An Empirical Study on Using Public Transport to Reduce Pollution

International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 1 An Empirical Study on Using Public Transport to Reduce Pollution Dr. K. Pushpam, POST DOCTRATE (ICSSR), Assistant Professor in Sociology, School of Law, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 203, Cell: 7678441636, Email: ✉ pu[email protected] Raguram D., [B.A.LLB (Honors), RA2461502010015] 2nd year, SRM School of Law, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District,603 203. Email: ✉ [email protected]n. cell:  6374420699 Meenakshi S., [B.A.LLB (Honors), RA2461502010016] 2nd year, SRM School of Law, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District,603 203. Email: ✉[email protected]. cell:  9176909406 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ©2025 RS Publication Paper ID: (IJRMF690ADF599A9DF) Received: 2025-10-07 Published: 2025-11-06 DOI: https://dx.doi.org /10.5281/zenodo.17 543449 Page No: 1-24 This research explores the attitude of Chennai residents toward using public transport as a strategy to reduce urban pollution. With Chennai experiencing rapid urbanization, vehicular emissions have emerged as a significant contributor to air pollution and deteriorating public health. Using a mixed-method approach, the study analyzes people’s perceptions, awareness levels, and behavioral patterns toward public transport usage. The findings highlight gaps in infrastructure, service quality, and public awareness, while also showcasing the willingness of many citizens to adopt eco-friendly commuting practices if reliable and affordable options are provided. Keywords: Public transport, Pollution reduction, Commuter attitude, Sustainable mobility, Chennai INTRODUCTION Over the past few decades, India’s cities have undergone major transformations due to urbanization and industrial expansion. Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, stands as a prominent example of this rapid change. The city’s population has grown tremendously, accompanied by significant industrial development and increased economic activity. These factors together have caused a sharp increase in vehicular traffic across the city. The growing number of private vehicles—cars, two-wheelers, and taxis—has not only worsened congestion but also become one of the leading contributors to air pollution. Reports from the Tamil Nadu International Journal of Research in Management Fields Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Cite This Paper : Meenakshi S., Dr. K. Pushpam, and Raguram D. (2025). "An Empirical Study on Using Public Transport to Reduce Pollution". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MANAGEMENT FIELDS (IJRMF), vol. 9, no. 6, 2025, pp. 1-24. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17543449 International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 2 Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) suggest that nearly 40% of Chennai’s air pollution is caused by emissions from vehicles, particularly in the form of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This environmental challenge has far-reaching effects. Deteriorating air quality directly impacts public health, contributing to respiratory disorders, cardiovascular problems, and other pollution-related diseases. Moreover, heavy traffic leads to longer travel times, higher fuel consumption, and a rise in greenhouse gas emissions—factors that collectively hinder sustainable urban growth. Although the city has made notable progress in improving its public transportation systems—such as the Chennai Metro Rail, the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) buses, and suburban train services—public usage of these facilities remains below expectations. Many commuters still prefer private modes of transport due to reasons like convenience, flexibility, comfort, perceived safety, and limited last-mile connectivity. This imbalance between public transport availability and actual usage highlights the need to understand how people perceive and evaluate public transport options. Commuter attitudes play a key role in shaping transportation choices. Factors such as perceived reliability, affordability, comfort, accessibility, and safety heavily influence whether individuals use public or private transport. Additionally, social norms, environmental awareness, and government policies further affect commuting behavior. Hence, studying public attitudes toward sustainable transport is essential for designing strategies that can shift travel patterns toward eco-friendly modes. The objective of this research is to examine the attitudes of Chennai residents toward public transportation as a potential solution for reducing urban air pollution. The study focuses on understanding people’s awareness, behavior, and perceived obstacles related to public transport use. Insights from this analysis can guide policymakers, planners, and transportation authorities in creating effective interventions to promote sustainable mobility, lower vehicle emissions, and enhance the overall quality of life in the city. Ultimately, the importance of this study lies in its broader environmental and policy implications. It highlights the urgency of transitioning from a car-dependent urban model to a system centered on efficient and accessible public transport. Such a shift is crucial for building a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable Chennai. International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Chennai, one of India’s leading metropolitan centers, has experienced rapid population growth, urban expansion, and economic development in recent years. Alongside these changes, the city has witnessed a steep rise in private vehicle ownership—an increase that now surpasses the rate of population growth itself. The surge in cars, two-wheelers, and taxis has severely strained Chennai’s Road infrastructure, leading to chronic traffic congestion on major roads and arterial routes. Commuters now face longer travel times, higher fuel expenses, and increased daily stress due to overcrowded roads and inefficient traffic movement. A major consequence of this rise in vehicular activity is the degradation of air quality. Chennai frequently records elevated levels of harmful air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons. These pollutants are predominantly emitted by private vehicles and have serious implications for public health. Increasing cases of respiratory conditions such as asthma and bronchitis, as well as cardiovascular diseases and other long-term ailments, have been linked to poor air quality. Additionally, vehicular emissions contribute substantially to greenhouse gases, accelerating climate change and causing further environmental deterioration. Although Chennai possesses a fairly well-developed public transportation network— comprising Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) buses, suburban railway services, and the expanding Chennai Metro—usage remains relatively low. Many citizens still prefer private modes of travel, largely due to perceptions of greater comfort, convenience, safety, and flexibility. On the other hand, issues such as irregular service schedules, overcrowded buses, inadequate route coverage, and weak last-mile connectivity reduce the appeal of public transportation options. This growing dependence on private vehicles poses a dual challenge for Chennai: tackling severe traffic congestion and combating the mounting problem of urban air pollution. Solving these problems demands a multifaceted approach that not only upgrades transport infrastructure but also examines the psychological and behavioral aspects influencing commuter choices. In light of this, the present study aims to explore the question: “What factors influence Chennai residents’ attitudes toward using public transport, and how can these insights guide strategies to reduce urban pollution and traffic congestion?” By assessing commuter awareness, perceptions, and readiness to adopt eco-friendly travel alternatives, the study seeks to identify the key motivators and barriers affecting public transport use. The findings are expected to offer valuable insights for policymakers, city International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 4 planners, and transport authorities. Ultimately, the study aims to support the development of practical, evidence-based interventions that encourage greater public transport adoption— helping to create a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable urban environment in Chennai. NEED FOR THE STUDY The rapid pace of urbanization and motorization in Chennai has created a range of pressing challenges that call for a comprehensive understanding of public attitudes toward the use of public transport. The need for this study arises from several interconnected concerns that affect the city’s health, environment, and overall quality of life. Public Health Concerns: Chennai often records air pollution levels that exceed the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Vehicular emissions are a major contributor to this issue, releasing high levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere. These pollutants have been closely linked to respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, as well as cardiovascular problems and other chronic health conditions. The city’s growing incidence of pollution-related illnesses highlights the urgent need to encourage sustainable travel behaviors that can help lower pollutant emissions and improve public health outcomes. Traffic Congestion and Urban Mobility: The continuous rise in private vehicle ownership has intensified traffic congestion on major routes, leading to slower commutes, fuel wastage, and increased stress for daily travelers. Prolonged traffic jams also elevate greenhouse gas emissions, further deteriorating environmental conditions. Promoting the use of efficient and reliable public transport can significantly reduce the number of vehicles on the road, thereby easing congestion, enhancing mobility, and improving environmental quality. Underutilized Transport Infrastructure: Chennai has invested considerably in public transport systems, including the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) bus network, suburban rail services, and the Chennai Metro. Despite these developments, utilization levels remain below expectations. This indicates a gap between the services provided and the preferences or perceptions of commuters. Investigating the causes of underutilization—such as concerns over convenience, safety, reliability, or accessibility—can help identify ways to improve service delivery and increase ridership. A clear understanding of commuter attitudes is crucial for effective urban transport planning. Insights gained from this research can help policymakers craft targeted awareness campaigns, International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 5 incentive programs, and infrastructural improvements that align with public expectations and encourage greater use of public transport. Such informed policymaking is essential for developing sustainable mobility strategies and enhancing the overall live-ability of Chennai. Environmental Sustainability: Reducing dependence on private vehicles and promoting public transport are key steps toward achieving environmental sustainability. Encouraging eco-friendly commuting habits not only helps mitigate climate change by lowering carbon emissions but also supports the city’s transition toward a greener and more resilient urban ecosystem. In summary, this study is essential to bridge the gap between the availability of public transport and its actual usage. By examining the behavioral and attitudinal factors that influence transport choices, the research aims to provide practical recommendations for policymakers and planners. These insights will help address critical challenges related to air pollution, traffic congestion, and sustainable urban development in Chennai. Objectives The main goal of this study is to understand how people in Chennai feel and behave toward using public transport to reduce pollution. It looks at their attitudes about comfort, cost, safety, and convenience when choosing between buses, trains, metro, and private vehicles. The study also examines how aware people are of the pollution caused by private vehicles and its impact on health. It identifies the main problems that stop people from using public transport, such as poor service, safety issues, and lack of proper connections. Based on these findings, the research suggests ways to improve public transport use through better services, safety, and awareness programs. Overall, the study supports sustainable urban development by promoting public transport as a cleaner and more eco-friendly way to travel in Chennai. Review Of the Literature A review of existing literature provides valuable insights into commuter behavior, the use of public transport, and its impact on reducing urban air pollution. Multiple studies have analyzed the determinants influencing public transport adoption, the effects of vehicular emissions on air quality, and the effectiveness of policy interventions promoting sustainable mobility. Kumar & Mehta (2020): This study highlighted that the reliability, comfort, and accessibility of public transport are major factors shaping commuter satisfaction and acceptance. Frequent delays, overcrowding, International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 6 and poor maintenance were identified as key reasons people avoided public transit. The researchers concluded that enhancing punctuality, seating comfort, and cleanliness can substantially increase commuter satisfaction, leading to higher ridership. Their findings underline the direct relationship between service quality improvements and public transport usage. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB, 2021): The TNPCB reported that approximately 40% of Chennai’s urban air pollution originates from vehicular emissions. The data revealed high concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), primarily from private vehicles. These pollutants contribute to severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among city residents. The report emphasized the importance of enforcing stricter emission norms, expanding public transport infrastructure, and promoting public awareness campaigns to curb private vehicle dependence. Gandhi & Suresh (2022): This study explored commuter psychology and behavior, noting that awareness alone does not lead to behavioral change. Gandhi and Suresh found that behavioral nudges and tangible incentives—such as fare discounts, dedicated lanes, and rewards programs—can effectively encourage public transport usage. Their research demonstrated that combining awareness with practical incentives leads to more sustainable travel habits among urban commuters. World Bank (2022): A report by the World Bank emphasized the substantial environmental benefits that could result from widespread adoption of public transport in Indian cities. It estimated that shifting a large portion of commuters from private vehicles to public modes could reduce urban air pollution by 25–30%. This transition would also lower greenhouse gas emissions and improve public health outcomes. The report recommended integrating transport planning with environmental policy frameworks to foster sustainable and inclusive mobility solutions. Bharathi (2023): Bharathi’s study examined the primary determinants influencing commuter preferences for public transport. Safety, punctuality, cleanliness, and last-mile connectivity were identified as crucial factors affecting travel choices. The research found that safety concerns, overcrowding, International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 7 and difficulties in reaching final destinations discourage potential users. Bharathi recommended addressing these issues through infrastructural upgrades, digital tracking tools, and improved service management to boost commuter confidence and ridership. Synthesis of Literature: The reviewed literature collectively suggests that while environmental awareness among urban residents is growing, it does not automatically translate into public transport adoption. Both infrastructural quality and behavioral motivations play critical roles in shaping commuter attitudes. Factors such as reliability, comfort, safety, and convenience—along with effective incentives and awareness measures—are central to promoting sustainable travel. Reports from TNPCB and the World Bank further highlight the environmental and health benefits of enhancing public transport use. Overall, the literature underscores the importance of investigating commuter attitudes in Chennai to identify barriers, enhance service quality, and design evidence-based policies that foster sustainable urban mobility and cleaner air. Area of the study Selection Of Sample The study employed a purposive sampling technique to select respondents representing diverse demographic and socio-economic groups within Chennai. A total of 100 respondents participated in the survey, ensuring inclusion from various regions and backgrounds to capture a wide range of perspectives on public transport usage and attitudes toward sustainable mobility. Geographic Coverage: • High-Traffic Commercial Areas: Respondents from T. Nagar, Velachery, and Guindy were included to understand commuting behavior and perceptions in zones characterized by dense traffic and high private vehicle ownership. • Residential Suburbs: Participants from Tambaram, Kattankulathur and Perungudi provided insights into attitudes in suburban localities, where the availability and quality of public transport and last-mile connectivity vary considerably. • Metro-Connected Zones: Respondents living or working near metro corridors were surveyed to compare travel behavior in areas with access to modern, reliable public transport International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 8 against those relying mainly on buses or suburban trains. Demographic Diversity: • Age Groups: 18–25 years, 26–40 years, 41–60 years, and above 60 years. • Occupational Categories: Students, working professionals, business owners, and retired individuals. • Income Levels: Low (<₹20,000/month), Medium (₹20,000–₹50,000/month), and High (>₹50,000/month). This diverse sampling approach ensures that the research reflects the varied commuting experiences and perspectives of Chennai’s residents. It allows for an in-depth understanding of differences in awareness, behavior, and attitudes toward public transport across age, income, and occupational segments. Consequently, the findings provide a comprehensive foundation for developing targeted interventions to enhance public transport adoption and reduce urban pollution. . Methodology The study adopted descriptive research design using a mixed-method approach to comprehensively evaluate commuter attitudes toward public transport in Chennai . This combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques allowed for a well-rounded analysis of both measurable trends and deeper behavioral insights. Research Approach: • Quantitative Methods: Structured questionnaires were administered to gather quantifiable data on commuter awareness, preferences, and perceived barriers to using public transport. • Qualitative Methods: Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with commuters, transport officials, and planners to obtain detailed perspectives on commuting behaviors, service gaps, and challenges faced by users. Sources of Data: • Primary Data:  Questionnaires: Distributed both online (via Google Forms) and through in-person surveys conducted in high-traffic commercial zones and residential areas across International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 9 Chennai.  Interviews: Conducted with transport department officials, urban planners, and frequent commuters to gain expert and experiential insights.  Observations: Direct field observations were made to assess traffic density, bus occupancy rates, and metro ridership patterns, providing context to the survey findings. • Secondary Data:  Government and transport department reports  Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) pollution statistics  Academic studies, journal articles, and reports from international organizations such as the World Bank This methodological framework ensured that the study captured both numerical and narrative dimensions of commuter behavior. The triangulation of multiple data sources strengthened the reliability and validity of the findings, enabling a holistic understanding of public attitudes toward sustainable urban transport in Chennai. Tools Of Data Collection To obtain comprehensive insights into the attitudes of Chennai residents toward public transport, the study utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection tools. This mixed approach ensured a balanced understanding of both measurable patterns and contextual factors influencing commuter behavior. Structured Questionnaires: • Purpose: To gather quantitative data on commuter perceptions, awareness of air pollution, travel routines, and factors affecting the choice of transport mode. • Design: The questionnaire featured both closed-ended and Likert-scale questions designed to measure attitudes, satisfaction levels, and preferences related to public transport. • Distribution: Questionnaires were circulated online through Google Forms for wider reach and also administered in person at strategic locations, including bus stops, metro stations, and commercial centers. • Advantages: This tool allowed for the rapid collection of large-scale data, ensured consistency across responses, and enabled statistical analysis to identify key trends and correlations. International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 16 TABLE 3: Factors Influencing Public Transport Usage Factor Influence Number of Respondents Percentage Strong Influence 50 50 Moderate Influence 30 30 Little/No Influence 20 20 Total 100 100 Sources: Primary data Out of 100 participants, 50% reported strong influence of factors such as cost-effectiveness, reduced pollution, and traffic relief in their decision to use public transport. 30% felt moderate influence, while 20% indicated little or no influence. It concludes that half of respondents strongly recognize the importance of external factors in choosing public transport. TABLE 4: Satisfaction with Public Transport Services in Chennai Service Satisfaction Number of Respondents Percentage Very Satisfied 20 20 Somewhat Satisfied 35 35 Not Satisfied 45 45 Total 100 100 Sources: Primary data This survey on service satisfaction found that only 20% were very satisfied with Chennai’s public transport facilities. 35% were somewhat satisfied, pointing to affordability and availability. However, 45% were not satisfied, citing delays, overcrowding, and lack of lastmile connectivity. It reveals that nearly half of the respondents are dissatisfied, signaling the need for better service quality. TABLE 5: Effectiveness of Public Transport in Reducing Pollution Effectiveness Level Number of Respondents Percentage Very Effective 30 30 Somewhat Effective 40 40 Not Effective 30 30 Total 100 100 Sources: Primary data International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 17 A survey on whether public transport can effectively reduce pollution revealed that 30% believed it was very effective, 40% thought it was somewhat effective, while 30% felt it was not effective due to ongoing dependence on private vehicles. It concludes that the majority acknowledge public transport’s role in pollution reduction, though scepticism exists. TABLE 6: Health Benefits Perceived from Reduced Pollution Health Impact Awareness Number of Respondents Percentage Significant Benefits 45 45 Moderate Benefits 30 30 No Benefits 25 25 Total 100 100 Sources: Primary data The study revealed that 45% of respondents strongly felt that reduced pollution from increased public transport usage would improve respiratory and cardiovascular health. 30% believed in moderate benefits, while 25% denied any health improvement. It reveals that nearly half of Chennai commuters recognize the health importance of reduced vehicular pollution. TABLE 7: Mental Stress Reduction Due to Less Traffic Stress Impact Number of Respondents Percentage Severe Reduction 35 35 Moderate Reduction 40 40 Little to No Reduction 25 25 Total 100 100 Sources: Primary data Respondents were asked about traffic-related stress. 35% believed public transport reduces stress significantly by avoiding driving in traffic. 40% said it moderately reduces stress, while 25% felt no difference. It concludes that 75% acknowledge some level of stress reduction with public transport usage. International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 18 TABLE 8: Economic Savings from Public Transport Usage Savings Level Number of Respondents Percentage Significant Savings 50 50 Moderate Savings 30 30 No Savings 20 20 Total 100 100 Sources: Primary data Half of the respondents (50%) reported significant financial savings through using buses or metro over fuel and parking costs. 30% saw moderate savings, while 20% felt no real difference. It shows that economic advantage is a strong motivator for many users. TABLE 9: Preferred Strategies to Promote Public Transport Strategy Preference Number of Respondents Percentage Improved Infrastructure 40 40 Government Incentives 35 35 Individual Lifestyle Changes 25 25 Total 100 100 Sources: Primary data The study revealed that 40% of respondents supported infrastructure improvements such as better buses, metro expansion, and last-mile connectivity. 35% preferred government incentives like subsidies or tax benefits. 25% highlighted personal lifestyle changes such as carpooling and cycling. It concludes that structural improvements and government support are seen as the strongest ways to promote public transport usage. Findings Observations and Impacts of the Study The research on public transport attitudes and awareness among Chennai residents yielded several key findings and corresponding impacts, highlighting both behavioral patterns and systemic challenges that influence transport choices. International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 19 1. High Dependence on Private Vehicles  Observation: A significant proportion of Chennai residents continue to rely heavily on private vehicles such as two-wheelers and cars for their daily commute.  Impact: This dependency contributes to escalating air pollution, frequent traffic congestion, and increased fuel consumption, thereby intensifying the city’s environmental and infrastructural strain. 2. Growing Awareness of Pollution  Observation: Many respondents displayed awareness of the harmful effects of vehicular emissions on air quality and public health.  Impact: This heightened environmental consciousness provides a foundation for behavioral change—if supported by better public transport infrastructure and service quality. 3. Public Transport Usage Patterns  Observation: Approximately half of the respondents use public transport regularly, while others depend on it occasionally.  Impact: The finding indicates that public transport plays a central role in Chennai’s mobility system, though reliability and convenience issues limit its broader appeal. 4. Service Quality Concerns  Observation: Common complaints included overcrowding, delays, poor last-mile connectivity, and safety-related apprehensions.  Impact: Such deficiencies reduce commuter satisfaction and discourage a full shift from private to public modes of transport. 5. Economic Considerations  Observation: Most respondents agreed that using public transport is more economical than maintaining private vehicles.  Impact: The cost advantage serves as a powerful motivator, suggesting that further incentives or fare rationalization could increase ridership and support sustainability goals. 6. Health and Environmental Benefits  Observation: Commuters recognized that greater use of public transport could lower air pollution levels and improve overall health. International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 20  Impact: Reduced emissions would lead to fewer respiratory illnesses, less urban heat, and improved environmental conditions across the city. 7. Stress Reduction through Shared Mobility  Observation: Users of metro and bus services reported lower stress compared to driving through congested roads.  Impact: Enhanced mental well-being and reduced road-related stress highlight an oftenoverlooked social benefit of sustainable commuting. 8. Barriers to Adoption  Observation: Inadequate infrastructure, limited metro reach, lack of cleanliness, and weak connectivity between modes hinder widespread adoption.  Impact: Unless these operational and infrastructural gaps are addressed, the public transport network will remain underutilized despite growing awareness. 9. Role of Government Initiatives  Observation: Respondents emphasized the need for more proactive government involvement through improved policies, subsidies, and awareness programs.  Impact: Effective and consistent policy interventions are essential to build trust, improve services, and drive large-scale behavioral change toward sustainable mobility. 10. Need for Behavioral Change  Observation: Some individuals remain hesitant to shift from private vehicles due to comfort preferences and perceived social prestige.  Impact: Infrastructure improvements alone are insufficient; promoting cultural and behavioral transformation through education and awareness campaigns is vital to fostering long-term public transport adoption. Summary: Overall, the findings reveal a complex interplay between awareness, economic considerations, service quality, and behavioral attitudes. While Chennai residents acknowledge the benefits of public transport, practical constraints and psychological factors continue to hinder widespread adoption. Addressing these through integrated policies, improved services, and targeted awareness campaigns can significantly enhance sustainable urban mobility and environmental outcomes. SUGGESTIONS Suggestions and Policy Recommendations To overcome the challenges of low public transport usage and its contribution to urban International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 21 pollution in Chennai, a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder approach is required. The following recommendations outline strategies that can guide policymakers, transport authorities, and citizens in building a cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable transport ecosystem. 1. Strengthening Public Transport Infrastructure  Expand Chennai Metro coverage to link all major residential, industrial, and commercial zones, improving accessibility for a wider population.  Modernize the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) fleet by introducing electric and hybrid buses to minimize vehicular emissions.  Enhance suburban rail services by increasing frequency, adding coaches, and maintaining punctuality.  Upgrade terminals, stations, and bus stops with better seating, lighting, digital display systems, and security features such as CCTV cameras. 2. Improving Service Quality  Ensure consistent punctuality and shorter waiting intervals for all public transport services.  Maintain high standards of cleanliness and hygiene in vehicles and at stations.  Provide air-conditioned buses and metro coaches to improve commuter comfort during Chennai’s hot climate.  Introduce safety enhancements such as women-only coaches, trained staff, and emergency helplines to build commuter confidence. 3. Enhancing Last-Mile Connectivity  Launch feeder services and shared auto systems to connect metro and bus hubs with residential neighborhoods.  Construct dedicated bicycle lanes and offer rental bicycles near major stations to promote sustainable short-distance travel.  Improve pedestrian pathways, signage, and lighting to encourage safe and convenient walking to and from transit points. 4. Affordable and Incentivized Pricing  Provide subsidized passes for students, senior citizens, and low-income commuters.  Introduce monthly and yearly travel cards at discounted rates for frequent travelers.  Offer tax incentives or employer-based allowances for individuals using public transport.  Implement family travel discounts to promote collective adoption of sustainable travel modes. 5. Awareness and Behavior Change Campaigns  Conduct public awareness drives emphasizing the health and environmental consequences of excessive private vehicle use. International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 22  Organize workshops in schools, colleges, and workplaces promoting eco-friendly commuting habits.  Utilize social media and digital platforms for campaigns on air quality, sustainability, and the benefits of public transport.  Recognize and reward communities or institutions that actively promote public transport usage. 6. Promoting Eco-Friendly Transport Alternatives  Expand electric and CNG bus fleets to gradually phase out diesel-run vehicles.  Encourage carpooling and ridesharing platforms to reduce congestion.  Develop cycling tracks, e-bike sharing systems, and green corridors in central urban areas.  Enforce regular vehicle emission testing and impose stricter penalties for high-polluting private vehicles. 7. Government Policy and Regulation  Introduce congestion pricing and toll systems in high-traffic areas to discourage private vehicle entry.  Establish exclusive bus lanes to ensure uninterrupted transit movement.  Encourage companies to provide employee shuttle services as part of corporate sustainability programs.  Increase parking fees and limit parking zones in city centers to curb excessive private vehicle usage. 8. Community Engagement and Participation  Involve Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) in promoting neighborhood-level bus and metro use.  Collaborate with NGOs, universities, and local organizations to conduct awareness and volunteer campaigns.  Implement feedback systems through digital apps and helplines for passengers to report service quality issues. 9. Integration of Transport Modes  Develop a unified ticketing system enabling commuters to use buses, metro, and trains with a single card or app.  Synchronize schedules between MTC buses, metro trains, and suburban rail for smoother transitions.  Create multimodal hubs combining different transport systems for convenient transfers within one location. 10. Collaboration with Academic and Research Institutions International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 23  Partner with academic institutions to conduct periodic commuter satisfaction and behavioral studies.  Promote research on air quality monitoring and pollution impact assessments.  Utilize data analytics and evidence-based policymaking to ensure transport reforms align with sustainability goals. Conclusion In conclusion, effectively addressing the challenges of pollution in Chennai city requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that combines infrastructure development, commuterfriendly policies, and behavioral change. By expanding metro networks, modernizing bus services, and ensuring seamless last-mile connectivity, the city can make public transport a reliable and attractive alternative to private vehicles. Improving service quality through punctuality, safety, and affordability will encourage more commuters to shift, thereby reducing traffic congestion and lowering air pollution. At the same time, adopting eco-friendly options like electric buses and non-motorized transport systems will further reduce carbon emissions. Community engagement and awareness campaigns are equally important to reshape commuter attitudes, emphasizing the health, environmental, and economic benefits of public transport. Government interventions in the form of incentives, congestion charges, and strict emission norms will reinforce this transition. Policymakers must design data-driven urban mobility plans supported by continuous research, technology adoption, and citizen participation. With collective efforts, Chennai can transform its transportation system into one that ensures sustainable mobility, cleaner air, reduced stress, and improved quality of life for its residents. Research Questionnaire 1. How frequently do you use public transport in Chennai? 2. Are you aware that private vehicle usage contributes to higher levels of air pollution? 3. Do you believe public transport can play a major role in reducing pollution? 4. What factors influence your decision to use public transport (cost, convenience, safety, punctuality)? 5. Are you satisfied with the current public transport facilities in Chennai (bus, metro, suburban trains)? 6. Do you feel that using public transport reduces traffic-related stress compared to driving? 7. What health benefits do you associate with reduced vehicular pollution? 8. What barriers discourage you from using public transport more frequently? 9. Which strategies would motivate you to shift from private vehicles to public transport (infrastructure upgrades, subsidies, last-mile connectivity, awareness campaigns)? 10. Do you think government policies and regulations are sufficient to promote sustainable public transport in Chennai? International Journal of Research in Management Fields ISSN (P) 2577-1876 (O) 2577-4274 Available online on http://rspublication.com/IJRMF/IJRMF.html Volume 9, Number 6 -2025 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17543449 Original Article ©2025 RS Publication, [email protected] 24 REFERENCES Online References 1. Chennai Comprehensive Mobility Plan Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. (2022). Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Chennai. Retrieved from https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in 2. World Bank Report on Urban Transport and Air Quality World Bank. (2021). The Role of Urban Transport in Reducing Air Pollution in Indian Cities. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport 3. NITI Aayog – Electric Mobility Mission NITI Aayog. (2021). Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME India). Retrieved from https://www.niti.gov.in 4. UN-Habitat Report on Sustainable Mobility United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2020). Sustainable Mobility in Urban India. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org Book Reference 1. Urban Transport in India: Challenges and Opportunities Pojani, D., & Stead, D. (2018). The Urban Transport Crisis in Emerging Economies. Springer, Singapore. 2. Public Transport Planning and Management in Developing Countries Sriraman, S. (2019). Public Transport and Sustainable Urban Mobility in India. New Delhi: Routledge. 3. Air Pollution and Urban Mobility Gakenheimer, R., & Zegras, C. (2020). Urban Transport and the Environment. London: Earthscan. 4. Sustainable Transport: Policies and Practices Banister, D. (2018). Sustainable Transport: Planning for Walking and Cycling in Urban Environments. Oxford: Routledge