Tamil Language: Then, Now, and Always
Abstract
The Tamil language has produced literary works imbued with moral and ethical thought to a degree unmatched by any other language in the world. Tamil is so ancient that it is impossible to determine its exact age. Across its culture, traditions, and heritage, the language stands unparalleled, shining as a unique medium of expression and identity
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£ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 70 £UP® Tamil Language: Then, Now, and Always Dr. N. Ayyappan Principal S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil Abstract The Tamil language has produced literary works imbued with moral and ethical thought to a degree unmatched by any other language in the world. Tamil is so ancient that it is impossible to determine its exact age. Across its culture, traditions, and heritage, the language stands unparalleled, shining as a unique medium of expression and identity. References 1. Thanigaichelvan. – Concepts on Tamil Language in Poetry. 2. U.Ve. Saminathaiyar. – Educational Publications Related to Tamil Studies. 3. R. Mahadevan. – Tamil: Then and Now, History of Language. 4. Mu. Varadharasan. – Parinilaiyam, Chennai. 5. V. Kalavadhi. – History of Tamil Literature, New Century Book House, Chennai. ©»º: 10 ]Ó¨¤uÌ: 1 ©õu®: AU@hõ£º Á¸h®: 2025 P-ISSN: 2454-3993 E-ISSN: 2582-2810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.17346650
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