Waste to Energy: Towards Energy Independence and Zero Waste in Indonesia

Engineering and Technology Journal e-ISSN: 2456-3358 Volume 10 Issue 11 November 2025, Page No.- 7783-7789 DOI: 10.47191/etj/v10i11.11, I.F. – 8.482 © 2025, ETJ 7783 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 11 November 2025 , 1 Indira Savitri Waste to Energy: Towards Energy Independence and Zero Waste in Indonesia Indira Savitri1, Warsiyah2, Ketut Sulendra3 1,2Yogyakarta Institute of Technology, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia ABSTRACT: Utilization of waste as an energy source for Waste-to-Energy Power Plants is an implementation of Waste to Energy (WtE). This research begins by calculating the potential waste generation in each province in Indonesia based on data from the National Waste Management Information System in 2024 and the projected waste generation in 2025. The calculation of electrical power is based on the assumption that every 1000 tons/day of waste has the potential to be converted into energy of 20 MW. The results of the calculation of electrical power from the potential waste generation in 2025 of around 60-65 million tons obtained electrical power of around 3,655 MW or 3.655 GW. Based on the volume of waste generation, the potential for electrical power is divided into 5 (five) categories, namely the Very Large category for West Java, East Java and Central Java with an electrical power of 350-550 MW, the Large category with a power of 160-350 MW in Jakarta and Banten, the Medium category in Aceh, North Sumatera, Bali and South Sulawesi with an electrical power of 60-180 MW and the Small category with a potential electrical power of 20-80 MW in Riau, West Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, Yogyakarta, NTB, NTT, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and North Sulawesi. The remaining 14 of the 38 provinces are in the Very Small category with an electrical power of only 0-20 MW. The number of Waste Power Plants that has the potential to be built is around 34 units, namely 5 units in West Java, 4 units in East Java, 3 units in Jakarta and Central Java, 2 units in Banten and South Sulawesi and 1 unit each in 15 provinces with a Smal category power. The availability of continuous waste generation and in sufficient volume so that the waste-to-energy power plant continues to operate is an important thing that needs to be considered in this Waste to Energy program. KEYWORDS: Waste to Energy, Waste Generation, Waste Power Plants, Power Category 1. INTRODUCTION According to data from the National Waste Management Information System, waste generation is around 60-70 million tons/year and continues to increase every year. Only about 40% of waste is managed properly. Plastic waste is estimated to increase by 30%. However, on the other hand, the Presidential Regulation on the National Strategic Project on Waste to Energy (WtE), which is an implementation of the 2025-2029 National Medium-Term Development Plan, targets 100% of waste to be managed by the end of 2029. This gap will be reduced by plans to build Waste Power Plants in 33 provinces, with a target completion date of the end of 2027. This is a government program to achieve energy independence while improving the quality of the environment and the circular economy. To achieve this target, several important things need to be considered, including: a) Strong and good political will from the government to realize Waste to Energy and Zero Waste. b) Sustainable planning, not partial and segmental. c) Good governance based on honesty, transparency, and fairness, especially in sharing the financing of waste-toenergy plant construction and determining the price per kWh of production. The development of waste-to-energy plant in Indonesia is still in its early stages. The first waste-to-energy plant was built in Cilacap (Nusa Kambangan), followed by Palembang, Jakarta, Bekasi, Tangerang, South Tangerang, Bandung, Solo, Semarang, Surabaya, Denpasar, Makassar, and Manado. The only waste-to-energy plant that are fully operational are wasteto-energy plant Benowo (Surabaya) and waste-to-energy plant Putri Cempo (Solo), each with a production capacity of 9 MW. The potential of organic waste as a source of power for wasteto-energy plant is relatively smaller than that of inorganic waste. Organic waste tends to be wetter, so it requires a drying process to reduce its water content so that it is ready to be used as fuel in waste-toenergy plant. The above conditions require adjustments to the waste-to-energy plant machines commonly used abroad if they are to be used in Indonesia (Agustin et al., 2023; Aqilah, 2023; Kinasih et al; Ramadhan et al., 2021; Unwaru et al., 2022). There has been a global paradigm shift from viewing waste as waste material to becoming a resource (Cucchiella et al., 2017; Makarichi et al., 2018; G Tyler Miller & Spoolman, 2016; Scarlat et al., 2019). Municipal waste has great potential for material and energy recovery (Arafat et al., 2015). Thus, WTE has the advantage of producing electrical energy and minimizing the waste that is stockpiled (Putu, Romianingsih, “Waste to Energy: Towards Energy Independence and Zero Waste in Indonesia” 7784 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 11 November 2025 , 1 Indira Savitri and Indonesia 2023). This study aims to calculate the electrical energy potential from waste accumulation in all provinces in Indonesia, then design waste-to-energy plant according to its energy potential. Based on this, it is then determined which areas are potential for the construction of waste-to-energy plant with electrical power that matches its electrical power potential, as well as areas that are not yet feasible for construction because the waste accumulation is not yet suitable for operating waste-to-energy plant. 1. DATA, MATERIALS AND METHODS This research is quantitative in nature and will be qualified in the discussion and conclusions. The data is secondary in nature, obtained from previous research, the National Waste Management Information System, articles and journals, websites, and other sources that are valid and relevant to the topic of this research. Data processing and analysis were then carried out to obtain new data to support this research. 2.1 Composition and Volume of Waste Figure 1 shows global infographic of waste composition and their percentages. Household waste is dominated by food and green waste, accounting for 44% of the total waste volume. Figure 1 Infographic of waste composition and their percentage (https://www.visualcapitalist.com/a-visual-breakdown-ofglobal-waste-by-type) Waste-to-energy programs require large capital investments because they are high-tech and have not been widely implemented in Indonesia. A comprehensive and in-depth analysis is needed to ensure the continuity of the energy transition program from fossil fuels to new and renewable sources, and to ensure that it runs in accordance with the government's program of energy independence and zero waste. From Waste generation volume in Indonesia in 2024 showed in Figure 2 is dominated by West Java, East Java, Central Java, DKI Jakarta, and Banten. Based on the infographic, the potential waste generation is around 1 million tons in 2025 and subsequent years, with a volume of over 1 million tons/year occurring in North Sumatra, Aceh, West Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, Lampung, Bali, NTB, NTT, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, and North Sulawesi. Waste production, especially organic waste, is directly proportional to the population and household consumption patterns. In addition, waste from markets, offices, businesses, and other areas also contributes to waste generation, especially plastic waste. Waste-to-energy programs require large capital investments because they are high-tech and have not been widely implemented in Indonesia. A comprehensive and in-depth analysis is needed to ensure the continuity of the energy transition program from fossil fuels to new and renewable sources, and to ensure that it runs in accordance with the government's program of energy independence and zero waste. Figure 2. Waste Generation Volume in Indonesia in 2024 (The National Waste Management Information System) - 50,00,000 1,00,00,000 1,50,00,000 2,00,00,000 2,50,00,000 3,00,00,000 3,50,00,000 4,00,00,000 Aceh North Utara Riau Riau Islands West Sumatera Bangka Belitung Jambi Bengkulu South Sumatera Lampung Banten East Java West Jawa Central Jawa Yogyakarta Jakarta Bali NTB NTT West Kalimantan Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan East Kalimantan North Kalimantan South Sulawesi South East Sulawesi West Sulawesi Central Sulawesi North Sulawesi Gorontalo Maluku North Maluku Papua West Papua South West Papua Crntral Papua Mountains Papua South Papua Tottaly Organic waste (ton/yr) “Waste to Energy: Towards Energy Independence and Zero Waste in Indonesia” 7785 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 11 November 2025 , 1 Indira Savitri 2.2 Waste Management System Waste management in Indonesia is currently being implemented, although it is not yet as advanced as in developed countries such as Singapore, Japan, Denmark, and Norway. In Indonesia today, the waste management process still uses traditional methods such as open dumping and burning in open areas as shown in the Figure 3. Municipal waste management options are often presented through a “waste hierarchy” (Romianingsih, 2023). In Indonesia several waste management methods, both simple (low tech) and high tech, are being implemented, including: a) Pyrolysis process: processing plastic waste into diesel fuel (Refuse Derived Fuel) which is used by PLN, the cement and steel industry, and fishing boats/vessels. b) Biodigester process: the process of converting organic waste into biogas which is used for household electricity. c) Composter: a simple technology for converting waste into compost for the agricultural industry. d) Shredder: a process of processing waste with a machine, the results of which are then processed into industrial fuel. e) Electronic waste recycling: a special process for separating and recycling components from electronic waste to reduce hazardous waste. Figure 3. Hierarchy of Waste Management (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2015) Figure 4. Shredder Method (Bioenergy 2022) The method of converting organic waste into energy can be explained as follows: a) The moisture content of the waste will be reduced by draining it in a bunker (airless chamber) for 5 days. b) Once the moisture content is reduced to 45%, the waste is fed into a combustion furnace and burned at a temperature of 8500C-9000C. The heat generated by this combustion heats a boiler and converts the water in the boiler into steam. c) The steam is fed into a steam turbine, causing the turbine to rotate. Since the turbine is connected to a generator, when the turbine rotates, the generator also rotates. d) The rotating generator produces electrical power that is transmitted to the PLN power grid. The steam that passes through the turbine loses heat and is channeled back to the boiler to be reheated, and so on (Harun and Lihawa, 2024). 2.3 Waste Power Plant and Its Power Potential Waste Power Plant is a power plant that utilizes waste as its main fuel, both organic and inorganic waste. The power generation mechanism can be carried out in two ways, namely incineration and gasification, as shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Solidification-Stabilization Process (Rajagukguk et al. 2020) The following are several formulas used to calculate electrical energy using thermochemical methods. 𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑁𝐶𝑉 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 1000 860 (1) 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅𝑃 24 (2) Assumption of 24-hour use 𝑃, 𝑒𝑙 =𝐶𝐸 𝑥 𝑃 (3) Description: ERP = Energy Recovery Potential (kWh) NCV = Net Calorific Value (1625,24 kkal/kg w = Total amount of waste (ton) CE = Conservation Efficiency (25%) P,el = Electric Power Potential (kW) To obtain energy potential from waste production using biochemical systems, the following formulas are used: 𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 𝑤 𝑥 𝑉𝑆 𝑥 𝑂𝐵𝐹 𝑥 𝐷𝐸 𝑥 1000 (4) 𝐵 = 0,8 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑉𝑆𝐷 (5) 𝐸𝐶𝑃 = 𝐵 𝑥 𝐶𝑉 860 (6) 𝑃 = 𝐸𝐶𝑃 24 (7) “Waste to Energy: Towards Energy Independence and Zero Waste in Indonesia” 7786 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 11 November 2025 , 1 Indira Savitri Assumption of 24-hour use 𝑃, 𝑒𝑙 =𝐶𝐸 𝑥 𝑃 (3) Description: VS = Volatite Solid (82,77%) OBF = Organic Biodegrabale Fraction (66%) DE = Digestion Efficiecy (55%) VSD = VC Destroyed B = Typical Biogas Yeild (m3) CV = Calorific Value of BiogaS (1.625,24 kkal) ECP = Energy Recovery Potential (kWh) Thermochemical systems for processing plastic waste account for about 14% of total waste, and paper waste accounts for about 15% of total waste. Biochemical systems for organic waste account for about 60% of total waste production, but only 13.5% can be converted into energy. Simply put, electricity per kWh can be calculated as follows (Unwaru, 2022) Calculating daily calorie intake (Kh) 𝐾ℎ= 𝑤 𝑥 𝑁𝐶𝑉 (8) Calculating daily energy intake (Eh) 𝐸ℎ= 𝑘 𝑥 0,00116 (9) Calculating the heat entering the boiler (Eb) 𝐸𝑏=𝐸ℎ 24 (10) Assumption of 24-hour use Calculating boiler heat capacity (Kp) 𝐾𝑝= 𝐸𝑏 𝑥 𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 (11) Calculating boiler output (Ob) 𝑂𝑏= 𝐾𝑝 𝑥 Steam turbine efficiency (12) Calculating turbine output on a generator (P) 𝑃 = 𝑂𝑏 𝑥 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑛𝑐𝑦 13) Calculating daily electricity consumption (W) 𝑊 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑡 (14) Description: NCV = 4,475 kcal (organic waste) Boiler efficiency = 0.80-0.85 (0.825 used) Steam turbine efficiency = 0.70-0.80 (used 0.75) Generator efficiency = 0.35-0.50 (used 0.425) Waste calorific value = 4,475 kcal/kg (organic) t = Operating time (Assumption 24 hours) 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on data from previous studies, the following data on the potential and production of energy from waste processing is presented: a. 1,000 tons of organic waste is needed to generate approximately 5 MW of electricity, but the same amount of inorganic waste can generate approximately 20 MW of electricity. b. The feasibility of a waste-to-energy plant design for waste at the Bantar Gebang landfill in Bekasi is around 7,000 tons/day with an energy potential of 200 MW 11. c. The application of Waste to Energy Technology in the planned construction of the Intermediate Treatment Facility (ITF) in Sunter, North Jakarta, with a potential waste generation of 2000 tons/day and a maximum energy potential of 40 MW, divided into a thermochemical system (gasification technology) of around 20 MW and a biochemical system (anaerobic digester) of 5.6 MW. d. Processing waste into electrical energy through a Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Plant in Jakarta with a waste generation of around 2,500 tons/day capable of producing 875 tons/day of energy. The energy is in the form of diesel fuel that can be used for the cement, steel, and power plant industries as well as for fishing boats. e. The cost required for this investment is around 1.28 trillion rupiah(Refuse, Fuel, and Permasalahan 2025). Based on data from previous studies, an analysis was conducted to calculate the potential energy that can be generated from waste accumulation throughout Indonesia, which is estimated to be around 60-65 million tons in 2025. The basis for consideration in the calculation used so that the results are not too biased and are sufficiently accurate are as follows: a. For inorganic waste that will be processed into RDF, inorganic waste generation in industrial areas and the potential for industries that will use RDF products, assuming that inorganic waste accounts for 14% of total waste generation. b. For organic waste, a value of 60% of the total waste for that year will be used, whereby Table 1 explains the data from 38 provinces in Indonesia as a reference for projecting the total amount of waste in 2025 to be around 60-65 million tons. c. The formula listed in the research method of this paper will be used as a control to test the validity and accuracy of determining the amount of waste in each province, which has a direct implication on the amount of energy that will be generated from the waste processing. d. The availability of continuous waste generation and in sufficient volume so that the waste-to-energy power plant continues to operate is an important thing that needs to be considered in this Waste to Energy program. Table 1. Distribution of Waste Generation per Province and Potential Power Capacity Provinces Waste production (ton/day) Energy Potential Capacity (KW) Electric Power Category Aceh North Sumatera 4.315,1 5.326,0 86,3 106,5 Middle Middle Riau 3.550,7 71,0 Small “Waste to Energy: Towards Energy Independence and Zero Waste in Indonesia” 7787 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 11 November 2025 , 1 Indira Savitri Riau Islands West Sumatera Bangka Belitung Islands Jambi Bengkulu South Sumatera Lampung Banten Jakarta West Java Central Java Yogyakarta East Java Bali NTB NTT West Kalimantan Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan East Kalimantan North Kalimantan South Sulawesi Central Sulawesi South East Sulawesi Central Sulawesi Gorontalo North Sulawesi Maluku North Maluku Papua West Papua South West Papua Central Papua Mountains Papua South Papua Totally 776,7 3,994,5 665,8 2.663,0 739,7 3.106,8 3.328,8 11.095,9 16.027,4 27.074,0 18.345,2 3.328,8 22.191,8 4.882,2 2.663,0 2.219,2 3.402,1 1,886,3 3.328,8 3.550,8 241,6 6.657,5 443,8 1.109,6 1.331,5 468,5 2.219,2 887,7 488,2 212,1 244,1 231,8 443,8 266,3 221,9 39.069.000 15,5 79,9 13,3 53,3 14,8 62,1 66,6 221,9 320,5 541,5 366,9 66,6 443,8 97,6 53,3 44,4 68,1 37,7 66,6 71,0 4,8 133,2 8,9 22,2 26,6 9,4 44,4 17,8 9,8 4,2 4,9 4,6 8,9 5,3 4,4 3.277,6 Very Small Small Very Small Small Very Small Small Small Large Large Very Large Very Large Small Very Large Middle Small Small Small Small Small Small Very Small Sedang Very Small Small Small Very Small Small Very Small Very Small Very Small Very Small Very Small Very Small Very Small Very Small Description: Very Small = 0-20 MW, Small = 20-80 MW, Middle = 80-160 MW, Large = 160-350 MW, Very Large = 350-550 MW Plastic/inorganic waste with an estimated volume of approximately 9,116,100 tons per year, obtained from 14% of the estimated waste volume of approximately 63 million tons per day in 2025, is used to calculate the energy potential in the form of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) using a thermochemical system. Equations (3) to (7) are used with the following steps: 𝑉𝑆𝐷 = 9.116.100𝑥0,8277𝑥𝑂,66 𝑥0,55𝑥1000 = 2.738.978.737,11 kg 𝐵 = 0,8 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 2.738.978.737,11 kg = 2.191.182.989,69 m3 𝐸𝐶𝑃 = 2.191.182.989,69 kg x 1.625,24 860 = 1.140.928.188,56 kW 𝑃 = 1.140.928.188,56 24 = 172.538.674,52 kWh 𝑃, 𝑒𝑙 = 0,25 𝑥 172.538.674,52 kWh = 43.134.668,63 kWh Assumption of 24-hour use 𝑃, 𝑒𝑙 =43.134.668,63 24 = 1.797.277,86 kW = 1.797 MW = 1,797 GW Calculation of the amount of energy produced from organic waste, which amounts to approximately 37,902,000,000 kg/year (60% of 63.171 million tons/year), follows formulas (8) to (14), with the following steps: 𝐾ℎ=37.902.000.000 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 4,475 𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖/𝑘𝑔 = 169.614.135.000 kkalori 𝐸ℎ= 169.614.135.000𝑥 0,00116 kkalori = 197.255.738,37 kkalori 𝐸𝑏=197.255.738,37 kkalori 24 = 8.217.739,10 kkalori 𝐾𝑝= 8.217.739,10 kkalori 𝑥 0,825 “Waste to Energy: Towards Energy Independence and Zero Waste in Indonesia” 7788 ETJ Volume 10 Issue 11 November 2025 , 1 Indira Savitri = 6.719.634,75 kkalori 𝑂𝑏= 6.719.634,75 kkalori 𝑥 0,75 = 5.084.634,07 kkalori 𝑃 = 5.084.634,07 kkalori 𝑥 0,425 = 216.008,58 kkalori Calculating daily electricity consumption 𝑃 = 216.008,58 kkalori 𝑥 24 = 51.864.205,89 kkalori To convert from kcal to kW, use a conversion factor of 0.8598452279. 𝑃 = 51.864.205,89 𝑥 0,8598452279 = 44.864.205,89 kW Used of 24-hour to be: 𝑃, 𝑒𝑙 =44.864.205,89 24 = 1.858.132,91 kW = 1.858 MW = 1,858 GW The total potential electrical energy from inorganic and organic waste is around 3,655 GW. Table 1 shows waste generation in tons/day, potential electrical power, and wasteto-energy plant categories for all provinces in Indonesia, with a total potential power of around 3,655 MW or 3 GW. Table 1 distinguishes five Waste Power Plants categories based on the potential electrical power that can be utilized from waste management for energy. The Very Large category is found in the provinces of West Java, East Java, and Central Java, with an electricity capacity of around 350550 MW. The Large category is found in Jakarta and Banten, with an electricity potential of around 180-350 MW. The Medium category is found in Aceh, North Sumatra, Bali, and South Sulawesi, with an electricity capacity of around 60160 MW. The Small category is in Riau, West Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, Yogyakarta, NTB, NTT, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and North Sulawesi with a capacity of around 20-80 MW. The remaining 14 provinces out of 38 provinces have a potential capacity of less than 20 MW. 4. CONCLUSSIONS a) The potential waste generation of around 60-65 tons in 2025 can generate around 3,655 MW or around 3 GW of electricity. b) Waste-to-energy plant in 24 provinces with a capacity of around 20 MW can be achieved with a waste generation of 1000 tons/day. Considering equitable development, an additional 14 waste-to-energy plants with an electricity capacity of 5-10 MW can also be built in the provinces. c) The regions with the largest waste generation and electricity capacity are West Java, East Java, Central Java, Jakarta, followed by Banten and South Sulawesi. d) The number of potential waste-to-energy plant units to be built is 34, spread across 5 units in West Java, 4 units in East Java, 3 units in DKI Jakarta and Central Java, and 2 units in Banten and South Sulawesi. In Riau, West Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, Yogyakarta, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and North Sulawesi, there is 1 unit each. REFERENCES 1. Salim A, Gusty S. Accelerating Plastic Pollution Mitigation through Sustainable Urban Infrastructure Development. 2024;14(6):1766517671. 2. 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