Attitudes Towards the Decision-Making Process in Rohingya Community Households

International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 89 International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research ISSN: 2667-8810 (Online) ijosper.uk Original Article Received Date: 29-04-2025 Accepted Date: 15-08-2025 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17560512 Attitudes Towards the Decision-Making Process in Rohingya Community Households Md. Mamunur Rashid Senior Research Associate, EACR Services, mrash[email protected] Mahamudul Hassan Senior Research Associate, EACR Services, maha[email protected] Nurul Islam 1Senior Research Associate, EACR Services Abstract: The current state of the Rohingya community, economic and social status is still substantially inadequate. The research will describe both the decision-making thinking patterns and gender roles on everyday decisions within Rohingya society. The research employed mixed methods to obtain information from respondents. Apart from that this study received information supported by finding from UN Women and Action Against Hunger. The research study showed minimal involvement in communal choices concerning marriage arrangements as well as other child conception and children’s educational choices. Decisions in this case rest exclusively with male members of the society. Household decisions about healthcare access, having another child, marriage, earning, spending, migration and household affairs are managed by women alone according to 10% or fewer respondents. Research findings will create conditions for Rohingya community members to take part more actively in their decision-making process. Such findings are essential in researching context-sensitive humanitarian action that is inclusive by engaging women more in governance and by further strengthening resilience, as well as improving gender equity. Keyword: Rohingya, Households, Decisions Making, Child Marriage, Health, Education. Background of the Project Action Against Hunger (ACF), the international non-governmental organization established multilevel humanitarian support for Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar starting from 2009. After the major refugee influx happened in 2017 the organization boosted its humanitarian programs across a wide scale. Its programs delivered integrated Nutrition and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support services by 33 facilities within refugee camps through baby-friendly spaces, Outpatient Therapeutic Programs, stabilization centers, safe areas for women and girls and mental health wellness centers that also included six health facilities across host communities during 2021 International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 90 (Action Against Hunger, 2021). These resources consisted of baby-friendly areas, anxiety management programs, drug treatments, and mental wellness centers to help the vulnerable individuals, including the pregnant and lactating mothers, adolescents and those treated by violence. The team of 100 psychologists and psychosocial workers trained provided mental health support together with well-being promotion for children under five in addition to pregnant and lactating women, malnutrition child caregivers and adolescents along with survivors of violence. Early Childhood Development (ECD) combined with mental health initiatives for mothers marked by malnutrition prevention and treatment and protection services for adolescents and women of childbearing age formed part of these interventions with comprehensive psychological and psychosocial support also provided to distressed individuals. During April 2020 to March 2021 the organization executed the ‘Multi-sector Gender Responsive Assistance for Rohingya Women and Girls in Bangladesh’ project through funding from Grand Affairs Canada. One main goal of the project entailed conducting a systematic evaluation of MHPSS, gender and protection needs alongside service assessments for the population to support future program development. The most significant findings included the necessity to localize interventions aimed at solving enshrined gender disparities in domestic decision making and service accessibility (Action Against Hunger, 2019). The Comprehensive Community Assessment pursued under this project used to decide beneficiary requirements and service distribution which led to data-based responses. The emergency response project included the organization’s four departments: Nutrition and Health together with Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) as well as Mental Health Care Practices and Gender and Protection (MHCPG&P) and Communication with Communities (CwC). The intervention spanned throughout camps 1W, 1E, 2E, 2W, 3, 4, 7, 8E, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 24, 26 and Nayapara RC and Kutupalong RC in Ukhia and Teknaf Upazilas. Introduction The Rohingya refugee crisis is a very intricate humanitarian crisis in recent times. Incessant violence and persecution of Rohingya people, an exodus of over 1 million people, find refuge in Cox Bazaar in Bangladesh, creating massive social, economical, and logistical problems never witnessed before (UNHCR, 2019; Faisal & Ullah, 2022). Included among them, gender-based discrimination takes well established forms determining every day decision making on Rohingya households to support the male dominance and take the female agency out of the idea (UN Women, 2018). Whereas the support given by the international NGOs has been steady since 2009, the magnitude of displacement in 2017 required a comprehensive system. Also as a response, such bodies as ACF, UN Women, and the IRC insisted on the application of gender-sensitive programming in the realms of nutrition, protection, and psychosocial care (IRC, 2018). This has been especially International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 91 meaningful in highlighting how forced displacement is interrelated with other vulnerabilities grounded on gender issues, like the failure to include women in decisions relating to marriage, education, reproduction, and others (Amnesty International, 2024). The programs provided complete protection and Early Childhood Development (ECD) as well as maternal mental health aid to under-five children, expecting mothers, caregivers, teens, and individuals experiencing violence. Through funding from Grand Affairs Canada (GAC) the organization executed the ‘Multi-sector Gender Responsive Assistance for Rohingya Women and Girls in Bangladesh’ project from April 2020 through March 2021. The main purpose of this project entailed using systematic data methods to assess mental health together with psychosocial support needs and gender-based and protection services in both refugee settlements as well as host communities. The research entitled “Comprehensive MHPSS Gender Protection Community Assessment in Rohingya Refugee and Host Community Populations of Cox’s Bazar District Bangladesh” was conducted by two researchers. The research team looked to evaluate how well the project interventions worked while examining both beneficiary requirements and examining existing service levels under project operation. In addition to their assessment these researchers published the article “Attitude of DecisionMaking Process in Households of the Rohingya Community.” The article studies both social and economic contexts while analyzing how gender shapes family choices about marriage and reproduction and educational choices together with domestic issues within Rohingya households. The research data proves limited community involvement in group decisions alongside proving how men dominate household choices which provides essential information about handling participatory governance in this population. The research article purports to set out a study on the impact of gender norms and socio-economic stressors in households that share the aspects of Rohingya refugee contexts regarding the attitudinal appraisal of decision-making. The mixed-method approach of the study allows exploring the role that men and women play in the decision-making process, concerning marriage, education, healthcare, and house management. Besides the documentation of the dominant patterns of power imbalance in household governance, the findings describe the emerging practices of displacement and humanitarian intervention that have also been contributing to the gradual change in attitudes albeit in a slow version (Kabeer, 1999; Freedman, 2016). Objective To explore the impact of the socio-economic situations and gender roles in family decision-making of the Rohingya community in Cox Bazar. To assess the roles of both man and woman concerning the decisions to be made in regard to marriage, family planning, attendance in education, and performing household chores and also find inhibitors towards their participation. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 92 To provide evidence-based information to ease gender sensitive interventions and enhance community-based networks to enhance governance and well-being. Study Area, Target group and Focus area The research was carried out on six camps chosen in Cox Bazar. Among these, five camps Camp9, Camp-10, Camp-11, Camp-14 and Camp-16 fell in Ukhiya Upazila and Camp-26 in Teknaf Upazila. Project beneficiary, community leader (Majhi), religious leader among other allied stake holders were identified as the respondents. And this focused-on security issues, sets of coping, beliefs in the GBV, and community decision-making. Literature review Household decision-making plays an essential role for understanding the social and economic elements and cultural characteristics of any society. The Rohingya refugee community follows procedure for decision-making through societal traditions and cultural expectations and their political and social circumstances after strife. Research already conducted offers essential findings on the beliefs about decision-making practices within this distinct population which faces marginalization. The household decision making can be viewed as the most important point of entry into how socioeconomic structures, cultural values, and gender roles intersect. Patriarchal norms and religious beliefs condition the decision-making process embedded in the Rohingya refugee community that is venerable due to displacement and has no access to quality education (UN Women, 2018; IRC, 2018). According to studies, Rohingya men bear almost complete decision-making authority, especially in regard to marriage, family planning, education, and the spending as well (UN Women, 2018; Action Against Hunger, 2021). The evidence presented in the work by IRC (2018) adds to these conclusions because it indicates that despite the displacement environment, men still stay in their dominant positions whereas women cannot contribute much to decision-making, including the issue of health, mobility, and economic activity. Several definitions exist without consensus on violence against women and girls, boys, and men depending on geographical area and theoretical worldview and academic subjects (Ellsberg and Heise, 2005). The USAID Strategy to Prevent and Respond to GBV defines GBV as "violence that is directed at individual people because of their biological sex or gender identity as well as their social group masculinity and femininity beliefs. Physical abuse along with sexual mistreatment and psychological mistreatment constitute part of GBV while threats and arbitrary freedom restrictions and economic deprivation both qualify as GBV incidents regardless of taking place in public or private domains. The range of GBV encompasses female infanticide alongside International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 93 child sexual abuse followed by sexual exploitation and coerced labor and sexual exploitation and abuse and domestic violence together with elder abuse as well as traditional harmful practices like early forced marriages and “Honor” killings and female genital mutilation or cutting. These two terms are usually substituted with one another simply because most perpetrators of such violence are men who target women or girls (EIGE, 2014). The displacement has brought both complexities and small adjustments in the decision making of households. According to some of the humanitarian actors, women in some cases have not been marginalized in the decision-making process regarding food, health, and education due to the financial constraints that existed in the camps (IRC, 2018). But the changes are still cosmetic, because cultural and religious paradigms still tend to support the superiority of males (Kabeer, 1999; Freedman, 2016). Some recent studies show that Rohingya family decisions are controlled primarily by males who make most of the key choices. Research studies within Rohingya refugee camps found in Cox’s Bazar show that male refugees exercise dominance when making decisions about marriage and family planning and education and family budgeting. Women take part minimally in decisionmaking because their influence stops at domestic duties and being caregivers. A UN Women report (2018) shows that Rohingya women numbered below 10% who had authority in financial decisions and healthcare choices and family planning matters within their households. Religious beliefs combined with strongly set up cultural values from the Rohingya community importantly affect their approaches to making decisions. Tradition-based views assign dominant roles to men in managing marriage decisions and childbearing along with resource distribution. This practice shuts Rohingya women out from taking part in important life decisions. Second, the restricted educational possibilities for Rohingya women intensifies their exclusion from taking part in decisions at an influential level. The barriers against the women participation are multi faceted. Safety issues, stigmatization, and illiteracy, poverty dependency are some of the reasons that reduce voices of women in household governance (Action Against Hunger, 2021; UNFPA, 2020). Moreover, ignorance of the law, and fear of the consequences thereof are just other reasons why women do not find institutional support in cases when they are excluded or tortured. According to Human Rights Watch (2024), Rohingya women may tend to use informal mechanisms of resolving disputes with the assistance of male members of the community acting as their community leaders, rather than follow the law in a court of lawwhich further enforces the patriarchal practises. Humanitarian organization interventions have tried to change this position by establishing women friendly environments, encouraging schooling of girls, and educating both men and women on gender rights. However, such work is hit by resistance amid cultural reliance on the traditional socio-cultural values concerning gender roles. According to ONeil et al. (2015), the success of the women leadership program will also be elevated by involving the local male leaders to a situation of mutual understanding and shared responsibility. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 94 Households with Rohingya membership meet other factors that affect decision-making after experiencing displacement while living in refugee camps. Life in refugee camps has made some families include women in certain choices yet overall household decision-making is still the same. Research conducted by humanitarian organizations including the International Rescue Committee (IRC) reports that displacement along with refugee camp living has increased family economic difficulties resulting in male household members making all decisions to handle limited resources. A number of obstacles limit Rohingya women from taking part in decisions on household matters. Women face restrictions in public movement from safety fears together with social discrimination facing female public action and insufficient education and minimal information resources. Action Against Hunger (2021) discovered that female caregivers need to depend on male relatives for healthcare decisions and income responsibility and educational choices for their children. The establishment of Rohingya households that support participatory decision-making comes from world organizations and NGOs through their program initiatives. Traditional norms experience gradual challenges through programs that empower women as well as community-based awareness initiatives that support women through educational efforts and livelihood opportunities. Gender equity progress in decision-making fields is still low due to continued cultural minds that have a strong refusal to accept. Currently available literature showcases the patriarchal pattern of household decision-making among Rohingya families, but it lacks detailed research about the subtle perspective of all genders on these decision processes. Other research about the ways humanitarian aid and community-based interventions affect these attitudes still needs further exploration. Although information on gender relations amongst Rohingya can be found in the literature, there is a knowledge gap on the perception of men and women in their household concerning decision making, and how their attitudes are affected by humanitarian interventions. Thus, the paper undertakes the task of addressing this gap by providing empirical understanding of changing perception towards gender and governance in Rohingya family in Bangladesh. The research intends to understand the decision-making attitudes of Rohingya people within their household structures. Research findings will help understand community social and cultural patterns better along with providing evidence-based recommendations for promoting inclusive household decision-making participation methods. Methodology The Study used mixed research method, carried both quantitative and qualitative data on MHPSS (Mental Health and Psychosocial Support) needs among the Rohingya refugees who were settled in Ukhia and Teknaf camps in Cox Bazar, Bangladesh. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 95 Sample Size and Selection The study used a sample size of 200 respondents, which included 50 women aged between 18 and 60 years old, 50 men aged between 18 and 60 years old, 50 teenage girls aged between 15 and 18 years, and 50 male teenagers aged between 15 and 18 years. Since it was a probability sampling approach, it was conducted as per the camp beneficiary lists, and then it was stratified proportionally based on the demographics of the population to obtain a diverse range of opinions as suggested in any gender-sensitive study (USAID, 2012; Kabeer, 1999). Qualitative Methods Used: The study has carried out 10 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) whereby 8 to 12 people are in a group, which has involved one male group with a female group in each of the five camps with. Data Collection Tools and Analysis Method: Structured, close-ended questionnaires and checklists were administered through KoBo Collect on mobile devices for quantitative data collection; standardized guideline used for qualitative data collection. Besides, document and literature reviews have been conducted with standardized checklists to analysis in a systematic method and comprehensively. Thematic evaluation methods analyze quantitative information between sections of the study such as household data and mental distress scores and gender-related insights. The both types of data were analyzed in terms of a thematic analysis. The quantitative data was considered in such variables as gender, age group, household decision type, and mental distress scores. In the case of qualitative data, the data were coded and analyzed with triangulation to be valid and accurate (Schuler & Nazneen, 2018). Limitations: Some of the issues that the study encountered included limited time and the high population density in the camp. During the assessment, time limits and large population concentration in the camps were a great challenge. In order to solve linguistic and cultural differences, dedicated local enumerators who speak the dialect of the Rohingya were recruited, which increased the quality of data collection and its ethicality (Freedman, 2016). Such a full approach proved to solve not only the matter of logistics but also allowed to involve a variety of opinions within the method and so served as a solid place to start the evaluation of the needs and service in the camp populations. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 96 Findings and Result Decision making and autonomy of women in the Rohingya community Figure 1: Decision making and autonomy of women The Rohingya community bases all household decision power on the established system of male dominance. The survey data revealed that men independently make household decisions in 49.72% of cases although the remaining households share their powers of decision with equal authority at 42.54%. In contrast, only 7.73% acknowledged women as the principal decision-makers in their homes, which entails a low rate of approaching egalitarianism (UN Women, 2018). People adopt diverse approaches to decision-making throughout different areas of their existence. Earning-related decisions are made jointly by 43.09% of both male and female respondents. About marital decisions men hold control over 92.27% leading to a significant imbalance compared to the tiny collective percentage of 2.76%. Women exercise leadership in school-related child decisions as they independently make 23.76% of such choices in households. A trend that assimilated to the traditional values and was driven by the stress of displacement (IRC, 2018). There was slightly higher participation of women in child education and women exercised independent decision-making. Financial expenditure decisions receive balanced contributions from husbands and wives since both parties make these decisions together according to 34.25% of respondents. The statistical data shows that male participants hold a controlling position in decision-making since they make 58.01% of monetary choices without help compared to 8.84% of these decisions resting with women alone. This reports reflects inline with the report of ACF on financial decisions still remain Household Decision Decisions for earning Decisions for spending Decisions on Migration Decisions for Accessing for healthcare Decisions on having another child Decisions for making decisions on children's school attendance Marriage decisions Only Men 49.72 48.07 58.01 71.27 74.59 90.61 71.82 92.27 Collective Decision 42.54 43.09 34.25 22.65 16.02 4.97 4.42 2.76 Only Women 7.73 8.84 7.73 6.08 9.39 4.42 23.76 4.97 Only Men Collective Decision Only Women International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 97 male-controlled, with some decisions becoming joint, possibly due to humanitarian interventions, theorized in decentralized, family-based empowerment of women (Action Against Hunger, 2021). The male domination in finding migration choices becomes clear because men control 71.27% of migration choices while the remaining split equally between collective decision-making at 22.65% and individual women-led choices with 6.08% only. For migration decisions, men again dominated with unilateral control. The selected data shows that decision-making jointly happens in aspects of household management especially on finances and child development, but the Rohingya society still follows traditional male primacy. Women have very restricted power to make decisions as their autonomy extends to only limited domains. These findings reflect persistent patriarchal norms and limited agency for women in refugee households (UNFPA, 2020). Participation of Male in household works in camp Figure 2: Participation of Male in household work The combined effort of Rohingya males and females exceeds 60.76% in food buying activities yet the lowest involvement occurs in healthcare for relatives with 18.99%. The percentage of people who take part in healthcare for relatives responsibilities stands at the lowest level with only 18.99%. The statistics show that male participants do not engage in livestock-related activities for most of them because they make up 59.49% of the total participants who fall under the 'not applicable' category. However, the lowest non-participation rate is seen in water collection activities with only 2.53%. A significant segment of 26.58% of people refrain from cooking Farming Children care Collecting water Collecting firewood House work/ cleaning Cooking Livestock Food purchase Health care of relatives Partially 12.66 46.84 40.51 32.91 46.84 25.32 20.25 25.32 56.96 Totally 24.05 41.77 43.04 39.24 37.97 31.65 13.92 60.76 18.99 Not applicable 54.43 6.33 2.53 13.92 3.8 16.46 59.49 5.06 6.33 Not-Involved 8.86 5.06 13.92 13.92 11.39 26.58 6.33 8.86 17.72 Partially Totally Not applicable Not-Involved International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 104 Ensure Gender Equality in that advancement throughout All sectors of Humanitarian Missions. Gender equality is not to be isolated within the protection programs. It ought to be a cross-cutting area of intervention that is embedded in nutrition, education, health, WASH and psychosocial services. Such an inclusive manner guarantees that all interventions are focused on the needs, as well as the rights of women and men (UN Women, 2018; UNFPA, 2020). Build Accepting and Safe Community Areas of Dialogue. Have safe, gender-balanced areas whereby both sexes are allowed to interact with each other as a way of ironing out household and community problems. The forums will foster social cohesion, diminish GBV risks and will also offer chances of collaborative problem resolution and participatory governance (Freedman, 2016; IRC, 2018). Conclusion In this study, it emerges that patriarchal systems are still very strong in Rohingya refugee families and women are only allowed to be part of important family politics. When it comes to marriage, education, finances, and healthcare, men are largely involved in decision-making, whereas women play a subordinate role, especially when it comes to household work or to attend to the sick and the elderly (UN Women, 2018; Action Against Hunger, 2021). Displacement and humanitarian aid have offered possibilities to partially alter the households, however, these transformations are superficial and contradictory. The traditions of gender, which were established long ago on the basis of religion, culture, and even crisis situations, still limit female autonomy (Ellsberg & Heise, 2005; Krause, 2015). There will be a need to maintain longterm community-based interventions in order to achieve gender equity in Rohingya households. These ought to integrate education, income-generating activities, and gender-sensitizing men and women activities. It is also paramount to involve religious and community leaders in changing pernicious gender ideologies (OY, Neill et al., 2015; UNFPA, 2020). It is possible to support an environment that celebrates mutual accountability through inclusive programming, creating safe spaces to discuss issues publicly, and making long-term investments in gender-responsive services that humanitarian actors can aid in registering within the Rohingya refugee population. They are not only gender justice needs but the core of creating a more participatory, peaceful, and just society with the displaced people. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research Volume 12, Issue 1, 2025, 89-106 P: 105 References Action Against Hunger. (2019). Mitigating and preventing gender-based violence in the fight against hunger: A guide to adapted tools. Relief Web. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/mitigating-and-preventing-gender-based-violence-fightagainst-hunger-guide-adapted Action Against Hunger. (2021). Gender equality and gender-based violence. Retrieved July 12, 2021, from https://actionagainsthunger.ph/gender/ Amnesty International. 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