enables the modelling, planning, and operation of different types of energy networks, such as heating, gas (natural gas or hydrogen) and electricity networks. Key features of the software are: - user-friendly graphical user interface; - network drawing tools; - scenario development tools; - simulation of single energy networks; - co-simulation of heat, gas, and electricity networks; - combined simulation of heat and electricity networks; - graphical and tabular reporting of results; - API for interacting with other software tools. Competitive advantages - Well-documented software tools. - Integration of multiple types of networks in the same environment for physical simulations; - Integration of multiple types of networks in the same environment for co-simulations of optimisation and physical simulation; - Flexible data import from industry-standard software tools for simulation/optimisation of single energy networks. Time to market The commercialisation of a version of SAInt that is missing the functionalities developed within the Hypergrid project started in 2017. The new version of the product will start commercialisation in 2024. Price User license structure st t n t 28.000€ y us . Market Potential Target market(s))/ sector(s) The target sector is within the scope of group “D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY” (NACE Rev.2.1) with codes: 35.13 Transmission of electricity, 35.14 Distribution of electricity, 35.22 Distribution of gaseous fuels, 35.3 Steam and air conditioning supply. We primarily aim at transmission companies and utilities in need of an integrated simulation tool for planning and assessing decarbonisation strategies and electrification plans. 89 https://homerenergy.com/ 90 https://openstudio.net/ D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 81 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE We also carry out consultancy actions, which should fit “71.12 Engineering activities and related technical consultancy”. Market(s))/ sector(s) description SAInt fits the needs of an Energy Company (e.g., Transmission System Operator, Distribution System Operator, Storage Operator, Consultancy) addressing decarbonisation projects, sector coupling projects, and integrated energy market problems. SAInt has no impact on Key Enabling Tool (i.e.., micro and nanoelectronics, nanotechnology, industrial biotechnology, advanced materials, photonics, and advanced manufacturing technologies). SAInt is an innovative software platform because it allows to address multi-energy networks simulation/optimization within the same environment. Today the practice is to use specialised software for each energy carrier and transfer data among environments. But SAInt is built using state-of-the-art ICT tools and industry-standard programming languages, so it has no link to “key enabling tools”. Market(s))/ sector(s) size We estimate this market at more than 3 billion €. But w k s f data, so we provide a reference, considering EUROSTAT figures for the sector “D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY” (NACE Rev.2.1). Data are available from this page for 2020 and from this page for previous years. In EU27, the number of companies in this sector was 166,164 with a 1.4% increase over 2018. In Germany, we had 62,531 companies in 2020 and a decrease of 8% due to the stop of the business of small local distribution operators. In EU27, t tu n n t s s t w s 1,310,000 M€, w t 9.6% d s 2018. In m ny, w d 582,225 M€ n 2020, w t decrease of 5%. In EU27, t u dd d t f t st n t s s t w s 234,584 M€, w t 9.5% n s 2018. In m ny, w d 59,709 M€ n 2020, with an increase of 6.3%. In EU27, the gross investment in tangible goods (i.e., mainly nf st u tu ) n t s s t w s 86,647 M€, w t 13.6% n s 2018. In m ny, w d 20,388 M€ n 2020, w t n n s f 36.8%. Growth trends For the specific context of software tools for multi-energy planning, we do not have figures. What we noticed is that our base of clients has grown since 2019 by an average of 10% year over year. A second remark is that competitor has started to rebrand the functionalities of their sectorial products to hint at the possibility of system coupling and combined simulations. We are confident of a slow growth of the sector, also pulled by the restructuring of the energy sector and its decarbonisation. New technologies, regulatory requirements, and emissions goals are driving rapid change. This market was non-existent 10 years ago. It has grown rapidly over the last three years. Barriers to entry Transmission and Distribution system operators have legacy software tools in place for the management of their networks. Such platforms are also used for planning in the specific energy sector. Switching to a new product is difficult as long as the customer thinks that he can still do with what he has in-house. Product pricing is of concern for Consultancies or Research Institutes where potential customers with more budget-restricted lives. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 82 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Transmission and Distribution system operators are already paying high prices for their legacy platforms. SAInt is priced roughly to be cheap for the set of functionalities provided compared to the legacy platforms. SAInt pricing is also differentiated based on the type of customer, with Research Institutes and Public Authorities having substantial discounts over Industrial Customers. Competition Key competitor Main commercial competitors (some only for a specific subset of functionalities) are: - DVL with Synergi Gas, Synergy Electric - Liwacome with Simone - Emerson with PipelineStudio - Energy Exemplar with Plexos - CYME International Inc. with CYME - Siemens with PSS®E - nPro with nPro There are also open-source projects covering part of SAInt functionalities, like: - OpenDSS - Pandapipes - Pandapower Market share Considering that encoord GmbH is still a start-up and the commercialization of SAInt started since 2019, the share of the market we have been able to gain is practically zero. We have around 35 clients as of today between Universities, Research Institutes and Transmission System Operators. Strengths Incumbent solutions that only meet one part of the overall need. They are hard to displace even with a better, more comprehensive solution. Weaknesses No competitor offers a fully integrated solution and the possibility of integrating data from many established industry platforms. Customers Key Customers B2B: Transmission System Operators, Distribution System Operators, Energy Consulting Companies, Research Institutes (private or public), Investment Companies Purchase behaviour Purchase behaviour of the customer: - Annual or multi-annual subscriptions to a SAInt module or groups of modules - Customers are contacted directly by our sales department, we do not have resellers or distributors - The module for “production cost modelling”, for “electric simulation”, and for “hydraulic simulation” are three most requested SAInt features. Customers are slow to adopt new solutions. The market and regulators are driving them to adapt. This creates slow sales cycles but very loyal customers once the solution is in place. A contract will often start small and expand over the customer’s lifetime. Customer need When planning for sector coupling or decarbonisation, our users start from their legacy software with sectorial energy analysis. Results are exchanged between platform, generally with manual intervention and data transformation. The overall workflow requires different departments to interact and requires coordination in assumption and boundary conditions for each simulation. SAInt provides a central environment where to perform data ingestion, processing, model creating, scenario simulation or optimisation, with D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 83 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE the key factor of integrating different energy networks. No more data transfer between platforms or conversion among formats. SAINt also allows to users to experiment in extending their existing modelling and optimization capabilities by leveraging integrated networks. We also offer a 24/7 customer service which provides support and answers to our clients. This service has been recognised as extremely valuable by all our existing clients. We also offer training to support our clients in leveraging SAInt’s potential quickly. Communication channels Communication strategy Account-based marketing, event-focused thought leadership, and brand marketing practices and building awareness. Communication mainly take place via: - Company’s website - Company’s social media accounts - Participation to national and international events (scientific and not) - Direct contact of potential customers - Facilitated contact through existing customers Budget We have focused mainly on event participation (10.000 euro/year). Other tools are under assessment. Table 22 Grid Singularity Energy Market Simulation Tool (heat pump and DH digital twin integration) + Software enhancements of open-source Grid Singularity Exchange [GSY] Products/ services Short description Grid Singularity Energy Market Simulation Tool (Singularity Map), and software enhancements of open-source Grid Singularity Exchange to include thermal assets (developed under GPL v.3 open source licence, with copyright protected interfaces); the objective of GSY software tools are to simulate (and ultimately deploy) local grid-aware energy marketplaces (including thermal assets like heat pumps), interfacing with grid operators and energy assets (generation and consumption) to facilitate automated and decentralized peer-to-peer transactions. Competitive advantages The only simulation tool on the market that can simulate and assess the benefits of peer-to-peer energy trading Time to market The beta version of the tool is available. Price Currently free for testing and further development. Future pricing to be based on complexity and any consulting or training required. Market Potential Target market(s))/ sector(s) • Education • Consulting services • Cross-selling of other hardware and software • Customization of the open-source software to the nts’ needs both in form of enterprise software version and/or additional software development services • Training & technical support for the use of open-source software Market(s))/ sector(s) description Refer to chapter 4.6.2 Market(s))/ sector(s) size • Energy corporates software acquisition trending: “Enel’s $300 million purchase of demand response provider EnerNOC, Centrica’s $81.4 million purchase of REstore, and Ormat’s $35 million for Viridity Energy” D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 84 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE “Memoori estimates that the market for Building Performance Software in Smart Buildings generated $12.72Bn in 2015, and we expect this value to rise to $18.78Bn by 2020, representing a healthy CAGR of 8.1% per annum. Energy Software accounts for over 50% of the market, at $6.46Bn in 2015, and we expect this value to rise to just over $9.7Bn by 2020. Enterprise Energy Management Systems (EEMs) make up the largest proportion of this market in 2015.” Growth trends The concept of energy communities and/or cooperatives is gaining ground, especially in the European Union, increasing the target market. Barriers to entry This is a complex software to develop, requiring a high level of financing with slow commercialisation Competition Key competitors Note: None of these are direct competitors as there are no other simulation tools that simulate local energy market trading. Open source (permissive): • Quintel Intelligence (Energy Transition Model) • Evolved Energy Research (EnergyPATHWAYS) • PSERC (MATPOWER) • Fraunhofer (OGEMA) • Open Energy Efficiency (Open Energy Efficiency Meter) • FlexiblePower Alliance Network (PowerMatcher, Energy Flexibility Interface) • Linux Foundation Energy / Vanderbilt University (RIAPS) • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (VOLTTRON) Open source (copyleft): • Linux Foundation Energy (POWSYBL) • Megni Energy (OpenEnergyMonitor) • FENECON (OpenEMS) • Sustainable Energy Now (SEN Integrated Renewable, Energy Network toolkit simulation) • Neon energy (EMMA Electricity Market Model) Closed source: • Drift Energy (Drift Marketplace) • BeeBryte (Hive Vision/Optimal/Supply) • Energy Exemplar (PLEXOS Power Simulation) • Siemens (Power System Simulation PSS) Market share To be defined Strengths Currently the only tool to simulate local energy markets and peer-topeer energy trading, and the only comprehensive energy community management software Open source still offers wide range of possible service/product sales strategies. Weaknesses Early market development with unclear novel regulation; low energy data granularity and data interoperability Customers Key Customers Energy community managers, energy researchers Purchase behaviour To be defined D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 85 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Customer need - Tool for market simulation of LECs including both heat and electricity markets - Consulting services - Cross-selling of other hardware and software - Customizations - Trainings Communication channels Communication strategy To be defined Budget To be defined 5 Financing Sources Research Considering the intervention areas envisaged in project implementation, different financing modalities can be identified. In general, financing opportunities for the development of energy transition and renewable energy projects are numerous and country specific. Despite their differences they are resembled in three main categories: funds provided in the form of grants, funds provided in the form of loans and self-financing as represented in Figure 29. Figure 29 Financing Categories The types of finance mechanisms currently in use in Europe, especially for projects whose implementation involves environmental benefits, have been identified and aggregated in the following list: • Financing sources: o National Public Administration o EU Budget o EU Public Financial Institutions o National Promotional Bank o Commercial Banks o Financial Markets • Investment instruments: D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 86 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE o Public Direct Investments o Policy Based Incentives o Grants o Public Private Partnership o Concessional Debt o Commercial Market Rate Debt o Self-financing o Equity At EU level, different opportunities are available. The most relevant ones are briefly presented as follows. 5.1 Projects Development Assistance (PDA) The Project Development Assistance (PDA) support will be provided by the European Investment Bank (EIB). This support is tailor-made to the specific projects, based on their needs identified in the evaluation. The aim is to establish bankable and sustainable projects. Possible PDA support may include: • improvement and development of a project documentation, or of components of the project design, with a view to ensure the sufficient maturity of the project, including support with the permits plan; • assessment of the feasibility of the project, including technical and economic studies (e.g., terms of references for the FEED study) and due diligence; • advice on the financial and legal structure of the project • capacity building of the applicant 91 . 5.2 EU Funding Possibilities in the Energy Sector The European Commission website 92 provides an overview of various EU funding programmes that support energy-related projects that benefit the environment, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the use of renewable energy or improving energy efficiency. Some of the programmes are the Cohesion Fund, the Connecting Europe Facility, the European Investment Bank and the European Fund for Strategic Investments, and the European Regional Development Fund. Cohesion Fund The EU’s Cohesion Fund aims to reduce economic and social disparity between EU countries and promote sustainable development. The fund supports energy-related projects that benefit the environment for example by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the use of renewable energy or improving energy efficiency. Part of the Cohesion Fund is used to implement the energy union strategy with the help of the Energy and Managing Authorities Network (EMA) 93 . 91 https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-funding-climate-action/innovation-fund/projectdevelopment-assistance_en 92 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/funding-and-financing_en 93 https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funding/cohesion-fund_en D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 87 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Connecting Europe Facility The Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) is the EU’s funding instrument for boosting energy, transport, and digital infrastructure. In 2018, the CEF was renewed for 2021-2027 with a budget of €42.3 billion to support investments in EU infrastructure networks for energy (€8.7 billion), transport (€30.6 billion) and digital (€3 billion) 94 . European Investment Bank and the European Fund for Strategic Investments The European Investment Bank (EIB) helps finance energy projects by providing companies with loans and other financial instruments. The EIB, together with the European Commission, launched the European Investment Advisory Hub as part of the Investment Plan for Europe. The European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI) is a joint initiative between the EIB Group (the EIB and the European Investment Fund) and the Commission. It aims to mobilise private investment in projects which are strategically important for the EU, including the areas of energy efficiency, renewable energy, power grids and interconnectors – all essential to speed up the decarbonisation of the EU economy 95 . InvestEU The InvestEU Programme supports sustainable investment, innovation and job creation in Europe. It will bring together, under one roof, the European Fund for Strategic Investments and 13 other EU financial instruments and aims to trigger more than €372 billion in additional investment over the period 2021-2027. Just Transition Mechanism 96 The Just Transition Mechanism is a financial tool that provide tailored support to the most vulnerable and coal-intensive regions in the transition to a greener economy. Over the period 2021-2027, it will mobilise at least €150 billion of investments to alleviate the socio-economic impact. The mechanism consists of three pillars: • a Just Transition Fund of €40 billion to primarily provide grants • a dedicated scheme under InvestEU to crowd in private investments • a public sector loan facility with the EIB Group to mobilise additional investments and leverage public financing LIFE: Clean Energy Transition With a budget close to € 1 billion for the period 2021-2027, the new sub-programme of the LIFE Programme is dedicated to clean energy transition. It aims to offer support to deliver on 94 https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/programmes/connecting-europefacility_en#:~:text=The%20Connecting%20Europe%20Facility%20(CEF,and%20upgrading%20the%20e xisting%20one. 95 https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/investment-plan/strategic-investments-fund/ 96 https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-greendeal/finance-and-green-deal/just-transition-mechanism_en D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 88 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE sustainable energy-related polices that contribute to reach the European Green Deal objectives 97 . Modernisation fund This fund will contribute to the investment needs of the 10 lower-income EU countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. It supports investments in generation and use of energy from renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, energy storage, modernisation of energy networks and the just transition in carbon-dependent regions 98 . Recovery and Resilience Facility The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) is the key instrument at the heart of NextGenerationEU, the EU’s plan for emerging stronger from the COVID-19 pandemic. It is structured around 6 pillars: green transition; digital transformation; economic cohesion, productivity and competitiveness; social and territorial cohesion; health, economic, social and institutional resilience; policies for the next generation. The RRF will help the EU achieve its target of climate neutrality by 2050 99 . The Innovation Fund The Innovation Fund is managed by the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA). With an estimated revenue of €40 billion from the EU Emissions Trading System between 2020 and 2030, the Innovation Fund aims to create financial incentives for companies and public authorities to invest in cutting-edge low-carbon and net zero technologies and support Europe’s transition to climate neutrality 100 . Improving SMEs’ access to finance and markets The Single Market Programme aims to improve SMEs’ access to finance and markets. The programme is managed by the European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency (EISMEA). SMEs supporting the EU’s energy, transport and digital networks SMEs are also eligible for funding under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) programme, which finances projects related to energy, transport and ICT. The CEF strands are managed by the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA) and the European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HaDEA) 101 . 97 https://cinea.ec.europa.eu/programmes/life/clean-energy-transition_en 98 https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-funding-climate-action/modernisation-fund_en 99 https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/economic-recovery/recovery-and-resiliencefacility_en 100 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/funding-and-financing/eu-funding-possibilities-energy-sector_en 101 https://commission.europa.eu/funding-tenders/how-apply/eligibility-who-can-get-funding/fundingopportunities-small-businesses_en D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 89 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE European Regional Development Fund 102 The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) is designed to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion in the European Union. It aims to do this by correcting imbalances between regions enabling investments in a smarter, greener, more connected and more social Europe that is closer to its citizens. In 2021-2027, the fund will enable investments to make Europe and its regions: • more competitive and smarter; • greener; • more connected; • more social; • closer to citizens. 5.3 Private Financing Funding Sources Bank Loans Conventional lending through a financial institution such as a bank or credit union is available for a private business that can provide proof of a strong financial track record. Angel Investors An angel investor is typically a high-net-worth individual who lends funds in exchange for an ownership stake in the company. Because of the equity position within the company, angel investors are more likely to provide substantial amounts of capital when they find a business in which they want to invest. Most angel investors are professionals in private equity, meaning the business seeking funding must pitch its need for financing along with current financial statements, its business plan, and a viable exit strategy. Venture Capitalists A venture capitalist is similar to an angel investor. This is a group of high or ultra high-networth individuals or a company that manages the assets of those individuals. Because of the volume of money that flows into venture capital firms, businesses able to secure capital through this medium are awarded deals in the millions on average. 103 Crowdfunding Crowdfunding is a widespread scheme for capital collection for a specific purpose or project. One innovative model of crowdfunding is the so-called “energy crowdfunding”. Through energy crowdfunding a promoter can collect capital for its project regarding sustainability, energy efficiency, or energy transition with the goal of reducing dependence on non-renewable sources of energy. Crowdfunding investments in the energy sector offer a combination of financial products and ethical value that is attracting several investors. Most investors are financial planners, experienced investors focused on the financial return of the product, however a new category of investors is showing up - “ethical investors”. Ethical investors are concerned about the impact of their investment activities and are motivated by the “green value” of the investment. 102 https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funding/erdf_en 103 Types of Funding Options Available to Private Companies (investopedia.com) D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 96 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Images Table 27 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 5 Patent AT526452A1 Title Combined heating and cooling system with brine-water heat pump and two environmental heat sources Status Published Publication Date 15/03/2024 Standardized Current Assignee Josef Masswohl Dipl. - Ing Dr Techn IPCs F24F 5/00 - F24D 11/02 Abstract The invention relates to a combined heating and cooling system (1) based on a brine-water heat pump (2), which draws ambient heat both from the ambient air (4a) and from an underground storage unit (3). The buried storage (3) allows the brine-water heat pump (2) to operate efficiently in heating mode (12), even at very low air temperatures. In cooling mode (13), it serves as a cold storage device, which is built up when inexpensive electricity is available, in particular from photovoltaic systems, and later delivers cold to a consumer (5) without activating the brine-water heat pump (2). The buried storage device (3) is operated at least temporarily as a latent heat storage device in both operating modes, with the phase change material water (3c) preferably being located in the pore space of a solid matrix (3d). Furthermore, the underground storage (3) is not designed as a seasonal storage, but as small as possible. During the heating season it is continually regenerated by moving heat from the ambient air (4a) into the storage tank (3) without activating the brine-water heat pump (2). D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 97 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Images Table 28 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 6 Patent CN110296544A Title Double-source combined heat pump system based on PVT component Status Examining - Dual filing (Double application) Publication Date 01/10/2019 Standardized Current Assignee Gree Electric Appliances, Inc. of Zhuhai IPCs F25B 13/00 - F25B 27/00 - F25B 29/00 - F25B 41/04 - F25B 41/06 - F25B 41/20 - F25B 41/30 Abstract The invention provides a double-source combined heat pump system based on a PVT component. The double-source combined heat pump system based on the PVT component comprises a first heat source heat pump subsystem and a second heat source heat pump subsystem, wherein the first heat source heat pump subsystem and the second heat source heat pump subsystem are thermally coupled through a second heat source heat exchanger, so that a first refrigerant in the first heat source heat pump subsystem can be subjected to heat exchange with a second refrigerant in the second heat source heat pump subsystem; the second heat source heat pump subsystem involves the PVT component and an energy storage device, wherein a third refrigerant is arranged in the PVT component, and an energy storage phase change material is arranged in the energy storage device; and the PVT component is thermally coupled with the energy storage phase change material through the third refrigerant, and the second heat source heat exchanger is thermally coupled with the energy storage phase change material through water in the second heat source heat exchanger. According to the double-source combined heat pump system based on the PVT component, the PVT component is connected with the second heat source heat exchanger through the energy storage device in an indirect and thermally coupled mode, so that adverse influence caused by environmental changes are effectively overcome. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 98 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Images Table 29 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 7 Patent CN114383320A Title Heat pump hot water system based on fractal phase change energy accumulator Status Examining Publication Date 22/04/2022 Standardized Current Assignee East China Jiaotong University IPCs F24H 4/02 - F24H 1/10 - F24H 9/00 - F24H 9/1818 - F24H 9/20 - F24H 15/305 - F24H 15/429 Abstract The invention discloses a heat pump hot water system based on a fractal phase change energy storage device. The heat pump hot water system comprises a heat pump unit, a fractal phase change energy storage device, a water pump, an electric heater, a sensor, valves and other main components. The heat pump unit, the fractal phase change energy storage device, the water pump, the electric heater and the valves are sequentially connected through pipelines according to the figure 1. Opening and closing of the valve are controlled through a temperature sensor and a flow sensor, so that operation modes are switched. The operation modes of the heat pump hot water system comprise a heat pump unit independent heating mode, an energy storage device independent heat storage mode, an energy storage device independent heat release mode, a heat pump unit heating and energy storage device heat storage mode and a heat pump unit heating and energy storage device heat release mode. According to the heat pump hot water system, the phase change material is adopted as an energy storage medium, the operation stability and the heating efficiency of the system can be improved, and the cold water bypass pipeline is additionally arranged, so that heat storage and heat release integration of the fractal phase change energy storage device can be achieved under the condition that the system operates under a single working condition. The fractal phase change energy storage device has the advantages of being small in size, large in energy storage density, rapid in heat storage and release and constant in water supply temperature. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 99 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Images Table 30 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 8 Patent CN115200116A Title Self-adaptive energy storage type integrated heat source tower heat pump unit based on phase change wax Status Examining Publication Date 18/10/2022 Standardized Current Assignee Nanjing Tianshi New Material Tech - Nanjing Institute of Technology - Yangzhou Tianshi New Material Technology Co Ltd IPCs F24F 5/00 - F24F 11/89 - F25B 41/20 - F25B 41/40 Abstract The invention relates to a heat pump unit, in particular to a self-adaptive energy storage type integrated heat source tower heat pump unit based on phase change wax, which comprises a refrigerating/heating assembly, and the refrigerating/ heating assembly is used for heating or cooling water or solution provided by a user side and then conveying the water or solution to the user side for use; a phase change material in the cooling/heat source tower carries out phase change energy storage according to the outdoor wet bulb temperature and carries out temperature adjustment on the water or solution conveyed by the refrigeration/ heating assembly; a phase change material in the user energy storage box can conduct phase change energy storage when the indoor load is low or the electricity price is low, and when the indoor load is high or the electricity price is the peak value, the energy of the user energy storage box can be released to the user side. The system is provided with the phase change energy storage device, flexible peak regulation of the system can be achieved, and therefore the effects of demand side quick response and energy saving are achieved. Images D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 100 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Table 31 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 9 Patent CN118149631A Title Phase change thermal storage heat exchange device, heat pump water heater and heat exchange method Status Examining Publication Date 07/06/2024 Standardized Current Assignee Shanghai Hitachi Electrical Appliances Co Ltd IPCs F28D 20/02 Abstract The invention discloses a phase change thermal storage heat exchange device, a heat pump water heater and a heat exchange method. The phase change thermal storage heat exchange device includes a heat storage box and a refrigerant circulation pipe. The heat storage box is connected to an inlet. The water pipe and the water outlet pipe are used for the circulation of the medium to be heat exchanged. The refrigerant circulation pipe is arranged in the heat storage box. The heat storage box is also filled with at least two phase change heat storage units with different phase change temperatures. Along the direction of refrigerant flow, the phase change temperature of the phase change heat storage unit decreases. Each phase change heat storage unit includes several independent phase change heat storage bodies, and each phase change heat storage body includes a sealed shell, the inner cavity of the shell is filled with phase change heat storage material. The phase change heat storage unit can not only directly exchange heat with the medium to be heat exchanged, but also exchange heat with the refrigerant circulation pipe to improve heat exchange efficiency. Phase change heat storage units with different phase change temperatures are used to store heat in cascades, which can effectively improve system efficiency and reduce irreversible loss of refrigerant heat transfer. Images Table 32 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 10 Patent CA3115593A1 Title Thermal caisson energy system for ground source heat pump applications Status Published Publication Date 20/10/2022 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 101 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Standardized Current Assignee Capture Technologies Corporation IPCs F24T 10/10 - E02D 23/00 - F28D 20/00 Abstract A hybrid structural/thermal caisson for a building foundation, the hybrid structural/thermal caisson including at least one vertically oriented rebar cage for containment within a vertical building foundation hole i) at least one heat exchanger; and ii) at least one energy storage unit including at least one phase change material (PCM); wherein the at least one heat exchanger and the at least one energy storage unit are contained within the at least one vertically oriented rebar cage, and the building foundation hole further includes a load bearing structural supporting material and a thermal contact material for thermal contact between the at least one heat exchanger and the at least one energy storage unit. Images n/a Table 33 Heat Pump & WPW Heat Exchanger – Relevant patent 11 Patent WO2024173741A1 Title Packaged multi-functional air source heat pump integrated with a hydronic loop for cooling/heating energy storage Status - Publication Date 22/08/2024 Standardized Current Assignee UT Battelle LLC IPCs F25B 13/00 - F24F 5/00 - F25B 25/00 - F25B 41/20 - F25B 43/00 - F25B 49/02 Abstract An improved ASHP having an integrated hydronic loop for thermal energy storage is provided. The hydronic loop includes a phase change material storage module to release energy capacity during peak electricity hours. The ASHP further includes an indoor air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger, an outdoor air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger, a refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, three electronic expansion valves to control refrigerant flow, and a multi-capacity compressor with a suction line accumulator to store excess refrigerant charge. The ASHP includes at least six working modes of operation, including: 1) space cooling mode; 2) cooling energy charge/simultaneous space cooling and cooling energy charge/defrost mode; 3) cooling storage discharge mode; 4) space heating mode; 5) heating energy charge mode; 6) heating storage discharge mode. This and other embodiments are uniquely suited for residential space cooling, space heating, water heating, and commercial applications with high water heating and space cooling demands. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 102 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Images 7.2 Relevant patents for Sorption Thermal Energy Storage Table 34 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 1 Patent US9016084B2 Title Pressure swing adsorption / desorption heating, cooling, and energy storage process and apparatus Status Granted Publication Date 28/04/2015 Standardized Current Assignee Alden Ray M - Ritter James A - Ebner Armin D IPCs F25B 29/00 - F25B 27/00 Abstract The invention described herein enables a variety of heating, cooling, energy transformation, and energy storage options with a small number or components. Described are Pressure Swing Adsorption and Pressure Swing Desorption cycles, processes, and apparatuses including multiple sorption beds and active energy input by a pump and energy storage as pressure differentials. A preferred embodiment includes two zeolite 13X sorption beds, CO2 adsorbate, solenoid valves, and a compressor pump. In operation these components provide a range of heating, cooling, and energy storage options. Operational cycles are described. Images Table 35 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 2 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 103 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Patent DE102015006857B4 Title Adsorption memory for cooling a passenger compartment of a vehicle having an air conditioning system Status Granted Publication Date 15/07/2021 Standardized Current Assignee AUDI AG IPCs F25B 37/00 - B60H 1/00 - F25B 35/00 Abstract Adsorption store (1) for cooling a passenger compartment of a vehicle having an air conditioning system with a refrigerant circuit (2), comprising: • A first subassembly with an adsorber and desorber unit (3) containing a sorption material (3.0) and an evaporator heat exchanger unit (4) containing a water supply with connections (5, 5.0) for connection to the refrigerant circuit (2) of the air conditioning system, the Adsorber and desorber unit (3) can be flow-connected to the evaporator heat exchanger unit (4) via a check valve (6) that can be opened. • A second subassembly with an adsorber and desorber unit (3.1) having a sorption material (3.0) and an evaporator-heat exchanger unit (4.1) having a water supply, the adsorber and desorber unit (3.1) being connected to the evaporator-heat exchanger unit (4.1) via another pilotoperated check valve (6) can be flow-connected. • A vacuum-tight housing (1.1) for accommodating the first assembly with the adsorber and desorber unit (3) and the evaporator-heat exchanger unit (4) and the second assembly with the absorber and desorber unit (3.1) and the evaporator-heat exchanger unit (4.1 ). Images Table 36 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 3 Patent WO2016091627A1 Title Sorption module Status PCT-NP (Past time limit) Publication Date 16/06/2016 D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 104 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE Standardized Current Assignee MAHLE International GmbH IPCs F25B 17/08 - F25B 37/00 - F25B 39/00 - F25B 17/06 - F25B 49/04 - F25B 35/04 Abstract The present invention relates to a sorption module (2) for a sorption temperature control device (1), comprising a housing (5), enclosing a working chamber (6) in which a sorption zone (7) and a phasechange zone (8) are arranged and in which a working medium can be reversibly moved between the sorption zone (7) and the phase-change zone (8), a sorption structure (9) being arranged in the sorption zone (7) and being coupled in a heat-transferring manner to a sorption path (10) for guiding a sorption path medium, and a phase-change structure (11) being arranged in the phase-change zone (8) and being coupled in a heattransferring manner to a phase change path (12) for guiding a phase-change path medium. In order to improve the usability of said sorption module (2) as a heat or cold store unit, it comprises a control device (14) for controlling a fluidic connection (13) through which the working medium can be reversibly moved between the sorption zone (7) and the phase-change zone (8). Images Table 37 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 4 Patent PL1896791T3 Title Heat store with a high storage density Status Non-payment Publication Date 31/05/2012 Standardized Current Assignee PBB IPCs F25B 25/02 - F28D 20/00 Abstract The invention relates to a sorption-based heat store with a high storage density and improved circulation of the working medium, being in particular for the periodic short-term storage of available heat using microporous sorbents. The storage of heat has applications in the housing and building technologies, including the storage of low temperature heat from solar or terrestrial sources. D7.3 Contextualisation and Market Analysis 105 Security level: RINA/CL/SENSITIVE During off-peak periods, it is possible to store waste heat which accumulates in energy-intensive processes and which, hitherto, has been lost in an uneconomical manner. The problem addressed by the present invention is that of developing flat tubes for the circulation of heat in large heat stores whilst eliminating the disadvantages of an unsatisfactory flow circulation of the working medium in an axial direction. According to the invention, the heat store (1) can include at least one tube base (8) and one flow plate (9) with a layer of non-woven fibres (13) and the heat transfer tubes (10) are integrated into the tube base (8) by material fit, directional, perforated apertures (12) being thereby produced in the sorbent bed (14), the flow channels (11) being formed in the flow plate (9) and the concave or U-or Sshaped working-medium guides (16) being led, unsecured, through the apertures (12), connection thereto by material fit being non-essential. Alternative forms of the heat store include the use of extruded profiles with at least two passages of rolled profiles and of bundles of heat carrier tubes (10). Horizontal and oblique tube bases (8; 8’) or flow plates (9; 9) with said layers of non-woven fibre (13; 13’) do not affect the operation of the heat store (1). Images Table 38 Sorption Thermal Energy Storage – Relevant patent 5 Patent WO2020007910A1 Title Sorption container, sorption store, heat pump and heat transformer Status Non-Entry PCT-NP (Past time limit) Publication Date 09/01/2020 Standardized Current Assignee Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung Ev IPCs F25B 17/08 - F25B 37/00 - F28D 20/00 Abstract The invention relates to a sorption container (1) comprising a flexible covering (10) which delimits an internal volume (11), in which at least one working medium (7) and a first sorption medium (3) are introduced, the sorption medium, when heat is applied, releasing the working medium (7) in the form of a gas and when heat is dissipated, absorbing the working medium. The internal volume (11) is sub-divided into at least one first sub-volume (111), at least one second sub-volume (112) and at least one third sub-volume (113), the first sub-volume (111) containing the first sorption medium (3) and the