Women's Games of Thiruvasakam
Abstract
Thiruvasakam is a collection of hymns sung on the shaivite god shiva. It was composed by manickavaasagar. Manickavaasagar is one of the four saiva kuravars. Thiruvasakam is the eighth tirumurai of the twelve saiva religious hymns. The motto is that onewho does not melt in a hymn will melt in a hymn. Thiruvasakam songs, which have a devotional flavor and are heart-warming,are counted among the best literature in Tamil. Thiruvasakam consists of 51 parts and 658 songs. The poet manickavaasagar,a poet of the siva neeriselvan, has Mentioned the sports of Tamil Nadu women in his poems. This article attempts to explain the sports of Tamil Nadu women as mentioned in Thiruvasakam.
Full text
£ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 80 £UP® Women’s Games of Thiruvasakam M. Iswarya Reg.No:2511315012004 Research Scholar, Department of Tamil S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil Manonmaniyam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli A.P. Ramalakshmi Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil Manonmaniyam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli Abstract Thiruvasakam is a collection of hymns sung on the shaivite god shiva. It was composed by manickavaasagar. Manickavaasagar is one of the four saiva kuravars. Thiruvasakam is the eighth tirumurai of the twelve saiva religious hymns. The motto is that one who does not melt in a hymn will melt in a hymn. Thiruvasakam songs, which have a devotional flavor and are heart-warming,are counted among the best literature in Tamil. Thiruvasakam consists of 51 parts and 658 songs. The poet manickavaasagar, a poet of the siva neeriselvan, has Mentioned the sports of Tamil Nadu women in his poems. This article attempts to explain the sports of Tamil Nadu women as mentioned in Thiruvasakam. Keywords: Thiruvasagam, Shaiva Dharma, Women’s Games References 1. Uthandarama Pillai, A. – Thiruvasagam with Commentary, Tamil Sangam, Tirunelveli, Valluvar, Chennai, 1998. 2. Paramasivam, T.K. – Manikkavacakar Azhwar Malai, Manikkavacakar Literary Conference, Kumaraswamy Thirumadam, Varanasi, 2006. 3. Bakkiyamari. – History of Tamil Literature, Poovendan Publications, 10/2 Srinivasa Street, Mylapore, Chennai. 4. Balasubramanian, C. – Thiruppavai, Special Professor, Department of Tamil, University of Chennai, Chennai. 5. Nallasivam, G.P. – Manikkavacakar Azhwar Malai, Manikkavacakar Literary Conference, Kumaraswamy Thirumadam, Varanasi, 2006. 6. Venkatasami, Nattar, N. M. – Silappathikaram (Original Text and Commentary), Ramaiya Publications, Chennai ©»º: 10 ]Ó¨¤uÌ: 1 ©õu®: AU@hõ£º Á¸h®: 2025 P-ISSN: 2454-3993 E-ISSN: 2582-2810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.17346659
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 81 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research v¸Áõ\PzvÀ ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ •. IìÁº¯õ £vÄGs: 2511315012004, •Ê÷|µ •øÚÁº £mh B#Áõͺ uªÌUPø» B#ÁP®, öu.v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ ©÷Úõß©o¯® _¢uµÚõº £ÀPø»UPÇP®, v¸ö|À÷Á¼ •øÚÁº B.£õ. Cµõ©ö»m_ª Eu¨ ÷£µõ]›¯º, uªÌUPø» B#ÁP® öu.v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ ©÷Úõß©o¯® _¢uµÚõº £ÀPø»UPÇP®, v¸ö|À÷Á¼ B#Ä _¸UP® v¸Áõ\P® Gߣx ø\Á \©¯ PhÄÍõÚ ]Áö£¸©õß «x £õh¨£mh £õhÀPÎß öuõS¨¦. CuøÚ C¯ØÔ¯Áº ©õoUPÁõ\Pº. ©õoUPÁõ\Pº ø\Á SÓÁºPÒ |õÀÁ›À J¸Áº. £ßÛ¸ ø\Á \©¯z v¸•øÓPÎÀ v¸Áõ\P® Gmhõ® v¸•øÓ¯õP EÒÍx. “v¸Áõ\PzxUS E¸Põuõº J¸ Áõ\PzvØS® E¸Põº” Gߣx ‰xøµ. £Uva _øÁ²®, ©Úøu E¸US® ußø©²® öPõsh v¸Áõ\P¨ £õhÀPÒ, uªÈÀ ]Ó¢u C»UQ¯[PÎß Á›ø\°À øÁzx Gsn¨£kQßÓÚ. v¸Áõ\P® 51 £SvPøÍ²® 658 £õhÀPøÍ²® öPõskÒÍx. ]Áö|Ôaö\ÀÁµõQ¯ ©õoUPÁõ\Pº uªÇP ©PÎ›ß ÂøÍ¯õmkUPøÍz u©x £õhÀPÎÀ GkzxU TÔ²ÒÍõº. CUPmkøµ v¸Áõ\PzvÀ Ch®ö£Ö® uªÇP ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ £ØÔ ÂÍUP •Ø£kQÓx. vÓÄ ö\õØPÒ: v¸Áõ\P®, ø\Á ö|Ô,©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmkPÒ •ßÝøµ \[P Põ»zvÀ ©UPÒ EhÀ ©ØÖ® ©Ú B÷µõUQ¯zvØPõP £À÷ÁÖ ÂøÍ¯õmkPøÍ ÂøÍ¯õi ©QÌ¢uÚº. ©õoUPÁõ\Pº CøÓUPõuø» ©Pκ Áõ°»õPU PõmkQÓõº. AUPõ»zvÀ ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õk® ÂøÍ¯õhÀPÒ £»ÁØøÓ²® Psk, AÁØøÓz u©x £õhÀPÎÀ øÁzxU TÖQÓõº. CøÓÁÝøh¯, ö£¸ø© £ØÔ²®, P¸øn £ØÔ²®, ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õhÀPÒ ‰»©õP ÂÍUSQÓõº. v¸Áõ\P ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õhÀPÒ CøÓÁÛß ¦PøÇ¨£õi, ©QÌÁuõP CUPmkøµ Bµõ#QÓx. ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õhÀPÎß ]Ó¨¦PÒ ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ ©Ú©QÌa]UPõPÄ® ö£õÊx ÷£õUQØPõPÄ® ÂøÍ¯õh¨ £kQßÓÚ. u[PÒ xߣ[PøÍ ©Ó¢x ©QÌÁøh¯ ©Pκ ö£¸®£õ¾® ÂøÍ¯õhÀPøÍ |õkQßÓÚº. BhÁº ÂøÍ¯õk® ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ EhÀ Á¼ø©, AÔÄzvÓß CÁØøÓU PõmkÁuõP EÒÍÚ. GÎø©¯õÚ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ ©PεõÀ ÂøÍ¯õh¨£kQßÓÚ. AøÁ ©PÎ›ß ö©ßø©z ußø©ø¯U PõmkÁuõP EÒÍÚ. GÚ÷Á ©PÎ›ß ÂøÍ¯õhÀPøÍa \©¯ C»UQ¯[PÒ EÒÁõ[QU öPõÒQßÓÚ. CÆÁøP ÂøÍ¯õhÀPÒ ‰»©õP¨ ö£sPÎß CøÓ¯Ý£Á[PÒ öÁÎÁ¸QßÓÚ.
£ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 82 £UP® £õøÁ¯õhÀ ÂøÍ¯õhÀPøÍ TÖ® •uÀ £vP©õP, “v¸öÁ®£õøÁ” EÒÍx. CvÀ ‘£õøÁ¯õhÀ’ GßÓ ÂøÍ¯õmk Põmh¨£kQÓx. ©Pκ £õøÁø¯ Aø©zx }µõi ÂøÍ¯õkÁx £õøÁ¯õhÀ GÚ C»UQ¯[PÒ _mkQßÓÚ. ©õoUPÁõ\Pº v¸Ásnõ©ø»°À ©õºPÈ ©õuzv÷» AvPõø»°À ©Pκ SÍzvÀ ‰ÌQ }µõhaö\À¾® ÷£õx, |®©Áøµ AøÇ¨£uõPÄ®, AÁºPÒ P»¢x ÷£]UöPõsk CøÓa]Ó¨ø£U TÖÁuõPÄ® C¨£vPzøu A¸Î²ÒÍõº. CøÓÁß ÷£µÔÄøh¯Áß ]ØÓÔÄ Eøh¯ E°ºPÐUS A¸Ò ö\#Áx AÁß P¸ønU Sn® GÚ ©Pκ Enº¢uÚº. “Áõºzøu²® ÷£] ÁøÍ]»®£ ÁõºPø»PÒ Bº¨£µÁ® ö\#¯ AoSÇÀ÷©À Ásk Bº¨£ §zvPÊ® ö£õ#øPSøh¢xEøh¯õß ö£õØ£õu® Hzv C¸®_øÚ}º BkH÷»õº G®£õÁõ#.” (v¸öÁ®£õøÁ:£õ&Gs&12) GÚ ÁøÍ J¼UP, BøhPÒ Aø\¢uõh }µõh ÷Ásk® GßQÓõº. “ ©õºPÈz v[PÒ ©v{øÓ¢u |ßÚõÍõÀ }µõh¨ ÷£õxú ÷£õxª÷Úõ ÷|›øÇ±º.” (v¸¨£õøÁ:£õ&Gs&1) GßÓ Á›PÒ ©õºPȰÀ •Ê{»õ JÎ Ã_® |À» |õÒ Cx CßÖ |õ® }µõhU QÍ®¦÷Áõ® GÚ BshõÒ |õµõ¯nøÚ ©ÚvÀ {øÚzxU öPõsk }µõh uß ÷uõÈPÐhß ÷£õÁuõP uÚx v¸¨£õøÁ°À GÊv²ÒÍõº. ©Pκ }µõk® ÷£õx EÒÍU Qͺa] ö£ÖQßÓÚº. u®ø©¨ ¤ozu ¤ÓÂz uøÍPÎÀ C¸¢x Âk£kÁx ÷£õ», ö£õ#øP°À ‰ÌQ }µõkQßÓÚº. v¸Á®©õøÚ BhÀ A®©õøÚ Gߣx ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õhÀPÎÀ JßÖ. A®©õøÚU Põ# öPõsk CÍ©Pκ u®•Ò Eøµ¯õi ©QÌ¢x ÂøÍ¯õk® •øÓ°À Aø©¢u £õhÀP÷Í C»UQ¯[PÎÀ A®©õøÚ GßÓ ö£¯µõÀ ]Ó¨¤zx ÁÇ[P¨£mhx. ©Pκ ‰Áº A©º¢x £õiU öPõs÷h A®©õøÚ ÂøÍ¯õk® ÷£õx CøÓÁøÚ÷¯õ AÀ»x Aµ\øÚ÷¯õ £õmkøhz uø»ÁÚõU öPõÒÁº. “y[öP°À ‰ßöÓÔ¢u ÷\õÇß Põn®©õøÚ: ÷\õÇß ¦Põº|Pµ® £õ÷h÷»õ µ®©õøÚ” (]»¨. ÁõÌzxUPõsh®,: £õ&Gs& 19) GÚ Á¸® ]»¨£vPõµz öuõh›À A®©õøÚ ÂøÍ¯õk® ‰ßÖ ©Pκ u® Bmh® ÁÈ÷¯ ÷\õÇ©ßÚÛß ¦PøÇ¨ £õi ©QÌuø»U PõmkQßÓÚ. ]»¨£vPõµzvÀ EÒÍ A®©õøÚ¨ £õhÀPÒ I¢uiPÒ öPõshøÁ. v¸Áõ\PzvÀ EÒÍ A®©õøÚ¨ £õhÀPÒ BÓiPÒ öPõshx. CÆÁ®©õøÚ¨ £õhÀPÒ ]Áö£¸©õøÚ¨ £õmkøhz uø»ÁÚõP öPõsk £õh¨ ö£ØÓøÁ¯õS®. v¸¨ö£õØ_sn® ÂøÍ¯õhÀPøÍ TÖ® £vP[PÎÀ ‰ßÓõÁuõP _snªizuÀ EÒÍx. ©Pκ E»UøPø¯U øP¯õÀ £ØÔ CiUS® ö\¯À _snªizuÀ GÚ¨ ö£¯º¨£k®. vÀø» |hµõ\º¨ ö£¸©õÛß A¤÷åPzvØöPÚ ©g\Ò ö£õi²hß Áõ\øÚ¨ ö£õ¸mPøÍU P»¢x ©Pκ CiUS® ÷£õx u[PÐøh¯ ÷\õºÄ öu›¯õ©¼¸US® ö£õ¸mk¨ £õkQßÓ •øÓ°À 20 £õhÀPøÍ A¸Î°¸UQÓõº. ‘©õø¯’ GßÝ® ö£õØ_sn¨ ö£õ¸Ò, ‘|Á\Uv’
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 83 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research GßÓ ö\¯»õÀ ö£õi¯õUP¨£kQÓx GßÖ E¸ÁP¨£kzv¨£õkQÓõº. ©õoUPÁõ\Pº _snªiUS® ©PÎ›ß CÆÂ¯À¦PøÍU TÖ® •P©õPz “v¸¨ö£õØ_sn®” GßÓ £vPzøu A¸Î²ÒÍõº. “ö£õ#¯ºu® ö£õ#¯øÚ ö©#¯º ö©#ø¯ ÷£õu›U PsoøÚ¨ ö£õØöÓõiz÷uõÒ ø£¯µ ÁÀSÀ ©h¢øu |Àú £õi¨ö£õØ _sn® Cizx® |õ÷©” (v¸ö£õØ_sn®;£õ&Gs&12) GÚ ©Pκ, E»P ©UPÐUS A•u® ÷£õßÓÁÚõÚ CøÓÁøÚ _sn® ªizx Án[SQßÓÚº. v¸U÷Põzx®¤ v¸U÷Põzx®¤ Gߣx v¸Áõ\Pzvß J¸ £Sv¯õS®. PõuÀ Á¯¨£mh J¸ ö£s §UPÎÀ ›[Põµªmk¨ £ÓUS® ÁskPÎß µõáõÁõÚ x®¤ø¯¨ £õºzx, uõß ]Áö£¸©õøÚU Põu¼US® uß ©Ú{ø»ø¯ ]ÁÛh® Gkzxa ö\ßÖ ö\õÀ¿©õÖ ÷ÁskQÓõÒ. C¢u £õhÀPÒ, CøÓÁÛß ö£¸ø©PøÍ²®, AÁ›ß v¸ÁiPÎ»ß ©Qø©ø¯²® ÷£_ÁuõÀ “÷Põzx®¤” GÚ ö£¯º ö£ØÖÒÍx. “FÚõ ¸øhuø»°À Es£¼÷uº A®£»Áß ÷uÚõº P©»÷© ö\ß×uõ# ÷Põzx®¥.” (v¸U÷Põzx®¤: £õ&Gs&216) CøÓÁÚõÚ ]Áö£¸©õß «x ªS¢u Aߦ öPõsh J¸ ö£s, uß Põuø» öÁΨ£kzu C¢u x®¤ø¯z yxÁÚõP Aݨ¦Áx ÷£õß÷Ó C¨£õhÀ Aø©¢xÒÍx. v¸zöuÒ÷Ín® öuÒÍn® Gߣx øP÷PõmhÀ AÀ»x •ÓzøuU øP°À öPõsk uõÛ¯[PøÍz öuÒÎU öPõÈzx ÂøÍ¯õkuÀ GÚ¨£k®. Cx ]Öª¯ºUS›¯ ÂøÍ¯õmkPÎÀ JßÓõS®. ]Öª¯º •a]À GßÝ® ]Ô¯ •ÓzøuU øP°Ø öPõsk uõÛ¯[PøÍz öuÒÎU öPõÈzx ÂøÍ¯õk® {ø»°À CøÓÁÚx ¦PÌz vÓ[PøÍz öu΢xnº¢x £õi¨ ÷£õØÖÁuõP Aø©¢xÒÍx. øP öPõmi¨£õi Bk® ÂøÍ¯õmk ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õk® ÂøÍ¯õmk BS®. “v¸©õ¾® £ßÔ¯õ¯a ö\ßÖnµõz v¸Áiø¯ E¸|õ® AÔ÷Áõº A¢unµõ# Bsk öPõshõß.” (v¸zöuÒ÷Ín®: £õ&Gs.235) v¸©õÀ £ßÔ¯õ# Á¢x v¸Áiø¯z ÷ui¯÷£õx, A¢u¨ ö£¸©õøÚz u©US J¸ A¢un E¸Á©õ# Á¢xöPõshõß GßÖ ]Áö£¸©õÛß A›¯ ö\¯ø» ö£sPÒ ]Á B»¯[PÎÀ ]Áµõzv› AßÖ £õmkU÷PØ£U øP öPõmi÷¯õ, £øÓ öPõmi÷¯õ ]Áö£¸©õøÚ¨ ÷£õØÔ¨ £õkQßÓÚº. v¸a\õÇÀ \õÇÀ Gߣx C¸ ö£sPÒ ÂøÍ¯õk® J¸ÁøP ö\õÀ ÂøÍ¯õmk BS®. CÆÂøÍ¯õmiß ÷£õx C¸ ©Pκ A©º¢x J¸ Pøuaö\¯À £ØÔ ÂÚõ {PÌzu ©ØöÓõ¸zv AUPøu°À Ch©õPz ÷uõßÔ •µs£õmiøÚ }UQ Auß Emö£õ¸øÍ ÂÍUQ Âøh TÔ Eøµ¯õi ©QÌ¢x ÂøÍ¯õk® •øÓ°À Aø©ÁuõS®. “§_Áx öÁspÖ §s£xÄ® ö£õ[PµÁ® ÷£_Áx® v¸Áõ¯õÀ ©øÓ÷£õ¾[ Põ÷nj! §_Áx® ÷£_Áx® §s£xÄ[ öPõsöhßøÚ D\ß AÁß GÆÄ°ºUS® C¯À£õÚõß \õÇ÷»õ (v¸a\õÇÀ£õ&Gs. 1)
£ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 84 £UP® ©õoUPÁõ\Pº ]Áö£¸©õøÚ¨ £ØÔ ÁÇ[S® £» ¦µõnUPøuPÎß EmP¸zxUPøÍ ÂÚõ Âøh¯õP Aø©zx TÔ²ÒÍõº. A÷u÷£õß÷Ó v¸a\õÇÀ GßÓ uÚx £vPzvÀ ö£sönõ¸zv ]Áö£¸©õÛß ö\¯ÀPøÍ CPÌ¢x Cø\²hß ÂÚõ Gʨ¤ TÖÁuõPÄ® ©ØÓ J¸ ö£s A¨ö£¸©õÛß ö\¯ÀPÎß Esø©PøÍ Gkzx Cø\²hß Âøh¯Îzx Á¢x £õkÁuõPÄ® Aø©zx £õi°¸UQÓõº. v¸¨§ÁÀ¼ §ÁÀ¼ Gߣx §UöPõ#x ÂøÍ¯õk® ö£sPÒ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÎÀ JßÓõS®. CøÓÁøÚ ÁÈ£kÁuØPõP¨ §UPøÍU öPõ#QßÓÚº ©h¢øu¯º. ©À¼øP, •Àø» ÷£õßÓ ©»ºUöPõiPÎÀ C¸¢x ©»ºPøÍa ÷\P›US® ©[øP¯º D\Ûß ¦PÌ £õiUöPõs÷h ©n©»ºPøÍ¨ £ÔUQßÓÚº. CøÓÁÛß P¸ønø¯ Gso Gso CÍS® bõÚ¨ ö£sPÐUSz u[PÒ uõ#©õºPÒ Põmk® Aߦ {øÚÂØS Á¸QÓx. CøÓÁß Põmk® P¸øn uõ°ß Aßø£U Põmi¾® A¸ø©²øh¯x GÚUP¸xQÓõº. “|õ°Ø Pøh£mh |®ø©²÷©õº ö£õ¸m£kzxz uõ°Ø ö£›x[ u¯õÄøh¯ u®ö£¸©õß ©õ¯¨ ¤Ó¨£Öz uõshõöÚß ÁÀ¤øÚ°ß Áõ°Ø ö£õi¯mi¨ §ÁÀ¼ öPõ#¯õ÷©õ” (v¸Áõ\P®:v¸¨§ÁÀ¼:£õ&Gs.3) |õ°Ý® Pøh¨£mh |®ø©²® ö£õ¸m£kzv Bsk öPõÒÐQÓõß CøÓÁß. GÚ÷Á ÁÀÂøÚ¨ £õ®¦PÒ |®ø©z wsh •i¯õx. A¨£õ®¦PÎß Áõ°÷» bõÚ¨ ö£õi°øÚzyÂ, ¤Ó GßÓ ©¯UPzøu AÖ¢vk÷Áõ®. §[öPõi ©»ºPøÍU öPõ#÷Áõ® GßÖ £õkQßÓÚº. v¸z÷uõ÷nõUP® “÷uõ÷nõUP®” Gߣx J¸ ÁøP ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmk. C¸ ÷uõȯº J¸Á¸UöPõ¸Áº ÷uõøÍ¨ £õºzxU öPõs÷hõ, AÀ»x öuõmkU öPõs÷hõ ÂøÍ¯õk® ÂøÍ¯õmk ÁøP¯õS®. v¸z÷uõ÷nõUP® Gߣx ©õoUPÁõ\PµõÀ A¸Í¨£mh v¸Áõ\Pzvß £Sv¯õS®. Cx vÀø» A®£»z÷u v¸|hÚ® ö\#²® CøÓÁÚx v¸ÁiPøÍ Tk® Ásn® ‘÷uõ÷nõUP®’ GßÝ® ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmiøÚ¨ £õi, CÆÄ»P® {ø»¯õÚx GÚ ©¯[Põ©À, ]Ázøu Põq® uzxÁzøu¨ ÷£_ÁuõS®. PõÚÀ }øµ Esø© GÚ |®¤ ©¯[S® ÷£øuø¯¨ ÷£õ» CÀ»õ©À, ö©#¯ÔÂß ö£¸ø©ø¯ Enºzv, ¤µ£g\ {ø»¯õø©ø¯ AÔ¢x CøÓÁøÚ AøhÁx Cuß ÷|õUP®. “§¢uõ¸® ö£õ#øP¨ ¦Ú¼x÷Á GÚUP¸v¨ ÷£#z÷uº •PUSÖ® ÷£øuSn® BPõ÷© wºzuõ# vPÌzvÀø» A®£»z÷u v¸|hgö\# TzuõEß ÷\Ái Tk®Ásn¢ ÷uõ÷nõUP®.” (v¸Áõ\P® v¸z÷uõÒ ÷|õUP®:£õ&Gs&1) PõÚÀ }øµz uspº¨ ö£õ#øP GÚU P¸uõ©À Tzuß ÷\Áiø¯U TkÁ÷u Gß ÷uõÎß ÷|õUP® GßÖ ]ÁÛß ö£¸ø©PøÍ ©õoUPÁõ\Pº¨ ö£¸©õß v¸z÷uõÒ ÷|õUP® GßÓ £s Cø\zxU PßÛ¨ ö£sPÒ Áõ°»õPz öuÎÄ £kzxQÓõº.
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 85 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research v¸¨ö£õßÞ\À v¸Áõ\PzvÀ ö£sPÒ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÎß Á›ø\°À v¸¨ö£õßÞ\À CÖv¯õPU Põn¨£kQÓx. ö£õØ£»øP ©õmh¨£mh Fg\À ö£õßÞ\À GÚ¨£k®.Fg\¼À HÔ¯õkuÀ ©PκUS ©Ú©QÌa]ø¯ u¸®. Fg\»õkuÀ öuõßø© ÁÇUP®. CÍ©Pκ Fg\¼À HÔ¯õk[PõÀ £õmkøhz uø»ÁÚx ¦PÌzvÓzøu¨ £õiUöPõsk Bk® {ø»°À Aø©¢u Cø\¨£õmk F\ÀÁ› GÚ¨£k®. GÀ»õ®ÁÀ» ]Áö£¸©õøÚ¨ £õmkøhz uø»ÁÚõU öPõsk Fg\»õk® ©Pκ £õi¨£µÄ® {ø»°øÚ ©õoUPÁõ\Pº uÚx v¸¨ö£õßÞ\¼À £vPzvÀ A¸Î²ÒÍõº. “xg\À ¤Ó¨£Ö¨£õß y¯¦PÌ £õi ¦g\©õº öÁÒÁøÍú ö£õßÞ\À B÷hõ÷©õ (v¸¨ö£õsr\À £õ&Gs&4) GÚ F\»õk® ©Pκ, ]Áö£¸©õøÚ¨ £õmkøhz uø»ÁÚõPU öPõsk F\»õi ©QÌQßÓÚº. •iÄøµ ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ ©Ú ©QÌa]ø¯²®, ö£õÊx ÷£õUøP²® Ai¨£øh¯õPU öPõskÒÍÚ. ö£sPÒ u[PÎß AÔÄz vÓøÚ²®, EhÀ vÓzøu²®, Pou AÔøÁ²® ÷©®£kzvU öPõÒÍ ©Pκ ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ Áõ#¨£ÎUQßÓÚ. GÚ÷Á ©õoUPÁõ\Pº ©Pκ ¸®¤ ÂøÍ¯õk® £ÀÁøP ÂøÍ¯õmkP÷Íõk CøÓø© bõÚzøu Cø\²hß C¯ØÔ²ÒÍõº Gߣx CUPmkøµ Áõ°»õP |©US öu›QÓx. xøn ¡Ø£mi¯À 1. Ezushµõ© ¤ÒøÍ.A,v¸Áõ\P® ö©#Psh Eøµ, ö\ßøÚ ©õPõnz uªÌa \[P®, v¸ö|À÷Á¼, ÁÒÐÁº & 1998. 2. £µ©]Á® u.÷Põ., ©õoUPÁõ\Pº B#Ä ©õø», ©õoUPÁõ\Pº C»UQ¯ B#Ä ©õ|õk, S©õµ\õÁõªz v¸©h®, Áõµnõ]&2006. 3. £õUQ¯÷©›, uªÌ C»UQ¯ Áµ»õÖ §÷Á¢uß £v¨£P®,10/2, ^ÛÁõ\õ \õø», ©°»õ¨§º, ö\ßøÚ 4. £õ»_¨¤µ©o¯ß. ], v¸¨£õøÁ ]Ó¨¦ {ø»¨ ÷£µõ]›¯º,uªÌ ö©õÈzxøÓ, ö\ßøÚ¨ £ÀPø»UPÇP®, ö\ßøÚ. 5. |À»]Á®. ÷Põ.£, ©õoUPÁõ\Pº B#Ä ©õø», ©õoUPÁõ\Pº C»UQ¯ B#Ä ©õ|õk,S©õµ\õªz v¸©h®, Áõµnõ]&2006. 6. ÷Á[Ph\õª |õmhõº. |õ.•, ]»¨£vPõµ® ‰»•® Eøµ²®, µõø©¯õ £v¨£P®, ö\ßøÚ