scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

Astronomical Knowledge of the Ancient Tamils

A. Sankareswari

Abstract

The ancient Tamils, by observing and analyzing their life experiences with their keen knowledge, have contributed many scientific information to their literature. In particular, they have recorded a lot of information about astronomy in the Sangam literature. The purpose of this study is to mention only some astronomical ideas such as the structure of the universe, day fish, planet fish, heliocentric theory, comets, and meteors. This research article aims to explain the astronomical knowledge of our ancient Tamils, who expressed the same astronomical ideas that have been discovered through scientific instruments in the present century, in their literature many centuries ago.

Full text

http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 5 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research Astronomical Knowledge of the Ancient Tamils Dr. A. Sankareswari Associate Professor, Doak Perumatti College, Madurai Abstract The ancient Tamils, by observing and analyzing their life experiences with their keen knowledge, have contributed many scientific information to their literature. In particular, they have recorded a lot of information about astronomy in the Sangam literature. The purpose of this study is to mention only some astronomical ideas such as the structure of the universe, day fish, planet fish, heliocentric theory, comets, and meteors. This research article aims to explain the astronomical knowledge of our ancient Tamils, who expressed the same astronomical ideas that have been discovered through scientific instruments in the present century, in their literature many centuries ago. Keywords: Astronomer, Scholar, Planets, Comets, Meteors, Meteorites, Galaxy, Solar Movement References 1. Science-oriented Literature, Religion, and Philosophy – Prof. A. Subburettiyar, N. Palaniappa Brothers, Chennai–16, 2001. 2. Scientific Facts – Arul Thalapathi, M. Kamtech Publications, Chennai–92, 2002. 3. Astronomy (Space Science) – Arul Thalapathi, M. Suvadu Publications, Chennai – 24, 1998. ©»º: 10 ]Ó¨¤uÌ: 1 ©õu®: AU@hõ£º Á¸h®: 2025 P-ISSN: 2454-3993 E-ISSN: 2582-2810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.17346610 £ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 6£UP® £søhz uªÇ›Ò Áõۯئ»ø© •øÚÁº A. \[P÷µìÁ› Cøn¨ ÷£µõ]›¯º ÷hõU ö£¸©õmi PÀ¿›, ©xøµ B#Äa_¸UP® £søhzuªÇºPÒ uzu® ÁõÌUøP AÝ£Á[PøÍz u®•øh¯ T›¯ AÔÄ öPõsk ÷|õUQ, Bµõ#¢x £» AÔ¯À ö\#vPøÍ C»UQ¯[PÐUSÒ u¢v¸UQßÓÚº. SÔ¨£õP, ÁõÛ¯À £ØÔ¯ ö\#vPøÍa \[PC»UQ¯[PÎÀ HµõÍ©õP¨ £vÄö\#v¸UQßÓÚº. AvÀ ¤µ£g\U Pmhø©¨¦, |õÒ«ßPÒ, ÷PõÒ«ßPÒ, `›¯ ø©¯UöPõÒøP, ÁõÀ|m\zvµ[PÒ, ÂsPØPÒ ÷£õßÓ ]» ÁõÛ¯À ]¢uøÚPøÍ ©mk® GkzxUTÖÁx CÆÁõ#Âß ÷|õUP©õS®. CßøÓ¯ ¡ØÓõsiÀ ÂgbõÚUP¸ÂPÒÁÈ Psk¤izxU TÔ¯ A÷u ÁõÛ¯À ]¢uøÚPøÍ¨ £» ¡ØÓõskPÐUS •ß÷£ |® £søhzuªÇºPÒ C»UQ¯[PÎÀ ¦»¨£kzv°¸US® AÁºPÎß ÁõÛ¯À ¦»ø©°øÚ Eøµ¨£uõP CÆÁõ#ÄUPmkøµ Aø©QßÓx. vÓÄaö\õØPÒ: Po¯ß, AÔÁß, |õÒ«ßPÒ, ÁõÀ|m\zvµ[PÒ, y©U÷PxUPÒ, ÂsPÀ, G›öPõÒÎ, Ek©sh»®, ö\gbõ°ØÖa ö\»Ä •ßÝøµ  E»QØS JÎ u¢x öPõsi¸UQßÓ PvµÁøÚ²® {»øÁ²® ©ØÖ® ©ÛuºPÒ PshÔ¢u ÷PõÒPøÍ²® CønzxU QÇø©PÍõUQbõ°Ö,v[PÒ,ö\ÆÁõ#, ¦uß,¯õÇß,öÁÒÎ,\ÛGÚUPsk ußÁõ̯÷»õkCønzxUöPõshÁºPÒ £søhzuªÇºPÒ. AÁºPÒ Âso÷» ªßÝ® Âs«ßPøÍ²® ÷PõÒPøÍ²® Psknº¢x ÂgbõÚU P¸ÂPÒ HxªÀ»õu AUPõ»UPmhzv÷» ÁõÛ¯À SÔzu öuÎÁõÚ ]¢uøÚPÐhß C¸¢uø©ø¯¨£søh¯C»UQ¯[PÒ ÁÈAÔ¯•iQßÓx.AßøÓUSzöuõø» ÷|õUQ CÀ»õ©À PsnõÀ Psh QµP[PøÍ CßøÓ¯ ÂgbõÛPÒ ©ÖUPÂÀø». GÆÂuU P¸Â²® CÀ»õ©À Jߣx QµP[PÎß vø\{ø» GߣÚÁØøÓ AÔ¯÷»õk Pozu÷u ¯¨¤ØS›¯ JßÓõP C¸UQßÓx. PsPøÍUöPõs÷hÁõÚzøu÷|õUQ, ©øÇ ö£#²® Põ»® •u¼¯ÁØøÓU PshÔ÷Áõº C¸¢uÚº. |õÒPÎÀ ]» |À» |õÒPöÍßÖ® ]» öPmh |õÒPöÍßÖ® AÔ¢uÚº. JÆöÁõ¸ |õξ® Âs«ßPЮ ÷PõÒPЮ {ØS® {ø»öPõs÷h ÁõÛÀ {PÊ® £» ©õØÓ[PøÍU PozxU TÔÚº. AÁºPÎßÁõÛ¯À¦»ø©GߣxPnUQh C¯»õx.BÚõÀJ¸£õøÚa÷\õØÖUS J¸÷\õÖ£u®GßÝ®ö©õÈU÷PØ£¨ £søhzuªÇºPÎßÁõÛ¯À¦»ø©PÐÒ ]»ÁØøÓ ©mk® Gkzxøµ¨£÷u CÆÁõ#ÄU Pmkøµ°ß ÷|õUP©õP Aø©QßÓx. ÂsöÁÎ AÔ¯À AÔbºP÷Í £søhzuªÇºPÒ  \[P Põ»zvÀ ÁõÚ¯¾® Auß Ai¨£øh°À÷\õvhzøu²®AÔ¢uÁºPÒ Po,Po¯ßGßÖAøÇUP¨£mhÚº Gߣøu Po¯ß §[SßÓÚõº, £USkUøP|ØPo¯õº,Po÷©uõ¯õº http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 7 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research ÷£õßÓ\[P¨¦»ÁºPÎßö£¯ºPøÍU öPõskAÔ¢xöPõÒÍ•iQßÓx. ©ÖÂÀö\#v‰ÁøPUPõ»•® ö|Ô°ßBØÔ¯AÔÁß÷u¯•® (öuõÀ.¦Ó®.74) GßÝ®öuõÀPõ¨¤¯Á›PÎÀC¸¢x AÔÁß GßÓ ö£¯º ¦»ÚõQßÓx. |õÈøP ÁmiÀ öPõsk Põ»zøuU Po¨£ÁºPÒ |õÈøPUPnUPº GßÖ AøÇUP¨£mhÚº. |ÒöÍß¯õ©zxIö¯ÚPøµ²® Ag_Á¸ö£õÊvÚõÝ®GßPs xg\õÁÈ÷uõÈ,PõÁ»º PnUSB#ÁøP°ß (SÖ¢öuõøP261) |õÈøPUPnUPºCµÂßPsÁõ÷ÚõUQU Põ»UPnUøPBµõ#QßÓ•øÓ°ÚõÀ |õÈøP Bµõ#¢x Psxg\õux ÷£õ» ÷uõÈ÷¯ }²® C¸UQÓõ# GßÝ® Á›PÎßÁÈ |õÈøPU PnUPºPÒ PnUPõ#¢u •øÓ°øÚ AÔ¯•iQßÓx. Aµ\Ýøh¯  AøÁ°À ö£¸[PoPß C¸¢uøu²®]»¨£vPõµ®_mkQßÓx.  £vØÖ¨£zvÀ C©¯Áµ®£ß ö|kg÷\µ»õuÛß AÍÁØÓ ÷£µõØÓø»¨ ¦PÊ®÷£õxS©mlºUPsnÚõº, {»®}ºÁÎÂ_®¦GßÓ|õßQß Aͨ£›¯I¯ |õÒ÷PõÒv[PÒbõ°ÖPøÚ¯ÇÀ I¢öuõ¸[S¦nº¢uÂÍUPzuøÚø¯ (£vØÖ¨£zx14) GßÝ® £õh¼À {»®, }º, PõØÖ, ÁõßGߣÚAÍÂmkUTÓ•i¯õuÚ Gߣøu¨£ØÔ²®,|õÒGߣx£µo, v¸Áõvøµ •u»õÚ 27 Âs«ßPÒ £ØÔ²®, ÷PõÒ Gߣx bõ°ØøÓ²® v[PøÍ²® J¸[÷P Cønzx ö\ÆÁõ#, ¯õÇß, öÁÒÎ, ¦Â, \Û •u»õ¯ I¢x ÷PõÒ«ßPÒ £ØÔ²® PøÚ¯ÇÀGߣx Ek©sh»®(Galaxy) £ØÔ²® SÔ¨¤kQßÓõº. BøP¯õÀ ÷PõÒ, Âs«ß, \¢vµß, `›¯ß, Ek©sh»® BQ¯ÁØÓõÀ C¨¤µ£g\® Pmhø©UP¨£mi¸UQßÓx GßÝ® AÁºPÎßAÔ¯À]¢uøÚC¨£õhÀ Á›PÎÀ¦»¨£kÁøuAÔ¯•iQßÓx. |õÒ«ßPÒ bõ°ØøÓ¨÷£õÀC¯ØøP¯õPJÎÂhU Ti¯Ú |õÒ«ßPÒ. bõ°ØÔhª¸¢x JÎö£ØÖ JÎ Ã\U Ti¯Ú ÷PõÒ«ßPÒ. CÁØøÓ÷¯ |õ® uØö£õÊx |m\zvµ[PÒ GßÖ®÷PõÒPÒGßÖ®AøÇUQß÷Óõ®.  J¸Áº¤Ó¢u|õÎÀv[PøÍAkzu G¢u «ß {ØQÓ÷uõ Ax÷Á AÁµx |õÒ«ß GÚ¨£k®. AuØS HØ£÷Á AÁºPÐøh¯ ÁõÌÂÀ |À»øÁ öPmhøÁ •u¼¯Ú {PÊ® Gߣx ÷\õvh¡ÀöPõÒøP. {ßÖ{ø»C¯º{ß|õs«ß,{À»õu £hõAaö\½C¯º{ß£øPÁº«÷Ú  ÂsoÀ ©v ö\À¾® ÁȯõÚ ÁmhzvøÚ 27 TÖ£kzv, A¨¤›ÄPøÍ AÔ¢x öPõÒЩõÖ 27 Âs«ß öuõSvø¯U SÔzuÚº. uªÇº Âs«ßPÎß C¯À¤øÚö¯õmi÷¯ AÁØÖUS¨ ö£¯º ÁÇ[Q²ÒÍõº.öÁsø©{Ó•øh¯x öÁÒίõS®. Ax Põø»°÷»õ ©õø»°÷»õ ÷uõßÖ®. Põø»°À ÷uõßÖÁxÂiöÁÒÎGÚ¨£k®. |m\zvµ[PÒ JÆöÁõßÖ® JÆöÁõ¸ {Ó® Eøh¯øÁ. ö£õxÁõP ]Á¨¦, Bµg_, ©g\Ò, }»® GÚ |õßS {Ó[PÒPõn¨£k®.CÆÁõÖ{Ó[PÒ ÷ÁÖ£kÁuØSU Põµn® öÁ¨£{ø» ÷ÁÖ£õ÷h¯õS®. |m\zvµzvß {Ó® ]Á¨£õPC¸¢uõÀAuÝøh¯öÁ¨£{ø» 5000iQ›£õµßïm,Bµg_{Ó©õ°ß 6000iQ›£õµßïm,©g\Ò{Ó©õ°ß 10000 iQ› £õµßïm, }»{Ó©õ°ß 16000 iP› £õµßïm BS®. öÁ¨£{ø» Tk® ÷£õx  |m\zvµ® £ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 8£UP® uß£›©õnzvÀ_¸[S®.35000iQ› £õµßïm öÁ¨£{ø»°À EÒÍ |m\zvµ©õÚx y¯ öÁsø©{ÓzvÀ C¸US® GßÖ AÔ¯À AÔbºPÒ TÖÁº.AÔ¯»ÔbºPÒTÔ¯A÷u P¸zvøÚ¨ £søhzuªÇºPÒ £» ¡ØÓõskPÐUS •ß÷£ Auß ußø©ø¯ Enº¢x TÔ°¸¨£x ÷|õUPzuUPx. `›¯ø©¯UöPõÒøP ÁõÚöÁΰÀ ªP¨ ö£›¯ Âs«ÚõPU P¸u¨£kÁx`›¯ß.B°µUPnUPõÚ Âs«ßPÐhß AshzvÀ PvµÁß ÷uõØÓ® u¸® J¸ Âs«ß GÚ C»UQ¯®£QºQÓx. £ß«ß|kÁs£õß©v÷£õ» (]Ö£õs.219) GßÓÁ›P÷ÍCøu¨£øÓ\õØÖÁuõ# Aø©QßÓx. `›¯ß _ØÔ¯ £õøuø¯a `›¯Ámh® GßÓÚº £Ç¢uªÇº. AuøÚa ö\gbõ°ØÖaö\»ÄGßÖ¦Ó|õÞÖ SÔ¨¤kQßÓx. `›¯ß ö\À¾® ÁȲ® Aa`›¯Úx  C¯UP•® `›¯ C¯UPzuõÀ`Ǩ£mh{»©si»•® PõØÔ¯[S® vø\²® Kº ¤i¨¦ªßÔ A¢uµzv÷»{ØS®BPõ¯•®GßÔøÁ GÀ»õ® ö\ßÖ AÁØÔß C¯À¦PøÍ AÔ¢xnº¢x CøÁ CøÁ Czußø© Eøh¯ÚGߣøu¨¦Ó|õÞØÖ30Áx £õhÀ£vÄö\#v¸UQßÓx.C¢u¨£õhÀ `›¯Ámh®,AußC¯UP®,A¢uµ©õ# {ØS® ÁõßöÁÎ ©sh»®  ÷£õßÓ `›¯ß\õº¢uAÔ¯Àö\#vPøÍ²® `›¯ß E»Ä® `›¯ ©sh»® SÔzu ö\#vPøÍ²®ÂÍUSQßÓx.  {U÷Põ»ì P¨£ºÛUPì GßÝ® ÷£õ»¢x AÔbº “`›¯ ø©¯ ©õv›” JßøÓ Áøµ¯Özuõº. |® `›¯÷Ú C¨¤µ£g\zvßø©¯®GߣxAÁ¸øh¯ P¸zx. B°ß P¼¼÷¯õ P½¼²® ÷áõíßÚì öP¨Íº GßÝ® öẩõÛ¯ ÁõÚ¯»¸®`›¯ß|®`›¯USk®£zvß |õ¯P®©mk÷©AßÔ,¤µ£g\ø©¯® AÀ» GßÖ AÔÂzuÚº. CÁºPÒ Psk¤izu |ÃÚ bõ°Ö |õ¯PU öPõÒøP°øÚ 2000 BskPÐUS •ß÷£|zuzuÚõºGßÝ®¦»Áº, ÁõÀ{Ó Â_®¤ß ÷PõÒ«ß `Ì¢u CÍ[Pvºbõ°Ö (]Ö£õnõØÖ¨£øh242&243)  ]Ö£õnõØÖ¨£øh°À`›¯ø©¯U öPõÒøPSÔzx¨£vÄö\#xÒÍõº. ÁõÀ|m\zvµ[PÒ  `›¯©sh»zvØS A¸QÀ Á¢x Ámh©izxa ö\À¾® £Û¨£¢xPøÍ÷¯ ÁõÀ|m\zvµ[PÒ AÀ»x y©U÷PxUPÒ GßÖ AøÇUQß÷Óõ®.C¢uÁõÀ|m\zvµ[PÐÒ £»Ä® 250 BskPÐUS J¸ uhøÁ `›¯ÝUS A¸QÀ Á¢x ÷£õQßÓÚ. C¢u {PÌÂøÚ áõß öísm›a FºmGßÝ®ha_ÁõÚ¯»ºPozxE øµzuõº. CuÚõÀ uõß C¢u ÁõÀ |m\zvµ[PÎß _ØÖÁøÍ¯® “Fºm •QÀ©sh»®”GßÓøÇUP¨£kQßÓx. Cx 10000 •uÀ 100000 ÁõÚ¯À A»Szöuõø»ÄPÒÁøµ£µÂ²ÒÍx. CuøÚ ÁõÀÂs«ßPÒ \µnõ»¯® GßÓøÇ¨£º.  ÁõÀ |m\zvµ[PÎß Á¸øP°ÚõÀ §ª°À ÁÓm] EshõS® GßÖ® w[SPÒ ÷|¸® GßÖ® ©UPÎøh÷¯ J¸‰h|®¤UøP{»Â¯xGߣøu, ø©®«ß¦øP°Ý®y©®÷uõßÔÝ® öußvø\©¸[QßöÁÒÎKiÝ®... ö£¯À¤øÇ¨¦AÔ¯õ¨¦ß¦»zux÷Á (¦Ó®.117) GßÓ ¦Ó|õÞØÖ Á›PÎÀ (ø©®«ß & \ÛU÷PõÒ y©® & ÁõÀ|m\zvµ®) ø©®«ß,y©®ÁõÛÀ÷uõßÔÚõ¾® http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 9 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research öÁÒÎU÷PõÒ öußvø\°À ö\ßÓõ¾® §ª°ÀÁÍ®SßÔÁÓm]EshõS® Gߣ÷u£søhzuªÇ›ßP¸zx. y©® ¦øPUöPõiö¯ßÖ® TÓ¨£k®. y©÷PxGߣx®Cx÷Á.CxÁmh®, ]ø»,~m£®,y©® GßÝ® Pµ¢xøÓ ÷PõÒPÒ |õßPÝÒ JßÓõS®. Cuß ÷uõØÓ® E»QØS¨ ö£¸¢w[S ÂøÍÂUSö©ß£º. ÂsPÀ(A)G›öPõÒÎ  SÖ[÷PõÒÃv°ÀC¸¢xA¨÷£õx ]ÖPØPÒÁΩsh»zøuEµ]ÃÊ®. A¨÷£õxAøÁPõØÖ©sh»Eµõ#ÂÚõÀ `÷hÔ Âs«ß ÷£õ» Jκ¢x ©øÓ²®. AzuøP¯ÂsPÀ¼øÚa\[PC»UQ¯®, “ÂsÃÌ öPõÒΔ (SÖ¢öuõøP 189) G›öPõÒÎ ÃÌu¾® wUSÔ¯õPU P¸u¨£mhx. SÍ•ØÓzxz xg]¯ QÒÎÁÍÁÛß £øPÁº Psh PÚÄPÎÀ G›öPõÒÎ ÃÌu»õPU Pshx®JßÓõ®. vø\°¸|õßS®EÓP®EØPÄ® öÁ[Pv›ßPÚ¼yØÓÄ® (¦Ó|õÞÖ41)  Gmkzvø\²® G›öPõÒÎ G›¢x ÂÇÄ® öÁ#¯ _høµ²øh¯ bõ°Ö £»Âhzx® ö\Ô¢x ÷uõßÓÄ® Gߣõº EøµPõµº. A÷u ÷£õÀ ¦Ó|õÞØÖ 229B® ö\#²ÎÀ ¦»zxøÓ •ØÔ¯ Th¿º QÇõº ÷\µ©õß ¯õøÚUPm ÷\# ©õ¢uµg÷\µÀ C¸®ö£õøÓUSz w[S Á¸ö©ß£uØS AÔSÔ¯õP HÊ |õÒPÐUS •ß÷£ G›|m\zvµ® ÃÌ¢uuõPÄ® Ax Psk ©ßÚÝUSz w[S Á¸÷©õ GÚ Ag]ÚuõPÄ® Ag]¯Áõ÷ÓCÓ¢uuõPÄ®TÔ²ÒÍõº. AÔb›ßP¸zx  £søhz uªÇ›ß ÁõÚõ#øÁ¨ £ØÔ|.].P¢øu¯õ¨¤ÒøÍ, uªÇºÁõÚBµõ#a]°À÷uº¢v¸¢uÚº. ö©õPg\uõ÷µõ•zvøµPÎØ Qøhzu SÔ¨¦PÍõÀ uªÇº öuõßø©÷¯ ÁõÚ\õzvµzøu |ßS AÔ¢v¸¢uÚº Gߣøu¨ ¦»¨£kzxQßÓx. uªÇº ªSv¯õPU PhØ£¯n® ö\#uÚº. £¯nUPõ»[PÎÀ©õ¾ªPÒÂs«ßPøÍ²® v[PøÍ²® ÷|õUQz vø\ AÔ¢x ©µUP»[PøÍa ö\¾zvÚº. ÁõÚzøu ÷|õUQ ÷|µ® AÔ¢x öPõÒÍÄ® £°ßÔ¸¢uÚº. \¢vµÚx C¯UPzøuU öPõs÷h©õu[PøÍUPnUQmhÚº. ©õuzxUS©v,v[PÒGßÝ®ö£¯ºPøÍ ÁÇ[QÚº. uªÌ |õmiÛßÖ®  ¤›¢x ö\ßÖ \õÀv¯AU÷Pi¯ºPЮ uªÇº öPõsh•øÓø¯÷¯øP¯õskÒÍÚº GßÖSÔ¨¤kQßÓõº. B#Ä•iÄPÒ •AÔ¯À AÔbºPÒ GßÓõÀ P¼¼÷¯õÄ® {³mhÝ÷© AøÚÁ›ß {øÚÂØS® Á¸QßÓÚº. BÚõÀ £» ¡ØÓõskPÐUS •ß÷£ |® £søhzuªÇºPÒÁõÛ¯ÀxøÓ°À BÇ©õÚ ¦»ø© Eøh¯ÁºPÒ Gߣøua \[P C»UQ¯[PÒ ÁÈ AÔ¢xöPõÒÍ•iQßÓx •÷PõÒ, Âs«ß, \¢vµß, `›¯ß, Ek©sh»® BQ¯ÁØÓõÀ C¨¤µ£g\® Pmhø©UP¨£mi¸UQßÓx GßÝ® £søhz uªÇºPÎß öuÎÁõÚ AÔ¯À]¢uøÚ¦»¨£kQßÓx •C¢u¡ØÓõsiÀ|õÒ«ßPÒ,`›¯ ø©¯UöPõÒøP,ÁõÀ|m\zvµ[PÒ, ÂsPÀ÷£õßÓÁõÛ¯Àö\#vPÒ SÔzxAÔbºPÒTÔ¯A÷uP¸zvøÚ |® £søhz uªÇºPÒ £» ¡ØÓõskPÐUS •ß÷£ C»UQ¯[PÎÀ£vÄö\#v¸¢uÚº. CußÁÈAÁºPÎß ÁõÛ¯À¦»ø© öuØöÓÚöÁΨ£kQßÓx. £ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 10 £UP® £õºøÁ¡ÀPÒ 1.AÔ¯À÷|õUQÀC»UQ¯®,\©¯®, uzxÁ®, ÷£µõ. _¨¦öµmi¯õº, |.£ÇÛ¯¨£õ¤µuºì,ö\ßøÚ16, 2001. 2.AÔ¯ÀEsø©PÒ,A¸ÒuÍ£v, ©.Põ®öhU£v¨£P®,ö\ßøÚ92, 2002. 3.ÂsöÁÎ AÔ¯À, A¸Ò uÍ£v, ©. _Ák £v¨£P®, ö\ßøÚ 24, 1998.