scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

Themes of Kurinji Landscape Leaders in the Kuruntokai

M. Nikitha; A. Ponnammal

Abstract

Among ancient literary genres, Sangam literature holds a prominent place. Sangam literature reflects both the external and internal events of people in the Sangam period, focusing on their way of life. Love and war are indispensable aspects of Tamil lifeand naturally form the core themes of Sangam poetry. Kuruntokai, one of the eight anthologies (Ettuthokai), is primarily concerned with agam (interior life, love) themes. Its content revolves around natural landscapes, locations in pastoral life, the affections of chieftains and leaders, and emotional experiences like longing and separation. The poems are closely connected to natural imagery, and scholars have classified the landscapes into five types, known collectively as the Ainthinai. Among these, the Kurinji (mountainous) landscape is particularly significant. This study examines the themes related to leaders of the Kurinji landscape in Kuruntokai, focusing on love, emotion, and natural settings as represented in these poems.

Full text

öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 196 £UP® £ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ Themes of Kurinji Landscape Leaders in the Kuruntokai M. Nikitha Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Tamil Literature S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil Dr. A. Ponnammal Associate Professor, Department of Tamil Literature S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil Abstract Among ancient literary genres, Sangam literature holds a prominent place. Sangam literature reflects both the external and internal events of people in the Sangam period, focusing on their way of life. Love and war are indispensable aspects of Tamil life and naturally form the core themes of Sangam poetry. Kuruntokai, one of the eight anthologies (Ettuthokai), is primarily concerned with agam (interior life, love) themes. Its content revolves around natural landscapes, locations in pastoral life, the affections of chieftains and leaders, and emotional experiences like longing and separation. The poems are closely connected to natural imagery, and scholars have classified the landscapes into five types, known collectively as the Ainthinai. Among these, the Kurinji (mountainous) landscape is particularly significant. This study examines the themes related to leaders of the Kurinji landscape in Kuruntokai, focusing on love, emotion, and natural settings as represented in these poems. Keywords: Kurinji, Leaders, Thematic Content, Interior Life, Pastoral Life References 1. SaminathaIyer, U.V., Kuruntokai, Original Text and Commentary, Sudarsan Graphics Pvt. Ltd., Thiyagarayanagar, Chennai 600017, First Edition 1937 2. Subbiah Maniam, S.V., Tolkappiyam, Thol. Manivasagar Publications, First Edition 1998 3. Thirugnanasambandham, S., Explanation of Agam Themes in Narkkavi Series, Kadhir Publications, Thiruvaiyaru 4. Nagamasan, V., New Century Book House Pvt. Ltd., 41, PCS Citco Industrial Estate, Ambattur, Chennai, First Edition 2004 5. Manickam, V. Subba, Tamil Love Poems, Bari Nilayam, 59, P.M. Road, Chennai, First Edition 1962 ©»º: 10 ]Ó¨¤uÌ: 1 ©õu®: AU@hõ£º Á¸h®: 2025 P-ISSN: 2454-3993 E-ISSN: 2582-2810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.17346724 http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 197 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research SÖ¢öuõøP°À SÔg] {»z uø»©õ¢uºPÎß £õkö£õ¸Ò ©. {Quõ £vÄGs : 23213154022020, •Ê÷|µ •øÚÁº £mh B#Áõͺ uªÌUPø» B#ÁP®, öu.v C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ •øÚÁº A. ö£õßÚ®©õÒ Cøn¨ ÷£µõ]›¯º, uªÌUPø» B#ÁP® öu.v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ B#Äa_¸UP® £Çø©¯õÚ C»UQ¯ ÁøPPÎÀ •ußø©¯õÚx \[P C»UQ¯®. \[PPõ» ©UPÎß AP¨¦Ó {PÌÄPøÍ CÆÂ»UQ¯® öÁΨ£kzxQßÓx. C»UQ¯[PÒ AUPõ» ©UPÎß Áõ̯ø» ø©¯©õPU öPõsk £øhUP¨£kQßÓÚ. AÆÁøP°À \[P C»UQ¯[PÒ, \[PPõ» ©UPÎß Áõ̯ø»U SÔ¨¤kQßÓx. uªÇºPÎß Áõ̯¼À CßÔ¯ø©¯õu Ch®ö£ÖÁx PõuÀ ©ØÖ® õ®. CøÁ÷¯ •øÓ¯õP \[P C»UQ¯[PÎß £õkö£õ¸ÍõP Aø©QßÓx. GmkzöuõøP ¡ÀPÎÀ JßÓõÚ SÖ¢öuõøP AP©µ¦ \õº¢u ¡»õPz vPÌQßÓx. APzvønUS›¯ £õkö£õ¸ÍõP PÍÄ ÁõÌUøP°À Ch®ö£Ö® C¯ØøP ¦nºa], Ch¢uø»¨£õk, uø»Áß uø»Â¯º Aߦ, ©h÷»ÖuÀ ÷£õßÓøÁ Aø©QßÓx. SÖ¢öuõøP £õhÀPÒ •ÊÁx® C¯ØøP Põm]P÷Íõk öuõhº¦øh¯øÁ. {»[PøÍ IÁøP¯õP £õS£õk ö\#u ¦»ÁºPÒ AuøÚ ‘Aß¤ß I¢vøn’ GßÖ SÔ¨¤mkÒÍÚº. I¢vønPÐÒ •ußø©¯õP ÂÍ[SÁx SÔg] {»©õS®. AzuøP¯ Aßø£ ø©¯©õPU öPõsh SÖ¢öuõøP°ß SÔg]{»z uø»©õ¢uºPÎß £õkö£õ¸ÒPøÍ Bµõ²® Âu©õP CÆÁõ#ÄU Pmkøµ Aø©QßÓx. vÓÄaö\õØPÒ: SÔg], uø»©UPÒ, £õkö£õ¸Ò, APÁõÌÄ, PÍÄ •ßÝøµ  £Ç¢uªÇ›ß £s£õmøh E»QØS ¤µv£¼¨£øÁ\[PPõ»C»UQ¯[P÷Í. \[P C»UQ¯¨ £õhÀPÒ AUPõ» ©UPÎß Áõ̯À TÖPøÍ ªPz öuÎÁõPU Põm]¨£kzxQßÓÚ. £Ç¢uªÇºPÒ AÁºPÒ ÁõÌ¢u {»[PÎß Aø©¨¤ØS® `ǾUS® uS¢uÁõÖ SÔg], •Àø», ©¸u®, ö|#uÀ, £õø» GÚ IÁøP¯õP £õS£kzv AÁØÔÀ ÁõÌøÁ ÷©ØöPõskÒÍÚº. \[P C»UQ¯[PÍõÚ GmkzöuõøP £zx¨£õmk •u¼¯ ¡ÀPÎß ÁÈ IÁøP vøna \õº¢u ö\#vPÒ ¦»¨£kQÓx. AÁØÔÀ GmkzöuõøP ¡ÀPÎÀ JßÓõÚ SÖ¢öuõøP, \[PPõ» ÁõÌÂÀ uø»Áß uø»Â°ß APÁõÌÄ \õº¢u ö\#vPøÍ, AzvønU Si{»[PÎß E°›Ú[PÒ, uõÁµ® ©ØÖ® C¯ØøP \õº¢u Põm]P÷Íõk Cønzx¨ £õhÀPÒ ‰»® öÁΨ£kzxQÓx. uø»Áßuø»ÂTØÖ,÷uõÈTØÖGÚ TØÖ ÁøP°÷» £õhÀPÒ Aø©¢xÒÍx. AÆÁøP°À SÖ¢öuõøP SÔg]z vøn¨£õhÀPÒ ÁÈuø» ©UPÎß £õkö£õ¸Ò SÔzu P¸zxUPøÍ CUPmkøµÂÍUSQÓx. öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 198 £UP® £ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ SÖ¢öuõøP°ÀSÔg] SÖQ¯ AiPøÍU öPõsh £õhÀPÎß öuõS¨¦ GߣuõÀ ‘SÖ¢öuõøP’ GÚ ö£¯º ö£ØÓx. CuøÚ ‘|À» SÖ¢öuõøP’ GÚÄ® ÁÇ[SQßÓÚº. CvÀ SÔg], •Àø», ©¸u®, ö|#uÀ, £õø» GÚ I¢vønSÔzuö\#vPÐÒ£õhÀPÎß Áõ°»õP AÔ¯»õQßÓx. SÔg] {» E›¨ö£õ¸ÍõÚ ¦nºuÀ Gߣx APÁõÌøÁø©¯©õPUöPõshx.uø»Áß uø»Â°ß AߤÚx öÁΨ£õhõP {PÌÁ÷u ¦nºu»õS®. SÖ¢öuõøP £õhÀPÒ ö£¸®£õ¾® uø»Áß uø»ÂUPõÚ PÍÄ ÁÈ£mh÷u¯õS®. SÖ¢öuõøP²®SÔg]²®ö\õÀ»ø©¨¤À ©mk©À»õ©À P¸zuø©¨¤¾® öuõhº¦U öPõsk ÂÍ[SQÓx. SÖQ¯ £õhÀ AiPÎÀ {»[PÎß Á¸nøÚ÷¯õk, APÁõÌøÁ²®öuÎÄ£hSÖ¢öuõøP SÔ¨¤kQÓx. APzvøn°À£õkö£õ¸Ò  £õkö£õ¸Ò Gߣx ö\#²Ò £Sv°ßP¸zxAÀ»xö\#vGÚ»õ®. uªÌö©õȰÀ EÒÍ C»UQ¯[PÎß £õkö£õ¸ÐUS GÊu¨£mh C»UPn÷© ö£õ¸ÒC»UPn©õS®.C»UQ¯[PÎß ö\#²Ò £SvPøÍ ¦›¢xöPõÒÁuØS ö£õ¸Ò C»UPn® £¯ß£kQÓx. uªÌö©õȰÀ Põn¨£k® C»UQ¯[PÒ AÓ®, ö£õ¸Ò, Cߣ®, Ãk •u¼¯ÁØÖÒJßøÓ£õkö£õ¸ÍõPU öPõsk¨£õh¨£kQÓx.  \[PC»UQ¯[PÒAP¨¦ÓÁõ̯À P¸zxUPøÍ¨ £õk ö£õ¸ÍõPU öPõskÒÍx. AÆÁøP°À SÖ¢öuõøP AP®\õº¢u £õkö£õ¸øÍ EÒÍhUQ¯x. SÖ¢öuõøP SÔg]z vøn°À Põn¨£k®£õhÀPÒuø»Áßuø»Â PÍÄ ÁõÌUøP°ß TÖPøÍ öPõsk vPÌQßÓx.Põ©zøu£õkö£õ¸ÍõPU öPõsh APzvøn°ß ]Ó¨¤øÚ hõUhº Á. _£. ©õoUP® AÁºPÒ, “AP¨£õhÀPÒ E°ºPÒ ¤ÓzuØS® ¤Ó¨¤¨£uØS® Ai¨£øh¯õÚ CߣÄnºøÁ E»Qß A¸[S AÓõx ÁÈ•øÓ PõUS® Põ©zxi¨ø£¨ ö£õ¸ÍõPUöPõshußø©²øh¯x” GÚU TÖQÓõº. (Á. _£. ©õoUP®, £UP®:72) uø»Áßuø»Â°ß£õkö£õ¸Ò uªÌö©õȰÀ Põn¨£k® C»UQ¯[PÒ JÆöÁõßÖ® uÛz uÛ Põ»UPmh[PÎÀ EÒÍ ©UPÎß Áõ̯ø» ¤µv£¼¨£uõPÄ®, AÁºPÎß ÷uøÁU÷PØ£ E¸¨ö£ØÓøÁ¯õPÄ® EÒÍÚ.AußÁÈ\[PC»UQ¯[PÎÀ AP® \õº¢u £õhÀPÎß uø»¯õ¯¨ £õkö£õ¸ÍõP uø»Áß uø»Â°ß PÍÄ ÁõÌÄ Aø©¢xÒÍx. CuøÚ öuõÀPõ¨¤¯zvÀ, “Põ©¨¦nºa]²®Ch¢uø»¨£h¾® £õ[öPõkuÇõ A¾®÷uõȰØ ¦nºÄö©ßÖ B[P|õÀ ÁøP°Ý® Aøh¢u\õºöÁõk ©øÓö¯Ú ö©õÈuÀ©øÓ÷¯õºB÷Ó” (öuõÀ.ö£õ¸.487) GÚ öuõÀPõ¨¤¯º PÍÄ ÁõÌÂøÚU SÔ¨¤kQÓõº.CvÀC¯ØøP¦nºa], Ch¢uø»¨£õk, £õ[PºTmh®, ÷uõȯØTmh® ÷£õßÓ ¤›ÄPÒ SÔg]zvøn \õº¢x Aø©QßÓx. Cuß ÁÈ÷¯ SÔg]z vøn°ß E›¨ö£õ¸ÍõÚ ¦nºu¾® ¦nºuÀ {ªzu•® öÁΨ£kQßÓx. SÔg]z vøn°ß £õkö£õ¸ÒPÒ A¢{» ©UPÎß©ÚEnºÄPøÍ²®C¯ØøP `Çø»²® Á¸nøÚPÒ ‰»® öÁΨ£kzxQßÓx. http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 199 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research C¯ØøP¨¦nºa]  uø»ÁÝ® uø»Â²® •uß•u»õP Gvº£õµõ©À\¢vzx©ÚuõÀ¸¨£® öPõÒÁxC¯ØøP¦nºa]¯õS®.Cx öu#Ázuõ¾® uø»Â¯õ¾® {PÊ® GßÖC»UPn¡ÀSÔ¨¤kQÓx. “öu#Á®ußÛßG#uÄ®QÇzv°ß H#uÄ®£¸E®C¯ØøP¨¦nºa]” (|®¤.AP.33)  E»P ÁõÌÂÀ ©ÛuºPÐUS ©mk©À»õ©À AøÚzx E°›Ú[PÐUS® ö£õxÁõÚøÁ¯õP vPÌÁx Aߦ. uø»Áß uø»Â°ß APÁõÌÂØS Ai¨£øh¯õÚx® SÔg] {»zvß E›¨ö£õ¸Ò TÓõPÄ® ÂÍ[SQßÓx. GßÝøh¯uõ²® EßÝøh¯uõ²® G¢u ÁøP°À EÓÂÚº GßÖ AÔ¯ÂÀø». }²® |õÝ® GUSiø¯a ÷\º¢uÁºPÍõP C¸¢uõ¾®,ö\®©s{»zvÀ©øÇ}º P»¢ux ÷£õ» |®•øh¯ ö|g\[PÒ AߣõÀP»¢uÚGߣøu, ¯õ²®bõ²®¯õºBQ¯÷µõ? G¢øu²®~¢øu²®G®•øÓU÷Pκ? ¯õÝ®}²®GÆÁÈAÔx®? ö\®¦»¨ö£¯À}º÷£õ» Aߦøhö|g\®uõ®P»¢uÚ÷Á. (SÖ:£õ.G40) GßÓÁ›PÒÁõ°»õPAÔ¢xUöPõÒÍ •iQßÓx. uø»Áß uø»Â°ß «x öPõskÒÍ AߤøÚ £õ[PÛh® GkzxøµUQÓõß. •u¼À £õ[PøÚ ÁõÌzv ußøÚ Dºzu AÇQ¯ T¢uø»²® £¸zu ÷uõÒPøÍ²® Eøh¯ uø»Â°ß ö©ßø©¯õÚ ÷©Ûø¯ uÊÂÚõÀ, Auß ¤ÓS Aøµ|õÒ Th ÁõÌÁøu²®÷Ás÷hß,GÚTÔÚõß. CuøÚ ÷Pκ!ÁõÎ÷¯õ,÷Pκ!|õЮGß ö|g_¤oUöPõshA®]ÀKv¨ ö£¸¢÷uõmSÖ©PÒ]Öö©ÀBP® J¸|õÒ¦nµ¨¦n›ß, ÁõÌUøP²®÷Ásh»ß¯õ÷Ú (SÖ.£õ.G280)  uø»Â°ß ÷©ÛPõ¢uÒ, •Àø», SÁøÍ•u¼¯§UPÍõÀ÷PõºzxPmh¨ ö£ØÓ ©õø»ø¯¨ ÷£õßÖ ©n®Ã_ÁuõPÄ®, AÁÍx ÷©ÛuÎøµU Põmi¾® ö©ßø©¯õPÄ®, uÊÄÁuØS CÛø©¯õÚuõPÄ® EÒÍx GßÖ uø»ÁßÁ¸oUQÓõß.CuøÚ, ÷PõhÀ,Gvº•øP¨£_ÕÀø», |õÖ CuÌUSÁøÍ÷¯õk Cøh°k ¦ÂøµC, Ixöuõøh©õsh÷Põøu÷£õ», |Ô¯|À÷»õÒ÷©Û •Ô°Ý®Áõ#Áx•¯¢v¸US®CÛ÷u (SÖ.£õ.G62) GßÝ® £õhÀ SÔ¨¤kQßÓx. Ph»õÀ `Ǩö£ØÓ E»Pzøu²® ÷uÁ÷»õPzøu²® AÎzuõ¾® Th uø»Â²hß ¦nºu»õÀ EshõÚ CߣzvØS Cøn¯õPõx GßÖ uø»ÁßTÖQÓõß. ›vøµ¨ö£¸[PhÀÁøÍC¯E»P•® A›xö£Ö]Ó¨¤ß¦z÷uÒ|õk® Cµsk®yUQß^º\õ»õ÷Á §¨÷£õÀEsPsö£õß÷£õÀ÷©Û ©õsÁ›AÀSÀSÖ©PÒ ÷uõÒ©Ö£lE®øÁP÷»õkG©U÷P (SÖ.£õ.G101)  PÍÄÁõÌUøP°ß•uØ£i{ø»¯õP uø»Áßuø»Â°ßC¯ØøP¦nºa] vPÌQÓx. ÷©ØPsh £õhÀPÎÀ uø»Áß uø»Â°ß Aߦ, uø»Áß uø»Âø¯ uÊÄÁuØS öPõsh ÷ÁmøP, uø»Âø¯U TkÁuõÀ uø»Áß ö£ØÓ Cߣ® •u¼¯øÁ C¯ØøP ¦nºa]°ß PsöPõsh £õkö£õ¸ÍõPÂÍ[SQßÓx. öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 200 £UP® £ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ C¸ÁøPUSÔ PÍÄÁõÌUøP°Àuø»ÁÝ®uø»Â²® \¢vUS®Chzøu,£PØSÔ,CµÄUSÔ GÚ C¸ÁøP¯õP _mkQßÓÚº. CuøÚz öuõÀPõ¨¤¯º, “SÔGÚ¨£kÁxCµÂÝ®£P¼Ý® AÔ¯z÷uõßÖ®BØÓxGߣ” (öuõÀ.ö£õ¸.128) GßÝ®¡Ø£õ‰»®_mkQÓõº.uø»Â uø»ÁøÚ \¢v¨£uØPõÚ Chzøu TÖQÓõÒ. uø»ÁÝ® uø»Âø¯U Põq®ö£õ¸mkAÆÂh®ö\ÀÁõß. A[Suø»ÂÁµõuxPsk©Ú®Á¸¢v Põn¨£kQÓõß. “CÀ÷»õßCߣ®Põ•ØÓõA[S A›x÷ÁmhøÚ¯õÀö|g÷\Põu¼ |À»ÒBSuÀAÓ¢uõ[S A›¯ÒBSuÀAÔ¯õ÷uõ÷¯” (SÖ.£õ.G120)  ö£õ¸Ò CÀ»õuÁß Cߣzøu ¸®¤¯x÷£õÀuø»ÁÝ®uø»Â²® PÍÄÁõÌUøP°ÀC¸¨£uõÀ{øÚzu ÷|µ[PÎÀ PõqÁuØS A›¯ÁÍõP EÒÍõÒ GÚz uø»Áß uø»Âø¯ PsqÖÁuß BÁÀ £õkö£õ¸ÍõU öPõÒͨ£kQÓx. ©h÷»ÖuÀ  ©h÷»ÖuÀ Gߣx uø»Áß uø»Âø¯ö£ÖÁuØPõP£øÚ©h»õÀ ö\#¯¨£mh ÷u›À uõß ¸®¦® uø»Â°ß Fµõº •ßÛø»°À ußøÚ Á¸zxÁuõS®. Caö\¯À \[P¨ £õhÀPÎÀ £µÁ»õP Põn¨£k® JßÓõS®. uø»ÁÛß PõuÀ ªSv¯õ¾® uø»Âø¯ ©n® ö\#¯ Chº£õkPÒ GÊ®÷£õx®©h÷»ÖuÀ|øhö£Ö®. “©õGÚ©h¾®Fº£§GÚU S•QÌG¸UP[Pso²®`k£ ©ÖQßBºUPÄ®£k£ £Ôx®BS£Põ©®PõÌUöPõÎ÷Ú” (£õ.G17)  uø»ÁÛßPõ©EnºÄªS®÷£õx £øÚ©hø»SvøµGÚP¸v²®G¸UP® §ÂøÚ `i²® Fµõº BµÁõ›zx ÷£_®ÁøP°Àö\¯À£kÁõß. “Põø»²®£P¾®øP¯Ö©õø»²® Fºxg_¯õ©•®Âi¯¾®GßÖC¨ ö£õÊxCøhöu›°ßö£õ#÷¯Põ©® ©õGÚ©hö»õk©ÖQÀ÷uõßÔz öuØöÓÚzyØÓ¾®£È÷¯ ÁõÌu¾®£È÷¯¤›Äuø»Á›÷Ú” (SÖ.£õ.G32) “ÂÊzuø»¨ ö£søn ÂøÍ¯À ©õ©hÀ ©oAoö£¸¢uõº©µ¤Ø§mi öÁÒGߦAo¢x¤ÓºGÒÍz÷uõßÔ J¸|õÒ©¸[QÀö£¸|õs}[Q öu¸ÂßC¯»Ä®u¸ÁxöPõÀ÷»õ P¼ÌPÂßAø\|øh¨÷£øu ö©¼¢v»Ò|õ®ÂhØSAø©¢uy÷u” (SÖ.£õ.G182) •u¼¯£õhÀPÒSÔg]{»zuø»ÁÛß ©h÷»ÖÁøu¨ £õkö£õ¸ÍõPU öPõsk £õh¨ö£ØÖÒÍÚ. Ch¢uø»¨£õk  C¯ØøP ¦nºa]°À •uÀ |õÒ Dk£mh uø»Áß «sk® AÆÂhzvÀ uø»Âø¯\¢vUP•Ø£kÁõß.C¢{ø»°À uø»Â²® CuØS EhߣmhõÀ \¢v¨¦{PÊ®. “wsh¾®Cø¯ÁxöPõÀ÷»õ©õsh ÂÀ¾øhÃøÍ¯ºPÀCk¦Gkzu |Ú¢uø»UPõÚzxCÚ®uø»¨¤›¢u ¦sPs©h©õß÷|º£hußøÚ¯º ]ø»©õsPkÂø\UPø»{ÓzxAÊzvU S¸vö¯õk£Ôzuö\[÷PõÀÁõÎ ©õÖöPõshßÚEsPs |õÖC¸[T¢uÀöPõia]÷uõ÷Í” (SÖ.£õ.G272)  C¨£õh¼À,ø©²shPsPøÍ²® ©n® ö£õ¸¢v¯ P¸ø©¯õÚ T¢uø»²® http://www.shanlaxjournals.com 201 £UP® Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research Eøh¯uø»Â°ß÷uõÒPøÍ«sk® uÊÄÁx GÚUS {PÊ÷©õ GßÖ uø»Áß£õ[PÛh®TÖQÓõß.Cuß ‰»® Ch¢uø»¨ £õmiß Áõ°»õP uø»Áßuø»Â«xöPõsh÷ÁmøP £õkö£õ¸ÍõP Aø©¢xÒÍøu AÔ¯ •iQßÓx. uø»Â°ßAߦ  uø»Áß «x uø»Â öPõskÒÍ Aߤß BÇ©õÚx ÁõÚzøu Âh E¯º¢ux{»zøuÂhö£›¯xCuøÚ “{»zvÝ®ö£›÷uÁõÛÝ®E¯º¢ußÖ }›Ý®BºAÍÂß÷Ó\õµÀ P¸[÷PõØSÔg]¨§UöPõsk ö£¸¢÷ußCøÇUS®|õhöÚõk|m÷£” (SÖ.£õ.G3) GßÝ®£õhÀÁ›PÒ¦»¨£kzxQÓx. CvÀuø»Â°ßAߦ£õkö£õ¸ÍõP Aø©QßÓx. ÁøµÄGsoÁ¸¢xuÀ  C¯ØøP¨ ¦nºa]°À uø»Âø¯¨ ¦nº¢u uø»Áß uø»Âø¯ ©n¨£uõPTÔ¤›¢xö\ÀÁõß.AÁß ö\õÀ¼¯ |õÎÀ Áµõuøu Gso uø»ÂªUPx¯ºAøh¢x÷uõȰh® TÔÁ¸¢xÁõÒ.CuøÚ, “¦ÚÁßxhøÁ¨ö£õß÷£õÀ]ÖvøÚU PiEsPhÄmSCmhö\Ê[SµÀ AÔ¯õxEsh©gøbBk©PÒ öÁÔEÖÁÚ¨¤ßöÁ#xØÖ|k[S® `º©ø»|õhß÷Psø© }º©¼Psönõk{øÚ¨¦BQß÷Ó” (SÖ.£õ.G105) GßÝ® £õh¼À uø»Áß «x uø»Â öPõsh AߣõÚx GßöÓßÖ® PsPÎÀ }ºzxÎPøÍ ÁµøÁ¨£uõP Aø©QßÓx. CvÀ uø»Â ÁøµÄ Põ»zøu Gso Á¸¢xÁuõP £õkö£õ¸ÒöPõÒͨ£kQÓx. •iÄøµ  \[P C»UQ¯[PÒ GmkzöuõøP, £zx¨£õmk GÚ ÁøP¨£kzu¨£mk £Ç[Põ» ©UPÎß Áõ̯ø» CßÖ |õ® AÔ¢x öPõÒÍÄ® AuøÚ ¤ß£ØÓÄ®AizuÍ©õPAø©¢xÒÍx. \[Pz uªÇºPÒ C¯ØøPø¯ ÷£o Auß ‰»÷© ÁõÌøÁ •ßöÚkzxa ö\ßÖÒÍÚº. AÁºPÍxÁõ̯À TÖPÒ •øÓ÷¯ APÁõÌÄ, ¦ÓÁõÌÄ GÚz vøn¯i¨£øh°À ÁSzxÒÍÚº. SÖ¢öuõøP°À 146 SÔg] zvøn £õhÀPÒ Ch®ö£ØÖÒÍÚ. CvÀuø»Áßuø»ÂTØÖ,÷uõÈTØÖ, £õ[PßTØÖ, •u¼¯ TØÖ ÁøPPÒ Põn¨£kQÓx. TØÖ ö£õxÁõPz uø»Áßuø»Â¯›ßPÍÄ•uÀPئ Áøµ°»õÚ £i{ø»PøÍ÷¯ vøn \õº¢u Á¸nøÚP÷Íõk öÁΨ£kzxQßÓx. SÖ¢öuõøP £õhÀPÒ C¯ØøP÷¯õk Cø¯¢uKºPõuÀPõm]ø¯EnºzxQßÓÚ. öuõøP ¡ÀPÎÀ JßÓõÚ SÖ¢öuõøP°À SÔg]zvøn £õhÀPÎß ÁȯõP SÔg] {»z uø»©UPÎß £õkö£õ¸ÍõP uø»Áß uø»Â°ß Aߦ, C¯ØøP¦nºa], Ch¢uø»¨£õk, ÁøµÄ ÷Ási Á¸¢xuÀ, ©h÷»ÖuÀ GÚ •ÊÁx® uø»Áß uø»Â°ß APÁõÌøÁ ø©¯©õPU öPõs÷h £õh¨£mkÒÍxGߣx¦»ÚõQÓx. xøn¡Ø£mi¯À 1. \õª|õøu¯º E. ÷Á., SÖ¢öuõøP ‰»•® Eøµ²®, _uº\ ßQµõL¤Uì¤øµ ÷Ám¼ªöhm, v¯õPµõ¯|Pº,ö\ßøÚ& 600017, •uÀ£v¨¦&1937. 2._¨¤µ©o¯®\õ.÷Á., öuõÀPõ¨¤¯® öuÎÄøµ, ©oÁõ\Pº  £v¨£P®, •uÀ£v¨¦÷©&1998. öu. v. C¢xUPÀ¿›, |õPº÷PõÂÀ 202 £UP® £ßÚõmkU P¸zuµ[P® : Œ©Põ»z uªÇõ#Ĩ @£õUSPÒ 3.v¸bõÚ\®£¢u® \., |õØPµõ\ |®¤C¯ØÔ¯AP¨ö£õ¸ÒÂÍUP®, Pvº£v¨£P®, öuØSÃv, v¸øÁ¯õÖ. 4.|õPµõ\ßÂ., {³ö\g\›¦U íÄì (¤) ¼ªöhm.,  41 & ¤, ]m÷Põ Cshìm›¯À Gì÷hm, A®£zyº, ö\ßøÚ, •uÀ£v¨¦ & 2004. 5.©õoUP® Á. _£., uªÌPõuÀ, £õ› {ø»¯®59&¤µõm÷Á,ö\ßøÚ, •uØ£v¨¦&1962.