Supplementary material 1 from: Lidia, Insanu M, Kurniati NF, Viviani RN, Suciati T (2025) Development of Pickering emulsion stabilized by Peperomia pellucida L. extract and beta-glucan: an in vitro study for wound healing applications. Pharmacia 72: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.72.e168283

Supplementary Material 1 LIST OF SUPPLEMENTARY A. Cell Viability of All Formulations at Different Concentrations without H₂O₂ Table A. Cell viability (%) of different formulations at different concentrations (without H₂O₂) Formulation Concentration (µg/mL) Cell Viability (%) ± SD Statistical Notation 0% FBS - 100 ± 4.49 I 10 % FBS - 200.54 ± 10.49 B BS 25 111.57 ± 2.16 I 50 118.71 ± 1.92 I 75 117.09 ± 11.96 I 100 113.10 ± 5.51 I SU 25 148.59 ± 1.00 GH 50 166.40 ± 10.05 DEFG 75 159.86 ± 8.56 EFGH 100 140.20 ± 1.98 H BG 25 152.65 ± 1.45 FGH 50 170.38 ± 0.99 CDEF 75 165.79 ± 0.48 DEFG 100 157.94 ± 1.26 EFGH PESU 25 167.83 ± 13.91 CDEFG 50 187.75 ± 2.88 BC 75 182.85 ± 2.48 BCD 100 177.34 ± 5.42 CDE PEBG 25 171.66 ± 12.03 CDEF 50 188.45 ± 0.58 BC 75 185.70 ± 0.32 BCD 100 178.62 ± 1.78 CDE PESUBG 25 201.38 ± 6.18 B 50 237.81 ± 13.61 A 75 199.72 ± 1.56 B 100 187.99 ± 1.90 BC Notes: • Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). • Statistical notation (A-I) indicates significant differences between groups based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). • FBS = Fetal Bovine Serum; BS = Base emulsion ; SU = Peperomia pellucida extract; BG = Beta-glucan; PESU = Pickering emulsion SU; PEBG = Pickering emulsion BG; PESUBG = Pickering emulsion SU-BG. • FBS 0% and FBS 10% serve as negative and positive controls, respectively, and are not tested across concentrations. Figure A. Cell viability assay results (without H₂O₂) for different formulations and concentrations B. Cell Viability of All Formulations at 50 µg/mL without H₂O₂ Table B. Cell Viability (%) of All Formulations at 50 µg/mL without H₂O₂ Formulation Cell Viability (%) ± SD) Statistical Notation 0% FBS 100 ± 4.49 E 10% FBS 200.54 ± 10.49 B BS 118.71 ± 1.92 E SU 166.40 ± 10.05 D BG 170.38 ± 0.99 CD PESU 187.25 ± 2.88 BC PEBG 188.45 ± 0.58 BC PESUBG 237.81 ± 13.61 A Notes: • Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). • Statistical notation (A-E) indicates significant differences between groups based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). •FBS = Fetal Bovine Serum; BS = Base emulsion ; SU = Peperomia pellucida extract; BG = Beta-glucan; PESU = Pickering emulsion SU; PEBG = Pickering emulsion BG; PESUBG = Pickering emulsion SU-BG. Figure B. Cell viability assay results (without H₂O₂) of all formulations 50 µg/mL C. Percentage Increase in Fibroblast Viability Relative to Base Emulsion (without H₂O₂) Table C. Percentage increase in fibroblast viability relative to base emulsion at different formulations and concentrations (without H₂O₂) Formulation Concentration (µg/mL) Increase in Viability Relative to BS (Mean ± SD) Statistical Notation 10 %FBS - 68.93 ± 8.84 BC SU 25 33.19 ± 0.89 IJ 50 40.17 ± 8.47 GHIJ 75 33.14 ± 2.38 IJ 100 23.96 ± 1.75 J BG 25 36.82 ± 1.30 HIJ 50 43.53 ± 0.84 EFGHI 75 41.59 ± 0.41 FGHI 100 39.65 ± 1.11 HIJ PESU 25 50.43± 12.46 DEFGH 50 58.16 ± 2.43 CDEF 75 56.89 ± 1.11 CDEFG 100 56.80 ± 4.79 CDEFG PEBG 25 53.86 ± 10.78 CDEFGH 50 58.74 ± 0.49 CDE 75 58.59 ± 0.27 CDEF 100 57.93 ± 1.57 CDEF PESUBG 25 80.50 ± 5.54 B 50 100.32 ± 11.47 A 75 70.57 ± 1.34 BC 100 66.22 ± 1.67 BCD Notes: • The percentage increase in cell viability of each formulation relative to the base emulsion (BS) was calculated using the following equation: % Increase viability = (% 𝑉𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒−% 𝑉𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐵𝑆) % 𝑉𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐵𝑆 X 100% Where the Percentage Viability of Sample is the mean viability of the treated group, and the Percentage Viability of BS is the mean viability of the base emulsion at the same concentration. • For 10% FBS, the relative increase in fibroblast viability was calculated by comparing its viability to that of the base emulsion (BS) specifically at 50 µg/mL concentration • Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). • Statistical notation (A-J) indicates significant differences between groups based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). • FBS = Fetal Bovine Serum; BS = Base emulsion ; SU = Peperomia pellucida extract; BG = Beta-glucan; PESU = Pickering emulsion SU; PEBG = Pickering emulsion BG; PESUBG = Pickering emulsion SU-BG. Figure C. Viability Increase Relative to BS (without H₂O₂) Across Concentrations D. Cell Viability of All Formulations at Different Concentrations with H₂O₂ Table D. Cell viability (%) of different formulations at different concentrations (with H₂O₂) Formulation Concentration (µg/mL) Cell Viability (%) ± SD Statistical Notation 0% FBS - 100.00 ± 2.42 G 10 % FBS - 122.36 ± 1.02 A BS 25 100.42 ± 2.88 FG 50 100.96 ± 4.75 FG 75 100.10 ± 2.21 G 100 100.03 ± 2.03 G SU 25 102.99 ± 0.26 EFG 50 105.87 ± 0.76 CDEF 75 104.24 ± 0.56 DEFG 100 104.69 ± 1.36 CDEFG BG 25 104.78 ± 1.21 CDEFG 50 105.79 ± 1.69 CDEF 75 102.79 ± 0.87 EFG 100 101.58 ± 0.34 FG PESU 25 107.20 ± 0.81 CDE 50 109.69 ± 0.81 CD 75 108.48 ± 2.02 CD 100 107.55 ± 1.22 CDE PEBG 25 108.19 ± 0.45 CDE 50 110.08 ± 0.65 C 75 108.49 ± 0.96 CD 100 107.50 ± 1.76 CDE PESUBG 25 117.73 ± 0.91 AB 50 123.17 ± 2.68 A 75 118.47 ± 0.84 AB 100 115.64 ± 1.60 B Notes: • Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). • Statistical notation (A-G) indicates significant differences between groups based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). • FBS = Fetal Bovine Serum; BS = Base emulsion ; SU = Peperomia pellucida extract; BG = Beta-glucan; PESU = Pickering emulsion SU; PEBG = Pickering emulsion BG; PESUBG = Pickering emulsion SU-BG. • FBS 0% and FBS 10% serve as negative and positive controls, respectively, and are not tested across concentrations. Figure D. Cell viability assay results with H₂O₂ for different formulations and concentrations E. Cell Viability of All Formulations at 50 µg/mL with H₂O₂ Table E. Cell Viability (%) of All Formulations at 50 µg/mL with H₂O₂ Formulation Cell Viability (%) ± SD) Statistical Notation 0% FBS 100 ± 2.42 C 10% FBS 122.36 ± 1.02 A BS 100.96 ± 4.75 C SU 105.87 ± 0.76 BC BG 105.79 ± 1.69 BC PESU 109.69 ± 0.81 B PEBG 110.08 ± 0.65 B PESUBG 123.17 ± 2.68 A Notes: • Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). • Statistical notation (A-C) indicates significant differences between groups based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). • FBS = Fetal Bovine Serum; BS = Base emulsion ; SU = Peperomia pellucida extract; BG = Beta-glucan; PESU = Pickering emulsion SU; PEBG = Pickering emulsion BG; PESUBG = Pickering emulsion SU-BG. Figure E. Cell viability assay results (with H₂O₂) of all formulations 50 µg/mL F. Percentage Increase in Fibroblast Viability Relative to Base Emulsion (with H₂O₂) Table D. Percentage increase in fibroblast viability relative to base emulsion across different formulations and concentrations (with H₂O₂) Formulation Concentration (µg/mL) Increase in Viability Relative to BS (Mean ± SD) Statistical Notation FBS 10 % - 21.19 ± 1.01 AB SU 25 2.56 ± 0.26 IJ 50 4.87 ± 0.76 FGHI 75 4.13 ± 0.56 HIJ 100 3.84 ± 1.20 HIJ BG 25 2.56 ± 0.26 IJ 50 4.78 ± 1.67 GHI 75 2.68 ± 0.86 IJ 100 1.09 ± 0.29 J PESU 25 6.76 ± 0.81 EFGH 50 8.65 ± 0.80 E 75 8.37 ± 2.02 EF 100 6.37 ± 1.08 EFGH PEBG 25 7.73 ± 0.45 EFG 50 9.04 ± 0.64 E 75 8.39 ± 0.96 EF 100 6.32 ± 1.56 EFGH PESUBG 25 17.23 ± 0.90 C 50 22.00 ± 2.66 A 75 18.08 ± 0.40 BC 100 13.52 ± 1.41 D Notes: • The percentage increase in cell viability of each formulation relative to the base emulsion (BS) was calculated using the following equation: % Increase viability = (% 𝑉𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒−% 𝑉𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐵𝑆) % 𝑉𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐵𝑆 X 100% Where the Percentage Viability of Sample is the mean viability of the treated group, and the Percentage Viability of BS is the mean viability of the base emulsion at the same concentration. • For 10% FBS, the relative increase in fibroblast viability was calculated by comparing its viability to that of the base emulsion (BS) specifically at 50 µg/mL concentration. • Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).