English Around Us

Міністерство освіти і науки Приватний вищий навчальний заклад «Міжнародний економіко-гуманітарний університет імені академіка Степана Дем’янчука» Історико-філологічний факультет Кафедра романо-германської філології В и д а н н я п р и с в я ч е н о 1 0 0 - р і ч ч ю в і д д н я н а р о д ж е н н я а к а д е м і к а С т е п а н а Д е м ’ я н ч у ка М . А. П А Б А Т І . Ф. Б У Д З Д . А. К О Ч М А Р Я . В . П ОЧ Е Н Ю К EN GL IS H AR OU ND U S Навчальний посібник Рівне, 2025 2 У Д К 8 1 1 . 1 1 1 ( 0 7 5 . 8 ) П 1 2 Р е к о м е н д о в а н о В ч е н о ю р а д о ю п р и в а т н о г о в и щ о г о н а в ч а л ь н о г о з а к л а д у « Міжнародний економіко-гуманітарний університет імені акад. С. Дем’янчука» ( п р о т о к о л № 3 в і д 3 0 ж о в т н я 2 0 2 5 р о к у ) Рецензенти: Чик Д. Ч. – доктор філологічних наук, професор кафедри іноземних мов та методик їх навчання Кременецької обласної гуманітарно-педагогічної академії ім.Тараса Шевченка. Гронь Л.В. – кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент кафедри теорії і практики іноземних мов та методики викладання Рівненського державного гуманітарного університету П а б а т М . А . English Around Us : навч. посібник / М. А. П а б а т , І . Ф . Бу д з , Д . А . К о ч м а р , Я . В . П о ч е н ю к ; М О Н Ук р а ї н и ; П В Н З « М Е Г У і м . а к а д . C т е п а н а Де м ’ я н ч у к а » ; І с т . - ф і л о л . ф - т ; К а ф . р о м а н о - г е р м а н . ф і л о л о г і ї . – Рі в н е : М Е Г У , 2 0 2 5 . – 5 8 0 c . Н а в ч а л ь н и й п о с і б н и к « English Around Us» укладений для здобувачів першого (бакалаврського) рівня вищої освіти спеціальності «А4 Середня освіта. Мова і зарубіжна література (англійська)», а також усіх, хто прагне підвищити рівень володіння англійською мовою. Матеріали посібника розроблено відповідно до сучасних вимог освітніх програм і побудовано на засадах інтегрованого підходу, що поєднує традиційні методи викладання з інноваційними технологіями навчання. Основну увагу зосереджено на розвитку практичних мовних навичок — лексичних, граматичних, комунікативних, а також умінь аудіювання, читання, письма та говоріння. Завдання посібника спрямовані на формування іншомовної комунікативної компетентності, розвиток критичного мислення, творчості та дослідницьких навичок студентів. Посібник містить різноманітні вправи для самостійної роботи, тестові та інтерактивні завдання, а також автентичні матеріали, що сприяють практичному застосуванню знань у реальних ситуаціях. У додатках подано українсько-англійську транслітерацію, добірку фразових дієслів і ідіом, корисних у повсякденному спілкуванні. 3 ЗМІСТ ПЕРЕДМОВА 4 FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP 5 PROFESSION AND JOB HUNTING 14 OPERATE THE COMPUTER 30 EDUCATION 42 LANGUAGES 81 SECRETS OF POLYGLOTS 110 ADVERTISING AND ADVERTISEMENT 137 TRAVELLING 161 COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 186 SIGHTSEEING OF THE WORLD 206 NATURE AROUND US 235 HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 256 HOTELS 280 COUSINE OF THE WORLD 329 RESTAURANTS AND CAFES 366 RULES OF ETIQUETTE 380 SCIENCE AND DISCOVERIES 402 LAW ENFORCEMENT 443 APPENDIX 464 ANSWERS 493 REFERENCES 576 4 ПЕРЕДМОВА Навчальний посібник «English Around Us» розроблено колективом авторів для здобувачів спеціальності «А4 Середня освіта (Мова і література (англійська))», а також для усіх, хто прагне вдосконалити свої знання з англійської мови. Видання створено відпові дно до сучасних вимог освітніх програм і ґрунтується на інтегрованому підході, який поєднує традиційні методики викладання з інноваційними технологі ями навчання. Особливу увагу у посібнику приділено розвитку практичних мовних компетентностей — лексичних, граматичних і комунікативних, а та кож формуванню навичок аудіювання, читання, письма та говоріння. З авдання сприяють самостійному опрацюванню матеріалу, розвитку дослідницьких умінь, критичного мислення та творчих здібносте й студентів. Посібник містить різноманітні практичні вправи для вдосконалення граматики, лексики, аналізу автентичних те кстів, написання есе, виконання творчих проєктів, підготовки презентацій. Такий під хід допомагає здобувачам орієнтуватися у сучасних ре аліях іншомовного спілкування та формувати цілісну комунікативну компете нтність. Додатковою перевагою посібника є інтерактивні та тестові завд ання, що дозволяють студентам перевіряти й закріплюва ти засвоєний матеріал. У додатках подано корисні довідкові матеріали: українсько-англійську транслітерацію, добірку фразових дієс лів, сталих виразів та ідіом. Ми сподіваємося, що «English Around Us» стане наді йним помічником для здобувачів і викладачів у процесі навча ння англійської мови, допоможе розкрити потенціал кожного студента та сприятим е його професійному й особистісному зростанню. Бажаємо успіхі в, цікавих відкриттів і натхнення на шляху до володіння англійською мовою! З глибоким сумом зазначаємо, що Пабат Марина Анатоліївна, одна з авторів цього посібника, відійшла у вічність незадовго до його виходу у сві т. Її відданість справі, творчість і професіоналі зм назавжди залишаться у пам’яті колег і студентів. Це видання є також виявом вдячності й шани до її педагогічної та наукової діяльності. 5 1. FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP Vocabulary above the ground eccentric lifestyle son-in-law adore extension loathe spacious home adventurer fairly lovable spruce tree affectionate fall out lovely stencil mural air y family love match siblings all sorts of bad father loving steal from shops ambitious fed up luxuries stepchildren appeal to fiberglass shark marriage stepfather arrogant from scratch measure up to stepmother aunt fuel bills moat stepdaughter average family get away naughty stepson Banksy art get married nuclear family strong-willed be fond of give up on out of the ordinary suffer from hay fever be keen on go along parent suitable for became short of space go in for perfect home surface behavior granddaughter persuade take after smb beloved grandparents precocious take drugs brand new grandson prison teenager brother-in-law haircut put up tree house castle halfbrother relative treat smb childhood halfsister role model tree surgeon childbirth harsh winters quiet twins close-knit have a lot in common search uncle confess hillside see eye to eye unique cousin host self-confident vital daughter hostess selfish weak spot daughter-in-law nurse settings wife despise husband shrinking water tank divorce keep significant with get stuck with blame draughts 30 keep out sister-in-law work hard drawbridge lack of pocket money sneeze worship drop the plan late son 6 1. Read the text “What our Homes Say About Us?” and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best its each gap. A home is more than a building. It’s 1) ______ which both influences our identity and represents it. As chil dren, our environment makes us who we are, or at 2) ______ contributes to it. For example, if we grow up in a сrowded home, the thought of moving to a quite home alone might never 3) ______ to us. Instead, we may prefer to live in a house full of people for the 4) ______ of our lives. As adults, every object that 5) ______ to us t ells a story about who we are and where we came from. In 6) ______ , how we present those objects i n our homes as something about how we are want to see us. If we identify ourselves with being creative, for example, we m ight put certain art work on 7) ______ for others to see. Or, we believe that it’s more important or a home to be rela xing than fashionable, our home might 8) ______ of warm colours and comfortable furniture, in 9) ______ to stylish modern but perhaps more uncomfort able pieces. 1 A site B place C venue D position 2 A little B least C minimum D less 3 A appeal B inspire C attract D interest 4 A final B total C last D rest 5 A owns B possesses C occupies D belongs 6 A furthermore B addition C together D extra 7 A exhibition B gallery C display D public 8 A consist B include C contain D involve 9 A opposite B contrast C variety D difference 2. Read the text “Friends and Relations” and write the names of the different people in the appropriate box below, depending on how the writer feels about them. I come from a fairly close-knit fam ily, although we don’t always get on too we ll. I am very close to my grandmother, Emm a, especially as we have a l ot in common, but I’ve recently fallen out with m y grandfather, John. Their son is my father, Bob. He’s quite old-fashioned, and we don’t always see eye to eye I know I should look up to him as a role model, but the fac t is I don’t respect him very much. 7 On the other hand, I worship my mother, Maureen; she ’s kind, caring and very tolerant of others. I have one younger siste r, Sally, who I’m quite fond of, and I admire my brother-in-law, Andrew, who is a very t alented painter. I have a precocious nephew, Tony, who I’m a bit fed up with, a nd a lovely little niece, Claudia, whom I adore. My father has a si ster - my aunt Sue. I respect her, as she’s had to put up with a lot of hardship in life, e specially being married to my unc le Stanley, who treats her terribly. I must confess I loathe him. I also despise his son, my cousin Stuart, who takes after his fa ther. My older cousin Claire, on the othe r hand, I idolise. The writer feels positive about these people The writer feels negative about these people Emma (his grandmother) 3. Read the text below. Insert the necessary word i nto the gaps. The Importance of Family In Western Europe and the USA, family li fe 1) _____ changed dramatically over the forty years. The number of famili es that depend 2) _____ parents going out to work, or where 3) _____ is one parent raising the children alone, is much greater than it 4) _____ to be. Also, many more people move away from their families 5) _____ ever before. 6) ____ these changes, most people sti ll think 7) ______ their family as one of the most significant parts of 8) _____ live s. A recent American survey showed that 9) _____ pe ople think that spending time 10) ______ home is more important 11) _____ e arning a high salary or having a challenging job. The maj ority of young people surveyed that they 12) _____ be happy to earn less money if they had more time to 13) _____ with their loved ones. Older people also comment ed that they had worked 14) ____ third in the past when they should have 15) ______ with thei r families. 16) ______ if the 8 typical family doesn’t follow the traditi onal model today, it is still a vital part of our lives. 4. Complete the sentences on the left with an appropriate word or expressions on the right. There are an example: Mykola and I get on really well and do absolut ely everything together. He is ... my best friend 1. I know Borys, but not very well. He is ... 2. Svitlana and I work together in the sam e office. She is ... 3. Zoriana and I announced our engagement l ast week and plan to get married in the summe r. She is ... 4. Iryna and I used to go out together. She is ... 5. Nataliia and I have been going out t ogether now for a few months. She is ... 6. Serhii attends the same English l essons as me. He is ... 7. Snizhana works alongside me on the producti on line in a factory. She is ... 8. Roman and I share an apartment in t he city. He is ... 9. I often go out with Bohdan to the cinema or the pub. He is ... 10. Andrii and I are going out together, but we haven’t told anybody yet. In fact, if anyone asks, we say that we are … … my ex-girlfriend … my fiancée … my workmate … my flatmate … just good friends … my best friend … my steady girlfriend … a good friend … my classmate … an acquaintance … my colleague 5. Complete the text “Graphic Success for Twins” with one word in each gap. Sixteen-year-old twins at Kingswood School have won a prize for a graphic novel about Julius Caesar. We me t Max and Alma Wood and 1) _____ them how they 2) ______ got the idea to write it. T his is what they said. Alma: “One day Max complained t hat there 3) _____ no good graphic novels 4) _____ the Romans in any of the libra ries or bookshops. So I suggested 5) ______ a graphic novel ourselves about Julius Cae sar. I reminded 6) _____ that our dad taught ancient history at London Uni versity and 7) ______ therefore help us a bit. And I also offered to 8) _____ some researc h during the holidays”. Max: “It was Alma’s idea, real ly and she 9) _____ always very positive. And also our father was incredibly helpful a nd always very keen on the idea. He advised 10) ______ to include the story of Cleopa tra. He said, rightly, I think, that people 11) _____ always loved a good love story. Then Alm a tried to persuade him 12) _____ take us to Egypt to do research on Cle opatra. It was a joke really and, of course, he didn’t agree to organize such a big trip for us. Bur he really liked the 9 idea of a research trip and he insist ed 13) _____ paying for the three of us to spend a week in Rome”. 6. Read the text. For questions (1-5) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). One of Tom’s greatest hobby is photography. He 1) _____ picture s of wild animals. He 2) _______ wild nature for sixtee n years now. He 3) _____ the world’s famous rainforests, deserts and jungles. Hi s wife Susan always 4) _____ him and inspires him. At the moment they 5) _____ to Crete to find some wild animals there. 1 A is taking B takes C have taken D take 2 A explored B is exploring C have explored D has been exploring 3 A visits B is visiting C have visited D visit 4 A accompanying B accompany C accompanies D accompanied 5 A have been going B go C has gone D are going 7. Speaking Practice. C a r d 1 . Y o u r n e i g h b o u r s a r e v e r y n o i s y . T h e y p l a y l o u d mu s i c a ll t h e t im e a n d o ft e n ho l d la t e ni g h t p a r t i e s . Y o u h a v e a s k e d t h em t o b e q u i e t e r , b u t they are always very rude. C a r d 2 . Yo u w an t to g iv e u p sm ok i ng . C a r d 3 . Yo u ’r e fe d u p wi th t he o t he r pe op l e in y ou r f la t - they never do any housework. C a r d 4 . Y o u ’ v e go t t o b u y a b i r th d ay p r es e n t f o r y o u r b e s t f r i e n d an d yo u’ v e n o i d e a w h a t t o g e t . C a r d 5 . Y ou l iv e at h o me a nd y o u h at e it . Y ou qu ar re l w i t h y ou r p ar en t s n ea rl y e v e r y d a y a n d y o u ’ r e al l g et ti n g on ea ch o th er s ’ ne r ve s. C a r d 6 . Yo u hav e bee n qu arr el lin g wit h yo ur b oy / g ir lfr i en d a l ot r ec en tly . C a r d 7 . Yo ur bo y / gi rlf rie nd i s ver y mea n. H e / she n eve r p a y s fo r a n y t h i n g an d d i d n ’ t g i v e y o u a p r e s e n t at Christmas or on your birthday. 8. Love Problems. Read the problems and unscramble the anagrams. I’m a 14-year-old girl with a big My sister is getting married soon and I 10 problem. I’ve ALFENL in love with a boy two years older than me. I’ve never felt like this before and I can’t concentrate on my schoolwork, I can’t think about anything else, only him. If I asked him out, would he just think that I was a silly TILTLE girl? I just don’t know what to do to get ROVE my feelings for this boy. am worried that her boyfriend will try and take her away from her family. He doesn’t get on LEWL with his family but our family is really dose. I think he’s jealous of us. The other YAD he made some nasty comments about our YFLAMI . Is there anything I can do? There’s this girl in my year at school who I’ve liked for ages. I think she likes me too because she told one of my SEINFRD that she thinks I am handsome and SATMR . I want to ask her out but I asked her once before and at first she said no, then yes, and then ILFLYAN she said no. Should I try again? I started seeing this boy secretly si x months ago. We were both going out with other people but now he’s left his girlfriend. He says I must tell my boyfriend the truth and leave him or he’l l stop seeing me completely. I’m not sure I want you to leave one LIONTEARSHIP to go straight into another one. I know it sounds FISHLES but I really liked things the way the y were. I just don’t know what to do. Please PHLE me decide. 9. Read the texts below. For questions (1-5) choose the cor rect answer (A, B, C or D). Dear Oksana, I hope you are having a great time in Greece. I want to tell you some of our news. Snizhana 1) _____ hard all month as she is having her exams next week. Bjhdan has 2) _______ received his school report , which is quite satisfactory this term. He 3) _____ to leave school and find a j ob next year. I haven’t made any plans for the summer 4) _____ I think I will stay a t home and find a summer job. I 5) _____ into Yaroslava recently. She looks grea t with her new haircut. Anyway, write soon, Love, Stas 1 A has studied B has studying C has been studying D study 2 A yet B since C just D so far 3 A decides B has been deciding C have decided D has decided 4 A yet B already C never D since 5 A bumped B have bumped C have been bumping D has bumping 11 10. Family Tree. Look at the family tree a nd complete the sentences, use a word from the list on the right and make up own one . Agnes - Mark (have a son and a daughter) Katy (a daughter) – Jack Jane – Robert (a son) Mary - Ted Kelly - John Loren - Ben Ann Tom Charles Sarah Donna Mike 1. Ben and Loren are Mike’s ______ great grandmother 2. Ted is Charles’s _______ nephew 3. Jane is Ann’s _________ children 4. Katy and Jack are Tom’s ________ sister-in-law 5. Kelly is John’s _________ son 6. Jane and Jack are Mark’s ________ wi fe 7. Tom is Mary’s _________ cousin 8. Mary is Jack’s _________ father 9. John is Mary’s _________ brother 1 0 . Charles is John’s ________ new-born child 11. Ben is Loren’s _________ parents 12.Robert is Mike’s _________ aunt 13.Sarah is Mary’s _________ grandmother 14.John is Jack’s ________ husband 15.Mike is __________ great grandson 16.Sarah and Donna are Jack’s ________ son-in-law 17.Loren is Ann’s ________ grandchildren 18.Agnes is John’s ________ brother-in-law 19.Mary is Kelly’s __________ grandparents 20.Agnes is Sarah’s ________ daughter-in-law 21.Jack is Jane’s _________ daughter 22.Kelly is Ann’s _________ great grandfather 23.Mark is Mike’s __________ mother 24.Loren is Robert’s _________ niece 25.Jack is Ted’s __________ grandfather 26.Agnes is Katy’s ________ mother-in-law 12 27.Jane is Mary’s __________ great granddaughter 28.Donna is Mark’s _________ sister 29.Charles is Agnes’s ________ uncle 30.Ann is Mark’s ______ father-in-law 3 1 . Jack is Loren’s _______ granddaughter Woman drops plan of selling her house after 11. Read the text and insert the necessary preposition. A homeowner in Bristol has reportedly pul led 1) _____ of the sale of her house 2) _____ a piece of Banksy art appeared 3) ____ he r wall overnight. Aileen Makin was in the process of sel ling her home 4) _____ £3,00,000 but decided to drop the plan 5) ____ a Banksy art showi ng an older woman sneezing 6) ____ her false teeth appeared on her wal l and increased the value 7) _____ the property 8) _____ 17 times, according 9) _____ reports. The anonymous street artist confirmed that he was 10) _____ t he stencil mural. He titled it 'Aachoo!!' on Insta gram. The Noun 1. Translate the following Nouns and denote them by the type of morphological structure ( the Simple Noun, the Deriv ed Noun, the Compound Noun ) Аrm, schoolgirl, boy, rain, sun, railroad, librari an, pianist, building, academician, driver, demonstra tion, moon, tea, glass, snow, flower bed, fathe r-in- law, grandmother, computer, lamp, sta r, pen, pencil-box, snowball, fairy, standing lamp, stand-up party, bookcase, rule, colour, wi re, earphones, granny, great granddaughter, cupboard, half-sister, bed, pill ow, son-in-law, blanket, structure, cushion, sausage, coffee, porridge, meat, i ce, dictation, book-lover, writer, happiness, school, fountainpen, rainbow, water, c ommunication, friendship, drinking-song, childhood, way, house, merry-go-round. 13 the Simple Noun the Derived Noun the Compound Noun 2. Choose the correct Plural form 1. child ( childs, children ) 2. delay ( delais, delayes, delays ) 3. watch ( watch, watches, watchs ) 4. gas ( gases, gas ) 5. eagle ( eagls, eagle, eagles ) 6. holiday ( holidays, holidayes, holidais ) 7. wife ( wifs, wives, wifes ) 8. currency ( currencys, currency, curre ncies ) 9. chief ( chieves, chiefs, chie fes ) 10. kiss ( kisses, kiss ) 11. secretary-elect ( secretarys-e lect, secretaries-elect , secretaries-elects ) 12. studio ( studios, studioes ) 13. basis ( basis, bases, basises ) 14. vice-president ( vice-president s, vices-presidents, vice-preside ntes ) 15. son-in-law ( sons-in-low, son-in-laws, sons-in-laws ) 16. toothbrush ( teethbrushes, teethbrush, toothbrushes ) 17. radio ( radios, radio, radioes ) 18. mainframe ( mainsframe, mainframs, mainframes ) 3. Write the italized nouns in the Plural form and change the sentences 1. Bob has a fine dog . 2. I see a man and a woman there. 3. There is a match in the box. 4. Miss Hopkins teaches my child French. 5. They need a new mini-bus . 6. He has a sister and a brother . 7. The map is on the shelf . 8. Alice, will you bring a fork and a knif e from the kitchen? 14 2. PROFESSION & JOB HUNTING Vocabulary accomplish C V ( C u r r i c u l u m V i t a e ) jo b a d ve r t is e m e nt sales account delay jo b r e qu i r e me n t s s c r a pb o o k accord determination jumped at the chance self-employed agreement d og g e d ly l oo t ed shifts ahead d ol e make money shiploads aligned d ub b ed mediation skills and abilities application form earn money misery s lu g gi s h n es s apply for editor negotiations solicitor apply to a college employ opening position speak to / with applicant employee overall s qu a li d appoint employer o ve r fl o w i ng starving appointment employment part-time successful career aspirations estate agent personnel office surgeon attend experience p er s ec u t i on t ea r -s t a i ne d application form extra p li g ht tend barber fame plumber tourist-guide be accustomed to fee poorly paid traffic warden be unemployed fellow-worker position transfer benefit figure out post treaty blue-collar find out profit unemployed bonus fire promising quality unemployment bodyguard forestry promote upcoming bring up f or g in g proper clothes upgrading call ahead f os t er qualification unskilled ca nd ida te f ru s tr a t e d qualified applicant u rg i ng c ar ee r pr os p e c t get a good profession R AF vacancy carpenter give financial support realized vet cashier head of departament red-tape wages clerk hire references w ar r an t s compelling HR = Human Resources r ef u ge e s white-collar c om p la c e n cy hummerman responsibility wood-cutter controller hunter resume (CV) working conditions c on s ci e n t io u s o bj e ct o r independent sack work under pressure c ov ering letter interpreter salary 15 1. Read the text and decide which answers (A, B, C or D) best fits e ach gap. Where & How to Hire an Employee? An em ployer has several options to consider when he wants to 1) _____ a new employe e. First of all, he may look within his own company. But if he can’t find anybody suitable 2) ______ the position he will have to look outside the company. If there is a personnel offic e in the company, he can ask them to hel p him to 3) ______ a qualified applica nt. The employer can also use other valuabl e 4) ______, for example, employment agencies and consulting firms. He ca n also advertise in a newspaper or in a magazine and request candidat es 5) _____ send in resumes. The employer has two sets of qualifica tions to consider if he wants to choose from 6) _______ the applicants. He must consider both professional qualifi cations and personal characteristics. A c andidate’s education, experienc e and skills are included in his professional qualific ations. These can be 7) _______ on a resume. Personal characteristics must be eval uated through 8) _______ . Job Interview. When you go for a job interview, m ake sure you arrive 9) ______ time. An employer will form a poor first impression if you show up late. If you realise you may be delayed, cal l 10) ______ and explain the problem. During the interview the employer wi ll try to find out what kind of person you are, what 11) _______ you have, and how you can fit into t he job situation. After you have got an appointment, revie w the information that you wrote on the application form and resume. B e prepared to explain your skills and abilities. Bring a resume to the intervie w. The resume is a printed 12) _______ that tells about your education and work experi ence. Go to the interview 13) ______ ; don’t take your friends or children with you. Plan to arrive about ten minutes before the appointment t ime. Wear the proper clothes. You should have a neat, clean 14) ________ to make a good i mpression. During the interview be honest and modest about yourself. At the close of the interview, express your thanks and be sure that the interviewer knows how to 15) ________ you if he or she wants to hi re you. 1 A employ B sack C hire D hires 2 A for B in C to D under 3 A want B find C propose D support 4 A sources B services C companies D proprietorships 5 A to B at C for D in 6 A between B among C near D above 7 A educated B found C painted D listed 8 A small B correspondence C interviews D chat 16 talk 9 A on B at C during D under 10 A advance B ahead C near D during 11 A institutio n B behaviour C experience D manners 12 A folder B file C paper D sheet 13 A alone B together C personally D sole 14 A mood B appearance C stature D hair-up 15 A write B call C contact D speak 2. Translate into English. account employee personnel office apointment skills and abilities applicant resume employer job interview experience reason of delay call ahead 1. Подзвоніть заздалегідь своєму роботодавцю. 2. Ви знайдете всю інформацію у відділі кадрів нашої к омпанії. 3. Цей кандидат – дуже скромна людина. 4. В цьому резюме вказано мій досвід та вміння і навички. 5. Поясніть, будь ласка, причину затримки. 6. Нам потрібно найняти нового працівника. 7. На співбесіду одягніть відповід ний одяг. 8. Їхні партнери не прийшли на ділову зустріч. 9. Вони мають великі рахунки у європейських банк ах. 3. Complete the dialogue “An Interview”. competitive contacts application form main questions countries salary morning know pressure start experimental long work team lunch quality month seat excellent much equipment company people Applicant: Good morning, sir. Employer: Good 1) _____, sir. Come in, please. Are you, Mr Usachenko? 17 Please, take a 2) ____. Please, fill in the 3) ______. Tell me, please, how 4) ____ were you in your last job for Alpha Company? Applicant: Five years. I am only leaving because the 5) _____ is moving to Kharkiv. But I live in Rivne . Employer: What do you 6) ____ about our company? Applicant: I know that this is a very 7) ____ company, so I woul d like to 8) ____ for it. Employer: Ok. We plan to expand our activity on Engl ish-speaking 9) _____, mainly on England to buy 10) _____ and technologie s from them. We need a 11) ____ of creative persons to ma ke our company competitive. Applicant: What responsibilities do you suggest? Employer: Well, first of all to be responsible for our 12) ____ with English partners, to buy equipment of high 13) ____ and be good at negotiations. You will have to trave l very much. Applicant: Yes, I see. Employer: So tell me what are your three 14) ____ strengths? Applicant: I think they are: reliability , loyality, energy. Employer: Ok. How do you relieve everyday tensions? Applicant: I am accustomed to work under 15) _____ . Employer: Are you a leader by nature? Applicant: Yes, I think so, because I make contacts with 16) ____ very easy. Employer: All right. You have 17) _____ references from your previous job. What do you find a fair 18) _____? Applicant: I think $500. Employer: Ok, but we’ll begin from $350 for 19) ____ period and if you do well we will review it by the end of three months. Hours are from 9 to 5.30 with an hour for 20) ______. Does that suit you? Any 21) _____? Applicant: What about travel: length, where? Employer: Mostly to England for not longer than a 22) _____. Applicant: All right. When do you want me to 23) ______, sir? Employer: In a week. See you the 10 th of October. Applicant: Yes, certainly. Thank you very 24) ____. Goodbye. Employer: Goodbye. 4 . R e a d t h e t e x t a n d f i n d t h e en d i n g s o f t h e s e n t e n c e s . ‘ B r i t a i n ’ s S c h i nd l e r ’ : T h e m a n w h o s a v e d 6 6 9 c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e N a z i s 18 H E M A N W H O S A V E D T h e i n c r e d i b le s t o r y o f h o w N i c h o l a s W i n t o n – w h o w a s l a t e r d u b b e d “ B r i ta i n ’ s S c h i n d l e r ” – s a v e d h u n d r e d s o f c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e H o l o c a u s t , i s b e i n g t o l d i n a n ew f i l m . E x c l u s i v e B B C c l i p s s h o w t h e m o m e n t w h e n W i n t o n 1 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . I n F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 8 , V e r a G i s s i n g s a t w i t h te a r s i n h e r e y e s i n t h e B B C T V s t u d i o a s s h e w a s i n t r o d u c e d t o N i ch o l a s W i n t o n , t h e m a n w h o h a d s a v e d h e r l i f e . O v e r c o m e w i t h e m o t io n , s h e c l a s p e d h i s h a n d a n d e mb r a c e d t h e t h e n n e ar l y 8 0 - y ea r- o l d m a n , 2 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . F or ty - n i n e y e a r s e a r l i er , a 1 0 - y e a r - o l d V e r a , b o r n V ě r a D i a ma n t o v á , a l o n g w i t h h er 1 5- y e a r - o l d s i s t e r , E v a , h a d b ee n p a c k e d o n t o a t r a i n ca l l e d a “ K i n d e r tr a n s p o r t ” w i t h h u n d r e d s o f o t h e r J e w i s h c h i l d r e n , to t a k e t h e m t o Br i t a i n . “ I s h a l l n e v e r f o r g e t t h e wa v i n g g o o d b y e t o m y p a r e n t s , a n d s u d d e n l y f e el i n g v er y af r a i d b e c a u s e I c au g h t t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f f e a r o n m y p a r en t s ’ t e a r - s t a i n e d f ac e s . T h e r e w e r e G e r m a n s o l d ie r s a l l a r o u n d u s ” , s h e r e c al l e d . V e r a w o u l d n e v e r s e e e i th e r o f h e r p a r e n t s a g a i n . O f t h e re l a t i v e s s h e l ef t b e h i n d t h a t d a y , a l l b u t t h r e e w o u l d d i e i n t h e H o l o c a u s t . S h e w a s j u s t o n e 3 ) _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . T h e r e m a r k a b l e s t o r y o f w h a t Wi n t o n d i d i s t o l d i n th e f i l m O n e L i f e , s ta r r i n g A n th on y H op k in s . Th e f il m t a k e s i t s t i t l e f r o m a s a y in g i n t he T al m u d , t h e b o o k o f J e w i s h l a w , “ w h o e v e r s a v e s o n e li f e s a v e s t h e w o r l d en t i r e ” . T h e w i d e r w o r l d m i g h t n e v er h a v e k n o w n o f h i s e x t r a o r d i n a r y h u m a n i t ar i a n e f f o r t s h ad h is w i f e n o t d i s c o v e r e d a s u i t c a s e i n t h e a t ti c o f t h e i r h o m e i n M a i d e n h e a d , E n g l a n d . I t c o n t a i n e d a sc r a p b o o k t h a t d e t a i le d t h e n a m e s a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f t h e c h i l d r e n h e h a d h e l p e d es c a p e . W i n t o n w a s t h e s o n o f G e r m a n J ew i s h p a r e n t s , w h o h a d a n g l i c is e d 4 ) _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . A l t h o u g h h e w a s a s t o c k b r o k e r b y p r o f e s s i o n , W i n to n w a s a l s o a c o m m it t e d s o ci al i s t w i t h an i n t e r e s t i n i n t er n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s . A n d b y 1 9 3 8 , t h r o u g h h i s o w n f a m il y c o n t a c t s , h e w a s k e e n l y a w a r e o f t h e d a n g e r f a c i n g J e w is h f am il i e s i n N a z i - o c c u p ie d t e r r i t o r i e s . A t t h e u r g i n g o f h i s f r i e n d a n d f e l lo w s o c i a l i s t M a r t in B l a k e , h e t r a v e ll e d t o P ra gu e t o h e l p r e f u g e e s f l ee i n g p e r s e c u t i o n i n t h e bu i l d - u p t o W o r l d W a r T w o . I n Hi st o r y i s a s e r i e s w h i ch u s e s t h e B B C ’ s u n i q u e 5 ) _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . W h e n h e a r r i v e d , h e w a s h o r r i f i ed b y w h at h e sa w . T h e c it y w a s r a p i d l y f i l l i n g u p wi th p e o p l e t r y i n g t o e s ca p e t h e N a z i s , m an y o f t h e m J e w i s h , f r o m G e r m a n y , A u st ri a a n d t h e S u d e t e n l a n d , a p a r t o f C z e c h o s lo v ak ia t h a t H i t l e r h a d a n n e x e d . T h e r ef ug e e s w e r e l i v i n g i n s q u al i d c o n d i t i o n s i n o v e r f l o w i n g ca m p s a n d , w i t h t h e a p p r o a c h o f w i n t e r , s t r u g g l i n g t o s u r v i v e . H e w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y d is t r e s s e d b y t h e d e s p e r a te p l i g h t o f t h e m a n y c h il d r e n t h e r e a n d r e s o l v e d t h a t s o m e th i n g h a d t o b e d o n e t o s a v e t h em . A n d s o b e g a n t h e r e s c u e o pe ra t i o n t h a t b e c am e k n o w n a s t h e “ C ze c h K i n d e r t r a n s p o r t ” . O p er at i n g i n i t i a ll y o u t o f h i s r o o m a t t h e Eu r o pa h ot e l i n P r a g u e , w i t h h is c o l l e a g u e s M a r t i n Bl a k e , D o r e e n W a r r i n er a n d T r e v o r C h a d w i c k , h e b e g a n to r e c o r d t h e n a m e s o f f a m i l ie s h e s p o k e 6 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 19 N i c o l a s w r o t e l e t te r s a s k i n g f o r h e l p t o g o v e r n m e n t s a n d e m b a s s i e s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . N e a r l y a l l o f t h e m tu r n e d h i m d o w n . S w e d e n a g r e e d t o t a k e i n s o m e , a s d i d B r i t a i n , p r o v i d i n g t h e y c o u ld i d e n t i f y f a m i l i e s w i l l i n g t o c a r e f o r t h e c h i l d r e n . A l t h o u g h h e w a s j u s t a n o r d i n a r y B r i t i s h c i t i z e n , h e b e c am e c o n v i n c e d h e c o u l d a r r a n g e t h e e v a c u a t i o n o f t h e s e y o u n g 7 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . A f t e r t h r e e w e e k s , h e r e tu r n e d t o L o n d o n a n d t h r e w h i m s e l f in t o t h e q u e s t t o f in d fa m i l i e s t o h o s t th e c h i l d r e n a n d a w ay t o o r g a n i s e t h e i r s a f e p as s a g e a c r o s s E u r o p e a n d i n t o B r i t a in . H i s f r i e n d s C h a d w i c k a n d W ar r i n e r s t a y e d i n P r a g u e t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e p r o j e c t f r o m t h e r e . H e w a s s t i l l w o r k i n g o n t h e s to c k e x c h a n g e b y d a y , b u t f r o m 4 p m to l a t e e v e r y n ig ht h e w o u l d w o r k d o g g e d l y o n t h e L o n d o n e n d o f h i s Cz e c h r e s c u e o p e r a ti o n , o rg an i s i n g p e r m i t s a n d t r av e l w a r r a n t s f o r t h e c h i ld r e n . D e s p i t e f a c i n g e n o r m o u s o r g a n i s at i o n a l c h a l l en g e s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t iv e o b s t a c l e s , h e w o rk ed t i r e l e s s l y r a is i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y f u n d s f o r a £ 5 0 ( r o u g h l y t h e eq u i v a l e n t o f a b o u t £ 4 , 1 5 0 t o d a y ) d e p o s i t 8 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . G r ow in g f r u s t r a t e d b y s l u g g i s h n e s s a n d c o mp l a c e n c y o f t h e B r i ti s h a u t h o r i t i e s , h e b eg an t o m a k e d i r e ct n e w s p a p e r a p p e a l s f o r f a mi l i e s t o t a k e in c h i l d r e n , o r g a n i s i n g t h e p l a c e m e n t s an d p e r s o n a l l y p e r s u a d i n g c o m p l et e s t r a n g e r s t o t ak e t h e c h i l d r e n i n . H e h a d m a n a g e d t o p h o t o g r a p h t h e ch i l d r e n o n h i s l i s t w h i le i n P r a g u e a n d t h o s e h au nt i n g i m a g e s p r o v e d c r u ci a l i n s e c u r i n g t h e m ho m e s . T h e f i r s t t r a i n c a r r y in g c h i l d r e f u g e e s l e f t P r ag u e o n 1 4 M a r c h , 1 9 3 9 . T h e n e x t d ay , Ge r m a n t r o o p s 9 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . B a t t l i n g b u r e a u c r ac y a n d f i l l e d w i t h a gr o w i n g s e n s e o f d e s p e r a t e u r g e n c y , W i n t o n b e g a n f o r g i n g t h e H o m e O f f i ce e n t r y p e r m i t s , w h i ch w e r e s l o w a r r i v i n g . B e t w e e n M a r c h a n d A u g u s t 1 9 3 9 , a to t a l o f e i g h t t r a in s c a r r y i n g 6 6 9 c h i l d r e n , m o s t o f w h o w e r e J e w i s h – a l t h o u g h th e r e w e r e a l s o c h i ld r en w ho w e r e p o l i t i c al r ef ug e e s – l e f t P r a g u e , p a s s in g t h r o u g h G e r m a n y a n d F r a n c e t o Br i t a i n . A t L i v e r p o o l S t r e e t S t a t i o n in L o n d o n , t h e y w o u l d b e m e t 1 0 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . V e r a G i s s i n g a n d h e r s i s t e r es c a p e d P r a g u e o n K i n d e r t r a n s p o r t in J u l y 1 9 3 9 . T h e y w e r e t a k e n i n b y t w o s ep a r a t e f a m i l ie s , w i t h V e r a s t a y in g w i t h a p o o r M e t h o d i s t f am il y , t h e R ai n f o r d s , n ea r Li v e r p o o l . S h e r e ca l l e d m e e t in g t h e m a t t h e s ta t i o n . “ W h e n m y f o s t e r mo t h e r f i r s t s a w m e , I c a l l h e r m y l i tt l e E n g l i s h m o t h er b e c a u s e s h e i s s o s m a ll , t e a r s w e r e p o u r i n g d o w n h e r f ac e an d s h e h u g g e d m e a n d s h e s a i d s o m e w o r d s I d id n’ t u n d e r s t a n d , b u t n o w I k no w s h e s a i d “ Y o u s h a l l b e l o v e d . ” An d s h e w a s r i g h t , l o v e d I w a s . “ T h e y h a d v e r y l i t t le m o n e y , b u t t h e y h a d a h e ar t a s b i g a s a h o u s e . T h ey d i d e v e r y t h i n g t h e y c o u l d t o m ak e m e h a p p y . I w a s v e r y l u c k y . ” A n i n t h t r a i n c a r r y i n g 2 5 0 c h i ld r e n w a s s u p p o s e d t o l e a v e o n 1 S e p te m b e r . B u t t h a t d a y G e r m a n y i n v a d ed P o l a n d , w a r w a s d e c l a r e d an d t h e b o r d e r s w e r e c l o s e d . T h e c h i l d r e n w h o w e r e d u e t o l ea v e w e r e t u r n e d a w a y b y G er m a n s o l d i e r s a t t h e st a t i o n . T w o o f t h o s e c h i l d r e n w e r e 1 1 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . B o t h w o u l d l a t er d ie i n th e B e r g en - Be ls e n c o n c e n t r at i o n c a m p . I t i s e s ti m a t e d t h a t of t h e 1 5 , 0 0 0 J e w i s h c h i l d r e n f r o m C z e c h o s lo v ak ia s e n t t o c am p s , f e w e r t h a n 1 5 0 c h i l d r e n s u r v i v e d th e w a r . 20 W i t h w a r d e c l a r e d , W i n t o n r e g i s t e r e d a s a c o n s c i e n t i o u s o bj ec t o r a n d s er ve d a s a n a mb ul a n c e d ri ve r i n N or m a n d y . H e w a s o ne o f t h e p e o p l e e v ac ua t e d a t D u nk ir k . In 1 94 0 , h e r e s c i n d e d h i s c o n sc ie n t i o u s ob je c t o r s ta tu s a n d j o i n ed t he R A F . F o l l ow in g t h e e n d of W or l d W a r T w o, h e wo r ke d fo r t h e I nt er n a t i o na l Co m m i t t e e f o r R e f u ge es , t a k in g ch a r g e o f it em s l o o t e d b y t h e N az is a n d s e l l i n g t h e m t o r ai se f u n d s f or J ew i s h o rg an i s at io n s , a nd l at e r f or t h e I n t e r n a t i o n al B an k i n P a r is w h e r e h e m e t h i s w i f e Gr et e G je ls t r u p . W h at i s al l t h e m o r e re ma r k a b le i s th a t d e s pi te t h e m a g n it ud e o f t he a c c o mp li s h m e n t, W in t o n n e v er r ea l l y s p o ke a bo u t w h at h e di d w i t h t h e K in de r t r an sp o rt o pe r a t i o n, b el i e v i n g hi s fr i e n ds w h o s t a y e d i n P r a g u e t o o k gr ea t e r r is ks . F o r de ca d e s h i s h er oi s m w e n t l a r ge ly u n n ot ic e d . W h en B BC r e s e a r c h e r s fr o m th e B B C c o n s um er a f f a i r s pr o g r a m m e T h a t ’ s L i f e ! g ot w in d o f W i n to n’ s s to ry , t h ey i nv i t e d h i m t o j o i n t h e s ho w as a m e m b e r o f t h e a u di en c e . W i n t o n be li e v e d t h a t h e m i g h t h av e in f o r ma ti o n t h a t w o u ld h el p 1 2 ) _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ . T h e ho s t o f t h e p r o g ra mm e , E s t h er R an t z e n , s ho w e d t h e s c r a p bo o k W i n t o n k ep t, w h i c h r ec or d e d t h e d e t a i l s o f 66 4 o f t h e c h i l d r e n . L a t e r r e s ea rc h w o u ld i de n t i f y a n ot he r f i v e c h il dr e n w h o en te r e d B r i t a i n o n Ki nd e r tr an s p or t he o r g an is e d . S it ti n g i n t h e a u d i e n ce , Wi n t o n w a s i n tr od u ce d to t h r e e c h i l d r en h e ha d h e l p e d t o r es cu e , o n e o f wh o m w a s V e r a , i n a h i g h l y e m o t i o n al r eu n i o n . No n e o f t h e c h i l d r e n h ad k no w n wh o h a d s a v e d t h e m f r o m b e i n g k il le d . A f o u rt h ch i l d , R u do l p h W e s s e l y , w as a ls o i n t h e a u d i e n ce . He a n d W i n t o n h a d m et b y ch a n c e i n t h e 1 9 7 0s w h e n t h e y b ot h wo r ke d fo r a c h a r it y pr o v id in g h o us in g f or o ld e r p eo pl e . A t h ei r na m e , a nd b a p t i s e d h i m i n t o t h e A n g l i c a n ch u r c h i n a n e f f o r t t o i n t e g r a te i n to B ri t i s h l i f e . B b y W in to n a n d hi s mo t h er , be f o r e t h e y w e r e c o l l e c t e d b y t h ei r ad o p te d fa m i l i e s . C m et s om e o f t h e ch il d r e n h e re s c u e d . D r ef ug e e s b y t r a i n a nd f in d t h em a s af e h a v e n i n t h e U K . E a ud io a n d vi de o a r c h iv e to e x p l o r e h i s t o ri ca l e v e n t s t h a t s t i l l r e s on a t e t o d a y . F a ny o f th e K i n de rt r a n sp o r t c h i l d r e n t r ac e th e i r f a m il ie s . G o cc up i e d t h e w h o le o f Cz e c h o s l o v a ki a. H w h o ha d o r g a n i s e d h e r e s ca pe f r o m N a z i- oc c u p ie d Pr a g u e j u st m on t h s b ef or e t h e ou tb r ea k of W o rl d W a r T w o . I t o , wh o we r e d e s p e r at e to g e t t h e i r c h i l d r en t o sa f e t y . J V e r a Gi ss i n g ’s o wn c o u si ns . K o f h un d r e d s o f c h i l d r e n W i n to n sa v e d f r om t he s a m e f a t e. L p er c hi l d , a s u m r e q u ir ed b y t h e B r i t i s h g ov er n m en t to e n a b l e t h e i r e v e n tu al r et ur n h o me . 21 5. Use the following words to complete the descri ption. jo b re qu ir em en ts ca nd id at e jo b ad ve rt is em en t ex pe ri en ce jo b v ac a nc y i nt e rv i ew j ob t i tl e c ar e er p r os p ec t p er s on a l de t ai l s c ov ering letter resume (CV) salary short list appointment working conditions qualifications The company usually advertises the j___ v___ in a newspaper. The j__ a__ usua lly giv es the j__ t___ and describes the j___ r___. It s ome tim es giv es th e s ___ and gives the description of the w___ с___ and с ___ p__ as we ll. The applicant then sends in а с___ 1___ a nd a r___, w h ic h g i v e s p __ d___ and lists q___ and e___ . T h e c o m pany then makes a s__ 1 _ _ o f the most suitable candidates and invites them for an i__. The company then chooses the best с___ and makes an a___ . 6. Choose the correct words to complete the text. Hi, I am Roman and thanks for inviting me to your careers day. I am 1) an unemployed / a self-employed costume designer in the theatre. If you think it sounds like a job with long holidays and lots of time 2) dow n / off , think again! I am not only 3) responsibility / responsible for the desi gns, but also the schedule and budget. I need to work both 4) independentl y / independent and 5) like / as a team. People sometimes confuse 6) being / having your own boss with working 7) shifts / part-time . My job is ver y much full-time. That means I 8) have / work a lot of pressure, but I also have control 9) ov er / on my own time. I can work when I like, provided I get the job done. And I need to do that to have a good 10) money / salary of course! 7. Read the text “Job Interview” and complete it with missing wor ds. Pay attention as 1) __________ interviewe r talks; answer all 2) __________ questions clearly and intelli gently. Try not to seem bored, even if you realise that 3) __________ job doesn’t interest. Here are some of 4) __________ questions that employers try t o answer when they are interviewing future 5) __________ e mployees: 22 - What is this person really like ? - Does this person have 6) __________ skills to do the job I have available? - Will this person fit 7) __________ team I ha ve now? - How quickly can this person learn? - Will this person be willing to work hard? Finally, be prepared to ask your own 8) __________ questions a bout 9) __________ job, know the type of work and benefits you want from 10) __________ position. Write down these questions before you go to the interview. An employer will be interested i f you ask intelligent questions about 11) __________ work you may be doing. At 12) __________ close of the interview, express your thanks and be sure that 13) __________ interviewer knows how to contact you if he or she wants to hire you. The Resume Format • Objective • Su mm ar y • E x p e r i en c e • Ed uc ati on • R e f e r en c e s The ch rono logic al res ume for mat is 14) __________ m o st p o pu l ar f o rm a t us e d b y pe r so n s, e s pe cially 15) __________ those who write their own resume. List of Professions an accountant a doctor an interpreter a secretary an applicant a designer an instructor a sales representative an apprentice a director an interviewer a sportsman an administrator a dentist a journalist a surgeon an architect a driver a lawyer a solicitor an attorney a dean a labourer a system administrator a businessman an executive a lecturer a supervisor a bank manager an editor a librarian a shop assistant a bodyguard an employer a manager a skilled worker a builder an electrician a mechanic a traffic warden a banker an economist a miner a tourist-guide a book-keeper an engineer a midwife a teacher a bookseller an estate agent a maid a trainee a bus driver an employee a nurse a typist 23 a barber a fireman an optician a trainer a blue-collar worker a film star an officer a translator a bookkeeper a geologist a policeman a therapist a clerk a geographer a painter a vet a controller a gardener a pop singer a vice-president a cashier a head of department a plumber a worker a carpenter a hummerman a psychologist a waiter / waitress a cook a hunter a principal a wood-cutter a contructor a hair dresser a representative a white-collar a cleaning manager a housekeeper a speaker 8. Read the text “How to Choose the Life You Want to Live” and insert the correct word. idea skill actions television over loved want responsible ability role influence movie good million fact life she family choo se results from Do you k now wh y you ’re no t livin g the lif e you wa nt? Bec ause y ou’r e curr entl y choo sing n ot to. Circu msta nces ce rtai nly pl ay a mass ive 1) _ ____ __ in an yone ’s lif e, and I’ ll be the fi rst to t ell you a ll the mi llio n ways in w hich t he wor ld is no t a level pl ayin g field . But th at’s n ot why y ou’r e read ing thi s arti cle. If you ’re r eadin g this , then you’ re wil ling t o embr ace the 2 ) ___ ____ __ tha t you’ ve got a t leas t one th ing go ing fo r you : the po wer of c hoic e. Know ing th at you ca n choo se the l ife you l ive of fers y ou the i nspi ring poss ibil ity to cr eate a li fe that y ou wan t. Far f rom pl acing b lame an d guil t on you r shou lder s, rec ogni sing y our ab ility t o choo se can be e xtre mely em powe ring . Choi ce is sim ply th e power t o deci de you r actio ns and y our be lief s — which are ul timat ely th e thing s that s hape y our l ife. Here ’s how y ou can ma ke the b est cho ices c hoice s to bui ld you r idea l life. Stac k choic es to bu ild su ccess . 24 The sim ple act o f choo sing is w hat cr eates th e 3) ___ ____ y ou get. P ick on e thin g you did t oday , it coul d be as sim ple as ma king br eakf ast, an d notic e how it was yo ur cho ice tha t that ma de it hap pen. C onsc iousl y or un consc ious ly, yo u decid ed tha t you wan ted it, b eliev ed it was p ossi ble, an d then to ok the n ecess ary 4) ____ ____ t o make it s o. Let’s g o bigg er. Pi ck an ach ievem ent fro m your p ast tha t you are p artic ularl y prou d of. It c ould be a nyth ing: a jo b you att ained , a 5) ___ ____ _ you acq uire d, or a piece o f art yo u crea ted. N otice h ow ther e was on ce a time w hen yo u didn ’t hav e this ac hiev ement an d it exis ted on ly as an id ea in you r mind . You had t o belie ve it was po ssibl e and the n 6) ___ ___ to a ctual ly do it. Y ou had to c hoos e and the n keep choo sing f or a long p erio d of time , stack ing cho ice aft er choi ce on top o f each othe r, hop ing tha t you wer e goin g in the ri ght dir ectio n, unt il your i dea fin ally becam e a reali ty. The cho ice yo u made wa sn’t an i solat ed inci dent. Y ou bui lt up yo ur larg er succ ess by cr eatin g a foun datio n of inte rcon necte d choic es that h elped y ou get ther e. It was y our 7) _ _____ __ to ch oose w hat you w anted a nd to mai ntain t hat choi ce for an e xtend ed per iod of ti me that en able d you to re alise y our go al. That is r eal po wer. Circu msta nces ca n obsc ure you r choi ce. The 8) _ ____ ___ of c hoice s being p ower ful may s ound c onvin cing w hen you’ re the o ne acti vely d oing th e choo sing , but wh at happ ens wh en cir cumst ances aris e that ar e outs ide of yo ur con trol ? We’v e all been i n a situa tion wh ere we ’ve bee n seemi ngly st ripp ed of ou r powe r of cho ice. Th is mig ht come f rom a pe rson w ith a lar ge amo unt of 9 ) ____ ____ o ver ou r life: a p ushy pa rent , an over bear ing bos s, a mani pula tive part ner. Or i t might c ome 10) _ ____ ___ di fficu lt life c ircum stan ces, su ch as ill ness, inju ry, dis abil ity, po vert y, or abu se. To a grea ter or le sser e xtent , every one su ffer s from so meth ing tha t feels outs ide of t heir co ntro l, and th ese ch allen ges ar e real an d ough t to be ack nowl edge d and re spect ed. Bu t along side t hat, I w ould ar gue th at even t hese f actor s do not over ride o ur abil ity to m ake cho ices th at help us to cr eate th e lives we 11) ____ ____ . As the c onve ntion al wisd om goe s, not m aking a choi ce is sti ll a choi ce. So allow ing yo ur cir cumst ances t o choos e for yo u is stil l makin g a choic e. If a cho ice is g oing to be mad e, it may a s well co me fro m you. You ar e resp onsib le for yo ur cho ice. Like it o r not, you’v e chos en the li fe you ’re cur rent ly livi ng. Ev en if li fe deal t you a cr appy st artin g hand t hat has o nly con tinu ed to wor sen, y ou are 12 ) ____ ____ for th e choi ces tha t have cr eated y our p resen t circu mstan ces. B ut the b est par t abou t this is t hat it me ans yo u also ha ve the po wer to ch oose t o chang e. Hist ory is fu ll of co untle ss figu res wh o start ed out in c ircu mstan ces tha t appe ared to g ive the m little t o no opp ortu nity to c reate a 13 ) life ____ ____ , let alon e one th at they ’d acti vely ch oose . 25 Walt Di sney s tarte d from h umbl e begin ning s, ove rcam e bankr uptc y twic e, and man oeuv red hi s way th roug h mult iple be tray als and m anip ulati ons be fore fina lly cre ating t he fir st ful l-len gth an imate d 14) __ ____ __ , Sn ow Whit e and th e Seven D warv es , in 1 937. T he film g ross ed $6. 5 15) __ ___ ___ and b ecam e one of the mos t succ essf ul anim ated mo vies e ver mad e. Dis ney’ s cont inued l egac y speak s for it self. J. K. Ro wlin g had her p ropo sal fo r Harr y Pott er reje cted by t welv e publ ishe rs at a time i n whic h 16) __ ____ __ was s trug glin g with th e death o f her moth er, a fa iled ma rria ge, an d a child to rai se alon e and w ithou t a job. Hitti ng ro ck bott om actu ally pu shed h er to ch oose t o do wha t she 17) _ ____ ___ : wr itin g. The Harr y Potte r seri es has s ince ma de Row ling t he fir st auth or bi llion aire a nd has spar ked mag ic in th e lives o f child ren ar ound t he wor ld (as l ong as th ey don ’t che ck some o f her lat er Twit ter ame ndme nts! ). Opra h Winf rey gr ew up in su ch dir e pove rty tha t she ha d to wear d ress es made f rom po tato s acks to scho ol. Fr om the a ge of ni ne she e ndur ed sex ual ab use from m ultip le 18) _ ___ ____ m ember s, and a t four teen sh e beca me preg nant w ith a son wh o woul d die pr ematu rely . She has a lso sp oken a t lengt h abou t her st rugg le with h er weig ht and b ody im age. Ye t sinc e 1984 sh e’s gr own to b ecom e the ric hest Afri can- Ameri can wo man in th e worl d, own ing a tel evis ion net work ( OWN) , a magaz ine ( O , The Op rah Ma gazi ne ), a nd the h ighes t-ra ted US 1 9) ___ ____ _ show of all ti me, Th e Opra h Winf rey Sh ow . It’ s no coi ncid ence th at on th e back co ver of Opra h’s bo ok, Wh at I Kno w for Su re , sh e says t he fol lowin g: ‘I kno w for su re: You r jour ney be gins wi th a cho ice to ge t up, st ep out, a nd live fu lly. ’ Choo sing t o live fu lly. What u nites t he abo ve figu res is n ot the ev entu al suc cess of t heir r ags to rich es tale , but rat her th eir ind omit able ab ilit y to cont inue t o choo se. The y chos e not to l et thei r circ umst ances c hoos e for th em, bu t rath er kep t choo sing t o crea te the 20) __ ____ __ tha t they w anted . Imag ine wh at you r life co uld b e like if y ou ch ose to n ever le t your circu msta nces d ictat e what y ou’r e able t o do. Takin g tota l resp onsi bilit y for yo ur lif e can be in cred ibly ch allen ging , espe ciall y when ma king y our fi rst st eps tow ards i ndep ende nt cho ice-m akin g. Our advi ce wou ld be to m ake thi s chan ge gra dual ly. St art wit h just o ne are a of yo ur lif e, perh aps on e in whi ch you h ave a la rge am ount o f init ial con trol , such a s diet o r exer cise, a nd go fr om the re. Small c hoic es buil d up ove r time an d prod uce am azing r esul ts. Rem embe r: a choi ce is no t a one tim e thin g, but i s rath er som ethin g that y ou mu st stic k to and make ov er and 2 1) ___ ___ __ agai n. Know ing th at you ar e the so le dete rmin er of yo ur life c an eith er ove rwhe lm you or empo wer yo u. Yet h ow you feel ab out it a nd wh at you d ecide t o do, a s shou ld com e as no sur pris e, is en tirel y your c hoic e. I enco urag e you to c hoos e wise ly! 26 9. Read the text “Career Goals” and put the verb in bracke ts to correct tense form. One of the frequent questions asked by the HR in an interview is “What 1) _______ ( to be ) your career goals?” So, people that 2) _________ ( to look for ) jobs come across questions like, what a re your short-term goals? or what will be your long-term goals? So, when a person is asked about his / her career goals than the hiring manager is mainly tryi ng to 3) ________ ( to figure out ) if the goals are aligned with what the person is going to be doing in the company. Mostly people 4) ________ ( to set ) their career goa ls in the early years of life. This enables them to ha ve a proper mindset and vision to think ahe ad in life. All their activities are often related to achieving the main goal. They must 5) _________ ( to overcome ) the upcoming challenges and have a strong determination to look forward to the bi gger picture. There are many people that have a clear vision for their career duri ng the early stages of life. So, the answer to t he questions 6) gives ________ ( to give ) a complete picture of a person’s vision. Thus, we need to understand the right meaning of the career goal, its i mportance in a person’s life. Additi onally, we need to understand how one can really set the ir career goals. A career goal is a target and t arget gives a person a compelling re ason to achieve it. Similarly, if t he career goal for a student 7) _______ ( to set ) al ready, he / she can get a proper direction in t heir life. Additionally, the person 8) _________ ( to strive ) hard to accomplish the ta sk and thereby reach the target. Howe ver, it is not easy to achieve the long-term career goa ls. Thus, in this case, it is bett er to breakdown the tasks into small and ac hievable tasks. One can give freque nt opportunities to accomplish the goa ls and feel motivated about t aking other goals. A person’s choice of career is based on motiva tions, aspirations and impulses. Whatever the person plans t o do in life must be driven by passion and determination. Setting a ca reer goal 9) ________ ( to help ) to fulfill one’s drea m to become something in life. This i s dependent on a person’s values, beliefs, i nterests, qualifications, and personal life experiences. When the students set goals, they have a ve ry clear vision and they think ahead. Whatever they do in their da y to day life, they will relate it with the main goals. Also, they will be monitoring the ir progress. As time passes they face different challenges and this is wha t 10) _________ ( to make ) their life interesting. So, on the other hand, when a person doe sn’t set goals, they tend to be surprised as the time passes. Also, they wi ll find that their time is all together is similar. 27 The Article 1. Fill in: a , an or the where necessary 1. Is ___ tomato ___ fruit or ___ vegetable? 2. Is ___ apple ___ red or ___ blue? 3. What is ___ capital of ___ France? 4. When we visited ___ London we stayed at ___ Hi lton Hotel. 5. Does ___ river Seine run through __ Paris or ___ Madrid? 6. Is ___ Indian Ocean larger than ___ Mediterra nean Sea? 7. Is ___ New York in ___ USA or in __ Canada? 8. Is ___ elephant bigger than ___ alligat or? 9. Does ___ Amazon run through __ Africa or ___ South America? 2. Find the sentences where it is necessary to use the : 1. ... Manila is … capital of … Philippi nes. 2. … Andes is a mountain range of … South Americ a. 3. … China is … most populated country in … worl d. 4. A tunnel has been built beneath … E nglish Channel. 5. … longest river in … world is … Nile. 6. Many people have climbed … Everest . 7. … Sicily is an Italian island. 8. … capital of … Italy is … Rome. 9. … Panama Canal joins … Atlantic and Pacific Oce ans. 10. … North Sea is between … Britain a nd … Norway. 11. Do you know where … Rocky Mountains are? 12. … Trafalgar Square is in … London. 13. … Severn Bridge is in … Wales. 14. … Australia is in … southern hemisphere. 15. I learn to play … cello when I was at … sc hool. 16. She spent … morning working in … library. 17. I plan to study … French at … university … next ye ar. 18. … Smiths have just bought a holiday home near … Lake Geneva. 19. I usually go to … work by … bus. 3. Fill in: a , an or the where necessary 28 Last year ___ Smiths went on holiday to L ondon with their friends ___ Browns. They visited ___ Hyde Park and went on ___ boat t rip on ___ Thames. __ Mr.Brown visited ___ Buckingham Palac e hoping to see ___ Queen. Unfortunately, ___ Queen Elizabeth II wa sn’t at ___ home at ___ time. 4. Insert the proper word with the corresponding arti cle. Pay attention: there are 4 extra words. police end middle lunch TV set the City sun television guitar sky room shop radio piano dinner time army plane breakfast same 1.Can you tell me ___________ please? 2.We had ________ at the restaurant. 3.__________ is a star. It gives us light & warmth. 4.Did you see the film on __________ last night? 5.I was hungry this morning, because I didn’t have ________. 6.______ stopped me because I was driving too fast. 7.Can you play ______? 8.What did you have for _______? Just a salad. 9.When I am working at home I like list ening to __________. 10. _________ is very clear tonight. You can see al l the stars. 11.My house is at __________ of this street. 12. The table is in __________ of the room. 13.My brother is in _________ now. 14.Tom can play ______. 15.I like watching ____. 16.We live in _____ street. 5. Insert the proper word with the corresponding article a/an or the. nice day roof difficult language kitchen interesting book Australia National Theatre Niagara Waterfall cup of green tea red Drezden Gallery Netherlands play next train cigarette bicycle Hague truth headache Republic of Ireland 1. Can you ride ___________ ? 2. What’s the man doing on ________ of that house? Is he repairing something? 3. We went to the theatre last night but _______ was not very good. 4. Do you think English is ________ for people to learn? 5. Would you like _______? No, thanks. I don’t smoke. 29 6. Where is Jack? He is in ______. He is cooking some thing. 7. Excuse me, what time is ________ to London? 8. It is ________ today. Let’s go out. 9. Do you like some drink? Yes, please __________. 10. Have you ever been in __________? Oh, yes, I saw famous pai nings! 11. Would you like to go to _______? I don’t know nothing about it s customs and traditions. 12. My sister prefers ___________. 13. There is ____________ on the table. 14. Last year we were in ___________. We saw the top ballet star. 15. He always speaks _____________. 16. Tell us please about ___________. 17. Her husband is Irish. He is from ____________. 18. Olena lives in ____________. 19. I can’t go to the cinema. I have _____________. 20. ____________ is known as the global hub of internationa l law and arbitration. 6. Put in the corresponding article. Hague, Sun, coffee, dinner, Trafalgar Square, m orning, student, Hungary, USA, bottle of, water, fire brigade, Octobe r, Niagara waterfall, every yea r, boxing, radio, Times, cup of tea, last, Mars, L ondon Zoo, Sunday, friendship, TV set, Europe, this book, music, glass of wine, mil lion, teachers, doctor, hundred, Spring, lunch, Christmas, Bible, blac k, lake Bile, Hilton Hotel, exa mination, History, tennis, seciond, the “Titanik” , Maths, Africa, Prypiat, Republic of, Ne w Year, West, no books, day before yesterday, piano, best, Ne thelands, Italian, Earth. 7. Insert the article if it is necessar y. 1) ... Mediterranean Sea is laying bet ween … Africa and … Europe. 2) … Danube flows through … Vienna, … Budapest and … Be lgrade. 3) … Peru is in … South America. 4) … Alps are in … Europe. 5) ... Hague is the city in … Netherlands. 6) … Pacific Ocean is between … Ame rica and … Asia. 7) … Panama Channel joins … Atlant ic and Pacific Ocean. 30 3. OPERATE THE COMPUTER Vocabulary a c c e s s to t h e I n t e r n e t ID cards s e c u r it y affiliate identify you security systems application software images from outer space s e n d a n d r ec e i ve e -m a il m es s a ge s ATMs information sites s e r v i ce p r o v id e r back-up copy install set firewalls battery installation set up bug I n t e r n e t set up new systems business operations IP (Internet Protocol) share ССTV (closed circuit TV) cameras IT = information technology software cables IT support software problem charger keep systems going solve mathematical problems chat landline sound chuffed laptop speaker collect and send information to and from space logistical support spreadsheets computer make sure all of the computers work properly store and organize information computer-aided-design specialists mathematical operations store large amounts of information on circuits computer-literate memory supply products and services connect your computer to computers microchips swap crash monitor roads and public areas system administrator create passwords m o n t h l y f ee system maintenance create usernames network administrator system software data processing network architect tablet database analyst ne tw or ks t e c h n o lo g y databases node t el n et decoding officer telnet programs digital of fl in e text download on li ne the World Wide Web (WWW or 3W) earphones operate computer t r a n s a c t io n s easy to use P2P (person-to-person) t r an s m i t 31 electronic mail p a c k e t s w it c h i n g type e-mail pa ck et -s wit ch in g ne tw or k upload encoding PC (personal computer) USB Universal Successive Bus equipment picture u s e t h e n e t wo r k extra copy plan and design network usenet floppy disk plug U S E N E T N ew s equipment post u s e r extra copy print user-friendly floppy disk process data video clips FTP (File Transfer Protocol) a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another programmer virus give logistical support programming software web-design give system maintenance protect smth from burglars web-pages g l o b a l c o m p ut e r n e t w o r k provide for IT support website analyst G o p h e r put data website developer G ul f W a r radars w ir e l e ss s t a t i o n s hardware reel WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) a type of local-area network that uses high-frequency radio waves to communicate between nodes hour-long natters resurgence voicemail h ou r l y fe e retrieve word processor HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a mark-up language used to describe that the structure of a web-site r o u t e r s W o r l d - W i d e We b ( W WW ) IBM (International Business Machines) satellites 1. Read the text below. Insert the necessary word. Computers utilities mathematical jobs human gives highest largest control computers business process lease The computer industry is one of the 1) largest _________ i n western countries and especially in the USA. It includes companies that m anufacture, sell and 2) lease __________ computers, as well as compa nies that supply products and services for people working with 3) ____________ . A computer cannot think. A 4) __________ operator puts da ta into the computer and 5) __________ instructions. The operat or writes instructions which determine the mathemat ical operations on information. A computer solves 6) ____________ problems very rapidly. Traditionall y, the computer in business is used to 7) __________ data. This involves different a dministrative functions such as preparation of payrolls, inventory 8) _________ in m anufacturing, warehousing and distribution operations, customer a ccounting, billing by banks, insurance companies, public 9) ___________ and mass circ ulation magazines. Now the 32 computer takes on new kinds of 10) ___________ . It has become more involved in 11) __________ operations as an essential t ool in making decisions at the 12) ____________ administrative level. 2 . P u t t h e v er b s i n b r a c k e t s i n t o c o r r e c t t e n s e . T h e I n t e rn e t T h e I n t er n e t , a g l o b a l c o m p u t e r n e t w o r k w h i c h 1 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( t o e m b r a c e ) m i ll i o n s o f u s e rs a l l o ve r t h e w or l d , 2) _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ ( t o b eg i n ) in t h e U ni t e d St a t es i n 1 96 9 as a mi l it a r y ex p e ri m e nt . I t 3 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( t o de s i gn ) t o s u r v i v e a n u c l e ar w a r . I n f o rm a t io n s en t o v e r t he In te rn et 4) _ __ __ __ _ _ ( t o t a k e ) t he s ho r te st p at h av ai la bl e f r o m o n e c o m pu ter t o anot her. B ec au se o f thi s, any t wo com pu te rs o n th e In ter net w il l b e a bl e 5 ) _ __ _ __ _ _ __ ( t o st a y ) in t o u ch w i t h ea c h o th e r a s l on g a s t he r e i s a s in g l e ro ut e be tw ee n th em . Th is t ec hn ol og y is c al le d pa ck et s wi tc hi ng . Ow in g to t hi s t e ch n o lo g y , if s o me c om pu te rs o n th e ne tw or k ar e kn o ck ed o u t (by a nuclea r expl osion , for ex ample ), inf orma tion 6) _ ____ ____ ___ ( j ust; t o rout e ) ar ou nd th em. O ne suc h pack et-s witc hi ng n etw ork al read y surv ived a w a r . I t 7 ) _ _ _ _ __ ( t o b e ) t h e I r aq i c o mp u t er n e t w o r k w h i c h w a s n o t kn o c k e d o u t d u r i ng t he G ul f Wa r . M o s t o f t h e I n t e r n et h o s t co mp u te rs ( m o r e t h an 5 0 % ) ar e in t he U ni te d St at es , w h i l e th e r es t 8 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( t o lo ca t e ) i n mo re t ha n 10 0 ot h er c ou n tr ie s. A lt ho u g h t h e n u mb er o f h o s t co mp ut er s ca n be c ou nt ed f ai rl y ac cur ate ly , no bo dy 9) __ __ __ __ __ ( t o kn ow ) ex ac tly h ow m an y pe op le u se t he In te rn et ar e mill ions , and th eir n umbe r 10) _ __ __ __ _ ( t o gro w ) by th ousa nds ea ch m o nt h w or l d wi d e. Th e mo st p op ula r Inte rnet s ervi ce is e- mail . Mo st o f th e pe op le, w h o h av e a c ce ss t o th e In te rn et , us e th e ne tw or k on ly f or s en d in g an d r ec e i v in g e - m a il m es s a ge s . H ow e v er , o t he r p o pu l ar s e r vi c e s a re a v a il ab le o n th e In te rn e t: r ea di ng U S E N E T Ne ws , u s i n g th e W o r l d - W id e We b , t el n e t, F T P , an d G o ph e r . But wh o ac tu al ly pa ys fo r se ndi ng e-m a i l me s s ag e s o ve r t h e In t e rn e t l on g d i st a n ce s , a ro u n d th e w or l d ? T h e an sw er i s ve ry s im pl e: a u se r pa ys h is / h er s er vi ce p ro vi de r a mo nt hl y or h ou r ly f e e . P ar t o f t hi s f e e go e s t ow a r ds i t s c os t s t o co n n ec t t o a l a rg er s er vi ce p r o v i d e r . A n d p ar t of t he f ee g ot b y th e la rg er p ro vi de r go es t o c o v er i ts c o st o f r un n in g a w o rl d w id e n e tw o r k of w i r es a n d w ir e l es s s ta t i on s . B u t s av in g mo n ey i s on ly t he f ir st s te p. I f pe op le s ee t ha t th ey c an 1 1) _ __ _ __ _ _ _ ( t o m ak e ) m on e y f ro m t h e In t e rn e t , co m m e rc i a l us e o f t hi s n e tw o r k wi l l dr as ti cal ly i nc re as e. Fo r ex am pl e, s om e we ste rn a rc hi te ctu re c om pa n ie s a n d g ar m en t c en t r es a l r ea d y t r an s mi t th e ir b a s ic d e s ig n s a nd c o n ce p t s o v e r t h e I n t e r n e t i n t o C h i n a , w h e r e t h e y a r e r e w o r k e d a n d r e f i n e d b y sk il le d - b u t in ex pe ns iv e - C h i n es e co mp ut er - a i d ed - d es ig n s p ec i a li s t s. H ow e v er , s o me p r o bl e ms r e m a in . T h e mo s t i mp o r ta n t i s s ec u r it y . Wh en y ou se nd a n e-m ail me ss ag e to so mebo dy, th is mes sage c an tr a v e l th r o u g h m a n y 33 di ff er en t ne tw or ks a nd c om pu te rs . Th e da ta 12) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( t o b e ; c o n s t a n t ly ) d i r e ct e d t o w a r d s i t s d e s t i n a t i o n b y s p e c i a l co m p ut e r s c a l l e d ro u t e r s . B e c a u s e o f t h i s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o g e t i n t o a ny of c omp ute rs al ong t he ro ute , int erc ept an d ev en c han ge t he d a t a b e i n g s e n t o v e r t h e I n t e r n e t . I n s p i t e o f th e f a c t t h a t t h e r e ar e m an y st ron g en co di ng p ro gr am s av ai la bl e , ne ar ly a ll t he i n f or m a t i on b e in g s e nt o v e r t he I n t e r ne t i s t r an s m i t te d w i t h ou t an y f o r m of en c o d i n g , i. e . “ i n th e c l ea r ” . B u t w h e n i t b e c o me s n e c e s sa r y to s e n d im p or t a nt i n fo r m at i on o v e r th e ne t w or k , th e s e en co d i ng p r o g r a ms m ay b e u s ef u l . So m e A m er i c a n ba n k s a nd c om p a n ie s ev e n 13 ) __ __ __ _ ( t o co nd uc t ) t ra ns ac t i o n s o v e r t h e I n te rn et . Ho we ve r, t h e r e ar e st il l bo th com mer cia l an d te chn ica l pr obl ems wh ich 14) _______ ( to ta ke ) t ime t o be re sol ved . The Internet can be divided into fi ve broad areas. Electronic mail, which is much fa ster than traditional mail. Anything that can be digitized (converted int o digital form) - pictures, sound, video - can be sent, retrieved, and printed at the othe r end. Information sites. This is perhaps the fa stest growing area of the Internet as more and more people put their own informa tion pages on line. Computers process vast amounts of information very fast, by spec ifying a key word or phrase. The computer can then search around the Ne t until it finds some matches. These information sites are usually store d on big computers that exist all over the world. The beauty of the Net is that you ca n access all of them from your home, using your own PC. The World Wide Web usually referred to as W WW or 3W, is a vast network of information databases that fea ture text, sound, and even video clips. On the WWW you can 15) __________ ( to go ) on a tour of a museum or exhibit ion, see the latest images from outer spa ce, go shopping, and get travel information on hotels and holidays. Usenet is a collection of newsgroups cove ring any topic. Each newsgroup consists of messages and information post ed by other users. There are more than 10,000 newsgroups and they are popular with universiti es and businesses. Telnet programs allow you to use your personal comput er to access a powerful mainframe computer. 3. Read conversation of two colleagues discussing software and c omplete this dialogue with the words from the box. is best about the best am do of about are most the is fastest special the most good Tymur: What (1) ____ you think (2) _____ these three photo imaging packages? Oleh: It (3) ____ a difficult choice. All three are very (4) _____ but they have different strengths. 34 Tymur: I agree. Oleh: Serif Image Plus has (5) ______ image correc tion. Tymur: OK. Oleh: But Magic Extreme has the (6) _____ processing (7) ____ ima ges. Tymur: You (8) _____ right. Also, Serif Image Plus has the best (9) _____ effects. But what (10) _____ Snap Pro? Oleh: Well, it has the (11) _____ dubbling options. Tymur: And Snap Pro (12) _____ the best for burning photos. Oleh: I (13) ____ not sure. Serif Image Plus has (14) ______ efficie nt compression. Tymur: Which is the (15) ______ expensive? Oleh: Oh, Serif Image Plus. Tymur: And (16) ____ cheapest? Oleh: Snap Pro. Tymur: Let’s get Snap Pro then. 4. Read the text “What Do People Use Computers for?” and choose the necessary word in to the gaps. in unguarded easy to use mistakes bug card invention databases graphics world documents working word processing electronic mail connect bill A word processor is a computer use to prepare 1) ___________ or l etters, or the software that is used for this purpose. Many people use their computers for 2) ____________ , e.g. writing letters and reports. A lot of busine ss people use spreadsheets - a program used to enter and a rrange numbers and financial information and 3) _____________ - programs which allow you t o store, look at and or change a large amount of information quickly and easily. Some pe ople also use 4) ____________ - the pictures and symbols a compute r program can produce. More and more people are becoming computer-lite rate – they have experience of working with computers and know how to use them, as many programs and machines are so user-friendl y – 5) ____________ . You can now connect your computer to compute rs all over the world using the Internet - a system that al lows computers to 6) ___________ using telephone lines. People send each other e-ma il – 7) ___________ messages using this system of network. 35 If your computer is slow it may need more memory. It may crash - stop 8) ____________ if there is not enough memory or of it has a 9) __________ - a software problem; also a virus. Make sure you make a back-up copy of your work (or an extra copy on a floppy disk). There were two interesting ite ms in the paper some time ago. One wa s about a man who received a 10) ___________ from the telephone com pany for $999,999,00 for three months! The other was about a ma n who received $2,000 a month - for doing nothing. The connection between the two news i tems is simple: computers - the worst 11) ___________ of the 20 th century. The telephone bill came from a c omputer which made a horrifying mistake: t he man’s real bill was only $21,36. The ot her item was not so amusing. A man walke d into the 12) ___________ computer room of a large packaged food company and expert ly programmed the computer to pay him $2,000 a month for raw meat which he “suppl ied” to the company. The computer wrote out a cheque, and even “signed” it. It was only a random chec k that uncovered the trick. It could be happening in thousands of other companies a ll over the 13) ___________ . Computers are not the miracle-workers that som e people say they are. They make 14) ____________ , they’re often slower than humans, and t hey’re easily fooled. The US army used to conscript people with the help of a computer. The army sent out a card, which had to be fil led 15) ______ and sent back. It was easy to avoid being called up, simply by drippi ng candle-wax on the card. The compute r couldn’t read the 16) __________ , and did nothing with it . 5. Find the mistake in the lines of the text “Was the First Computer “BUG” a Real Insect?”. 1 The story go that one of the early ele ctromechanical 2 computers suffered a failure because insect had cra wled 3 into the machine and been squashed be tween the moving 4 parts of are lays witch, thereby ja mming them. 5 The incident were written up in t he log book and spread 6 from there throughout the whole of the infant computer 7 industry. However, although the account see ms to been 8 genuine, the word is older: the events was re corded 9 as an amusement for posterity preci sely because the term 10 “a bug” were already in use. The term in fact 11 originate not with computer pioneers, but with 12 engineers of much earlier generat ion. The first 13 example cited in the 20-volume history Oxford Engl ish 36 14 Dictionary is from the Pall Mall Gazett 11 Marc h 1889: 15 Mr. Edison, I was informed, had been up the two prev ious 16 nights discovering “bug” in his phonograph - an 17 expression for solving a difficult y, and implying that some 18 an imaginary insect has secreted itse lf inside and 19 is causing all the trouble. 20 They seems clear from this that t he original “bug”, 21 though it was indeed an insect, was i n fact imagination. 6. Read the text “Audible Alibis” for Phone Cheats” and insert the correct article. For liars and cheats, mobile phones are a lready 1) ______ invaluable tool. Now, 2) ______ Romanian firm is making them even more useful, by providing 3) ______ host of “audible alibis” to he lp users persuade their 4) _____ bosses, lovers, friends and foes that they are where they say they are. If you oversleep, you can phone into 5) ______ work from home and cl aim to be stuck in 6) ______ traffic jam; 7) ______ Sound C over software will provide all 8) ______ necessary hooting and engine noise t o make 9) ______ lie convincing. Other background sounds include “storm ”, “at 10) ______ park”, “at 11) ______ dentist” and “circus parade”. There is also 12) ______ “phone ring” facili ty, which programmes 13) ______ telephone to start ringing incessa ntly in 14) ______ background 15 seconds into 15) ______ call, providing 16) ______ perfect e xcuse to cut short, or get rid of 17) ______ talkative friend. Such skull duggery costs 18) ______ £9.95 and can be downloaded from 19) ______ internet. 7. Read the text and do the task below. There were two interesting items in the paper some t ime ago. One was about a man who received a bill from the t elephone company for $999, 999, 00 for three months! The other was about a man who rece ived $2,000 a month - for doing nothing. The connection between the two ne ws items is simple: compute rs - the worst invention of the 20 th century. The telephone bil l came from a computer which made a horrifying mistake: the man’s real bill wa s only $21, 36. The other item was not so amusing. A man walked into the unguarded computer room of a large packaged food company and expertly programm ed the computer to pay him S2. 000 a month for raw meat which he “supplied” to the company. The compute r wrote out a cheque, and even “signed” i t. It was only a random check that 37 uncovered the trick. It could be happeni ng in thousands of other companies all ove r the world. Computers are not the miracle-workers that som e people say they are. They make mistakes, they’re often slowe r than humans, and they’re easily fooled. T he US army used to conscript people with the help of a computer. The army sent out a card, which had to be filled in and sent back. It was easy to avoid being call ed up, simply by dripping candle-wax on the card. T he computer couldn’t read the card, and did nothing with it. Post-reading task Do you agree with these statements? How often do you use a computer? What do you think about the following? “The modem computer can do many kinds of jobs. These include tasks in the commercial, scientific , industrial, communication, sta tistical, logical and translation areas.” 8. Read the text “ Internet Sensation. For questions (1-5) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). In the Philippines two-year-old Zee-she e Garcia has become an Internet sensation. On Facebook, a single post of her 1) _____ a c heerleading routine has received more than 29,000 views and 433 shares. The young 2) _______ parents said they started te aching her how to balance before she 3) _____ one, and were surprised at how easily she followed instructions. “The way we train her is to make it seems li ke playing. She listen, she 4) ________ , and she really enjoys it. If she 5) _____ it, we woul dn’t do it, and she wouldn’t be able to perform those stunts.” 1 A performing B performance C performed D performer 2 A cheerleader B cheerleaders C cheerleader’s D cheerleaders’ 3 A has turned B turns C was turned D turned 4 A is amusing B is amused C has amused D amuses 5 A wouldn’t enjoy B won’t enjoy C doesn’t enjoy D didn’t enjoy 9. Read the article and insert the c orrect preposition. Company Launches “Game-Changi ng” Product for Your Smartphone and 90s Kids Will Love It. If you grew up 1) _____ the nineties, you’re sure to 38 remember late nights spent whispe ring 2) _____ the house phone, hoping your mum doesn’t listen 3) _____ the call. B ut with the arrival 4) _____ shiny smartphones, we’ve slowly disconnected 5) ____ the landline and swapped hour- long natters for communication 6) _____ wa y of memes. So, you can imagine how chuffed we were to le arn that a tech company has launched a nostalgic product 7) ___ your smartphone — and it ’s perfect 8) ____ small businesses and nineties kids a like. Air Landline With thousands of five-star reviews of Trustpilot, the unique servic e has been called “absolutely bril liant” 9) ___ customers who are thrill ed 10) ___ the “game-changing” invention. One happy customer wrote, “Does what it sa ys 11) ____ the tin” whilst another raved 12) ____ the cost, commenti ng: “Cheap as chips”. A third agree d, simply writing: “Impressed with the se guys.” The service, which is designed for smal l businesses, comes off the back of a recent resurgence of the landline phone on TikTok. Gen Z are of course the cul prits behind the trend, proudly showcasing their “re tro” phones 13) ____ the social media platform. So, where can you get your hands on the landline num ber service everyone is talking 14) ____? How does the landline service work?  All you need to do is choose your local area code to create a new telephone number. If you’d prefer, you can sign up to a na tional 0330 number 15) _____ the same price.  Then, provide the company 16) ____ the mobile number you’d like your new landline number to link up to. Your new numbe r will arrive in your email inbox 17) ____ minutes.  Then, jump into your account, set 18) ____ a welcom e message (AI can even do this for you if you’re shy), choose hold music, a nd turn on call recording if this is a feature you’re interested 19) ____.  If you don’t feel like talking, you can me ssage mates using your new landline WhatsApp account at a ny time. How much does it cost? You can sign up to the service 20) _____ free wit h a seven-day trial. This will give you access to everything 21) _____ custom welcome messages and hold music to a personalized voicemail. If you like your new landline number, it’s onl y $9.99 a month moving forward. The best part? You don’t need a contrac t and can cancel 22) _____ any time. We hate to admit it, but thi s is a Gen Z trend we don’t mind getting 23) ____ board with. Danielle Fowler 39 10. Read and translate the text “Understanding the Computer”. For questions (1-6) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). When you hear the word computer, what’s the fi rst thing you think 1) ______ ? A small desktop-machine that hooks up to a television set? Or maybe you think of a huge metal box with blinking l ights, like the computers shown in many science-fiction movies. Ma ybe you think of video games with colourful graphics, and loud sound 2) _________ . Computers create different i mages in our minds, some good, some not so good. When a computer helps us perform a 3) ________ more easily or quickly, we smile and say, “Aren’t they great!” But when a departme nt-store computer sends us a 4) ________ for an item we didn’t buy, we groan and com plain that computers are driving us crazy. Well , few things in life are all good or all bad, computers included. An important purpose of t his book is to help you understand exactly what computers are, how the y 5) ________ , how they help people solve problems, and what they can - and can’t - do. Suc h knowledge won’t eliminate department-store computer errors, of course. But it will he lp you get the most 6) ________ the countless computers around you. 1 A at B of C for D into 2 A voice B effects C noise D echo 3 A task B exercise C text D search 4 A receipt B check C bill D account 5 A work B cancel C job D enjoy 6 A what B where C of D from The Passive Voice Часові форми Допоміжне дієслово Присудок – дієприкметник минулого часу Past Participle основного дієслова 40 the Present Indefinite Tense am, is, are work ed gone the Past Indefinite Tense was, were play ed known the Future Indefinite Tense shall be will be stopp ed written the Present Continuous Tense am being is being are being finish ed spoken the Past Continuous Tense was being were being start ed blown the Present Perfect Tense have been has been visit ed chosen the Past Perfect Tense had been celebrat ed drunk the Future Perfect Tense shall have been will have been wash ed eaten 1. Form the sentences into Passive Voice. 1. You always inform me in time. 2. He concludes the agreements every day. 3. The representatives of German com pany stayed in the 5-star hotel last week. 4. The supervisor of the firm will pay taxe s tomorrow. 5. Some our employees are earning money for college fees now. 6. The students in my group were discussing the c ontroversial issues at 4 pm. 7. The authorities of our city have just passed exams in Ukrainian. 8. My friends had cooked taste supper by 5 pm. 9. Their parents will have reserved the table at thi s restaurant by that time. 2. Complete the sentences by the verbs in brackets in Passive Voice. 1. Country music _________ ( to play ) with guitars. 2. This actor __________ ( to meet ) with a storm of applause at the last performance. 3. These souvenirs __________ ( to make ) by hand. 4. Her last picture ___________ ( to draw ) in pencil . 5. Last night we ___________ ( to wake up ) by the noise. 3. Add the sentences with the verbs in the requir ed voice. to build to damage to find to invent to make 41 to pay to show to speak to make to steal 1. Paper ______ from wood. 2. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two rooms ________ . 3. Many different languages ___________ in India. 4. These houses are very old. They ________ about 5 yea rs ago. 5. Many American programmes _______ on Briti sh television. 6. “Is this a very old film?” “Yes, i t _________ in 1949. 7. My car _________ last week. The next day it _________ by t he police. 8. The transistor __________ in 1948. 9. She has a very good job. She _________ $300 a month. 4. Add the sentences with the verbs in the requir ed voice. 1. In our country psychology ______ ( to teach ) in universities. 2. The ball _________ ( to find ) in the river yesterda y. 3. Twenty-six cars _______ ( to steal ) from the city centre si nce October. 4. Alcoholic drinks _______ ( not; to sell ) to childre n under 16. 5. The hole in my roof _______ ( to repair ) next Friday. 6. Mariia _________ ( not; to tell ) about the accident ye t. 5. Change the Active Voice sentences into the Passive Voice ones 1. They must prepare the food tonight. 2. Someone attacked Sam on Saturday ni ght. 3. The maid makes beds every morning. 4. He will write the letter next week. 5. Gary had finished the project. 6. Catherine is baking the birthda y cake. 7. The police were watching the burglars. 8. You should complete your homework tonight. 9. They teach three languages at that school. 10. Mrs. Jefferson was tidying the kitchen. 42 4. EDUCATION Vocabulary academic education Dean instills reaffirmed academic year degree independently 38 recreated accommodation derision ingenious re-examinations 37 adolescence dock insurmountable requirements for admission adult education Dons kindergarten classes reside after-school clubs dorm lecture revise ancestral dowry loneliness robust apt drag M.A. or M.Sc. (Master of Arts or of Science) Roman Catholic schools aptly earn students credits or points medieval scholarship after-school clubs 10 educate memorizing secondary education assume elementary education mindset secondary modern school attend elementary school nomadic selective system B.A. or B.Sc. (Bachelor of Arts or of Science) encompasses notwithstanding self-reliance be in charge equitable nursery schools (schools for children of age group four and five years) sipping boarding school extra classes nurturing slab boast fail the exam occupy solar power water boat schools fallout shelter OECD sophisticated campus final exams oracle bones special emphasis career finish parochial schools standout charge fees 20 floating schools part-time education strict c h u r c h - s p o n s o r e d parochial schools formative years pave study class former students pay tuition to study tangible cohesion foster per capita teamwork commitment free public schools pillar term community school full-time study plethora terminal exams compassion gifted practical classes tertiary comprehensive system graduate pre-K-eighth grade structure tight-knit community compulsory grammar school preparatory (prep) schools timetable confident haul preschool education top dogs core 30 heyday primary (or first) school treacherous 43 cost of tuition higher education private (independent) system tutor couches homeschooling problem solving undergraduate courses Council for National Academic Awards hostel Proctors voluntary schools (often with a religious background) course ICT (Information and Communication Technology) prodigy warn critical thinking skills immerse professional bodies well-deserved сurricula 36 imposing buildings public school yields 33 1. Choose the correct words to complete the school web page. At Redfield School we believe i n a modern approach to education. Of course, students here 1) ________ traditional subjects such as Maths and History, but they also 2) ________ more practical ski lls, such as 3) _______ , which we think are important for life. As well a s the main subjects, there are lot s of extra classes, such as Yoga and 4) ________ Design. We only ha ve 5) _______ exams once a year and we don’t expect students to spend a lot of time 6) ________ for them. We believed that old-fa shioned methods of learning such as 7) _______ lots of facts aren’t important in the m odern world. The internet is there to c heck facts so people don’t need general 8) ______ in the sam e way that they did 50 years ago. We believe, that it’s more i mportant to teach our students crit ical 9) ________ kills so they can form their own opinions. We want our st udents to be 10) ________ and use their imagination in everyt hing they do. We also believe that 11) _________ is really important skill, so we enc ourage our students to work with each other in groups. We are lucky to have a lot of 12) _______ young musicians here, and all our music groups give a 13) _______ to the whole school at the end of e ach term. 1 A memorise B study C perform D revise 2 A learn B revise C memorise D make 3 A Chemistry B Physics C Cookery D Philosophy 4 A Photography B Fashion C Film D Art 5 A writing B writer C write D written 6 A learning B memorising C performing D revising 7 A memorising B practising C revising D getting 8 A facts B learning C knowledge D understanding 9 A understanding B thinking C learning D knowledge 10 A intelligent B lazy C creative D gifted 11 A performance B teamwork C study D problem solving 44 12 A intelligent B gifted C creative D interesting 13 A prize B confirmation C scolarship D acceptance 2. Read the text “Nine-Year-Old Child Genius to Gr aduate University” and choose the correct ending of the sentence. Be attentive: there are some endings extra. A child prodigy from Belgium is on course t o gain a bachelor’s degree at the tender age of 9. Laurent Simons is studyi ng electrical engineering at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE) – 1) ____________ . His parents, Lidia and Alexander Sim ons, said they thought Laurent’s grandparents were exaggerating when the y said he had a gift, 2) ______________ . “They noticed something very speci al about Laurent,” said Lidia . Laurent was given test after test 3) __________ . “They t old us he is like a sponge,” said Alexander. While Laurent come s from a family of doctors, his parents have so far not received any explanation as t o 4) _____________ . The TUE has allowed Laurent to c omplete his course faster than othe r students. “That is not unusual,” said Sj oerd Hulshof, education director of the TUE bachelor’s degree in electric al engineering, in a stateme nt. “Special students that have good reasons for doing so can arrange an adjuste d schedule. In much the same way we help students 5) _________.” “We don’t want him to get to serious. He does whatever he likes,” said Alexander. “We need to find a bal ance between being a child and his talents.” Laurent said he enjoys playing with hi s dog Sammy and playing on his phone, like many young people. However unlike m ost 9-year-olds, he has already worked out 6) ___________: develop artificial orga ns. In the meantime, Laurent has to finish his bachelor’s degree and c hoose which academic institut ion will play host to the next stage in his remarkable journey. Before that , he plans on taking a vacation to Japan for an undoubtedly well -deserved break. A their child prodigy is capable of le arning so quickly B Laurent is the fastest student we have ever had C who participate in top sport D a tough course even for students of an average gra duate age E host to the next stage in his remarka ble journey. F as teachers tried to work out the e xtent of his talents G his parents pushed him into starting uni versity early H but his teachers soon confirmed it I education director of the TUE bac helor’s degree in electrical 45 engineering, 3. Read the article. Match headings a-d with paragr aphs 1-4. a What are the advantages of homeschooling? b Facts and figures about homeschooling c Do homeschoolers get good results? d Are there any disadvantages? 1 _______________ Would you prefer to stay at home to study? In m any countries it is compulsory for children to attend school. In B ritain, children have a legal right to an education, but it does not have to take place in a school. Parent s can choose to teach their children at home . Around 36,000 students are currently homeschooled in Britain, and the number is growing. 2 _____________ It is difficult to make comparisons be tween the achievements of homeschooled students and those of students at school. However, studies in the USA, where homeschooling is more popular have shown t hat students educated at home often achieve better resul ts in national tests than those in school. In Britain homeschooled students regularly get pl aces at top universities. 3 ______________ Most homeschoolers speak very positively of t heir experiences. Fran, fifteen, enjoys having the freedom to spe nd more time on subjects she like s. “At school, there is a set program of study that all students have to follow. I don’t have to take instructions from teache rs. I can follow my own interests more and e xplore subjects in more depth.” Adam, fourtee n, also sees benefits to homeschooli ng. “Teachers in school have thirty st udents to think about. I have a tutor just for me. I love the fact that I can ask lot s of questions, and he can really help me to understand things. That makes a big diffe rence to me”. 4 ______________ People often assume that the biggest problem for homeschool ers is loneliness. In fact, this isn’t a ca se. Most parents of homeschoolers make a real effort to create a network of friends for the ir children, and they often end up having quite interesting social li ves. However, psychologists warn that some stude nts who are homeschooled may have difficul ties later in life. Dr.Rob Ale xander says, “School isn’t just about education – it’s about learning to fit i n. At school, students learn teamwork, and they learn how to de al with wild range different personal ities. You can’t get that at home.. 46 4. Read the text “1950s School by Bethany Jones” and change the verb in correct tense form. Last year I 1) __________ ( to see ) an advert in a hi story magazine asking for young people to take part in a reali ty TV show 2) _________ ( to call ) 1950s School. The idea was to take a group of young people and transport them back to 1950s school so they could experience what sc hool life was like for teenagers a t that time. At first, I was not parti cularly keen, but my friend Lou 3) ___________ ( to think ) it 4) __________ ( to be ) a great idea and she persuaded me to put my name forward. To apply, we had to write about ourselves a nd why we 5) ___________ ( to be interested in ) the show, and then have an interview with the programme’s director. The interview day was fun. T hey 6) _________ ( to tell ) us a lot about what our lives would be like for three months if we were accepted, alt hough, unfortunately, we 7) ___________ ( not; to get ) an opportunity to look round the school. It was really excited, but I 8) ___________ ( not; to want ) to get my hopes up because there were loads of people there and I knew that they only wanted fifteen. I was amazed a week la ter when I received a lette r 9) __________ ( to say ) that they wanted me to take pa rt. I was surprised at how different the lessons were t o our lessons nowadays. The teachers were all real ly strict, and in lessons we 10) _______ ( to have ) to j ust listen and take notes and not tal k at all. That was really ha rd for me because I love 11) ________ ( to chat ) ! In Physics, we learned about space but not much was known at that time because thi s was ten years before people landed on t he Moon. And, of course, lessons like ICT didn’t exist at all in the 1950s. I 12) ___________ ( to find ) the homework quite boring. At my school we do a lot of projects, which I love. But at the 1950s school we had to see a lot of facts. I really didn’t enjoy that but actually, it i s quite useful now because I can 13) __________ ( to tell ) you all the capital c ities of Europe! One of the hardest thi ngs was writing essays. I usually use my laptop for 14) ___________ ( to write ) and I am quite fast at typing, but it t ook me ages to write everything by hand. One good thing 15) ___________ ( to be ) the school meals. I usuall y 16) ___________ ( to take ) sandwiches to eat at lunchtime, but in the 1950s all sc hools served hot meal at lunchtime . It was fun sitting eating with al l the others in the canteen, although the food 17) ___________ ( not; to be ) brill iant! The best part of the whole experience for me was the Cooking lessons. It was strange bec ause only the girls learned Cooking, while the boys 18) __________ ( to practice ) m aking thing out of wood. But I loved learning how to ma ke bread and cakes. This is one thing from the past that I’ll defini tely do more of in the future! 47 5. These people are all working on a project about their ideal school. Below are descriptions of eight school s. Decide which school (A - H) would be the most suitable for each person (1 - 5). Tip: each person mentions two or three important points. Some of these points may be mentioned in more tha n one description, but jonly one matc hes all the points. Halyna Halyna wants to get good exam results so she can go to university. She would prefer small classes, with e xtra help she finds difficult. She is especially intereste d in History and would like to go to a boarding school. Petro Petro is very sporty and enjoys being physical ly active. He does very well in a teamwork environment . He sometimes finds it difficult to concentrate if l esson are too long. Liza Liza is very creative and enj oys lessons such as art and drama she learns best through doing things, rather then t hrough studying with books. She would like opportunities in be involved in performances at school. Oleksandr Oleksandr doesn’t like memorizing lots of facts. He is inte rested in learning how to think for himself and lea rning skills that will be useful to him in his future working life. He doe sn’t like to go to a boarding school. Nataliia Nataliia in interested i n lots of different subjects and enjoys exploring topics in a lot of detail . She is confident and hard-working and enjoys working alone. She enjoys helping younge r children to learn. Schools A - Grange Hill School At Grange Hill School we believe i n a modern approach to education, and our focus is on learning to l earn rather than just taking in facts. We therefore offer l essons in critical thinking 48 skills and problem solving, as well as prac tical subjects such as ICT, which will enable our stude nts to succeed once they leave school and start their careers. B – King Edvards Academy At King Edvards Academy we know that our tra ditional teaching methods work because our students a chieve excellent exam results. Students are taught in large classe s and there are regular tests to check their progress. At the same time, many of our students are creative, so we offer a ra nge of after- school clubs where students can enjoy m usic and art activities. C – Mill Street School We believe that it is important to educa te the mind and body at the same time. Our school day starts with exersice a nd lessons are kept short to allow frequent brea ks for students. Students are encouraged to work in groups and disc uss their learning. The school has excellent sport facil ities and all students are encouraged to take part . D – Helpton High School Our belief is that students work best whe n they are studying things they are interested in. Our ti metable allows plenty of free time for students, when they can work i ndependently on projects they have chosen themselves. Older student s have the opportunity to work with teachers and provide support for students just starting at the school. 49 E – Queen Anne’s School Our students get great results, and over nine ty percent contunue their studies when they lea ve school. Teaching is done in small groups, and because students live at the school during term time, there is plent y of time for them to meet teachers in the evening if they ne ed extra help. There are frequent trips to museums and other place s of interest. F – Paston School Paston School is a small communit y school with a friendly atmosphere. We specialize in teaching practical skil ls such as cooking and gardening, along with all the traditional school subjects. We believe that st udents learn best if they are cal m and happy, so every day starts with a yoga and rel axation class. G – Bridgeport Academy At Bridgeport Academy we believe that ima gination, rather than memorizing facts, is the ke y for successful learning. Our students do a lot of practical work and we encourage them to express themselves and use their own idea s. The school has its own art gallery and an excellent Drama department. H – Elmswood School Elmswood School is a specialist sc ience and technology school. Although lessons are taught in all subjects, there is a 50 special emphasis on Maths, Scienc e subjects and ICT. We are a boarding school with accommodati on for about 800 students. Many of our students go on to become succe ssful scientists or engineers. 6. Read the text about Oxford University and insert the ne cessary word. Oxford University is a(n) 1) _________ of over 35 colleges, varyi ng in 2) ________ of foundation from medieval to more rec ent times. The colleges al so vary in wealth, in character and i n 3) _________. Some 4) _________ imposing buildings and grounds, 5) ________ are almost intimate in their scale . Most colleges can boast well-known former students - Oxford is the place where 6) _________ as diverse a s Margaret Thatcher, Mrs Gandhi, Michael Palin, Evelyn Wa ugh were educated. Most visitors will want to see a college as one or more of the University 7) _________, such as the Bodleian Library or the Ashmolean Museum. The University has supported the 8) _________ of the Oxford St ory exhibition, in Broad Street – now rec ognized as the best short 9) _________ to Oxford University. Here, during an entertaini ng ride through recreated 10) _________ and events, Magnuss Magnussikon offers an informed vie w of Oxford’s past and present. Special mate rials for children and foreign 11) _________ commentaries are also avai lable. 1 A hostel B whole C association D city 2 A place B date C manner D form 3 A architecture B foundation C establisment D manner 4 A live B reside C exist D occupy 5 A rest B else C those D others 6 A characters B cartoons C caricatures D participants 7 A school B education C buildings D establishment 8 A discovery B creation C expectation D education 9 A history B beginning C introduction D past 10 A postcards B maps C paintings D scenes 11 A custom B currency C phrase D language 51 7. Complete the text “The World’s Biggest School” with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. The city of Montessori School in Lucknow, India , 1) _______ ( to hold ) the world record for the world’s largest school. Wit h over 50,000 students! The school first 2) _______ ( to open ) in 1959, with only five studens. Dr Jagdish Ga ndhi, the founder of the school, says it was difficult to ge t students at first. He and his wife 3) _______ ( to work ) very hard in the first few years while they 4) _______ ( to try ) to achieve their dream of a good sc hool for their city. The school 5) _______ ( to grow ) a lot since those early days. It now 6) ________ ( to employ ) 3,800 teachers, and lessons 7) _______ ( to take place ) at twenty different sites across the city. And it 8) _____ ( still / to grow )! The next school year 9) _______ ( to start ) in June, and who khows how many students there 10) ______ ( to be ) by t hat time! 8. Read the text about the system of Secondary Education in Great Britain and choose the necessary word. There are many different types of schools in Britain. The re are, however, only three main systems: comprehe nsive, selective and private. 1. The Comprehensive System - More than 90 per cent of chil dren who go to the state schools go to school in the comprehensive system. Children go to a primary (or first) school at the age of five . Depending on the 1) __________ of the Local Education Authority, they m ay go directly to the upper school - usuall y called the comprehensive school - at the age of 11. Alternatively, they may go to the middle school for three or four years before going to the 2) ______ school. The comprehensive system is non-sele ctive. This means that all c hildren go from one school to another taking any exam s and without being selected 3) __________ their abilities. 2. The Selective System - In some area s of Britain, you can still find a different, older system of education (i ntroduced in 1944). This is a 4) _________ system - children are selecte d for certain schools according to thei r abilities. All children go to a primary school unti l the age of 11. They then take an examination called the 11-pl us. Those who are successful go to grammar school s, where they receive a more 5) ___________ education. Those who fa il the exam go to 6) ___________ modern schools, where they receive a n education which is less 52 academic, and more intended to train them for a job when the y leave at the age of 16. 3. The Private (Independent) System - About 7 per c ent of children go to private schools. There are three levels of private sc hools - primary schools (age 4 to 8) and preparatory (prep) schools (8 to 13). At the age of 13, children take an examination. If they pass, they go to the public school, where they usually rema in until they are 18. Many prep and most public schools are 7) __________ schools - the children live at school during the school terms. Be careful - although these schools are called public, they are i n fact, private, and it can be very expensive to send your chi ld to such a school. Within the three systems, there are several va rieties of schools. For instance, you can find: - schools for boys only; - schools for girls only; - mixed schools - for boys and girls; - voluntary schools - often with a 8) _________ background - such a s Roman Catholic schools. You can see that the British educ ation system is rather confusing. 1 A statement B insurance C policy D police 2 A high B upper C interior D independent 3 A concerning B related C connected D according to 4 A selective B choice C mixed D free 5 A special B scientific C academic D comprehensive 6 A comprehensive B secondary C academic D scientific 7 A private B selective C boarding D mixed 8 A selective B religious C secondary D private 9. Re ad t he se a bs tr ac ts a nd d ef in e wh at g en re o f li te ra tu re a re t he y: a de te ct iv e st or y, a r om an ce , a bi og ra ph y, a n ad v en tu re s to ry , a ho rr or s to ry a) He wa s ve ry fri gh te ne d no w. He go t u p a n d w en t t o th e b at h r oo m t o wa s h h i s f ac e. H e lo ok ed i n th e mi rr or a n d screa med. In fron t of him in the mirro r, ther e wa s the head of a dea d man . T h e r e w e r e n o e y e s , a n d n o n o s e , j u s t d e ep b la c k h ol e s. T he n s ud d en l y th e h e a d c a m e a l i v e , a n d i t b e g a n t o l a u g h . b) For the next thirty years the Duke and Duc he ss li ve d in P ar is. T he y ga ve p ar t ie s a nd t r av e l le d r ou n d th e w or l d, but they never went back to Buckingham Palace. When King G e o r g e d i e d i n 1 9 5 2 a n d Q u e e n M a r y died in 1961, Edward returned to Wind sor fo r a fe w days . But Wal lis stayed in Fra nce. 53 c) That night we went back to the house. Wh en we sa w He le n St on o r’ s li gh t s, Holm es and I got in qui etly through th e w in d ow . T he n w e wa it e d si l en t ly i n t h e m id d l e b e dr o o m . W e wa i t ed o r three hours and did not move. Su d d en ly w e sa w a l i gh t an d h ea rd a sound ... d) “Run!” the man thought “Move! Faster! I c an’t stop now.” Ov er the man ’s hea d th e n ight sky was black and cold, and in front of hi m w e re t he t re es . T a ll , da rk t re es . .. “ I c an h ide ther e”, the man tho ught. He l o o k ed b e hi nd hi m. He co ul d s ee t h e l i gh t s . T h e re w e r e f i v e or s i x m e n . Th en he he ar d t h e d o gs . .. 10. What do you know about Higher Education of Great Britai n. Insert the gaps with the correct words. areas program Bachelor courses sciences languages professions education degrees lectures There are 47 universities in Bri tain and 30 polytechnics, and 350 college s and institutes of higher 1) _________ (some of which tra in teachers). Courses in arts and science are offe red by most universities in Great Bri tain. At nearly all universities courses are avail able in one or more applied 2) _____ . Imperial College, London, Universit y of Manchester, Institute of Science and Technology and some of the newer universit ies concentrate on technology, although they may also offer a number of course s in social studies, modern 3) _______ and other non-technological subject s. Undergraduate 4) _______ normally take three years of full-tim e study, although a number of subjects take longer, including medic ine, architecture and foreign languages (where courses include a year abroad). They lead i n most cases to a 5) _______’s degree in Arts or Science. There are various postgraduate 6) _______ , including Maste r of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy, the last two being awa rded for research in Arts or Sciences. Degrees are awarded either by the i nstitution itself, or by the Council for National Academic Awards, parti cularly in vocational 7) _______ . Student s of law, architecture and some other 8) _______ can ta ke qualifications awarded by their own professional bodies instead of degre es. University teaching combines 9) ________ , pra ctical classes (in scient ific subjects) and small group-teaching i n either seminars or tutorials, the last being a traditional feature of the Unive rsities of Oxford and Cambridge. The typical academic 10) ______ for universit y students in Great Britain is composed of a variety of courses or subjects within a field of specializa tion. 54 11. Read the following text “College Life in Gr eat Britain” and complete the sentences. Higher education in England has severa l 1) b______ : colleges of education; polytechnics; universities. The most famous English universitie s are Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford is a collection of 2) c_______ which were founded l ong ago. The University is only an administrative centre t hat arranges lectures, hold exams and gives 3) d______ . The tutorial system is one of the ways in which Oxford and Cambridge differ from all other English 4) u______ . Every student has a 5) t______ who plans his work and acts as a parent to the student. B esides tutor there is a 6) D_____ who is in charge of the discipline among 300 students inside Colle ge. Discipline out of college is the responsibility of t wo Dons called Proctors. At Cambridge t o each students room there is man-servant who wi th woman-servant keeps the room clea n. The academic year is divided into 3 parts (terms): t he 1 st – October – December; the 2 nd – January – March; the 3 rd – Apri l – June. 7) V________ : a month at Christmas; a mont h at Easter; 3 – 4 months in summer. Terminal 8) e_______ are held at the e nd of each term. Final exams are taken at the end of the course of studie s. Only two 9) r_______ are allowed. For a break of discipline can be fined a sum of money, for a serious offence he may be expelled from the university. A person studying for a degree at a Briti sh university is called an undergraduate; one who has taken a degree is called a 10) g______ . The first degree at a university is B.A. or B.Sc . – Bachelor of Arts or of Science. M.A. or M.Sc. – stands Master of Arts or of Science. One c an become a 11) B_______ after 3 years of hard studying and a 12) M______ at the end of 5 years. 12. Read the text about Schools in the USA and form the new word with the help of affixes. The USA does not have a 1) ___________ ( nation ) system of education. There are many 2) ____________ ( to differ ) kinds of school: public sc hools, Private schools, parochial schools, school s specializing in the arts, li terature or science, etc. 55 Education in the United States comprises thre e basic levels: elementary, secondary and higher education. Vocati onal 3) ___________ ( to train ), adult education, schools or classes for specia l types of children, and kindergartens also form part of the program in most states. Parents may choose whether to send thei r children to their local free publ ic schools, or to private schools which charge fe es. The vast 4) ___________ ( major ) of students at the primary and se condary levels go to public schools. Most of those who at tend private school attend church- sponsored parochial schools. The school year is usually nine months, from early September to mid-June. Preschool education A child’s introduction to formal educ ation is usually in kindergarten cla sses operated in most public school system s. Many systems also provide 5) __________ ( nurse ) schools. The age group is 6) ___________ ( common ) four and five years. These preschool education programs maint ain a close 7) __________ ( relation ) with the home and parents, a nd aim to give children useful experiences which will prepare t hem for 8) _________ ( element ) school. The programs are flexible and are designe d to help the child grow in self-relia nce, learn to get along with others, and form good work and play ha bits. Elementary school The main purpose of the elementary school is the general 9) _________ ( intellect ) and social 10) ______________ ( to develop ) of the child from 6 to 12 or 15 years of age. Curricula vary with the organization and educational a ims of individual schools and communitie s. The more or less 11) ___________ ( tradition ) program consists of teaching pre scribed subject matter. Promotion from one grade to the next is based on the pupil’s achievement of specifi ed skills in reading, writing, spelling, arithme tic, history, geography, music, and art. Secondary school Most pupils follow a course that includes English, scienc e, social studies, mathematics and physical e ducation. Elective subject may be chosen in the fields of foreign languages, fine arts, and vocati onal training. Pupils usually elec t about half their work in grades nine through twelve . 13. USA Higher Education. Insert the corre ct preposition. The first American college wa s Harvard, which was founded 1) _________ the graduates of Cambridge Universi ty. Later the college 2) _________ Wil liam and Mary was founded 3) _________ Williamsburg, Virgini a. There were nine colleges 4) _________ the colonies, includi ng Princeton (New Jersey), Pennsylvania, Columbia (New York), Brown (Rhode Island), Rutgers (New 56 Jersey), and Dartmouth (New Hampshire). These universities are among the most respected 5) _________ the country today. 41% 6) _________ high school graduates go 7) _________ college. Student s pay tuition to study 8) _________ public and private universities. Some of them have scholarships to help 9) _________ the cost of t uition. Even with a scholarship, higher education is very expe nsive; many families take out loans to pay 10) _________ their children’s college educ ation. Colleges and universities of the USA offer such a great variety 11) _________ requirements for admission and many diffe rent types of programs. The terms “college” and “university” a re often used interchangeably, although the former often is a part 12) _________ the latter. An Ame rican college typically offers a blend of natural a nd social sciences and humanisti c studies. Students, traditionally 13) _________ 18 to 22 years old, attend classes for approximately four years to receive , if they successfully complete a ll requirements, a bachelor’s degree 14) _________ arts or science s. A university, 15) _________ the other hand, is usually composed of an undergraduate college of arts and sciences, plus graduate schools and profe ssional schools and facilities. Most American university degrees are awarded 16) _________ completion of a special number 17) _________ courses which ea rn students credits or points. Some American universities are famous all 18) _________ the world; they are very selective and very expensi ve. The most outstanding are Brown, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Dart mouth College, Princeton and Pennsylvani a. These universities have similar ac ademic and social prestige 19) _________ the USA to Oxford and Cambridge 20) _________ Britain. 14. Read the text “Unusual Schools” and find the ending of the sentences. Every school has a timetable so stude nts know what they are doing. Every school has classrooms so students know where to go. Every sc hool gives the students homeworks and tests. Every school make s rules for its students. True or false? False! Some schools are very different. 1 - Floating Schools The United Nations say that every c hild has the right to education. But millions of children around the world don’t go t o school. The government in their 57 country doesn’t have the money to build state schools. In some places the re is a primary school for children up to 11 years old but t here is no secondary school so students have to leave school when the y are still very young. In some countries, 1) _________ . But now a non-profit organization in Ba ngladesh is solving the problem. When schools on land close because of the floods, the organization runs free “floating schools”. Twenty specia l boat schools up and down the rivers and pick children from all the village s. They are mixed schools for boys and girls. Ea ch school has one classroom for thirty students and a teacher. Children go to thei r boat schools for four or three hours a day, six days a week. The students are very proud of their floati ng schools. They never miss a class and they are always on tim e for lessons! They do their homework and try very hard to get good marks – they want to do well and pass the exams. Boat schools mean that children in South Asia now have a chanc e to get education and even go to university. 2 - Green School Green School in Bali is a usual sc hool. It was an experiment in 2010 by John and Cynthia Hardy. Their idea was to make a school that was tot ally invironmentally friendly. Everythi ng in this school is “green” – that me ans it’s good for the invironment, the classroms are made of bamboo wood the light is from the sun. The school uses solar power water from their river. The Hardy’s experiment was successful a nd there are now 160 students from more than twenty-five countries go from ki nderharteh up to age eighteen. The students at Green School don’t only learn subj ects such as English and Maths; the y also learn to grow organic vegetable s and other food such as rice in the huge school gardens. They look after the plant s and learn to cook them. The school al so has a cow, some pigs and a buffalo. The stude nts also study building, making furniture and and tradutional art and da nce. The Hardys want the local community to be a part of Green School. They have a rule that twenty 2) _________ . The children are oft en poor, so people from all over the world pay for them to go to the school. The idea of green living is becoming more popular and now people are building green houses near the school so their children can walk to school. T he Hardys’ dream is that one day all t he schools in the world will be green. 3 - Byron Court School 58 Many schools have students of different nat ionalities. In the playground at one school of London you can hear not five language s, not fifteen, not thirty but forty-two! Byron Court is a primary school wit h 600 children from five to eleven years old. They are from Somalia, Iraq, Pol and, Romania, Nepal, the Phili ppines and many more. And, oh yes, of course, from England! This pa rt of London has families from all over the world. T hey come to live and work in London. Many children don’t speak English when they st art. It can be a problem. But with good teachers and friends they le arn fast. Soon their English is 3) _________ . The children at this school get t o know children from different countries. T hey are laughing and talking together. It’s grea t for them have friends from different countries. At Byron Court the children don’t only do school work. They learn about different cultures. They also lea rn to work together. It is a good example for everyone. 4 - Waldorf Schools There are primary and secondary Wal dorf schools all over the world. These schools can decide about some of the t hings they teach, but they all t each art, social skills and critical thinking. St udents do all sorts of creative pla y and practical activities, for example, pai nting, weaving and woodwork. These schools even 4) _________ . It is a very interesting drama and dance class. There are no te sts in primary school, and secondary students take exams only if it is important for university. And there are no grades before students are fourteen or fifteen. 5 - Vittra Telefonplan School, Stockholm The Vittra Telefonplan School i n Sweden wants children to learn la nguages, to learn to work together and to be crea tive. So in this school there are classrooms and spaces for different group, project and individual activity. The room s are amazing, colourful place s with wonderful furniture. And every student has a 5) _________ ! Learni ng is fun here. 6 - The Brit School 59 Do you know about the Brit School? It’s one of the most famous schools in the UK. It is not famous for its exam results a nd you don’t study subjects like Maths and Science there. It’s a school for a ctors, singers, musicians, dancers and artists. I am sure you know some of its old stude nts. Do you like Adele’s or Amy Winehouse’s music? They went to the Brit School! The school started in 1991. It’s in Croydon, London. In 1991 i t was small but now it’s bigger than it was then. It’s also unusua l because students don’t have to pay for lessons there. It’s free. Every year there are the famous Brit Awards. People from lots of countri es watch them on television. Money from t hese 6) _________ . A 5) tablet or computer! B It’s great for them have friends from diff erent countries. C 3) good and their school work is good too. D 6) awards helps the students. E 2) percent of the students must be from Bali because they want l oсal children to learn about protecting the invironme nt. F The school uses solar power water from their ri ver. G 4) have a special subject, Eurythmy. H 1) like Bangladesh in South Asia, a lot of c hildren miss school between July and October because of all the rain. 15. Read the texts about traditions in different colle ges. Match choices (A- H) to (1-6). There are two choices you do not need. 1 – Scripps College The highly ranked progressive women’s colle ge how to keep that old school touch alive with their tradit ion of afternoon tea. Every Wednesday aft ern Scripps holds afternoon tea in the beautiful Seal Court. Surrounded by a fountain and mosaic murals, the Scripps students can relax, chat, and even have one-on-one discussions with professors while sipping on some t ea. 2 – Oak Hills College 60 The Oak Hills tradition follows tha t after a classmate’s engage ment, the groom-to-be is thrown by his classmates i nto the campus lake. Friends of fianc é carry him from his dorm to the dock and ask him two questions: “ Do you love her? ” and “ Is she worth it? ”. Say “ ye s ” to both and your friends will most lovingl y throw you into the cold Minnesota lake. 3 – Washington University in St. Louis Walk In Lay Down , usually referred to as WILD , is a conc ert in the Brooking Quad every fall and spring. The tradition gets its name from the fac t that students dragged sofas and couches into the quad (square ) so they could listen in comfort. The concert usually features loc al bands as well as one or two nationall y known groups or artists. The Say “ Hi ” Tradit ion requires all students to say hel lo to students and faculty that they me et on campus on this city. 4 – Smith College Whether you are going to come to the college for a lecture, you visit t he award- winning Smith College Museum of Art, take a campus tour, stop in at one of the libraries, attend a performance or simply stroll the grounds to enjoy the bea uty of Smith’s botanic gardens, come on Mountai n Day and you will find a campus fille d with energy and enthusiasm. Since 1877, the women’s college in Northhampton, Massachusetts has taken part in a strange but lovely tradition cal led Mountain Day . On a beautiful autumn day, Smith Col lege’s president rings the the col lege bells to give students an unexpected but welc omed break from classes so they can hi ke up the mountain and pick apples. 5 – Bucknell University Starting with New Student Orientation, your first days at Buc knell immerse you in scholarship, learning and traditi on what it means to become a m ember of the campus community. For example, during t he first week of their second semest er, first-year students serenade the presi dent of the university. During their first and Page 61 could not be converted This page was skipped, but the rest of the document is available. HTTPSConnectionPool(host='convert.identific.com', port=2053): Read timed out. (read timeout=60) 62 - to eliminate schooling uniform; - to prolong a lunch break; - to hold more extra school sports activi ties; - to be involved into international exchange educational programs. 17. Read and complete the text with missing words. Advantages of a Pre-K – Eighth Grade School When enrolling their 1) c______d in early e ducation, many parents must choose between pre-k-eighth grade or pre-K-12 th gra de institutions. While both structures offer unique benefits, pre-K-eight h grade schools better fit familie s seeking closer communities and t ailored 2) e____c____n . St. Timothy School is a pre-K-eighth grade school offering small, nurturing learning environments for students to grow ac ademically, emotionally, a nd spiritually. Our structure fosters an int ellectual, inclusive com munity where every 3) s____d___ feels at home. Read below to le arn more about the advantages of enrolling your child in a pre-K-eighth grade school like St. Timothy’s School. Focuses on the Formative Years When a school only goes through eighth 4) g_____e , it de votes more of its resources toward early education. Pre-K to eighth grade are a child’s most formative 5) y___a___ as they set the tone for t heir lifelong learning journey. For this 6) r___s___n , it is essential for schools t o teach with intention during these years, as young learners will take t heir earliest lessons with them for the long haul. And luckily, the pre-K-eighth grade structure at St. Timot hy’s allows for just that! Allows for Easy Transition As students transition between grade s, it’s 7) i____o____n__ to provide care, communication, and conti nuity. Schools with pre-K-eighth grade struct ures are more equipped to provide these necessities as st udents get older, creating a path for them that feels 8) c_____f___b__ and safe. As st udents grow alongside peers and teachers they’ve known for the long haul, t hey experience easier transit ions from grade to grade and feel more confident inside and 9) o___t___e the classroom. Creates a Nurturing and Safe Environment The pre-K-eighth grade 10) s____u___e fosters a safer and more nurturing environment for students, both academi cally and socially. According to da ta from the Philadelphia Education Longitudi nal Study, researchers found that middle schoolers who 11) a____n____d a pre-K-eighth grade school had higher levels of self-esteem and felt safer in t heir environment than those in sixth-e ighth grade schools. This can be attributed to t he close 12) c___mm_____y formed in pre-K- eighth grade schools, as it creates a n atmosphere where students feel com fortable challenging themselves, lea rning new things, and taking risks. 63 Fosters a Tight-Knit Community Schools with a pre-K-eighth grade structure create an envi ronment for higher levels of involvement from students, 13) t___c___s , and parents and, therefore, foster tighter-knit communitie s. As students and their families grow up toget her, they form stronger relationships that can often last a li fetime. At St. Timothy’s school, we foster a close community by encouraging students and 14) f__i __l__s to participate in school events exhibiti ng our three core values: dignity, respect, and compassion. Our pre-K-eighth grade structure be tter allows for successful community building and enhances our stude nts’ learning 15) e____p____en___s . Stronger Academic Performance Many studies have shown that academic performance i s stronger in pre-K- eighth grade schools, particularly a mong middle school students. In a 2002 Education Resources Information C enter (ERIC) Digest report, 16) r___a__ch___rs found that fewer school-to-school transit ions and more continuity resulted in higher 17) a__d___m___ achievement s among students. Years later, a 2010 study by the Journal of Public Economics rea ffirmed these findings, claiming that moving elementary student s to a new school for middle school caused a decrease in academic 18) a___h___v___t . Researchers found that middle schoolers’ academic performance s continuously declined through eighth grade , particularly in math and Engli sh. For this reason, pre-K-eighth grade schools are widely believed to create m ore robust and consistent academic foundations for students. Allows Middle Schoolers to Shine A pre-K-eighth grade school can be especi ally beneficial for 19) m___dd__e school students. With fewer grade levels, middle school st udents are not lost in the middle between lower and high school. Inst ead, they get to serve as role model s and leaders of their community, al lowing them to serve as mentors to younge r students and take on more 20) r__s___n___b___t___s . The pre-k-eighth grade structure instills confide nce in middle schoolers because of what researchers cal l the “top dog effect”. In a 2016 study by Syracuse University, researchers found that when mi ddle school students have the opportunity to be “top dogs”, or the oldest stude nts at their school, they feel a stronger sense of 21) c____f__d__ce and belonging. This is one of the reasons we emphasize the importance of our structure here at St . Timothy’s School, as we want to ensure our students are equipped wit h the skills and mindset needed to thrive in middle school and beyond. Private Education at St. Timothy’s Sc hool At St. Timothy’s School, we recognize the importance of cre ating close, comfortable learning environment s for prekindergarten, lower school, and middle school students. Our institution’s size a nd structure largely contribute to our students’ intellectual, soci al-emotional, and spiritual 22) p___p___t__ . 18. Read the text about the Best Libraries in the Worl d and answer the questions. 64 1. The Library of Congress in Washington DC The Library of Congress in Washington DC is the country’s oldest fede ral institution. Though it consists of only thre e buildings, it is the largest l ibrary in the world. While it is open to the public for one-site research and as a tourist a ttraction, only members of Congress and other government officials can check out books. The library is known as the “library of l ast resort” in the U.S., charged with ma king certain items availabl e to other means have been used. The li brary’s holdings are vast, including more than 32 milli on books, more than 61 million manuscript s, six million pieces of sheet music , over one million newspapers from the l ast three centuries, and many more. 2. Oxford University’s Library Established in 1602 as Oxford Universi ty’s Library , Bodleian is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It houses about 11 mi llion items, including many of hist orical importance: four copies of the Magna Charta, a Gutenbe rg Bible, and Shakespeare’s First Folio, just to name a few. Though Bodleian comprises mul tiple buildings, the most interesting is R adcliffe Camera, built i n 1737-1749 to house the Radcliffe Science Library. The earl iest circular library in England, Radcl iffe appeared in famous movies, including Young Sherlock Holmes, The Saint, The Red Violin, and The Golden Compass. 3. The Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Li brary The Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscri pt Library is the largest building in the world that contains ra re books and manuscripts, which alone ma kes it one of the best libraries in the world. Its impressive holdings inc lude significant authors like Rudyard Kipling, D.H. Lawrenc e, and Joseph Conrad. Beinecke’s central shelving area include s glass walls and soft lighting to prote ct the works from direct light. Accessible to the public as a touri st attraction, the library displays many rare works, including one of only 48 copies in e xistence of a treasured Gutenberg Bible. 65 4. The Reading Room The Reading Room at the British Museum is loca ted in the centre of the Museum’s Great Court. For much of its history, acc ess was limited to registered re searchers, attracting notable visitors i ncluding Karl Marx, Oskar Wilde, Rudyard Ki pling, Mark Twain, and H.G. Wells. The majori ty of the collection was moved t o the new British Library in 2000. The Reading Room now house s n information centre and a curated collection of specia lty art and history titles. It is also known to host long- running seasonal exhibitions, such as the 2006 a utumn exhibition centred on China’s famous Terracotta Army. 5. The National Library of People’s Republ ic of China The National Library of People’s Republic of China loc ated in Beijing, is the largest library in Asia. Founded in 1909, it wa s formally inaugurated in 1912. The library holds diverse collection of C hinese literature and histori cal documents. It houses official publications of the United Nations and foreign governments, and a collection of literature, a nd materials in over 115 languages. T he National Library also holds carvings on oracle bones and tort oise shells from the Shang dynasty. 6. The Library of Parliament in Ottawa The Library of Parliament in Ottawa , Canada holds a special distinction, as it i s the only library featured on Canada’s te n-dollar bill. The design of this nati onal landmark was inspired by the Briti sh Museum Reading Room, and includes whit e pine paneling with beautifully de tailed carvings of flowers, masks, and m ythical creatures. The collection e ncompasses about 600.000 items, which are looked after by a dedicated 300-member staff. Whi le access to the facili ty is generally restricted to Canadian parliamentary busi ness, tours are often made availa ble to the public. Which library __________________ ? A gives you a chance listening to music B has its image printed on the country’s curre ncy 66 C has a special construction to preserve book s D provides its materials to other librari es if necessary E changes displayed collections throughout the year F contains samples of unique writing mate rials G has been a filming location more than once H hosts a permanent collection of Chinese amour 19. Complete the text with thw words formed with the help of prefi xes, suffixes and endings. 11 Unusual and Amazing Schools Although the United Nations classifi es education as a human right bel onging to every child, about 100 million chi ldren worldwide face barriers, someti mes seemingly 1) ________ ( to insurmount ) ones, that keep t hem from going to school. 2) ________ ( environment ) problems like cl imate change, storms, floods, natural disasters, and energy shortages m ake educating the poor difficult i n many areas of the world. Fortunately, schools are not limit ed to rows of desks, stacks of textbooks, and linoleum hallways. They can be caves, boats, or train platforms. Yes, the re’s a whole world of 3) _______ ( usual ) and amazing schools out t here! 1 - Boat schools, Bangladesh Many children in rural Bangladesh, part icularly girls, do not have access t o education. Due to tradition, boys are the first to be sent to school, and girls ca n go to school only if the facility is not too far from home. Often, the nearest school i s miles away; for girls, this can re present an insurmountable challenge to their 4) _______ ( school ). During the monsoon season, many schools find t hemselves under water. Due to climate change, the yearly floods have be come worse and prolonged, and children can now go for months without having classes. The solution by the nonprofit Shidhulai was unusua l but simple and 5) _______ ( effect ): If children can’t go to school, t he school in the form of boats should go to them. 67 2 - Train platform schools, India As a schoolteacher, Inderjit Khurana used to take the trai n to work. And each day, in the stations, she would com e into contact with dozens of chil dren who spent their days begging from train passenge rs rather than 6) _______ ( to attend ) school. She learned that it was not a rare or isolated problem and that m illions of children in India live on the stree ts. Convinced that these children would never be able to esc ape their conditions of poverty and 7) _______ ( homeless ) without educati on, and realizing that it would be 8) _______ ( possible ) to enroll these chi ldren in school, Inderjit created a model program for “taking the school to the most out-of-school childre n”. Khurana’s “train platform schools” ai m to provide a 9) _______ ( to create ) school atmosphere and equip children wi th the basic levels of educati on necessary to work 10) _______ ( product ), enjoy many of life’s pleasure s, and become positive 11) _______ ( to contribute ) to their comm unities. 3 - Cave school, China Dongzhong was an elementary school loca ted in Miao village, China’s Guizhou province. The strange thing about t his learning institution was that it was housed by a giant cave carved inside a mountain over thousands of years, by wind, rain, and earthquakes. The locals put together a smal l structure, but children attended classes protected onl y by the cold walls of the cave. Guizhou is one of the poorest provinces in Chi na. Water and food shortages caused by 12) _______ ( to desertificate ) and drought have left the re gion regularly struggling to keep its people alive. The lack of everything else neede d to live has also translated int o a lack of educational resources. For most chil dren in the province, schooling is not an option. With little to no support 13) _______ ( avail ) from t he 14) _______ ( to govern ), the Miao people decided to t ake education into their own hands. La cking resources to build, they decided to ma ke one cave into their eleme ntary school, 15) _______ ( apt ) naming it Mid-Cave Primary School . Dongzhong was opened in 1984, 16) _______ ( to employ ) eight teachers to tea ch 186 students. However, the 17) _______ ( ingeny ) plan was met wit h derision by Beijing, who ordered the school to be shut down. A government educ ation spokesman said the school had to close because “China is not a societ y of cavemen”. 68 4 - Nomadic school, Siberia In south-eastern Siberia, a nomadic group i s trying to preserve their way of life. The 18) _______ ( tradition ) culture of the E venk, who excel at reindeer herding, 19) _______ ( to hunt ), and fishing, has been eroded through conta ct with Western 20) _______ ( civil ). The authorities decided lat e in the 1960s that Evenk children shoul d follow the regular school curriculum, even i f this meant that for months at a t ime, year after year, the children had to at tend state 21) _______ ( board ) schools far from their families and nomadic l ife. For eight years, Alexandra Lavrillier, a brilli ant French 22) _______ ( ethnology ), has been helping them to save their heritage by setting up a 23) _______ ( nomad ) school that will give Evenk chil dren a chance to receive a modern education while 24) _______ ( to maintain ) the ir ancestral traditions. Lavrillier’s nomad school has bee n up and running since the start of 2006 and was granted the status of “offici al 25) _______ ( experiment ) school,” recognition that may pave the wa y for similar experiments elsewhe re in Siberia. 5 - School in the clouds, China Children living in the Gulu Villa ge, a 26) _______ ( mountain ) region in China’s Sichuan Province, used to have t o walk on foot along a very long and treacherous mountain path to get t o Gulu Village Primary, a school hidden i n the middle of the clouds. The school’s one lone teacher, Shen Qij un, had been laboring in love for 26 years. Shen came to the school when he wa s 18 years of age. Back then, the classrooms were built with mud, the rooft op leaked, the walls were crac ked, and there was no restroom. A student had a bad fa ll and sustained an injury while looking for a restroom. So Shen gathered the 27) ______ ( vi llage ) to help rebuild the school the old-fashioned way. The new school, built from concrete, had five classrooms and a restroom . A basketball court was built in front of t he school with an abandoned blackboard and two wooden posts. Boys would play carefully 28) _______ ( car eful ) with the basketball, not daring to shoot; otherwi se, they would have to spend half a day bringing the ball back from the foot of the mountain. 69 No one outside the village knew about this remote school until a ne wspaper report was published three years ago. Donat ions poured in after that to help the children settle in schools in the town below the mountain. 6 - Turning child brides into scholars, K enya Imagine being born into a society where , before you ever take your first breath, someone — probably older than your fathe r — has already claimed you as his bride. Your freedom and your ability to pursue l ove are traded for a few cattle heads. Yet, for 29) _______ ( to count ) babies and girls in Kenya’s Ma asai tribe, being “booked” for 30) _______ ( to marry ) before birth is simpl y a fact of life. The Naning’oi Girls’ Primary School was founded i n 1999 to rescue underage girls “booked” for marriage, and i nstead, “book” them for school. The program’s brilliance is that it uses the familiar process of offering a dowry to a girl’s father (in the form of donated live stock and gifts) to secure the girl’s rel ease to the school. In essence, the school becomes the child’s “husband,” a nd she is sent to live and study with other girls in the boarding school. Margery Kabuya has worked tirelessly on the Na ning’oi boarding school program since its 31) _______ ( to incept ), and has seen e nrollment rise from just four students in 1999 to nearly 350 b o arders. 7 - Underground school, New Mexico, USA Abo Elementary School in Artesia, Ne w Mexico, was the 32) _______ ( one ) public school in the United State s constructed entirely underground and equippe d to function as an advanced fallout she lter. Designed at the height of the Cold W ar and completed in 1962, the school had a concrete slab roof that doubled a s the school’s playground. In 33) ______ ( to add ), it contained a large storage facility with room for emergency ra tions and supplies for up to 2,160 people in the event of nucl ear warfare or another catastrophe. The building was list ed on the National Register of Hist oric Places in 1999. Within Artesia, Abo Elementa ry School was lauded by teachers and many parents. 34) _______ ( to teach ) often described Abo’s students a s less likely to cause trouble, more 35) _______ ( attention ) and less l ikely to require discipline. Yet, many of those same students expresse d heightened 36) _______ ( to aware ) of the possibility of nuclear war, and some were terrified tha t they could be orphaned in the event of war. One of the most substantial fears raised by students invol ved 70 the 2,160-person capacity of the school. In the event of a war, only the first 2,160 people would be allowed into the school for shelter; this would likely have l eft the 37) _______ ( major ), of Artesia’s nearly 12,000 residents, incl uding the parents of some of Abo’s students, without 38) _______ ( to protect ) in the event of a nuclear attack. Outside of Artesia, Abo Elementary Sc hool was condemned by many councils and groups, some of whom rejected t he concept of an underground school entirely. Notwithstanding, the Presi dent of Artesia’s Board of Education, C .P. Bunch, called the school “more a matter of insuranc e than fear” and expressed hope that future schools built in Artesi a would follow its example. Federal studies concluded that t he students suffered no long-term effects from their time in Abo. In addition, ma ny students who suffered from chronic allergies or asthma were transfe rred to Abo as its advanced air filt ration 39) _______ ( filtr ), systems reduced the impac t of dust storms and allergens. Indeed, these studies concluded that ma ny students’ health improved due to thei r extended time in this school. 8 - The free school, Brooklyn “Free schools,” which had their heyday de cades ago, operate on the belief that children are naturally c urious and learn best when they want to, not whe n forced to. Today, the approach is getti ng another look from some parents and students tired of standardized test ing, excessive homework, and overly rigid curriculums in regular schools. One recent day at the Brooklyn Free School, the “schedule” i ncluded the following: chess, debate, filming horror m ovies, and making caves for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Not that the students had to go to any of the se sessions. At this school, students don’t get grades, don’t have homework, don’t take tests, and don’t even have to go to class. Unless they want to. The Democratic Meeting is t he heart and soul of Brooklyn Free School. Once a week, the entire school comes together to make 40) ______ ( to announce ), give props, voice concerns, and work together to t ake responsibility for the governance and well-being of our school. Student s chair meetings. Except for health and safety issues, all stude nts and staff have an equal vote in dec ision- making at school. 9 - The green roof art school, Singapore One of the most amazing green roofs in the world is at the School of Art, Design and Media at Nanyang Technologi cal University in Singapore. 71 Completed in July 2006 at the cost of $38 m illion, it officially opened i n April 2009. Today, it is regarded as an ic on of sophisticated design and architecture, and has featured i n 41) ______ ( to very ) international design 42) ______ ( to publish ). From a distance, you can barely even t ell that the 5-story structure is a building; it blends in so well with i ts environment. A plethora of glass wal ls allows plenty of natural light to illum inate the interior, and the grassy roof i s used as a meeting space for students. The gree n roof also insulates the building, cools t he 43) ______ ( to surround ) air, and harvests rainwater for l andscape 44) ______ ( to irrigate ). 10 - School designed by kids, Berlin Feel no sympathy for any kid in Berlin who com plains about school if their school is Erika Mann 45) ______ ( element ) School. Not onl y do the principles of their school seem like they were actually created for childre n, the school’s recently revamped environment is also ama zing – perhaps not surprisingly as it was designed by the kids themselves wit h Baupiloten, a group of architecture students. 11 - Bottle school, Philippines The Bottle School in San Pablo, Phil ippines, is constructed entirely from recycled bottles used as a 46) ______ ( to buil d ) material. This innovative sol ution is a new way to rebuild finding how to fight c limate change in an ecologi cally resistant structure. The materials are ceme nt, steel, and glass. The bottles a re tied together with thin nylon ropes and are then stacked ti ghtly into blocks, which prevent the bott les from moving around the 47) ______ ( to apply ) of cement require d for the gaps. 20. Complete the following text with the derivative words. Finland’s Educational Success: A Global Model to Follow Finland has stood out in the field of educa tion, becoming a global benchmark. Its 1) _________ ( to educate ) system is known for bei ng comprehensive, inclusive, and highly e ffective. But what factors make Finland an example for the rest of the world? We explore the key eleme nts that support the success of this educational mode l, backed by statistics, comparisons with other countries, and the tangible benefi ts this system has brought to Finland. Equality of opportunity: The fundamental pillar - One of the standout aspects of the Finnish education syste m is its strong commitment 2) _________ ( to 72 commit ) to equality. Unlike many count ries, where standardized exams begi n from the early years of 3) _________ ( school ), in Finland, t hey are not introduced until adolescence. Instead, the focus is on ensuring that all students, 4) _________ ( regard ) of their socio-economic background, receive a hi gh-quality education. This philosophy is reflected in int ernational results: Finland has c onsistently ranked among the top countries in the PISA report (Programme for International Student 5) _________ ( to assess )) for years, especially in re ading comprehension. According to the most recent report (2022), Finland ranks 6 th globally i n reading comprehension among participati ng countries. Furthermore, equality in educati on has translated into a more equit able society. Finland has one of the lowest c hild poverty rates in Europe, with fewe r than 5% of children living in severe povert y, according to OECD data. This educational equality ensures t hat the system not only promotes ac ademic performance but also social cohesi on, reducing inequalities within t he 6) _________ ( to populate ). Late start and the importance of reading - In Finland, formal educat ion begins at the age of 7, a considerably later age compared to count ries like Spain, where children start preschool at a ge 3. However, this delayed approach to teaching reading and writing has not hi ndered Finnish students’ performance. In fact, Finland boasts one of the 7) _________ ( high ) le vels of reading proficiency globally. In the 2018 PISA report, 90% of Finnish students a ged 15 achieved a minimum level of competenc e in reading, much higher than the OEC D average (67%). This approach has also been linked t o higher adult literacy rates, whi ch benefit the country in terms of labor produc tivity 8) _________ ( product ) and economic growth. Finland has one of the most educated populations in the world, with 44% of Finns aged 25 to 34 holding tertiary educ ation, one of the highest rates in the OECD. Libraries: A cultural and educational hub - In Finland, libraries are much more than spaces for reading; they are vital centers for learning and le isure. According to European Union statistic s, Finland has the highest per capita library visits in the region, far 9) _________ ( to surpass ) other Nordic countries. Instead of a purely academic focus, Finnish libraries offer cultura l 10) _________ ( to act ), workshops, and events that encourage creat ivity 11) _________ ( to create ), reading, and critical thinking from an early age. This widespread use of libraries as learning centers enhances ac cess to education, especiall y in rural or less favored areas. The benefit to the country is cle ar: by fostering reading and learning from a n early age, Finland has cultivat ed a population that values educ ation, which is reflected in the country’s high producti vity and innovation. This love for lea rning contributes to Finland’s position as a global leader in technology and desi gn, key sectors for its economy. Fewer school hours, more playtime – One of the features that dist inguish the Finnish education system is it s focus on balancing class hours with playt ime. While in countries like Japan a nd South Korea, students spend long school days, in 73 Finland, the school day is shorter. Finnish stude nts average 20 hours of classes per week, considerably fewer than the typi cal 30-40 hours in many Western countries. This extra time is devoted to ext racurricular activities a nd play, promoting the child’s overall development. The World Health Organization (WHO) has not ed that such practices contribute to the 12) _________ ( psychology ) and physical well-being of young people, while also enha ncing their creativity and soci al skills. This approach also has positive soci al and economic implicati ons. By allowing children to play and devel op social skills, social cohesion i s promoted, which in turn strengthens Finnish communit ies. Additionally, time spent pl aying and being physically active hel ps reduce mental health issues a mong young people, a growing challenge in many develope d countries. Highly trained teachers - Another pil lar of Finland’s educational succe ss is the training of its teachers. The selection process is rigorous, and only those with the best grades in secondary educati on can pursue a career in 13) _________ ( to teach ). Additionally, 60% of Finnish teache rs hold a master’s degree in pedagogy, ensuring a high level of 14) _________ ( to prepare ). Acc ording to an OECD report, Finland is one of the countries with the highest proportion of highly qualified teachers. This focus on cont inuous professional 15) _________ ( to develop ) and teacher autonomy al lows each educator to adapt thei r teaching to the specific needs of their students, whic h has proven effective in improving aca demic outcomes. The high 16) _________ ( to qualify ) of teachers not only raise s educational standards but also creates a more motivating and effective te aching environment. This, in turn, has economic benefits, a s an educated and well-trained workforce is a key driver of innovation and economic growth i n Finland. Benefits for Finnish society and economy – Finland’s education system has not only produced a highly skilled populat ion but also brought tangible economic benefits. Finland is known for it s innovation and 17) _________ ( to compete ) in key sectors such as technol ogy, engineering, and education. According to the World Economic Forum, Fi nland ranks the 1 st in the global tal ent competitiveness index, largel y attributed to the high quality of i ts education system. Furthermore, Finland’s education system has contributed to a more cohesive and less 18) _________ ( unequal ) society. By prioriti zing equality of opportunity, Finland has achieved one of the lowest rates of child poverty in Europe, which translates into lower long-term soc ial costs. Universal access to hi gh-quality education also reduces the need for soc ial assistance policies, whi ch has a positive impact on the country’s economy. International comparisons: A model to follow - When c omparing Finland’s educational 19) _________ ( to perform ) wit h that of other countries, the results are clear. While countries like t he United States or the United 20) _________ ( king ) are often characterize d by high-stakes standardized testing a nd 21) _________ ( to compete ) for grades, Finland takes a muc h more holistic approach. In OECD countries, Finland ranks a t the top in reading, mathemat ics, 74 and science competencies. In c ontrast, students in the United Stat es, for example, rank 38 th in mathematics and 13 th in rea ding, according to the 2018 PISA report. This demonstrates that Finland’s a pproach, which prioritizes deep 22 ) ________ ( to understand ) and equity, produces better long-t erm results. Finland’s education system offers val uable lessons for other countries. Its emphasis on equality of opportunity, the qua lity of teacher training, the use of cultural resources like librari es, and the balance between ac ademic learning and playtime has proven to be 23) _________ ( effect ) not onl y in academic performance but also in shaping individua ls capable of facing the chall enges of the 21 st century. The Finnish model stands out for its focus on equit y, creativity, and critical thinking, principles that other educationa l systems could adopt to improve their own approaches. While not everything ca n be replicated directly, Finl and’s core principles – equality, autonomy, and we ll-being – can serve as inspiration for future educational models global ly. The tangible benefits for Finnish soci ety – both socially and economica lly – demonstrate that 24) _________ ( to invest ) in qualit y, equitable education yields positive returns that benefit the entire nat ion. The Preposition 1. Complete the blanks with prepositions. Adjectives Nouns Verbs anxious _____ smth complain _____ to agree _____ smb _____ a subject concerned _____ a delay _____ to disagree _____ smb _____ an action late _____ an influence _____ to apply _____ a smth nervous _____ a need _____ to apply _____ smb / an institution _____ smth worried _____ the opposite _____ to argue _____ smb _____ smth careless _____ a relationship _____ somebody to ask _____ faithful _____ a relationship _____ two people or things to agree _____ smb _____ a subject frightened _____ to beg _____ serious _____ to complain _____ smb 75 _____ smth surprised _____ to complain _____ smth to criticise smb _____ smth to discourage smb _____ doing smth to object _____ smb / smth to quarrel _____ smb _____ smth to speak _____ smb to talk _____ smb _____ smth to thanks _____ smb _____ smth to wonder _____ to worry _____ smb / smth to benefit _____ to boast _____ to care _____ somebody / something to care _____ smb to exchange smth _____ smth else to hope _____ to insist _____ to mistake smb / smth _____ smb / smth else to pray _____ smb / smth to replace smth _____ smth else to suspect smb _____ smth to take care _____ smb / smth to wait _____ to warn smb _____ 2. Read the following sentences and complete the m with prepositions. 1. Snizhana tooks very worried _______ her hobby. Why doesn’t she talk _____ someone _______ it? 2. The Executive Manager criti cises his subordinates _____ some failure s. 76 3. Most employees agreed _______ the managem ent _____ having a wage cut to save their jobs. 4. I applied _______ a IT company ____ the position of syste m administrator. 5. Zhanna was late _______ Serhii’s birthday party on Sa turday. 6. Olena always quarrels _______ her siste r ________ what to watch on TV. 7. Why must you always argue _______ Taras ________ hockey? 3. Insert the necessary postposition. 1. She was afraid __________ a dog. 2. My boss angry _________ the delay of equipment. 3. What help are you asking _________? 4. They laugh ___________ you. 5. His wife annoyed such present. 6. Не is asking ________ trouble . 7. What music are you listening ________ ? 8. I very nervous _______ this event. 9. What аre you so proud ________ ? 10. He is bad ________ mathematics. 11. The supervisor is responsible _________ failures of hi st team. 12. Unfortunately my sister is disappointed _______ he r friend. 13. We are shocked _________ last incindent. 14. Taras Shevchenko is famous _______ his works. 15. Our son is hopeless ________ Chemistry. 4. Complete the sentences. 1. Please, fill _____________ an applicat ion form. 2. She is satisfied ________ our success. 3. We are excited _________ the next journey. 4. Do you smoke? - No, I gave it ________ two years ago. 5. I am worried _______ our getting through the customs. 6. They are pleased _______ our marks. 7. Whom are you waiting _______ ? 8. My mother was surprised ________ his arrival. 9. Do you aware ________ the importance of the position of a Controller? 10. The students are annoyed ________ their groupmat es. 11. Bohdan was upset _______ the behaviour of his friends. 12. My boyfriend is keen _______ sports. 13. The shape of this bun similar ________ a little bird. 14. Plеase, put ________ the sigarette. 15. He is happy ______ his new position. 5. Insert the preposition. 77 1. I wrote the wrong name at the form, so I crossed it _______ . 2. Don’t scared _______ your job interview. 3. If you don’t understand the word look it _________ in a dicti onary. 4. What are you waiting ________ ? 5. This young man was very rude ______ us. 6. We have run _______ sugar, maize, vegeta bles, tea and coffee. 7. I am very sorry I knocked ________ a vase. 8. He is ________ read the letter. 9. Wait, I don’t keep up ________ you. 10. My elder brother jumped ________ the opportunity to make her acquaintance. 11. I don’t care ________ your problems. – I’ve got enough of my own. 12. He reminded me _________ the appointment . 13. What are you looking ________ ? 14. They hinted ________ the thing that had been prom ised to them. 15. I can look ________ your children while you are at work. 6. Complete the sentences. 1. Those people care __________ and _______ senior citiz ens. 2. What do you dream __________ ? 3. What are you thinking __________ ? 4. Who will take care __________ you? 5. All students look __________ the lecturer. 6. Не reminds me __________ my uncle. 7. What are you hinting _______ ? 8. He translated the article from Ukrai nian __________ English. 9. She kissed the baby __________ the forehead. 10. She is sick ________ diabetes. 11. The soldier died _________ severe burns. 7. Сomplete the sentences. 1. She is suffering __________ headaches. 2. I’ll have to borrow 5 dollars __________ you. 3. He got __________ in the evening. 4. He died __________ heart attack. 5. She always complains __________ her health. 6. She borrowed the car __________ me. 7. Our principal invited us __________ the party. 8. Now everything depends __________ you. 9. They are interested __________ the compute r equipment. 10. It is very different __________ the sample. 11. I am sorry __________ the mistakes. 12. Look __________ in the street! 78 13. I wake __________ at seven o’clock. 14. Please, wash __________ after dinner. 8. Сomplete the sentences using a phrasal verb fr om the box in its correct form. ask out break out bring back care for come round cut off get on with go off keep on knock over miss out on pass away put on show off stop over turn out 1. On the way to London, we _______ in Paris for as few days. 2. The 98-year-old lady ______ in her sleep last night. 3. It _______ raining the whole day so that the t wo rivers flooded the city. 4. The alarm clock _____ early, so I got bac k to bed. 5. It is important to _______ all your colle agues in order to achieve a good working relationship. 6. The two prisoners managed to ________ of the maxi mum-security prison. 7. The plant _______ a thousand new cars a yea r. ut to save their jobs. It is incredible! 8. He can’t stand the way he _______ with his new sports car. 9. I ____ her ______ a few days ago but she politely refuse d. 10. If I hadn’t gone to the party, I would have ________ all t he fun. 11. I took him a while to ________ aftewr the opera tion. 12. Who is going to _______ us when we get oder? 13. He _______ my glass and the red wine spilt al l over the beautiful tablecloth. 14. Oksana keeps eating all the ti me but doesn’t seem to ____ any weight. 15. Three villages have been ______ by heavy snowfa ll. 16. You’ll have to _________ the boks as soon as possible. 9. Complete each phrasal verb in the sentences. Use the correct tense of the words in the box. look come check find go stand come look 1. We often _______ up to people who go into caring professi ons like nursing. 2. The report _____ through some of the problems with the new computer system. 3. I ______ across these amazing headphones whi le I was stopping with my mum. 4. When we ______ back in history, we can see how soci ety was developed. 79 5. Do you remember blue cola? I wonder who ______ up with t hat idea! 6. We need to ______ find out where we can buy tickets for the tour before they all sent out. 7. I want to go to the librry and _______ ut the new book by Agat ha Christie. 8. A lot of people feel that the colour blue _______ for peace and relaxation. 10. Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. 1. The people that succeed _____ business oft en have great ideas and a lot of motivation. 2. Since she starting writing, my mothe r has been devoted _____ her work. 3. In addition _____ painting landskapes of the a rea, he also plays the violin in a local orchestra. 4. Bright colours like orange and red ofte n appeal _____ to confident and outgoing people. 5. Her work is _____ display at the National Muse um, but only or this month. 6. We went to an amazing restaura nt where the set menu consisted ______ four courses. 7. My son’s bycicle used to belong _____ my dad, and it st ill works perfectly after 60 years. 8. There are _____ least five famous artists from the region that have work being considered for the National Art Pri se. 11. Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions on / at / in . 1. The number is ______ the door. 2. The car is ________ the crossroads. 3. There are 200 seats _________ the theatrе . 4. A dirt is _______ your shirt. 5. I always feel good ________ the morning. 6. His village is ________ the border. 7. They spent their holiday ________ the seasi de. 8. A town is ________ the Mississippi River. 9. In Germany children get presents _________ East er. 10. I met her _______ Monday morning. 11. ___________ my opinion Olena will be absent tom orrow. 12. Helen is not ________ work because she is _________ holida y. 13. I am going on holiday _______ the end of October. 14. This enterprise has an increase ________ profit ! 15. We meet _______ the theatrе. 16. We listened to the news _______ the radi o. 17. Water boils ________ 100 degrees Сelsius. 80 18. The room is ________ fire! 19. We shall meet _______ Bohdan’s house. 20. She was _________ a diet last week. 21. He left school _________ 16. 22. He is sitting _______ my desk. 23. ____________ two hours you must be at home. 24. He lives ______ 45 Ozerna Street. 25. They watched the news ______ televisi on. 26. Svitlana was ______ college yesterday. 27. These burglars are ________ prison now. 28. They laugh ________ you. 81 5. LANGUAGES Vocabulary abomination deep-fried liberator researcher adult dialect literally royal stables advocate diminutive literate rubberize aerial disgusting lofty ruthless aloft exaggerating mackintosh sartorial American English extra terrestrial Makaton scones American slang fascinating mansion scurvy Anglicize ferocity masalacentre shortening apartment fertility milito = a world without war simnel bailiff funeral procession modify spelling Bow Church fusion native speakers sporran bread-crumbed garam massala spices onion gravy synopsis British English gherkins origin tartan charcoal Hackney Carriage Oxbridge tartan kilt Cheddar ploughman Hebrew peasant term Chicken TikkaMasala (CTM) impartial ploughman spelling Cockney inhabitants pronouncing Union Jack collection of expressions inquest pronunciation ferocity communicate Iron Lady provoke watchword CTMkievs jeopardy rebelled waterproof deaf kilt reference Yiddish deep-fat-fryer liberal regiment 1. Read the text “Origin of Some Words” and insert the verbs i b backets in correct tense form. The name “ tattoo ” 1) _______ ( to have ) an interesti ng origin. Traditionally the soldiers 2) __________ ( to tell ) to return to the l iving quarters each night by a beat of the drum which 3) ______ ( to sound ) like “ tat -too ”. The word “ holiday ” literall y 4) _______ ( to mean ) “ holy day ”. In the United States, the word “ holiday ” is synonymous with “ celebration ”. 82 The word “ clan ” means “ family ” a nd the great clans of the 16 th and 17 th centuries were really like bi g families, 5) _______ ( to rule ) by powerful chefs. Sometimes there 6) _______ ( to be ) battle s between different clans but nowadays the McDonalds, the McKenzies and the Campbells all live in pi ece with each other. Many people in Scotland have the nam e McDonald or McKenzie . “ Mac ” means “ son of ” and people with this name usually 7) ______ ( to fee l ) they belong to the same family or clan. Com mon boys’ names are Donald or Duncan, and girls’ names are Fiona or Jean. Many Scottish people still use some Scot tish words when they speak English. For example, “ wee ” means smal l as in “ wee laddie ” - small boy . A “ bonni e lass ” is a pretty girl and a “ bairn ” is a young child . If someone 8) ______ ( to answer ) your questions with “ aye ” [ai] t hey 9) _______ ( to agree ) with you, because “ aye ” means “ yes ”. Finall y, if you are offered a “ wee dram ” be careful : you’ll be given some whisky to drink and you will proba bly have to drink it all in one go. Although not many Welsh words are well-known in E ngland, the word “ eisteddfod ” is understood by almost everybody. Thi s is the Welsh name for an annual competition where people meet to dance, sing and read poems. Usua lly, only Welsh 10) ________ ( to speak ) and in recent years t hey 11) ________ ( to attract ) people who wish to protest against the influence of English on the We lsh language and culture. Years ago, all Irish people 12) ________ ( to speak ) Gaelic, and this language is still spoken i n some parts of Ireland, although today all Iri sh people speak English also. Evidence of Gaelic is still found in place nam es, for example “ bally ” - town , “ sli eve ” - mountain , “ loughs ” - lake , “ i nis ” - island , “ drum ” - mountain top , “ glen ” - valle y . The Scots 13) _________ ( to prefer ) the adject ive Scottish , but other people often use the word Scotch . Scotch is used for whi sky. British people do not usually 14) _________ ( to use ) the words Briton or Britisher them selves. Briton appears mostly in newspaper headlines - for exam ple TWO BRITONS KILLED IN AIR CRASH. Britisher 15) ______ ( to use ) mainly by Ame ricans, Australians etc. 2. Read the text “What is It “Boycott”? and find mistakes in the lines. 1 At the end of the XIX century an English lord hi red for her 2 estate at Ireland the bail iff also an Englishman, 3 captain Boycott. Being stri ct and ruthless Boycott in 4 a short period of time were so hated by al l farmers and 5 peasants that all of us refused to de al with him in any 6 business neither big small. Since that time “ boycott” has 7 acquired the significance of person’s i solation from the 8 society and refusal communicat e with him.This is a very 9 punishment. The Captain Boycot t after these events 83 10 had to escape in Ireland. 3. Insert the missing words. What Do You Know About Esperanto? school war speakers book invented too bilingual people name universal languages country groups popular In 1873 a fourteen-year-old boy in Warsaw began to i nvent a language. Ludwik Zamenhof was born in Bialystok, Pol and. He was 1) ________: his native languages were Russian and Yiddish. He spoke French and Hebrew fluently 2) _______ . He had to learn two other foreign language s, Polish and German, to understand the different ethnic 3) _________ in hi s home town. Esperanto: Mondo sen milito Ludwik believed that there were conflict s in the world because people spoke different 4) __________. He wanted a world without war. So he de cided to invent a universal language. In 1887 he published the 5) _________ Unia Libro under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto. He called his ne w language Lingvo Internacia, but people prefer the 6) __________ Esperanto. After Ludwik’s death in 1917, Esperanto beca me more 7) ________. In some countries children had to study it at 8) ____________. In the 1920s and 1930s many people share Ludwik’s dream of a pe aceful world with a 9) __________ language. Unfortunately, the Second Worl d War started. Ludwik’s children died in the Holocaust, and so di d Ludwik’s dream of a world without 10) _________. Esperanto, however, didn’t die. Perhaps it i s not the world language, but it survived. Fact file: - Esperanto is an 11) ___________ language with simple grammar and vocabulary. - Esperanto is easy. You can learn it qui ckly. You don’t have to study irregular words! - Esperanto isn’t the language of any 12) ____________. - There are only a few thousand native 13) ___________ of Esperanto but there are probably about two milli on Esperanto speakers in the world. - On Facebook there are over 300,000 14) ____________ have Espera nto as one of their languages and there is a Wikipedia site wit h about 230,000 articles. 4. Insert the verbs in brackets in correc t tense form. What is the Origin of the Following Phrase s? 84 “ Dressed to the Nines ” - One theory is tha t it 1) _________ ( to come ) from the name of the 99 th Wiltshire Regiment , known as the Nines , which was renowned for its smart appearance. There are a couple of problems with this suggestion, though. To begin with, the regiment’s sart orial reputation seems to have dated from the 1850s, while the first recorded use of the phrase is from 1837. Secondly, dressed to the nines 2) _______ ( to develop ) as in e xtension of the much earlier phrase to the nines , meaning “ to perf ection, to the greatest degree ”: the 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary’s first example of this earlier form dates back t o 1719. Why it should have been to the nines ra ther than to the eights , to the se vens , etc. remains unclear. “ Sleep Tights ” - It seems that t ight in this expression is the equivalent of t he only surviving use of the adverb tightly meaning “ soundly, prope rly, well, effectively” . The 20-volum e historical Oxford English Dicti onary labels this adverb “now dialectal” . “ the Bee’s Knees ” – The phrase was first recorded in the l ate 18 th century, when it 3) _______ ( to use ) to mean “something very small and insignificant” . Its current meaning dates from the 1920s, at which time a whole col lection of American slang expressions were coine d with the meaning “anout standing person or thing” . Examples included the fle a’s eyebrows , the canary’s tusks , and one tha t still survives - the cat’s whiskers . T he switch in meaning for the bee’s kne es probably emerged because it was so sim ilar іn structure and pattern t o these other phrases. “ Brass Monkey ” - The story goes that cannonbal ls used to be stored aboard ship in piles, on a brass frame or tray cal led a “monkey” . In very cold weathe r the brass would contract, spilling the ca nnon balls: hence very cold weathe r is “cold 85 enough to freeze the balls off a brass monke y” . There are several problems with this story, as follows:  the term “monkey” is not otherwise recorded as the nam e for such an object;  the rate of contraction of brass in col d temperatures is unlikely to be fast enough to cause thereputedeffec t;  the phrase is actually first recorded as “freez e the tail off a brass monkey”, which removes any essential connection with balls. It therefore seems most likely that the phrase is sim ply a humorous reference to the fact that metal figures 4) _________ ( to become ) ve ry cold to the touch in cold weather. “ Flea Market ” comes from the French marché aux puc es , a name originally given to a market in Paris which spec ialized in shabby second-hand goods of the kind that might contain fleas. The earlie st English use that the 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary 5) __________ ( to find ) dates from 1922. The phrase “pros and cons” is an abbreviation of the L atin phrase pro et contra , “for and against” , and has been in use in the abbreviated form since the 16 th century, according to the Oxford English Dic tionary. “Pros and cons” is a well-established st andard usage; Oxford’s larger dictionaries 6) ________ ( not; to mark ) it as “informal ” or in any way restricted in use. The much longer alternative is the phrase “argument s for and against” . The word “ UFO ” is an abbreviation which c omes from the initial let ters of the words “unidentified flying object ”. A UFO 7) ______ ( to be ) a mysterious object in the sky which can’t be expl ained by current scientific t heories. UFOs are often associated with extra terrestria l beings: they’re believed to be the spaceships of the “little green men” of sc ience-fiction movies and stori es. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, t he term “unidentified flying object” goes back at least t o the 1950s: it is recorded in 1953, in a book by the US aviator and writer Donald Keyhoe. The OED also gives a citation in 1956 by Edward Ruppelt, an officer in the USAF, sta ting that he 8) _________ ( to invent ) the term as a more general one to replace the earl ier description for such objects, flying saucer. 86 Strange objects in the sky were first named flying sauc ers in the 1940s: the first OED citation is from The Times , in 1947. T hey 9) _______ ( to be ) so called because of an account by a US pilot, Kenne th Arnold, who stated in various newspaper and radio interviews of that ye ar that he’d seen “saucer-like ” objects in the sky while he 10) _______ ( to fly ) past Mount Rainier. The media seem ed to have quickly changed this to the snappi er “flying saucer” and so the term was born. By the time Ruppelt and his USAF c olleagues 11) were investigati ng _______ ( to investigate ) reports of these sightings in the 1950s, it was clear that “saucer” wa s too limited a description, sinc e the objects in question were sa id to be of many different shapes: hence Ruppelt’s invention of “UFO”. UFOs 12) _______ ( to capture ) the public’s imaginat ion and it wasn’t long before sightings were reported from all over the world. The study of UFOs became known asufology (recorded in The Times Lit erary Supplementin 1959) and experts in the field were named ufologists a bout four years later, even though researc h in this area 13) ______ ( not; to be ) generally regarded a s an academic discipline . The word “ Berserk ” came into Engli sh in the early 19 th century, as a noun used to describe an ancient Norse warri or who fought with uncontrolled ferocity (also known as a berserker ). The English word derives from the Old Norse be rserkr (noun), itself probably from combining bjorn (bear) and serkr (coat ). It could also possibly from berr “ bare ” (i.e. without armour) and serkr . It is now mostly used in the expression “ t o go berserk ”. 5. Complete the text with necessary words from the table. same communicate shape slavery origin books to agree language storage are unpleasant bills up in building from between roots means control Can’t freedom suffixes hungry The Fascinating Origins of 15 Common English Wor ds? Below are just 15 words. From these 15 words, you’ll l earn the meanings of more than 30 other words! Once you know each word’s origin, you’l l begin to notice it in other words. A majority of English word 1) _______ come from La tin and Greek. Even English words that come from other langua ges like French or German are 87 sometimes originally Lati n anyway - so they were Latin first, then be came French or German and then they became Engl ish. Many words on this list have gone through a few la nguages before getting to English, but in this post we’ll focus on just one main 2) _______ . The “related words” sections give a sample of the other words you can learn using these origins, but there are many, many more out there. Most relat ed words are broken down into their own origins, which are de fined and then pointed out in parentheses (like these). For example, if you see the words “togethe r (sym), ” you’ll know that the root sym means together. Simple! And now, the words! Greek phone Meaning: A phone is a device that’s used to 3) _______ with people from a distance (you might be using a phone to read this!). Origin: The English word phone is actually short for t elephone , which comes from the Greek words for sound ( phon ) and far away ( tele ). Related words: Homophones are words that sound ( phon ) the same ( homo ) but are spelled differently, li ke hear and here. If you like hearing nice things you might e njoy a symphony , which is when many instruments play t ogether ( sym ) to make a beautiful sound ( phon ) … usually. hyper Meaning: Someone who is hyper is very energetic and lively. Origin: Hyper actually a shortening of the word hyperactive , which combines the Greek word meaning “over, be yond” ( hyper ) and the Latin word for something that’s done ( act ). Related words: When someone tells you they’re so 4) ________ they could eat a horse, you know they’re just exaggerat ing by using a hyperbole - stretching the truth, like throwing ( bole ) something too far ( hyper ) . No matter how e xciting someone’s hyperbole is, try not to hyperventilate ! T hat means to breathe or blow out air ( ventilate ) too much ( hy per ) in a way that makes you dizzy. 88 sync Meaning: When a few things happen at the same time or in the same way, they’re іn sync . This word is a shorteni ng of the word synchronize , but it’s used alone nowadays a s a verb (your phone apps might even sync to make sure your files are up to date). Origin: Sync comes from a Greek word that 5) ________ to be together ( sym or syn ). Related words: A synopsis is a summary of something like a movie or a play. It’s a way for everyone to see ( opsis ) the meaning together ( syn ). Synopsis and summary are actuall y synonyms , which are words that share the 6) ______ ( syn ) meaning but have a different sound or name ( onym ). Stay away from a play if the synopsis says t he actor s lip- sync . That means they move thei r lip s ( lip ) together ( syn ) with the music without actually c reating the sounds themselves. air Meaning: Air is all around us. It’s the invisible ga s that creates our atmosphere. Without air, we wouldn’t be able to breathe! Origin: The word air has gone through a few languages before endi ng up in English, but it probably comes 7) _______ the Gre ek word aer , which means to blow or breathe. You ca n actually find words that use both aer and air . Related words: In airplane is a relatively flat object (plane) t hat flies in the air ( air ). Airplanes are aerodynamic , which means they use the air ( aer ) to power ( dynamic ) thei r flight. Don’t forget to look down when you’re in that plane, since ae rial (of the air) views are pretty amazing! Latin dense Meaning: Something dense is packed tightly or very t hick. For example, a fog can be so dense , or thick, that you 8) ______ see much through it. Origin: Dense comes from the Latin for “thic k” ( densus ). Related words: You can see condensation when evaporate d water molecules 89 join together ( con ) and becomes thi ck ( dens ) enough to form droplets. Density is the measure of how thi ckly packed ( dens ) something is, like people or things in one space. finish Meaning: To finish something means to be done wit h it. In a few seconds you’ll be finished reading this sent ence. Origin: Finish comes from the Latin word fi nis which means “end.” In many words, this is shortened to fin . Related words: You’ve probably defined a lot of vocabulary words in your English learning, which means you’ve looke d 9) ______ what the words mean. You could say that you’ve brought an e nd (both d and fin ) , to your lack of understanding! Don’t worry, there’s a finite number of words in English, which i s a noun ( ite ) that means something tha t has a limit or end ( fin ). If English were infinite , or without ( i n ) a limit, we would be learning it forever! form Meaning: The form of something is its 10) _______ . As a verb, the word to form means to create something i n a specific shape. Origin: The word form comes from the Latin words for a mol d ( forma ) and the Latin verb to form or to cre ate ( formare ). Related words: Many jobs and schools require people to wea r a uniform , which is clothing that all looks the same or has one ( uni ) style ( form ) . When places don’t have strict rules about what clot hes to wear, they’re informal , or without ( in ) a spe cific shape ( form ). letter Meaning: A letter is a symbol that represe nts a sound in a language, like a, b, c, or the rest of the alphabet. A l etter is also a message you write and send to someone. E-mails a re digital letters ! Origin: In Latin, a letter was call ed a littera , and the lit and lit er parts of this word appear in many English words that are related to letters . Related words: If you’re reading this, you’re literate - you know how to rea d ( liter ). You probably read literature (books) a nd hopefully don’t take fiction too literally (seriously and exact ly). All these words are forms of the stem liter , but their 11) _______ turn them into someone who reads ( lit erate ), something that 90 exists ( literature ) , and someone who doe s things to the letter ( literally ). part Meaning: A part is a piece of a whole, something that isn’t complete . In verb form, the word to part means to divide or re move something. Origin: This word comes from the Latin partire or part iri , which means to divide or share among others. Related words: Somebody impartial has no ( im ) opinion about some thing (they take no part in the debate). You can be impartial about whether you live in a house or in apartment . An apartment is the result ( ment ) of dividing a 12) _______ into smal ler spaces ( part ) . Wherever you live, make sure it’s safe - you wouldn’t want to put your family in jeopardy , which is a dangerous situation or, according 13) _______ the ori ginal definition, an evenly divided ( part ) gam e ( jeo ) . voice Meaning: Your voice is the sound you use to speak. You can also voice , or state, an opinion. Origin: The Latin word for voice is vox , and the word for “ to call” is vocare . These two related words 14) _______ the origin of a number of English words related to speech or voi ces. They usually include the root voc or vok . Related words: In advocate is someone who calls ( voc ) ot hers to help him ( ate ) support a cause or a person. Even someone who means well might end up provoking someone who doesn’t 15) _______ with them. To provoke someone means t o call someone ( vok ) forward ( pro ) and challenge them i n a way that usually makes them angry. Old Norse loft Meaning: A loft is a room right under the roof or veryhigh up in a building. The loft in a house is usually used for 16) _______ , 91 but building lofts are rented out as (usual ly smaller) living spaces. Origin: The Old Norse word for air or sky was lopt , which is wri tten as loft in English. Related words: Something aloft is up in ( a ) the air ( loft ). If some thing is very tall, you would say it’s lofty , which i s the adjective form оf loft . In the same way, someone lofty ha s a very high ( loft ) opinion of themselves, which makes the m act proud or snobbish. French question Meaning: Asking a question means trying to get i nformation about something. Questions end in question marks (? ). Origin: Originally from Latin, English borrowed t he Old French word question and never gave it back. The word m eans “to ask” or “to seek,” and it shows up in a number of ways i n other words, from quire to quest . This one can be tough to spot since it switches 17) _______ using the French and L atin versions of the word. Related words: Some fantasy 18) _______ have the main chara cters going on a quest , or a long and difficult search ( quest ) for something. Maybe you’re more interested 19) _______ murder mystery books, which often have in inquest , or an officia l investigation ( quest ) into ( in ) some one’s suspicious death. If these types of books sound interesting, you can i nquire , or ask ( quest ) about ( in ) them at your local library. liberty Meaning: Liberty is the state of being free . The Statue of Liberty in New York is a symbol of 20) _______ . Origin: Another originally Latin word, libert y found its way into English through the Old French liberet e , usually shortened to lib . Related words: A liberator is a person ( ator ) who sets others free ( lib ) from a situation like 21) _______ , jail or a bad l eader. Becoming free means being open to changes, so it he lps if you’re liberal - someone with a personality ( al ) tha t’s open to ( lib ) new ideas or ways of thinking. 92 gusto Meaning: Doing something with gusto means real ly enjoying it and being enthusiastic about it. Origin: The Italian word gusto actually m eans taste, and comes from the Latin for taste, gustus . Related words: You won’t do something with gusto if you find it disgust ing . That’s the negative feeling you ge t about something you think is 22) _______ - literally, without ( dis ) tast e ( gust ) . Arabic Check Meaning: To check means to take a close look at somethi ng, or to make sure of something (verify it). For example, be fore you leave for work in the morning you might check that you ha ve everything you need. Check can also be use d as a verb that means to stop or slow something down. Origin: The word check has an interesting history, moving from language to 23) _______ and changing its meani ng a little with each one. The word is originally from Persian and then Arabic, where it meant “king.” Over time, the word start ed being used in the game of chess and was de fined as “to control.” Eventually the word’s mea ning changed to what it is today. So much history in such a small word! Related words: Leaving something unchecked mea ns leaving something without ( un ) limits or 24) _______ ( check ). If you leave weeds to grow unchecked in your yard, for example , they’ll take over and destroy your other plants. The word check on its own also refers to a piece of paper worth a c ertain amount of money (you write checks to pay 25) _______ ). A used to be a ticket given to people atte nding outdoor events that had to be stopped because of rain. Today a rainche ck is just a promise to do something another time. 6. Explain the meanings of the following Ver bs: W h i c h v e r b m e a n s . . . 1 to sho ut an gri ly an d wil dly a s if m ad? a ) to s c a m p e r 2 to bur n ski n and f les h by co nta ct wi th ho t liq uid o r b ) to rave 93 vapour? 3 to run q uic kly wi th sho rt ste ps? c ) to tr udge 4 to walk v ery uns teadi ly? d ) to r ec it e 5 to shine strongly and brilliantly? e ) to scald 6 to r ep ea t al ou d, u su al ly f ro m me mo ry ? f ) to blaze 7 t o s h i n e b r i gh t l y i n s m a l l f l a s h e s , f o r e x a m p l e , a dia mond ? g ) to glitter 8 to walk s lowly a nd with ef fort? h ) to st agge r 7. Find the mistake in each line. Mackintosh 1 Do you know what mackintosh is? Of course, you do. 2 But do know that the word “Mackintosh” is a surname? 3 In 1823, in Scotland lived a man whose name were Charles 4 Mackintosh. It often rains in Great B ritain, 5 and Charles Mackintosh got wet quite often. 6 One day he rubberized his coat and it be came waterprof. 7 Many of his friends liked his coat and aske d him rubberize 8 their coats too. Soon many people began t o rubberize 9 its coats and they called t hose coats “mackintoshes”. 8. Read the text “Foreign Placenames” and form the new wor ds with the help of affixes. The names of countries, and of the world’s most 1) ________ ( to import ) cities and natural features, ha ve always been translated into 2) _____ ( to vary ) languages. Just as the French language calls London Londres and the Uni ted States the États-Unis, so English uses Italy for the count ry which its 3) _______ ( to inhabit ) call Italia, and both English and French c all its capital Rome rather tha n Roma. Even if we do not change the 4) ________ ( to spell ) of fore ign placenames, we often modify their 5) __________ ( to pronounce ) for our own comfort , pronouncing Paris, for instance, to rhyme with t he English surname Harris. 94 But all of this seems to be changing. T he English language anglicize s the pronunciation of placenames less than it did even a 6) ________ ( to generate ) ago. Whether because of increased forei gn travel or from a becoming increase in 7) ________ ( nation ) modesty, we now try to pronounce Marseille s and Rheims more or less as their citizens do, where as our forebears made them rhyme with Wales and Dreams. We also have to learn t he names of many towns in their own languages, if only to catch the right plane to Geneva or Florence when the a irport 8) ________ ( to depart ) board announces flights to Genf or Fire nze. 9. How London’s Streets were Named? symbol body like restaurants wave cross from village district against century called new Circus outskirts Let’s start from Piccadilly 1) __________ , a s many visitors do. Why “ Piccadilly ”? Nobody is quite sure. Some think that t he name comes 2) _______ a house, in what is now Great Windmill Street, owned by a 17 th century tailor. T he tailor grew rich by making the high col lars 3) _________ “ peckadills ” or “ picadills ”. His home was nickname d “ Piccadilly Hall ”. Why “ Soho ”? No one, however, can explain “ Soho ” convincingly. It may have been a hunting call, 4) ________ “ Tally-ho ” or “ So-ho! ” One t hing that is known for certain: Duke of Mormouth, who owned a mansion i n Soho Square (when the square was brand 5) _______), chose “ Soho ” as a watchword for his troops at the battle of Sedgemoor in 1685, when he rebelled 6) ________ James II. Haymarket was just what its name suggests: the site of the Na tional Gallery was occupied by royal stables. In 1685 thousands of Fre nch Protestants came to England and settled in London and its 7) ________. Duri ng the French Revolution of 1793 great numbers of the French constitute s the second 8) ________ of emigrants. 95 Pall Mall and the Mall are said to be nam ed after a game, called “ pai lle- maille ” in French, and introduced int o England in the 17 th 9) _________ . Charing Cross is one of the oldest spots in London. There was a small 10) _________ here once. The villagers used to cha r wood, making charcoal of it. That is why the village was called Charing . In the 13 th ce ntury when the English Queen Eleanor died, her husband wanted her 11) __________ be t aken to Westminster Abbey, to be buried there. At every place where the funeral procession stopped a wooden 12) ______ was put. The last place where they stopped was Charing , and si nce then the place is called Charing Cross . Mayfair is a 13) _________ of wealth, of elegance , of style and of quality. The best and the most expensive shops, 14) _________ and theatres are located here. Up to the 18 th century this was all country land. The biggest fair was held here every year in May , and that is why thi s 15) ________ was called Mayfair . All London’s long-past history is told by its st reets and district names. 10. Read the text “Do you know that …” and form the new words with the help of affixes. 1. Albion is a Roman name for Great Brit ain, rarely used after the 19 th century. 2. Balti cuisine is a fusion 1) _______ ( to cook ) range of Indian style dishes using certain sets of spices and sauc es, invented in England. “Balti kievs” are sold in several supermarke t chains in the UK. 96 3. Bangers is a popular name for British sausage s, but also used in the singular to mean an old car in poor condit ion. 4. Bank Holiday Most holidays are national holidays and are called Bank Holidays, because banks and 2) _______ ( to govern ) offices normall y close on those days. 5. Beefeaters is the popular name for the monarch’s guard soldi ers at the Tower of London. 6. Black cab is the popular name for a licensed t axi, more 3) _______ ( correct )correctly called a Hackney Carri age. 7. Bobbies is the old-fashioned popular name for the pol ice, after the Home Secretary who introduced then in the 18 th century, Sir Robert Peel. Bobby is a diminutive of Robe rt. 8. Boxing Day is December 26 th , the second day of Christ mas. 9. Camelot is the probably 4) _______ ( myth ) castle of King Arthur, becoming an essential part of the legend in Victorian times. 10. Chicken TikkaMasala (CTM) is a fusion dish of roast marinated chic ken, Indian tikka, with a sauce based on garam massala spices, probably 5) _______ ( to invent ) in Glasgow, Scotland. 11. Chocolate limes are boiled sweets with a lime -flavoured outer shell and a chocolate centre. 97 12. Christmas crackers are tubes of 6) _______ ( to decorate ) carton that pull apart with a bang to reveal a gift, joke on a slip of pa per and a party hat. 13. City of London or Square Mile is the 7) _______ ( origin ) central city of L ondon, now primarily a 8) _______ ( finance ) and 9) _______ ( bank ) centre. 14. Cockney is a Londoner generally, but more acc urately, someone born in a particular small area of Ea st London, within hearing of the bells of Bow Church. 15. Consequences is a game in which each player wri tes the first line of a story on a piece of paper and then passes it to t he next 10) _______ ( to play ) who writes the second line, and so on. Ea ch player folds the paper so that the next player cannot see what is alrea dy written. The result is a number of crazy and ofte n 11) _______ ( fun ) stories, the stories follow a patte rn that always begins with the names of two people and ends with the sentence “And the consequence was …” 16. Cornish pasty is a savoury pie with meat and veget able filling from Cornwall, but originally made half with a sa vory filling and half with a sweet filling for shepherds. 17. Cream tea is an afternoon meal consisting of te a and scones eaten with clotted cream and jam. Cre am teas are 12) _______ ( tradition ) in Devon and Cornwall in south-west England and a re popular with visitors and tourists. 18. Scones are small cakes made with fl our, fat and milk. 19. CTMkievs 98 is a chicken wrapped around a chicken t ikka masalacentre, bread- crumbed and deep-fried; fusion cookery. 20. Custard is a milk, egg, cornflower and vanilla sauce eaten hot with a variety of sweet pudding. 21. Don most often senior members of staff at Oxford or C ambridge colleges but now often applied to m ost university 13) _______ ( to teach ). 22. Easter Bunny is an Americanized cute versi on of the ancient fertility symbol of a hare, breeding traditionally a t Easter. 23. Fish and Chip Shop is a shop selling freshly-cooked chips and fi sh, pies and black pudding, often with a range of other simila r food, cooked whenever possible in a deep-fat-fryer. It is a traditional B ritish dish. It consists of fish which is covered in ba tter (= a mixture of flour and milk) and fried in deep fat. Thi s is served with chips (= long thin pieces of fried potato). It is quite a cheap meal, which people usually buy at a fish and chip shop and t ake away 14) _______ ( to wrap ) in paper. 24. Gatwick is the capital city’s sec ond major airport, serving about 21 million passengers a year. A field here was first li censed for recreational use by light aircraft in 1930. It was devel oped as a commercial airport in 1934-1935, and was the first in the world t o have its own rail link; the Southern Railwa y opened a station in 1935, joined to the terminal 15) _______ ( to build ) by a subway. Gatwick 16) _______ ( subsequent ) became the world’s busiest single-runway airport, but there are now controve rsial plans for a second runway. 25. Gingerbeer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavoured wit h ginger. 99 26. Haggis is a Scottish traditional dish of m ixed, minced offal baked in a sheep’s stomach with suit, oatmea l and other ingredients. Regarded either as a delic acy or an abomination with few neutra l 17) _______ ( to observe ). 27. Happy Families is a children’s card game playe d with a special pack of cards with pictures of various families on them . There are four members in each family: a man, his wife, t heir son and their daughter. The aim of the game is to collec t as many complete famili es as possible. If you have one member of the family already, you can ask somebody if, they have another membe r, e.g. “Mr Bun, the Baker” or “Miss Pill, the Doctor’s daughte r”, and if they do, they have to give the card to you. 28. Highland dress is the traditional costume worn by 18) _______ ( Scots ) men on formal occasions or as a milita ry uniform. Its main parts are a tartan kilt (= a man’s skirt with fol ds that reaches to the knees), a sporran (= a flat bag made of fur or leather ha nging in front of the kilt), and a small knife which is st uck in the top of one of the stockings. 29. Iron Lady is a popular nickname for Margaret Tha tcher, used both by her supporters and her opponents. 30. The Knowledge is the mandatory 19) _______ ( to examinate ) given to pot ential taxidrivers in London to test their knowl edge of the streets and buildings of Greater London. No licence i s given until the candidate passes this extreme ly strict test. 31. Les Rosbifs is the French colloquial nickname for the Briti sh, 20) _______ ( literal ) “the roast-beefs”. 100 32. Limeys is the American colloquial name for the Brit ish, after the limes they took on ships to give them vitami n C and combat the disease scurvy. 33. Lions of Anjou is the original banner of King Richa rd the Lionheart, still used as a national symbol of England. 34. May King and May Queen is a 21) _______ ( symbol ) male and female monarchs chosen during a May Day celebration, to govern over t he festivities. 35. May tree or Maypole is the symbol around which villagers da nced, during part of the May Day 22) _______ ( to celebrate ). 36. Mincemeat and mince pies meat was in the Middle Ages a word t o describe all manner of foodstuffs - the former now uses the contemporary use of me at while the latter is a mixture of preserved fruits cooked toge ther in a thick sweet sauce. 37. Oxbridge is a term used to denote the two top uni versities in England, from - a 23) _______ ( to combine ) of their names, Oxford and Cambridge. 38. Pancake race is a race in which people carry panc akes in frying pans and repeatedly toss them (= throw the m into the air so that they land the other way up in the pan) as they run. Tossing pa ncakes is the traditional way of cooking them on both si des. Pancake races take place in many parts of Britai n on Shrove Tuesday. 39. Ploughman’s lunch is a plate of bread, cheese, sala d, pickle and pickled onion often served in pubs at lunchtime. It is a light meal often served in pubs and usually eaten in the middle of the day. It consists of cheese 101 (or sometimes cold cooked meat), bre ad and butter, salad and pickles (=a mixture of fruit and ve getables preserved in vinegar). Its name was invented in the ea rly 1970s to suggest the sort of food traditionally eaten by people working the fields: I’ll have a Cheddar ploughman’s please. 40. Pooh ( W i n n i e - t h e - Pooh) is the main character in A. A. Milne’s children’s stories, Winnie- the-Pooh (1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Pooh is a bear who is not very 24) _______ ( intellect ) but very fri endly. He enjoys eating, singing songs, and playing with hi s friends, including Christopher Robin, Piglet and Eeyore. 41. Public Schools are private, fee-paying schools, despit e the name. 42. Pullman is a 25) _______ ( comfort ) railway carriage, ofte n with beds for passengers to sleep in during journeys at ni ght. It was developed by George Pullman (1831–1901) who built the Pioneer Sl eeping Car Company in 1863 and formed the Pullm an Palace Car Company in 1867. From 1985, British Rail a pplied the name “Pullman” to its first-class c arriages serving meals, drinks, etc. 43. Reddouble- deckerbus is the Routemaster bus charac teristic of London. 44. Simnel cake is a rich fruit cake associate d with Lent and 26) _______ ( mother ) Sunday which falls in that peri od. In some areas simnel cakes are made for Easter, like а куліч . 45. Tartare sauce is a sauce made from mayonnaise a nd very finely chopped capers, gherkins and other proprietary ingredients. 46. Toadin the Hole are British sausages baked in a Yorkshire pudding-style batte r, a London dish often served with onion gravy. 47. Union Flag 102 is the correct name for the flag of the United Kingdom and 27) _______ ( north ) Ireland. A “jack” and hence “Union Jack” is strictly the name only for a flag hung from a ship’s mast. 48. West End is the theatre district of London, se cond only to Broadway, New York, in 28) _______ ( to import ). 49. Yorkshire pudding is a 29) _______ ( to bake ) dish from pancake batter, 30) _______ ( usual ) bowl shaped. 50. Yule cake or Christmas cake is a rich fruit cake, often with adde d brandy, eaten at Xmas. 51. Yule log traditionally a log burned in a grat e at Xmas but today most likely to be a chocolate cake on the sha pe of a log, again to be eaten at Xmas. 11. Read the text “Makaton” and insert the correct wor d from the tables. slow wonderful country stories expression communicating letters adults ideas invented problems hear Did you use Makaton when you were a child? Many pe ople did. Today over 100,000 people, children and 1) ____________ use it in more t han forty countries! So, what is Makaton? And which 2) ____________ speaks it? In fact, it isn’t a normal language. There isn’t a country where peopl e speak Makaton because it’s an 3) ____________ language . But it is very useful to a lot of people. In 1970 three researchers at the Royal Colle ge for Deaf People invented the language for people who had problems 4) __________. It was for people who could not 5) ______, people who had learning problems, pe ople who had problem communicating, and especial ly, for young children who were 6) ________ learning to speak. 103 Makaton uses movements of the hand and body, a nd 7) ___________ on the face together with the spoken words to com municate. It’s possible to comm unicate more than 7.000 8) __________! When the speaker starts to use spoken language (like a young child) he uses Makaton and words a nd stops using Makaton completely. For other people with bi gger 9) ________, Makaton helps them “talk” to other people. For example, it ca n help them take part in game s, read and tell 10) _________, and show how they are feeling. Margaret Walker, Katherine Johnstone and Tony Comforth created the language and their 11) __________ idea helps a lot of people today. The na me of the language is the first 12) ________ of their names. 12. Find the mistake in each line. Hooligan 1 Do you know the word “Hooligan”? Yes, you knows the 2 word and you don’t like hooligans, course. 3 But do you know that Hooligan were an Engli sh surname? In 4 1890 there lived in London a man what surnam e was 5 Hooligan. He was a very bad man and he behave d so badly, 6 that soon everybody in London know him and talked a bout 7 him. When somebody begin to behave badly, pe ople said, 8 “Oh, he behaves like Hooligan”, and a new word wa s born. 9 You can find this word not only English 10 but in some other languages to. 13. Read the text “American English” and complete the gaps by c orrect words. More than 265 million people live i n the USA and 1) s______ English. There are more native speakers of English there than in any othe r country. English is the main 2) l_______ of the Unit ed States and is spoken by the great majority of US residents. However ne arly 32 million residents aged fi ve or older speak a language other than Engl ish at home. Of this total, approxim ately 54 per cent speaks Spanish, making it the 3) s________ most widely spoken language in the United States. Other langua ges spoken include Chinese, Polish, Korea n, 104 Vietnamese, Portuguese, Japanese, Gre ek, Arabic, Hindi, Russian, Ukrainian, Yiddish, Persian, French and many others. When visitors first come to the USA, the y become 4) a_______ with the American way of life, American c ulture, and, of course, with American la nguage. The development of American Engl ish is closely connected with the history of the 5) c_________. There was not much purity in the English language brought by the Pilgrim group to America. On the other 6) h_____ , there is a historic al fact that the “Mayflower” passengers, who are often chosen a s the illustrative exampl e, went from England not directly to Americ a but to Holland. Thus, when the “Mayflower” went to the New World c arrying 202 passengers, representing two thirds of the entire pilgrim population, it carrie d 7) p______ who could hardly have represented the regional diale cts of England. The great majority of America n immigrants came from the southe ast of England, and, perhaps by sheer bulk of numbers, they domi nated the speakers of any other dialects present. Although t he 8) e______ groups from England came chiefly from relatively low soci al strata, they did not transplant the British class relationship. The extensive maritime borrowing and multi lingual 9) s_____ in early America brought about many words, which can onl y be explained in terms of two or three languages. Let’s trace the 10) o_______ of the word: Yank ee . In the maritime trade, which was so vit ally important to early Ameri can English, a Dutch sailor was sometimes known as Jank e ( “Little John” ). On the other 11) h________, Yankee is an Indian pronunciation of the word E nglish . Thus the word Yankee meaning “ 10) i________ of the USA” came out of a multiet hnic, multilingual contact situat ion. The first English 12) s______ to arrive met Nat ive Americans who spoke many different languages. To trade wi th them, the Europeans learned words from the local languages, and some of these words became part of Ameri can 13) English E_______ . Native Americans a lso worked as guides, leading the European traders around the country. The Europe ans learned the Native Ameri can names for the places they were passing t hrough. Over half the states now have Native American 14) n______ . American E nglish is very flexible and has absorbed many words from the languages of immigra nts. Modern Americans must recognize the ir debt to American Indian language s for such words as “moccasin , raccoon , skunk , moose , toboggan” and m any others, which entered American English be cause of the colonists’ need to descri be things that were 15) u_______ to them. From Native Americans through Spanish cam e new terms for 16) exotic e_________ foods: “tomatoes , avocado , barbecue , chilli” . Other Indian te rms soon became part of the vernacular: “to go on the war pat h , to bury the hatchet , pipe of peace , snake dance , fire water” . At lea st half of the states have Native American names, as do countless c ities, counties, rivers, lakes, and ot her place 17) n_________. Settlers from different countries lived there , and they didn’t want to 105 use the names brought by others. Native American 18) w______ , to them , sounded more neutral. African borrowings include “banjo , zombie” etc. The languages of other colonizing nat ions also contributed to the Engli sh of the New World. Thus from Dutch it rece ived cherry “pit , boss , snoop , cookie , sugar bush and waffle” . Even “Santa Claus” is a ttributable to the Dutch sett lers of the New York 19) r______ . Spanish did not have an extensive influence on the American English vocabulary until the nineteenth 20) c______ . Such words as “mosquito , Negro” etc. were 21) b______ in early c olonial days. The westward movement, the Gold Rush, the Spanish-Ame rican War, and the popularizat ion of “the Western” in 22) m______ and on tele vision have brought “lasso , siesta , rancho , corral , mustang , canyon” into American E nglish. The recent influences of French are largely from south-western Louisiana, where French is still 23) s______ by half a mi llion people. This area, settl ed originally by displaced French sett lers from Nova Scotia in the eight eenth century; among them are “banquette , pirogue and prali ne” . It was mid-nineteenth century before German borrowings were very extensive. It may seem strange, pe rhaps, that a Germanic language should later be influenced by German - but such is the fat e of a borrowing 24) t______, lots of Americans know and use the words “kindergarten , dunk , delicatessen” etc. American English has borrowed less ac tively from other languages. When a word is borrowed, it is usually a term for whic h there is no English 25) e________ . American English has borrowed many nam es for foreign 26) f______ and eating customs from the Itali an “spaghetti , pizza” . Some of these te rms became widely used, while others st ill show the nationality of the ir users. American vs British American British Eggplant Aubergine Estate Car Station Wagon Chips Crips Can Tin French fries Chips Ground meat Mincemeat Hood (of a car) Bonnet Highway Motorway High Street Main Street Jelly Jam Kerosene Paraffin License Plate Number Plate Lawyer Solicitor 106 Line Queue Mail Post Meat grinder Mincer Napkin Serviette Potato chips Crisps Period Full stop Pacifier Dummy Trunk Boot Truck Lorry Vacation Holiday Windshield Windscreen Zebra Crossing Crosswalk Zucchini Courgette 14. Find the American equivalent. subway cab apartment corporation downtown highway attorney baggage jelly line mail post napkin soccer railroad round-trip ticket salesman ticket-office one-way ticket fall gas zebra crossing period potato chips kerosene schedule trash bag fancet vacations movie truck stove drapes cookies candy flashlights pacifier Return ticket, film, crosswalk, shop a ssistant, company, dustbin bag, autumn, tap, petrol, holidays, lorry, torch, c ooker, curtains, serviette, city c entre, jam, underground, full stop, biscuits, crisps, ti me-table, luggage, taxi, footbal l, paraffin, sweets, railway, motorway, la wyer, flat, single ticket, booking offic e, dummy, queue, post. 15. There are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adve rbs in the following text. Put the underlined words in the columns under the proper headings. Juan was a Spanish student. He wanted to go to B ritain where he could speak English with real English people. Hi s sister’s husband was an Englishman, and they lived in England. When Juan wrote t o his sister, she brightly invited him t o stay with them. She met him at the airport early in the morning and, of c ourse, spoke Spanish all the time. “Never mind”, he thought, “the husba nd speaks 107 English ...”. But this Englishman spoke Spanish too. Juan’s sister had only Spanish friends and Juan did not speak a word of English while he was staying with her. One morning, Juan saw the young postman and was very gl ad to see him. He quickly opened the door and said “Good morning”. T he postman said “Good morning” and walked away. At last Juan’s bi g day came. One of his sister’s friends was going to have a party and invited Juan t o it. “I shall meet English pe ople at last and really speak English with them ”, he thought. When the party began, a be autiful girl came up to him and said, “How nic e that you are Spanish. I am having a Spanish examination soon. I can practi se on you”. And in Spanish she invited him to dance. From that moment Juan stoppe d trying to speak English. “I must go to another town if I want to speak English”, he sadly said to himself. Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb 16. Find the silent letters. For example - Have you ever seen a g host? 1. Brighton is full of foreign students. 2. What do you do at Christmas ? 3. We are going on holidays to one of the Greek Islands . 4. My muscles are killing me after pl aying football yesterday. 5. I don’t know how she did it. 6. They read in the newspaper about a new bomb . 7. I can’t stand Anne; she never listens to anything you say. 8. We’ll pop round in an hour if you are not doing anything. 9. I’d like a cheese sandwich , plea se. 10. Then guests will be offered some cavi ar and broiled salmon . 11. Don’t forget to add almond to the tart. 12. The cashier gave me a receipt and I came up t o the shop assistant. 13. There are many high trees in our park. 14. She got on her hands and knees and scrubbed the dirt off with a scrubbing brush. 17. Read the text “The Mystery Called a Coma” and complete i t with missing words. study native case remains 108 forgotten Chinese say surprise also school speak explain In April 2010, a young Croatian girl woke up from a short coma and to everyone’s 1) ________ started communicati ng only in German. It was strange how the girl had completely 2) ________ her na tive Croatian. Her neurologist tri ed to 3) ________ it with the fact that she ha d studied German in high 4) _________ . This case is shrouded in mystery and 5) ________ unexpl ained by science. But this is not the only 6) ________ . In 1960s, in Bulgaria, there was a similar case with a man who was 7) ________ in a coma. He started spe aking in Old French without being able to 8) _______ a world in his 9) ________ language . In 2014, a 22-year- old Australian also woke up from a coma a nd the only language he could 10) _______ was Mandarin. He had to 11) _________ English all ove r again. After a while, he started hosting a program in 12) ________ in which he presented the Australian culture. The Pronoun 1. Choose the correct form of the pronoun. 1. Everyone but ( we, us ) used a typewriter. 2. The person ( who, whom ) I vote for must have experi ence. 3. It was Tetiana and ( she, her ) who made the arra ngement. 4. Ihor resented ( Petro’s, Petro ) losing the paper. 5. Everybody left some food on ( their, his, her ) pla te. 6. Mariia and ( I, me ) would rather go to the m ovies. 7. Serhii ( he, himself ) went to the m eeting. 8. Yes, it was ( I, me ) who made that pumpkin pi e. 9. You’ll stick ( you, your, yourself ) with t he pins if you are not careful. 10. All of us can play except Svitlana and ( she, her ). 11. ( Yours, your ) record is scratched and ( my. mine ) too. 12. Everyone knew ( who, whom ) the astronauts were . 13. Our family and ( they, them ) know each ot hers for years. 14. Was it you or ( she, her ) who bought the tennis rac ket? 2. Put in a suitable pronoun. 1. My sister is older than _______ 2. They like her more than _______ 3. We ate more than _______ 4. Can you speak French as well as _______ 109 5. Nothing happened while I was away, did _______ ? 6. I don’t know ______ she is going out with now. 7. “Who greeted each child by name ?” “It was _______ - Santa Clause”. 3. Choose the correct word from in brackets. 1. If everyone comes to the party, it wil l be impossible to accommodat e ( them, him ). - them 2. The faculty argued among ( itself , themselves ) over the curriculum . - themselves 3. Either Taras or Roman will bri ng ( their, his ) microphone. - his 4. Both Stepan and Ivan made ( his, thei r ) own trout files. - their 5. Each of the girls will finish ( her, t heir ) biology assignment. - her 6. The swarm of hornets has abandoned ( its, the ir ) nest. - its 7. The committee is discussing ( its, their ) report tomorrow. - its 8. Some of the girls have brought ( their, her ) own lunch. - its 9. Either the parents or your friend will gi ve you ( his, their ) cardigan. - his 10. He never puts anything back in ( its, his ) pl ace. - its 4. Add a , some or any , if needed, in the blank spaces. 1. Would you like _______ ice cream? 2. Ask your financial director for ______ informati on. 3. You need _______ sharp knife to ______ meat. 4. They give him ____ good advice, but he didn’t t ake ____ notice. 5. It is _____ bit stuffy in here. I feel like ______ fre sh air. 6. I’ll do ______ washing up tomorrow, but today there isn’t ______ moment to spare for ______ other business. 110 6. SECRETS OF POLIGLOTS Vocabulary accent decipher memorable recitation acronyms declarative memory memorization repeating things alliteration descent memory reside Ambassador desktop apps memory consolidation retention American Sign Language effortlessly Mello Method retrograde amnesia amnesia elaborative encoding memory decay ripples amygdala encounter memory loss salivating Ancient Hebrew ( Biblical Hebrew ) flashcards memory palace savvy antidote fluency mental aerobics shortcuts association fluently mental arithmetic short-term memories auditory learning Goethe-Institut mind maps skillsets bidirectional translation Goldlist method mindset slugs bilingual texts grasp mnemonic device spaced repetition body language handy study technique multilingualism spoken language brain trauma Hausa multiple numbers stick brain tumor hippocampus nerve cells striatum brain’s cortex hyperglot neurons surmise brainstorming techniques hyperpolyglots nondeclarative memory Swahili bully imagery Ojibwe synced up Cantonese immersion Pashto temporal lobes Catalan implicit memory patting a duck on the head temporarily malleable memory cell assemblies indigo peer learning tensing up cellular machinery infographics perks Thai chunking insight pinpoint theology clumping islamophobia podcast to date = until now common knowledge Kinyarwanda polyglot trat consciously Kiswahili 60 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) triggers contagious 28 linguistics procedural memories visual Whiteboard copywriting long-term potentiation pronunciation whopping cortex make an effort quizlet Wolof credentials Manx quizzing Xhosa Creole medial temporal lobe raw inputs Yiddish curtails Mello Method recall fades 111 1. Read the text “Some Ways to Improve Your Memory” and choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). A good memory is often seen as something t hat comes naturally, and a bad memory as something that cannot be changed, but actually there is a lot that you can do to improve your memory. However it does m ean taking responsibity and making an effort. Here are the expert s’ top tips. We all remember the things we are interest ed in and forget the ones that bore us. This no doubt explains the reason why schoolboys reme mber football results effortlessly bur struggle with dates from t heir history lessons! Take an acti ve interest in what you want to remem ber, and focus on it consciously. One way to make yourself more interested is to ask questions - the more the bet ter. Repeating things is the best wa y to remember things for a short time, e .g. remembering a pnone number for a few seconds. Multiple numbers would be impossible for most for us to remember: 1492178919318483. But look at them in “chunks”, and it becomes much easi er 1492 1789 1931 8483. Another way to make something more me morable is to think about somethi ng visual associated with it. Desi gn a mental picture and the st ranger the picture the better you will remember it! If a n English person studying Spanish wanted to remember the Spanish word fo duck , “ pato ” , he / she could associate it with the English verb “ to pat ” and imagine a picture of someone patting a duck on the head. To remember long lists, try inventi ng a story which includes all the i tems you want to remember. In experimets, pe ople were asked to remember up to 120 words using this technique and when they were a sked to remember up to 120 words using using this technique and when they were t ested afterwards, on average they c ould remember ninety percent of them . If we organize what we know in a logical way then when we learn more about that subject we understand that be tter, and so add to our knowledge more easi ly. Make well-organized notes. Be sure t hings are clear in your mind. If not, ask questions until you understand! Many experts believe that listening to music he lps people to organize their ideas more clearly and so improves their memory. Sadly, not all sorts of musi c have the same effect. If you do not want to lose your memory as you get older you ne ed to keep your brain fit, just like your body: “use it or l ose it” is the experts’ advice . Logic puzzles, crosswords and mental arithmetic a re all good “mental aerobics”. Exercise is also important for your me mory, because it increases your hea rt rate and sends more oxygen to your brain, and that makes your memory work better. Exercise also reduces st ress which is very bad for the memory. The old saying that “eating fish m ake you brainy” may be true after a ll. Scientist have discovered that the fats found in fish like tuna, sardines and salmon 112 – as well as in olive oil – help t o improve the memory. Vitamins C and E (found in fruits like oranges, strawberries and re d grapes) and vitamin B (found in lean me at and green vegetables) are all good “ brain food”, too. 1. What is a good memory according to paragraph 1? A - a “gift” of nature at birth B - something stayng invariable C - a result of your self-perfection D - something easy to develop 2. Which of the following technique s for memorizing a lot of new words at a time is mentioned in the text ? A – asking people the meaning of these words B - drawing pictures of the meaning of t he words C – writing lists of associations wit h other words D – creating compositions with the new words 3. According to the text, which of the following statements is not true? A – Stress reduction has a negative influence on mem ory. B – “Mental aerobics” includes al l kinds of logic exercise. C – Understandable issues are remembered more e asily. D – Mindful memorizing is essential for remem bering items. 4. What is stated in the text? A – Being in good shape means having a good me mory. B – You can improve your memory. C – You can boost your brain work with medicines. D – Listening to different music bene fits your memory. 5. The author writes about the followi ng ways of improving memory except ________ ? A – eating certain food B – learning poems C – training it regularly D – doing sums 2. Complete the text with the adjective form of the word in brackets. One very 1) _______ ( memory ) experience I had was the t ime I went on a television quiz show. I answered most of the questions correctly, even so some were 2) ______ ( trick ), and I made it to the final! There was a 3) ________ ( to consider ) amount of money to be won, and I just had one more person to beat. It was 4) _______ ( to understand ) that both the other contestant sand I felt nervous. After all, it was 5) ________ ( evidence ) one of us was going to be a very 6) ________ ( wealth ) person in the next few minutes. At the final question was 113 asked, we both buzzed to answer … but I was too slow. I don’t regret my experience as it was a 7) ________ ( to signify ) event a nd taught mke that money isn’t everything. Sometimes the e xperience is almost as good as winning. 3. Read the text and complete by missing sentences. The Most Inspiring and Famous Polyglots in the World Polyglots, or Poliglots and poligot as they a re called in other languages, a re people who speak many languages. The word polygl ot comes from the Greek word poluglōttos, which literally me ans more than one tongue. Technical ly speaking, anyone who speaks more than one language is a polyglot. But most bilingua l people don’t consider themselves polygl ots. 1) ____________________ . This is the definition we’ll be relying on for t his article about the most inspi ring and famous polyglots. We have created a separate section for hyperpolygl ots, people who know 12 or more languages. We will start wi th the famous polyglots, then I will prese nt my selection of hyperpolyglots and we will finish off the list with abonus polyglot! Hyperpolyglots and polyglots are both term s that refer to people who can speak more than one language. Although some people think that the two terms mean the same thing, there is a small differenc e. We consider a polyglot to be fluent in more than three language s, whereas a hyperglot is a person who is proficient in a t least twelve languages. Olly Richards - is a language expe rt from United Kingdom who runs the blog I Will Teach You a Language , a very inte resting podcast and YouTube channel. He has eight languages (E nglish (native), Japanese, Cantonese , Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and Arabi c) under his belt and a lot of incredibly valuable tips to share on how to most effective ly learn a language. He is a fan of the Spaced Repetition Syst em and of flashcards. So much so, in fact, tha t he recently published a very positive review of the MosaLingua a pps. Our co-founder Luca had the chance to interview him recent ly, and picked up a lot of useful tips about how to immerse yourself in a language without moving abroad. 2) ____________________ . Benny Lewis – is one of the first name s that comes to mind is without a doubt Benny Lewis, also known as the Irish Polygl ot. He speaks English (native), Spanish, Esperanto, German, French, Itali an, Portuguese, Mandarin Chinese, American Sign Language, Dutch and Irish. B enny Lewis likes to define himse lf as a “fun-loving Irish guy, full-time globetrot ter and international bestsel ling author.” 3) ____________________ . Benny runs Fluent in 3 Months, one of the most popula r language learning blogs in the world. The project starte d with his challenge to live i n different countries and become conversational in the loc al language in just three months. Benny loves finding shortcuts to getti ng by in a language in a very short amount of 114 time. He also encourages people t o accept and embrace their m istakes, which are part of the learning process. Benny shares our passion for flashcards and the SRS method, so it’s no surprise that we like his work. How he learns language: talki ng, hacking the language, flashcards, SRS. Lidia Machova is from Slovakia. She has le arned seven languages (Slovak, Czech, English, German, Spanish, French, Pol ish, Esperanto, Russian, Swahili) without living abroad by using common polyglot methods. She uses her website as a way to help others do the same. Origina lly from Slovakia, Lydia is a langua ge mentor and professional interpreter. She believe s that the most important aspect of learning a language is being able to communicate in everyday sit uations. She emphasizes the importance of spe aking. This means that even if you don’t have a great command of spelling and gramm ar, you can still communicate . 4) ____________________ . How she learns language: starting wi th a book, lots of input, Goldlist method, various c ombinations of methods. Jimmy Mello , also known as “the Braz ilian Polyglot,” has his own language school in Brazil and writes books on la nguage, making full use of his two university degrees: Linguistics a nd Pedagogy. Unlike your typical Brazilia n person who loves soccer, Jimmy’s passion (and hobby) is learning languages. He knows Portuguese (native), English, Spanish, Italian, French, Catala n, Polish, Russian and Esperanto. Despite hi s extensive knowledge of language, he has surprisingly never lived abroa d. He attributes his language-lea rning capacity to motivation, dedi cation, and commitment. Jimmy has an inc redible energy and his real gift is being able to share his enthusiasm and passion for language s. He is the author of the Mello Method, which is entirely based on speaki ng the language you want to learn. 5) ____________________ . How he learns languages: speaking the m from an early stage, using flashcards and apps. Aaron Myers is from the USA. He is someone who wanted to be everything when he grew up, and that’s pretty much what happened. So far, he has been a white water rafting and adventure gui de, bus driver, religious worker in Mexico, waiter, Boy Scout camp program direc tor, ESL teacher and high school Engli sh teacher. After getting marrie d, he went back to university to get ESL teaching credentials, and that’s where he st arted being interested in langua ges. 6) ________________ . His spoken languages are English (nati ve), Turkish, and Spanish. Donovan Nagel from Australia, like most people, starte d learning a foreign language at school. And, like most people, he didn’t like it, nor was it trul y enough to learn a language. It was when he sta rted studying theology in college tha t he got a taste of what language learning should be like: enjoya ble. He first started with Ancient Hebrew and Greek, and moved on to Arabi c, Italian, Korean, Russian, and the list goes on. He combines his love for traveling, languages, and his wife by learning languages while travel ing abroad with her. 7) ____________________ . They’re both worth taking a look at! He spea ks English (native), Egyptian Arabic, MSA, Korean, Russian, Irish, Ancient Hebrew and Gre ek. 115 Donovan hails from Australia and is a bi g believer that you don’t need to know grammar to learn a language. He a rgues that the best way to learn a language is to copy the way we learned a langua ge as a kid. Even before their first gra mmar lesson, children learn by listening t o and imitating their parent s. His theory is that as children, we learn sentences i n fragments instead of individual words. For example, “look at that!” instead of “look,” “a t,” and “that” as individual words. Judith Meyer is from Germany. Judith is a polyglot who is also a computer programmer. Not being able to choose just one as her career, she killed two birds with one stone by making use of both skillset s to build programs for language learning. Which makes sense, for someone who was conversational in eight languages and could understand five comput er languages by her 18 th birthday! 8) ____________________ . She also highly recommends finding nati ve speakers to practice with and reinforce what you’ve learned. Her spoken languages: Germa n (native), English, French, Italian, E speranto, Chinese, Swahili, Greek, Spa nish, Indonesian and Dutch. Conor Clyne (Ireland) is another perfect example tha t shows that you don’t have to be born in a multilingual e nvironment to learn a language. He first started studying a foreign language when he was 21… Fast-forwa rd 10 years, and he now knows 11! After having lived in France for an Erasm us year, he saw that his French was improving. It was then that he realized that he wasn’t bad wit h languages, but rather that most schools aren’t good at teac hing languages (a common realization for famous polygl ots). Through his language-learning experience, he has learned the ri ght and wrong ways to learn a language. 9) ____________________ . His s poken languages are English (native ), French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutc h, Russian, Romanian, Irish and Catalan. Simon Ager is from Great Britain. Sim on speaks 11 languages at a conversational level and has basi c knowledge of another 13. He runs the Omniglot website, an encyclopedia of writi ng systems and languages, and also the Om niglot blog, where he writes about language and l inguistics. In other words, Simon loves languages. However, he was not taught langua ges as a young child. In fact, he only knew one language until he was 11. He started studying languages at school , then studied more languages for his undergraduate de gree, and that’s how it all starte d. He has lived in 6 different countries so far: England, Wales, France, Jersey, Taiwan and Japan. Despite truly dese rving his spot in this article on the most famous polyglots, he isn’t just interest ed in languages. 10) ____________________ . His spoken languages are English (native ), Mandarin Chinese, French, Welsh, Irish, German, Scot tish Gaelic, Manx, Japanese, Spani sh and Esperanto. Kerstin Cable is a German. Kerstin ha s accumulated a vast pool of knowledge about language learning. She bl ogs about new concepts, motivationa l tips and excellent technique s. She uses her own experience in learni ng new languages to give her readers amazing insight. You’ll love he r savvy advice and engaging writing. 116 11) ____________________. Additionally, she informs her readers that when you find the right resources and tools for you, la nguage learning can even become easy. Her spoken languages are German (native), French, Spanish and three others. Martin Boehme is from Germany. He cre ates interesting and informati ve posts on his blog “Polyglot” to share his insi der knowledge on studying languages. He writes simple but informative articl es that are easy to read and include tons of tactics and tips. One will find information on staying motivate d, getting the most out of your language classes, and his own int eresting anecdotes. Boehme has experience teac hing English to ESL students and has a dec lared love of linguistics in general. He a lso has a lot of experience in codi ng, which he has been doing for over ten years. 12) ____________________ . His spoken languages are Spanish, French, English, Germ an, and Japanese. Sam Gendrau is from the USA. He didn’t care t oo much for languages until around six years ago, when he moved to Australia for two years. 13) ____________________ . He soon moved on to another language, then anot her, and so on. He has since lived and travele d in Oceania, Southeast and East Asia, and across North America. His approach t o language learning is similar t o that of most famous polyglots: whether it is by listening to music, watching fi lms, or reading books, make the process simple and enjoyable. His spoken langua ges are French (native), English, Korean, Spanish and Port uguese. Olle Linge is a Swedish language enthusiast who has a degre e in teaching English and Mandarin Chinese. 14) ____________________ . As all famous polyglots do, he believes in studying la nguages, but, because he loves games a nd sports, he makes sure that language lea rning is as fun as possible. Apart from his own blog, he writes a lot of articles on learning Chinese. Hi s spoken languages are Swedish (native), Mandarin Chinese, Engl ish, French and German. Maha Yakoub is a Palestinian polyglot l iving in Italy, who first started teaching Arabic through private le ssons and later moved to YouTube. One can fi nd Arabic, Italian, and Hebrew lessons a imed at beginner and intermedi ate learners on her channel. 15) ____________________ . There is even a section where she tal ks about her experience and progress in the Ge rman language. Additionally, she organizes 12-day intensive courses to Pa lestine for people who want to learn Arabic. Despite being the object of islamophobia a nd negative criticism, she has calmly carried on teaching l anguages to this day. Maha truly deserve s her spot on this list of the most inspiring and fam ous polyglots! Her spoken languages are Arabic (native), Italian, Hebrew, Ge rman, and English. Brian Kwong is originally from Hong Kong, but move d to the U.S. when he was 12. There, he was bullied for his poor Engli sh skills, and because of this, he found it hard to learn English. 16) ____________________ . Something we love and completely agree with! His spoke n languages are Mandarin, Cantonese , English, German, Romanian and Japane se. Kris Broholm is from Denmark. 17) ____________________ . Not only that, but he loved foreign language lessons. That is, until the divorc e of his parents, and, later, the death of his father. He fel l into depression and felt as though he wa s 117 moving through life without a true purpose. Highe r education in Denmark is not only free, but paid, so this is what Kris did, and it i s also where he was diagnosed with depression. What helped him out of thi s was watching famous polyglots on YouTube learn languages. Learning languages while travel ing is something he always wanted t o do; it gave him a purpose and a reason to live. He now does exactly this, and his goal is to learn ten languages in ten yea rs! On his website, he gives tips and tal ks about his language-learning journey to help othe rs learn languages. Kris Broholm doesn’t claim that you’ll become fl uent in your target language overnight, or even over the course of a year. However, he does provide a massive range of resources to help inspire your language-learni ng journey. He also produces a podcast about resources, articles and inspira tional people. His spoken languages are Danish (native), Engli sh, German, Esperanto, Russian, and Hungarian. Lindsay Williams is from Great Brit ain. Lindsay first started learni ng French in primary school. She didn’t care t oo much about the language back then. However, getting to have croissants at the end of the year made her sti ck with it. She later developed a love for one of Shaki ra’s songs and decided to learn Spanish because of it. 18) ____________________ . Having taught everyone from individuals to corporate groups, she now teaches languages onli ne via Skype. Apart from teaching both French and Spanish, she is one of the most active on this list of famous polyglots as she blogs and does podcast s about languages. Her spoken languages are English (native), Spa nish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch. Gabriel Wyner is an American. Gabrie l has a systematic approach for learning and teaching languages t hat he developed after learning Ge rman in 14 weeks. To prove that his method was effe ctive, he became fluent in Fre nch in five months, and then learned Russian in nine months. He is a strong believer that leaners, at first, shouldn’t just transl ate, but should instead focus on the correc t pronunciation. He also believes, li ke us and like many other famous polyglot s, that they should use flashcards for memorizing voc abulary. 19) ____________________ . Gabriel Gelman is from Germany. He is the creat or of Sprachheld, one of the most popular language blogs in Germa n-speaking countries. Gabriel was raised bilingual (Germ an and Russian), but did not stop there because he later decided to l earn French and Spanish. During a talk at t he polyglot gathering, he admitted that he is a lazy polyglot who is always looking for the best methods to learn a language without spending too much time and effort. Needl ess to say, we like this approach – get 80% of the results with only the 20% of the effort. 20) ____________________ . His spoken languages are German (nati ve), Russian, French, Spanish, English and Hebrew. Jan Van Der Aa is from the Netherlands. Jan Van De r Aa likes to define himself as a bad student and on his website he tells us that his English tea cher 118 suggested he “choose a career for which fore ign languages were not needed”. 21) ____________________ He has also made languages part of his professi onal life because Jan is the co-founder of Language Boost, a company which c reates courses to learn languages (the other co-founder is Luca s Bighetti, another impressive pol yglot from Brazil). Born and raised in Holl and, Jan is also a passionate travel ler who managed to visit 100 countries when he was st ill in his twenties. He speaks Dutch (native), Mandarin, French, Brazili an, Portuguese, German, Spanish, Cantonese, and some Russian and Thai. Emily Liedel is from the USA. Emi ly Liedel started out as a journal ist and later turned to copywriting, photography, tra nslating, coaching, web designing, blogging and tour guiding. Her goal is to learn a ll of the UN official languages a nd become fluent in them by 2019. This means she would be able to communic ate with close to 35 percent of the world’s popula tion. Her blog gives tons of language-learning tutorials and t ips that are great for those who are int erested in learning the most common and useful l anguages. 22) ____________________ . Noel van Vliet is from the USA too. Noel’s goal is for hi s readers to learn a new language as efficiently as possi ble. He is fluent in three languages a nd has a lot of valuable information to share. He also knows a lot about the benefi ts of learning a language. 23) ____________________ . We reall y enjoy his “Case Studies”, where Noel tests out differe nt techniques, products, and language learning tactics. His spoken langua ges are Spanish, French, German, English, Italian and Japanese. Ellen Jovin is an American. She is a former freela nce writer, and founder of Syntaxis, a communication skill s training firm. 24) ____________________ The original plan was to only do this for a yea r, but she hasn’t been able to stop.To date, she has studied more than 20 langua ges! Her aim is not to learn the la nguages to full fluency, but to achieve a c onversational level. On her blog, you can fi nd out more about her experience with le arning languages. Her spoken languages are English, French and Spanish. 1 He and his wife moved to Turkey as Christian missionaries, and he now teaches English and keeps a blog that i ncludes tips for learning languages. 2 She also teaches about Arab culture and shares t raditional recipes. 3 The way Judith learns a language is by fi nding an area of interest in the language, be it a TV series, music or a book, and conce ntrates on being able to understand that. 4 Kerstin believes that language l earning is not just for those who are smart, rich, young 5 In 2009, she decided to stop freelancing and start learning as many languages she could find in New York Ci ty (where about 800 languages are spoken) simply because of her love for Ne w York and languages! 6 Conor runs a very nice blog about traveli ng and learning languages. 7 She took Spanish as an optional class, in addition to he r French classes, and that’s how her love of languages grew. 119 8 And finally, Lidia organized two Poly glot Gatherings in (Bratislava) whic h happened to be among the biggest polyglot ev ents in the world. 9 Liedel’s spoken languages are French, Russi an, German, Chinese, Spanish and other languages. 10 Jimmy is also a fan of flashcards and apps. 11 He runs a website dedicated to le arning Chinese and is a Chinese language coach. 12 Now, he combines his coding skills wi th his love of languages by coding in the different languages that he knows. 13 You can tell that Noel is passionate and cares about his readers. 14 Donovan has two websites: one is for learni ng different Arabic dialects, and the other is about languages in general. 15 Growing up, Kris was a top student. 16 Yes, because in between all the traveling, public spe aking, blogging and language learning Benny also somehow finds the time to write book s. 17 It was there that Gendrau began learning Kore an with his partner. 18 This is due to the fact that most people think that being part of the “polygl ot club” means that you should be able to speak at least three languages. 19 One can definitely say that this t eacher was wrong because today Jan is a successful polyglot who has learned not only English, but also another 9 languages! 20 Simon also loves music; he sings, plays various instrume nts, and writes his own songs. 21 Wyner speaks English (native), German, Fre nch, Russian, Italian, Hungarian, and Japanese. 22 How he learns language: listening to audio mat erial, talking, using flashcards and SRS. 23 Later in life, when Kwong starte d Add1Challenge (encouraged by the support he received from other learne rs when he decided to learn German), he made sure it would be a pleasant, stress-free and encouraging environment. 24 Luca interviewed Gelman at the P olyglot Gathering 2017 in Bratislava (in French, but you can turn on English subtitle s if needed). 4. Read the text and form the new word with the help of affixes. The Types of Amnesia To understand how we remember things, it’s incredibly 1) __________ ( to help ) to study how we forget – which is why neuroscie ntists study amnesia, the loss of memories or the 2) __________ ( able ) to lea rn. Amnesia is usually the 120 result of some kind of trauma to the brain, such as a head injury, a stroke, a brain tumor, or chronic 3) __________. ( alcohol ). There are two main types of amnesi a. The first, retrograde amnesia, oc curs where you forget things you knew before the brain trauma. Anterograde amnesia i s when brain trauma curtails or stops som eone’s ability to form new 4) __________ ( memory ). The most famous case study of anterograde amnesia is Henry Mola ison, who in 1953 had parts of his brain removed as a la st-ditch 5 ) __________ ( to treat ) for severe seizures. While Molaison - known whe n he was alive as H.M. - remembered much of his 6 ) __________ ( child ), he wa s 7 ) __________ ( able ) to form new 8 ) __________ ( to declare ) memories. People who worked with him for decades had to re-introduce themse lves with every visit. By studying people such as H.M., as well as a nimals with different types of brain damage, scientists can t race where and how 9) __________ ( to differ ) kinds of memories form in the brain. It seems that short-term and long-t erm memories don’t form in exactly the same way, nor do declarative and 10) __________ ( procedure ) memories. There’s no one place within the brai n that holds all of your memories; different areas of the brain form and store di fferent kinds of memories, and different processes may be at play for e ach. For instance, 11) __________ ( emotion ) responses such as fear reside in a bra in region called the amygdala . Memories of the skills you have learned are associate d with a different region called the striatum. A region c alled the hippocampus is crucia l for forming, retaining, and 12) __________ ( to recall ) declara tive memories. The temporal lobes, the brain regions that H.M. was 13) __________ ( parti al ) missing, play a crucial role in 14) __________ ( to form ) and recall ing memories. 5. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. How Memories are Formed, Store and Rec alled Since the 1940s scientists 1) __________ ( to surmise ) that memories are held within groups of neurons, or nerve cells, 2) _________ ( to cal l ) cell assemblies. Those interconnect ed cells fire as a group in response to a spe cific stimulus, whether it’s your friend’s face or the smell of freshly 3) _________ ( to bake ) bread. The more the neurons fire together, the more the cel l’s interconnections strengthen. That way, when a future stimulus triggers the ce lls, it’s more likely that the whole assembly fires. The ne rves’ collective activity 4) ____________ ( to transcribe ) what we experience as a memory. Sci entists 5) ____________ ( still; to work ) through the details of how it works. For a short-term memory to become a long-term memory, it must be strengthened for long-term storage, a proce ss called memory consolidation. Consolidation is thought to take pla ce by several processes. One, calle d long-term 121 potentiation, 6) __________ ( to consist of ) individual nerves 7) ___________ ( to modify ) themselves to grow and talk to t heir neighboring nerves differently. That remodeling alters the nerves’ conne ctions in the long term, which 8) _________ ( to stabilize ) the memory. All animals tha t have long-term memories 9) __________ ( to use ) this same basic cellul ar machinery; scientists 10) __________ ( to work out ) the details of long-term pote ntiation by 11) ___ ( to study ) California sea slugs. However, not all long-term mem ories necessarily have to start as short-term memories. As we recall a memory, many parts of our brain rapidly talk to each other, 12) _________ ( to include ) regions in the brain’s corte x that do high-level information processing, regions that handl e our senses’ raw inputs, and a region called the medial tem poral lobe that seems to help c oordinate the process. One recent study 13) ________ ( to find ) that at the moment when pati ents recalled newly formed memories, ripples of nerve a ctivity in the medial t emporal lobe synced up with ripples in the brain’s cort ex. Many mysteries of memory remain. How preci sely are memories encoded within groups of neurons? How widely distributed i n the brain are the cells that encode a given memory? How does our brain a ctivity correspond to how we experience memories? These act ive areas of research may one day 14) __________ ( to provide ) new insight into brain functi on and how 15) ___________ ( to treat ) memory-related conditions. For instance, recent work 16) _________ ( to demonstrate ) tha t some memories must be “reconsolidated” ea ch time they 17) ___________ ( to recall ). If so, the act of remembering somethi ng makes that memory temporari ly malleable - letting it be strengthened, wea kened, or otherwise altered. Memori es may be more easily targeted by medicat ions during reconsolidation, which could 18) ____________ ( to help ) trat conditions such as post-traum atic stress disorder, or PTSD. 6. Read the text about Memorization Technique s and Tools to Improve Your Memory and insert the necessary pre position. How does memorization work? Memorization as a two step-process: encoding and retrieval. During the encoding stage, new information is st ored 1) _______ the form of memories 2) ________ using different cognitive processes such a s elaboration, assossiation, and visual imagery. These memories are then rec alled during the retrieval stage 3) _______ neural connections. Research suggests certain me morization techniques are more effective 4) ________ long-term memory of information than ot hers. Some 5) _________ these memorization techniques, such a s spaced repetition and elabora tive encoding, have been shown to be more effective for long-te rm retention. 122 Others, like chunking and mnemonics, te nd to make the material ea sier to recall 6) ________ the short-term. How to Memorize Anything in a 4-Step Approach? The act of memorization, well, just about anything, can be broken down 7) ________ four general steps. Think of them as reps of your bra in. It is a highly plastic muscle that grows the more you use it after all. Take these four steps to start memorizing more. Step 1: Attention - First thing – focus 8) ________ t he material you are trying to memorize and be aware of it 9) _______ real-time . In other words, don’t passively listen, read or watch when t rying to memorize things. Try to take your time and pay attention to ea ch detail, allowing the mat erial to sink in. By doing this repeatedly, you train your bra in to let fewer pieces 10) ______ information fall through the cracks. Step 2: Encoding - Encoding works 11) ________ either long-t erm or short- term memory. To ensure the informat ion you are consuming stick long-term, it often helps to connect the mate rial to other related or simil ar ideas, concepts, and experiences. This will help strengthen your memory a nd allow the material to be stored more easily. Step 3: Storage - Once you have encoded the i nformation and connected it to other known concepts, you should store the mat erial 12) _______ a repetitive way that is easy to remember, such a s using a memory palace or flashca rds (more on those techniques below). This will help you recall the material 13) _______ the spot, which is one of the best perks 14) _______ improving your memory! Step 4: Retrieval - Finally, use a ctive recall practice s such as quizzing yourself, studying 15) ______ a group, or using memory games to e nsure the material is remembered correct ly. Don’t forget to practice the material regul arly. You can practice these exerci ses with other recitation or act ive recall. This method of recall is based on the fac t that memory weakens 16) _______ time . 7. Complete the text “Verbal Vs Visual Memorization Techniques” with the necessary words. When it comes to memorizat ion techniques, two common methods a re visual and 1) ____________. Visual techniques involve the use of images, maps, and diagra ms to help with 2) ____________ recall. This method focuses on creating a mental image or visual representation of the 3) _________ bei ng learned. For example, if you were trying to remember a list of ite ms, you could create a mental 4) ____________ of those items arranged in a specific way. Some exampl es of visual memorization techniques are: 123 - Mind Maps; - Flashcards; - Colour Coding; - Infographics; - Diagrams; - Mnemonics. On the other hand, verbal 5) ___________ involve the use of words and language to help with memory reca ll. This method includes repet ition, mnemonic devices, and acronyms to help 6) _____________ informa tion. For example, if you were trying to remember a phone 7) __________ , you could re peat the numbers out loud or use a mnemonic device such a s associating each number with a word that rhymes with it. Some 8) _________ of verbal memorization techniques are : - Chunking; - Acronyms; - Association; - Recording; - Repetition; - Alliteration. Let’s give more into these 9) _____________ ! 1 A spoken B written C verbal D personal space 2 A mnemony B memory C mind D memorandum 3 A news B advice C tips D information 4 A image B presentation C display D screen 5 A methods B research C techniques D devices 6 A realise B remember C understand D interpret 7 A number B presentation C display D screen 8 A methods B research C examples D devices 9 A realise B techniques C understand D interpret 8. Read the text and find the ending of the sentence. Be attentive! There are three extra. Top 10 Memorization Techniques You Can Use Not all memorization tec hniques are goung to work well for everyone. But there are a number of methods to try! Check out the list of the 10 best memorization techniques to he lp you get better at recalli ng data. 1. Spaced Repetition. Repeat t he material at increasing interva ls of time. This method of recall is based on t he psychological phenomenon of memory decay, which suggest that 1) _________________ . An antidot e to fading memory 124 for both short and long-term retention is to pe riodically practice reca lling or “repeating” what you’ve commit ted to memory. 2. Elaborative Encoding. Link the m aterial to other known concepts. Attaching what you’re learning in me aningful ways to your existing knowledge is a powerful way to remember informati on. Elaborative coding is a type of 2) ______________ . One way to make it easy to relat e the new material to what you already know is by creating a visual Whiteboard. Tools like Clic kUp Whiteboards make it easy to link tasks and use your bra instorming techniques in a orderly way. Draw endless workflow diagrams, save them , and refer to them when you need a refresher. 3. Chunking. Break up long pieces of informat ion into manageable parts. This is an easy way to remember i nformation as it is less overwhelmi ng and you’re 3) _______________________ . Some research shows that chunking reduces the toll having to memorize large chunks of information takes on the working memory. As you memorize information bit by bit, over time, i t forms a larger data set that’s e asier to recall and makes sense of the memory. 4. Mnemonics. Using techniques such as rhyme s, acronyms, or visual imagery to remember 4) ________________ _ . It’s a way to make memoriz ation fun. In fact, studies suggest enough spelling mnemoni cs training reshapes your brain networks to support better memory and for re citing information. A simple example of this technique is recit ing your ABCs to music to make them easier to remember. Maybe your art teacher taught you “Roy G Bi v” as a mnemonic way to memorize the colors of the rainbow in the right order 5) ____________________ . 5. Active Recall. Test yourself on the material you’ve lea rned regularly to test your memory. The more you do this, the easier it gets to recall ne w as well as older material. For example, if you’re a student, act ive recall is a handy study technique. When you practice active recall, you’re esse ntially 6) _______________ . This method is great for memory ret ention. 6. Visualisation. As we mentioned ea rlier, using visuals is yet another effective way to memorize content. Whe n you create mental images of the materia l and associate them with 7) _____________________ . Using software to build Mind Maps help with the visual part of the process. With ClickUp Mins Maps you’re able t o quickly map out your plans, ideas, and processes into eye-popping visuals. Make conne ctions from your visualizations and add context to your memorizati on process so you create visuals around ideas you want to remember. 7. Association. Connect like informat ion with other like information. Clumping similar pieces of i nformation together, especially i f it doesn’t have to be memorized in order, makes it ea sier to remember. This technique is especiall y helpful when 8) ___________________ . Our brain processes the first letter and he lps us associate the information we ne ed. 125 8. Recitation. Repeat the material you’re learning out loud. Ye s, even if you are by yourself. The human brain loves it! However, it’s helpful if you do this technique with a friend. Much like you learn the lyrics to a new song by heari ng it and singing along, recitation he lps you memorize 9) ____________________ . We know you’re remembering t hat catchy jingle to that commercial right now. 9. Organisation. Organizing related it ems together in a structure that is easy to follow and remember. This make s it easier to recall 10) _______________________ . This is a great example for those who need to commit information to memory i n a specific order. In fact, some like to use this technique for creating a grocery li st because it allows them to visually organize the items in a familiar pl ace or layout. 10. Memory Palace. Creating a m emory palace simply means using your imagination to create a m ental map of the material you a re learning by associating it with a place you know well. When you vi sualize familiar spaces and connect them with individual pieces of i nformation, it’s easy for your 11) __________________ . To make this memory technique work for you, first, take the time to pinpoi nt your memory palace. Will it be your childhood home? A familiar park? Your ol d school? From there, mentally point out fea tures in that space that stand out . Make sure you point these out in order. This memory palace technique works off a mental image. If you visualize walking through a house, you may fi rst encounter a brightly colored front door. Once inside, you’d encounter sta irs, then a dog, and if you keep walking, you’d run straight into the kitche n. Now associate each of the most nota ble features you visualize in your memory palace - like the ones we just listed - with an import ant piece of information until each point is 12) ______________________ . Finally, to recall the data , visualize your journey through this memory technique one more time and try t o recall each piece of informa tion associated with each space or notable item. Do t his enough times, and you’ll make mem orizing new information and other learning ma terial a breeze! Use tools like ClickUp when your brain i s at its limit trying to mem orize tasks, lists, and reminders. With mi nd mapping tools and Whiteboard, and even i ts Notepad Chrome extension, Clic kUp equips you with all the tools you need to store information quickly and easil y. 1. Flashcards - A great tool for memorizi ng facts, definitions, and general information is simply using flashcards. T hey worked for you when you were studying for the big test in grade school, so why not use them for more help with your memorization? 2. Audio and Videorecordings - For those that prefer verbal memorization techniques, auditory learning could be a great way to use recordi ngs of your own words to retrieve information. Audio recordings a re effective verbal memoriz ation techniques to help you with long-term m emory. 126 Another great way to do this is 13) _________________ . Visual memorization techniques work for some when recording a video of themselves completing something. This is a great idea for the vi sual learner that needs to recall how they did something a long time ago. And if you’re trying to remember a process for work, it may help to use screen-recording software to record your act ions. Tools like Clip inClic kUpnmake it easy to play back your recordings and ac tually see how you did something. 3. Quizlet - Quizlet is a popular online lea rning resource that offers multiple memory techniques and tools, such as fl ashcards, quizzes, and games. This resource works like a building technique to help improve memory over a length of time. 4. Peer Learning - Learning with a fri end or in a study group helps to encourage more active recall of the mat erial, and ultimately, retai n information. Whether in a deep study session for history le ssons, learning a new language, or generally needing to retain a t on of information in a short amount of tim e – peer learning is one of the more successful memory techniques. 5. Memory Apps - There are plenty of memory apps avail able that can help you find the right memorization te chniques for your situation. Several of the se apps have 14) _______________________ . 6 Journaling - Using mobile or desktop apps for note ta king or writing summaries of your material are he lpful to reference later. It’s a lso a way to use repetition to commit informa tion to memory as you write it repe atedly. 7. Games - Educational games or puzz les are engaging and fun ways to strengthen memory. 1 games built into the help you exerc ise your mental muscles. 2 - forcing your brain to recall the informat ion you want to memorize without any help. 3 - associated with a space in this story telling technique. 4 - mnemonic, which means a simple techni que that helps with memorization. 5 information in the right order. 6 information in a memorable way is call ed mnemonics. 7 - to record a video of yourself. 8 - both memory and memory loss (or recall fades). 9 - what you’ve spoken about. 10 - brain to recall new information that’s l inked with familiar spaces. 11 - tables, fill in them, and refer to t he historical sources 12 working with numbers or terms that start with the same first let ter. 13 - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, vi olet. 14 - able to memorize smaller pieces of information much faster. 15 - complex information chronologically . 16 - a visual representation, this techni que immensely helps to commit information to memory. 127 17 - use your computer programs … 9. Read the text “Human Memory: How we make, remembe r, and forget memories” and complete the gaps by corr ect word from thew table. birthday time amount procedural working memories food once bicycle experienced minds capital Human memory happens in many parts of the brain at 1) ________, and some types of memories stick around l onger than others. From the moment we are born, our brains are bombarded by an immense 2) ____________ of information about ourselves and the world a round us. So, how do we hold on to everything we have learned a nd 3) __________? Memories. Humans retain different types of mem ories for different lengths of time. Short-term 4) ___________ last seconds to hours, while long-te rm memories last for years. We also have a working memory, whic h lets us keep something in our 5) __________ for a limited time by repeat ing it. Whenever you say a phone number to yourself over and over to remember it, you a re using your 6) ______________ memory. Another way to categorize memori es is by the subject of the memory i tself, and whether you are consciously aware of it. Declarative m emory, also called explicit memory, consists of the sorts of m emories you experience consciously. Some of these memories are facts or “common knowledge ”: things like the 7) _________ of Portugal (Lisbon), or the number of cards in a sta ndard deck of playing cards (52). Others consist of past events you ha ve experienced, such as a childhood 8) ___________. Nondeclarative memory, also ca lled implicit memory, unconsc iously builds up. These include procedural memori es, which your body uses to remember the skills you have learned. Do you play an instrument or ride a bicycle? Those a re your 9) _________ memories at work. Nondeclarative memories also can shape your body’s unthinking responses, like salivating a t the sight of your favorite 10) ____________ or tensing up when you see something you fear. In general, declarative mem ories are easier to form than nondec larative memories. It takes less 11) __________ to me morize a country’s capital tha n it does to learn how to play the violin. B ut nondeclarative memories st ick around more easily. Once you have learned to ride a 12) __________, you are not like ly to forget. 128 10. Read the text “The List of Famous Hyperpolyglots” and answe r the questions. This is the list of polyglots who speak 12 or m ore languages! 1) Richard Simcott. Simcott is from Unit ed Kingdom. Richard Simcott is a hyperpolyglot who has studied over 40 languages. He ha s been described as one of the most multilingual persons in t he United Kingdom by Harper Collins and wa s named Ambassador for Multilingualism by the Goethe-Inst itut. One of the reasons he and Alex Rawlings are two of the m ost famous polyglots in the world is because of the annual Polyglot Conference they co-organize, whic h takes place every October. Apart from organizing this ama zing event, Richard is a langua ge consultant, offering his expertise on mul tilingual and multinationa l projects. He speaks English (native), French, Spanish, We lsh, German, Macedonian, Swedish, Italian, Serbian, Bosnian, Croat ian, Portuguese, Czech, Catala n, Russian, Dutch, Romanian and Albanian. 2) Steve Kaufmann. Steve is a Canadian. Luckily Ste ve Kaufmann realized that the reason he was not “good at learning languages” was bec ause of the traditional methods he was tryi ng to use. He was only seventeen years old when he joined the polyglot club. Fifty odd years l ater, and he is now a hyperpolyglot and co-founder of Linq. Since his mid-fifties, he has started putting more effort in language learning, thus proving that it ’s never too late to learn a la nguage. Apart from being an avid language learner, he is also president of a company involved i n the international wood products trade . His spoken languages are English (nati ve), Ukrainian, Korean, Romanian, Swedish, Portugue se, French, Spanish, German, Chinese, Czech, Russian, Ital ian and Japanese. 3) Luca Lampariello. Luca Lam pariello is a famous polyglot from Rome (Italy). He has avery peculiar approac h to language learning. It is based on bidirectional translation. B asically, Luca learns voca b and grammar by reading bilingual texts and constantly c omparing the original to the transl ation. Lampariello has also maste red the art of the accent. If you ever he ar him speaking your native language, you will be surprised by how close he can imitate a na tive speaker’s accent. His spoken language s are Italian (native), English, Fre nch, German, Spanish, Swedish, Russian, Dutch, Portuguese , Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Polish and Hungarian. 4) Elisa Polese. Elisa Polese is a passi onate and enthusiastic language lover and polyglot. She can speak and teach 13 l anguages! But if we include all the languages she has studied and speaks at a lower level, we can say tha t Elisa speaks more than 20 languages! Originally from Naples, Elisa has l ived in many countries (UK, Russia, Germany, Spain, France, Italy and Switz erland) where she has taught foreign languages to hundreds of students. She is also a well-known speaker at international conferences. In addi tion to dealing with language le arning, she also 129 focuses on multilingual teachi ng and intercultural communica tion. She always makes sure she spreads her contagious love for languages. Her spoken languages are Italian (native), English, Ge rman, Spanish, Russian, French, Dutch, Cata lan, Portuguese, Greek, Hindi, Arabic, Esperanto, Hunga rian, Sinhalese, Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, Serbian, Ukra nian, Hebrew, Turkish and Polish. 5) Alex Rawlings. Alex Rawlings is from Uni ted Kingdom. Alex is English and of Greek descent. In 2012, he competed aga inst other famous polyglots to earn the title of Britain’s most multili ngual student. He and Richard Simcott are co- organizers of the Polyglot Conference Luca Sadurny write s about here, and they also run polyglot workshops together. Alex also te aches four languages (English, German, Russian and Greek) and offers consult ing and coaching services to people who wish to learn multiple language s at the same time. His spoken la nguages are English (native), French, German, Spanish, Gre ek, Dutch, Afrikans, Italian, Catalan, Hebrew, German, Russia n, Yiddish, Hungarian and Serbian. 6) Vladimir Skultety. He is from Slovakia. Vla dimir’s language learning started early in life. He is origi nally from southeast Slovakia, which i s not too far from Hungary. Although neither of his parents spoke t he language, they decided to put him into a Hungarian immersion ki ndergarten class. Since he was livi ng in what at the time was Czechoslovakia , he also learned Czech. At the age of eight, he went to live in the U.S., and moved to Aust ria when he was 12, thus learning both English and German. He went on to study in It aly and Russia, and later decided to learn French, Spanish and Portugue se. Vladimir now speaks about 12 languages at a C1-C2 level. He is now a translator and interprete r of Slovak, Mandarin Chinese and English. His spoken l anguages are Slovak (native), English, Hungarian, Czech, Mandarin Chinese , Russian, German, Italian, French, Spani sh, Serbian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Dutc h, Japanese and Cantonese. 7) Timothy Doner. Timothy is an Americ an. Timothy is a Harvard student who has been referred to in the media a s “The World’s Youngest Hyperpolyglot”. When he was thirteen, he started l earning Hebrew through music, and, without actually realizing it, he memorized around 20 songs he liked. You can only imagine his disbelief when he looke d up the lyrics and realized he had l earned a few hundred words without even trying! And that’s how his l anguage-learning journey to becoming one of the world’s most fam ous polyglots began. He started learning Arabic, moved to Persian, the n Russian, then Mandarin, and so on. In 2014, he started The Teen Polyglot Cha llenge, where teens are chall enged to begin learning a language in five weeks a nd send a video of themselves speaking the language in front of a camera. Apart from this, Timothy has given talks at Sapphire, TedxTeen and Apple. Not bad at all! His spoken languages are Engli sh (native), French, Hausa, Wolof, Russian, Germ an, Yiddish, Hebrew, Arabic, Pashto, Persian, Mandarin, Italian, Turki sh, Indonesian, Dutch, Xhosa, Kiswahili, Hindi, Ojibwe, Kinyarwanda, and Creole. 8) Emanuele Marini. Emanuele is from Italy. He is a real mystery in t he language learning world, but he is definitely in the famous polygl ots club. He has practically no online presence , and was only “discovered” at the Polygl ot Conference a few years ago. He was spontaneously tested to see whet her his 130 claims were true, and, indeed, the y were. His language-learning method i s picking up books he finds interesting in any of the la nguages he wants to learn, and, using a dictionary (often of another language he’s learning), he goes on to decipher the ir meaning. Later in the process he does language excha nges, and, with the help of a native speaker, learns more of the language. After gett ing the basics down, he travels to a country where the langua ge is spoken in order to meet natives and get a better grasp of the language. So, how many langua ges does Emanuele know? Oh, only 34! Some of his spoken languages are Ital ian (native), Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croa tian, Czech, Danish, Finnish, French, Gree k, English, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Dut ch, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Sl ovenian, Spanish, Swedish, German, Turkish, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Latin, cl assical Greek and Hebrew. 9) Cesco Reale. He is from Italy too. An Ita lian phonetics and pronunciation expert (IPA certified) and Esperanto l over, Cesco speaks a whopping 16 languages. He is the UN representative of the World Esperanto Associat ion. He especially likes combining games, languages a nd math. He helps organize the Polyglot Gathering (first with Judith Meyer and now wit h Lydia Machova) and various other language-related events. Hi s spoken languages are Italian (nati ve), Esperanto, French, Spanish, Portuguese, English, German, Ca talan, Romanian, Greek, Lati n, Galician, Chinese, Russian, Sa rdinian and Dutch. 1 Who has lived in many countries (UK, Russi a, Germany, Spain, France, Italy and Switzerland) where has taught forei gn languages to hundreds of students? 2 Why Emanuele Marini travels to a country where the la nguage is spoken after getting the basics down? 3 In what year did Alex Rawlings compe te against other famous polyglots to earn the title of Britain’s most multi lingual student? 4 Who has mastered the art of the ac cent? 5 Who is now a translator and interpret er of Slovak, Mandarin Chinese and English? 6 Who is the UN representative of the World Esperanto Associat ion? 7 Who focuses on multilingual teac hing and intercultural communic ation in addition to dealing with language learning? 8 Who has been referred to in the media as “The World’s Youngest Hyperpolyglot”? 9 Who especially likes combini ng games, languages and math? 10 Who in his mid-fifties has starte d putting more effort in language learni ng? 11 How often does the Polyglot Conference ta ke place? 12 Who was “discovered” at the Polyglot Conference a fe w years ago? 13 When did Timothy Doner start The Te en Polyglot Challenge, where tee ns are challenged to begin learning a l anguage in five weeks? 131 11. Read the tefollowing text and do the tasks. Neuroscientists Unlock the Secrets of M emory Champions Researchers scanned the brains of m emorizers as they practice d tried-and- true memory techniques to see how t heir brains changed in response to their training. In five minutes, 32-year-old Boris Konrad ca n memorize more than 100 random dates and events. After 30 seconds, he c an tell you the order of an entire deck of cards. During the 2009 German Memory Cham pionships, Konrad memorized 195 names and faces i n 15 minutes — a feat that won him a gol d medal. What’s it like to be born wi th a brain capable of such incredi ble feats? He says he wouldn’t know. That’s because Konrad’s remarkable tale nt wasn’t innate; it was learned. “I started with a normal memory and j ust trained myself,” he recal ls. Konrad credits his subsequent success in the world of compe titive memory sports to years of practice and employing memori zation strategies like t he ancient “Memory Palace” technique. In fact, Konrad says, any average forgetful Joe can use these sam e strategies to train their brai ns like a memory champion. The idea that simple memory technique s can result in significant, lasting gains in the ability to memori ze faces and lists may at fi rst sound hard to believe. But a new brain imaging study that Konrad co-authored lends scientific support to the claim. Konrad, a world-ranked mem ory champ who has trained many memories himself over the years, t eamed up with Martin Dresler, a c ognitive neuroscientist at Radboud Universit y Medical Center in The Net herlands, to delve deeper into the neuroscience behind these trie d-and-true memory-boosting techniques. For the first time, the researche rs used brain imaging to reveal tha t practicing these kinds of mnemonic techniques can actually alter cruci al connections to make memorizers’ brains more resemble those of the world’s memory champions. The results, published March 8 in the journal “ Neuron ”, shed some light on why these techniques have such a strong track rec ord. In the study, 23 participants who spent 30 minut es a day training their memories more than doubled their a bilities to remember li sts in just 40 days. (For example, those who could remember a n average of 26 words from a list were able to recall 62.) Perhaps best of all, it a ppears that these gains aren’t short-l ived and don’t require continued training: Re searchers invited the group back aft er four months and found that their memory performa nce was still high, even though they hadn’t been training at all. In recent years, Dresler and collea gues investigated 35 of those memory champions and found they share something surprisi ng in common. “Without exception, all of them tell us that they had a pretty normal me mory before they 132 learned of mnemonic strategie s and started training in them,” he says. “Also, without exception, they say the me thod of loci is the most important strate gy.” The “method of loci” — sometimes calle d the Memory Palace — is a systematic memory technique that dates back to the days of anc ient Greece. The system remained prevalent through t he Middle Ages and the Renaissanc e. Educators used it as did orators, the be tter to remember aspects of long spe eches of a more attentive age. In the 2011 UK Open Memory Championships hel d at MWB Business Exchange, competitors were taske d with remembering a 2,000 digit number a nd the running order of 12 packs of cards. How does it work? Users create a visual map in the mind, like a fami liar house or walking route, and then connect me morable, multisensory images to e ach location to retrieve them l ater. To remember a string of unrela ted words, for example, Konrad might map the body sta rting with the feet, then moving to t he knees, and so on. He then “places” two words at each location to memorize a list of unconnected terms. For example, if the words for feet are “m oss” and “cow”, he might picture walking on a mossy field, getting bits of m oss stuck on his socks and watching a smelly cow grazing on that moss. If the ne xt location, the knees, is assigne d the words “queen and bell” Konrad then imagi nes walking off the moss to sit on a stump. Suddenly the Queen of England promptly a ppears to sit on his knee. She then pulls from her pocket a bell whic h she beings to ring loudly. Absurd? Of course. But memorable, Konrad, stresse s. And that’s the point. The system takes advantage of the memory’s strong ability to store spati al locations and make associati ons. Konrad wasn’t surprised that the study results showe d dramatic improvements for all the subject s who put in the training time. “As i t was my training paradigm we used, and I have tra ined many groups with it before, I at lea st knew it does work — and work well”, he says. “So I al so had the hypothesis it would have a comparable effect in the brain as within the a thletes”. Moreover, previous studies have chronicled the suc cess of these kinds of memory techniques. But until now, researchers didn’t underst and how they worked in the brain. So for this study, researchers decided to scan t he brains of memorizers as they practiced tried-and-true mem ory techniques, to see how their brains c hanged in response to their training. They used fMRI sc ans to look at the brains of 23 memory competitors and 51 people who rese mbled them in age, health and intelligence but had only typic al memory. As far as brain structure and anatomy were c oncerned, the brains all looked basically the same, offering no cl ue to the memory mojo that some of t hem enjoyed. But when the average mem ory people divided into three groups and began to train their memories, som ething changed. The control group that received no me mory training, unsurprisingly, showed little to no gain in memory perform ance. The second group practiced me morizing challenges similar to the wa y one might when playing Concentrat ion, finding and remembering locations of matc hing cards from a deck spread across a table . 133 They’d recalled 26 to 30 words, on average, before training. After 40 days, they’d upped that by an average of 11 words. But those who trained using the method of l oci received the real boost. Tha t third group used a public platform call ed Memocamp, which Dresler chose because it’s used by many champion me morizers. They more than doubled thei r initial memorizing abil ity during the 40 days. Not only had the group’s memory abilitie s changed — so had their brains. The fMRI images mapped blood flow and bra in activity for some 2,500 different connections, including 25 that stood out a s most linked with the greater me mory skills displayed by the competit ors. Post-training scans showed that this group’s patterns of connectivity had begun to re arrange themselves in a way that the memory champions functioned, but the othe rs groups did not. “I think the most interesting part of our study is the comparison of these behavioral memory increases with what happens on the ne urobiological level”, he says. “By training this method tha t all the memory champions use, your changeable brain connectivit y patterns develop in the directi on of the world’s best memory champions”. That result also says something about t he origins of the champions’ memorizing talent, says Umeå University neuroscientist Lars Nyberg, who wa sn’t involved in the study. “The finding that training can shape the bra in in a similar way in non-experts supports the view that e xpert performance is really the re sult of training — not any particular abil ities”, he says. Being able to memorize long l ists of names and faces might see m like a novelty, but it can have some real world applicati ons. Users might memorize grocery lists, for example, or learn to m atch faces and names, which is an e vent at memory competitions. But those hoping that pract ice will help them never miss an appointment should think twice. Monica Melby-Lervåg, at the Universi ty of Oslo, has explored how working memory training might help the c ognitive development of children a nd adults. So far, she notes, this kind of training hasn’t bee n shown to impact more general cognitive or memory function. “The more critic al thing here is how this transfer to tasks relevant for daily life (i.e . beyond a technical memory test ), and the prospects for this do not look very good based on many previous studie s”, she notes. Indeed, even the superstars of memory sport adm it to having the same day- to-day brain cramps as the rest of us, from forge tting their car keys to leaving t heir wallet at a restaurant. So far, it appears that if me mory trainers like the method of loci are valuable tools, they onl y work for memorizing lists and only when people actively use them. “You do have to apply this for it to work”, says Dre sler. “Your memory doesn’t just get better in general . So when you don’t apply this strategy, probably your memory is only as good as it was before”. There are some tasks in English based on the text to check comprehension, critical thinking, and cr eativity. I. Multiple Choice Questions 134 1. What changed in the brains of partic ipants after memory training? a) Brain structure c) Brain size b) between different brain regions d) Number of neurons 2. Which memory technique is most c ommonly used by memory champions? a) Repeating information out loud c) Writing down lists b) The Method of Loci (Memory Palace) d) Creating visual diagrams 3. How long did participants train the ir memory in the study? a) 20 days c) 40 days b) 30 days d) 50 days 4. What was discovered after partic ipants stopped training? a) Their memory returned to its original level c) Their memory remained strong even without training b) They forgot all memorized lists d) They started forgetting daily task s II. Reading Сomprehension Questions. 1. How does the Method of Loci work? Describe t he main principles in a few sentences. 2. Why do the study’s results challenge t he idea of an inborn memory talent? 3. What role do visualization and a ssociations play in memorizat ion? 4. Can memory training improve genera l cognitive abilities? W hy or why not? III. Creative Task. 1. Imagine you need to memorize a l ist of 10 random objects (e.g., apple, book, key, cat, lamp, phone, hat, door, ice cre am, clock). Create your own Memory Palace scenario using your home or a fam iliar place. 2. Write a short essay (150–200 words) on the topic: “Do we still need to train our memory in the digital age?” IV. Discussion Questions. 1. Can memory training be compared t o physical exercise? Why or why not? 2. How do you think these techniques could be use ful in education? Give examples. 3. Is memory the most important indic ator of intelligence? Expla in your opinion. 135 Adverbs and Adjectives 1. Choose the right word. 1. I will ( sure, surely ) have the answer tomorrow. 2. She left ( nervous, nervously ) about the play. 3. All the students study really ( good, we ll ). 4. Her hair is so lovely and ( soft, softly ) … like a baby’s hair. 5. The crowd remained ( calm, calmly ). 6. Although the food tasted ( good, well ), it was not ( good, we ll ) for you. 7. This is very ( bad, badly ) cooked. 8. The corn grew ( slow, slowly ). 9. She looked ( calm, calmly ) around the room. 10. The car performed ( bad, badly ) on the trip. 11. When she did notice him, he clea red his throat ( loud, loudly ). 12. Great works of art seem to look ( diffe rent, differently ) every tim e one stands before them. 13. That perfume smells ( strong, strongly ). 14. He dived ( deep, deeply ) into the la ke. 2. Choose the correct word combination. 1. Do you know ( the blind person / the blind ) next door? 2. Let me tell you about ( the rich / the rich people ), they a re different from you and me. 3. ( The Welsh / the Welsh people ) have ba very old literary tradition. 4. Love, like youth, is wasted on ( the young / the young people ). 5. ( The Chinesse / the China people ) were the first people to use pappe r money. 3. Rewrite each description in the ri ght order. Example: books: old, terrible – terrible old books 1. dress: evening, French, red, silk 2. furniture: old, lovely, wooden 3. skirt: leather, American, sma rt 4. street: long, narrow 5. hair: long, fair, beautiful 136 4. Rewrite these sentences correcting misplace d adverbs. 1. Even good friends diasagree sometime s. 2. All morning the the barometer was rapidly dropping. 3. The intruders probably were looking for cash. 4. They thought they would go early to bed tonight . 5. Which of you goes on Sundays to church? 6. I tidied up the flat and cooked also t he supper. 7. They even can’t read. 8. I probably will not go there. 9. Take it easy. I am only joking. 10. Does ever the weather affect your mood? 11. I have often tried to find it. 12. We gave a five-minute talk each. 13. It is not raining definitely. 14. I often don’t go to the theatre. 5. Select the correct form. 1. Of the five overcoats, she liked navy one ( better / best ). 2. This is the ( creamier / creamiest ) ice-cream I have had in a long ti me. 3. This is the ( funnier / funniest ) of the n two get-wet cards. 4. Your colourful clothes are different ( f rom / than ) mine. 5. Yevhen has as ( much / many ) opportunities to tra vel abroad as I. 6. The quality of his clothes design a s ( many / much ) better than that of hers. 7. The art gallery is the ( nearer / ne arest ) of the three buildings. 8. Miss Panchenko isn’t ( better / best ) a ctress than other actresses I’ve seen. 9. This road is the ( worse / worst ) I’ve ever t ravelled over! 137 7. ADVERTISING AND ADVERTISEMENT Vocabulary a b i l i t y t o v i s u a l i z e i d e a s commercial, public and cable station political advertising ads company name press-relies advert cont ext ual ad vert ise ment Print Media advertisement convince printed production a d v e r t i s e r s c o p y w r i t e r products demonstration advertising corporate advertising pr om ot io n of i d e a s a d v e r t i s i n g a g e n c i e s coupon books pr om ot io n of p ro du ct s advertising cards desire pr om ot io n of s er vi ce s advertising of a specific trademark Direct Mail prospects advertising seminars 10 d i s t r i b u t i o n o f pr od uc ts ps yc hology advertising signs emotional appeal purc h a s e s p a c e adve rti sing s pace free specimen of production quotation advertising specialities guide sign rational appeal advertising with availability of feedback inquiry-address advertisement reel all- tex t adve rti seme nt keychains retail-commercial advertisement anou nce r’s ad vert ise ment lipstick sheet of fiery-red paper attention magazine showroom attraction m e d i a sign board avant-gardism merchandising signature tune bandwagon Miscellaneous Methods social advertising booklets modular advertisement sociological research br a n d m a n a g e r s moving text display stander Broadcast Media newspapers sticky appliqué broadcast programmes office stationery suppliers brochures out-of-home advertisement t el e vi si o n co m me r ci a ls business advertising paper cubes television shop calamities perfume testimonials catalogues persuation trade shows clas sif ied ad vert ise ment 138 1. Complete the text with necessary wor ds. Advertising The base of any trade is advertising. T hat’s why one of steps to firm business contacts establishment s is exchange by advertising 1) m___________ with the purpose to give more full imagination about that produc tion (information, services) which can occur the base of t he future 2) p__________. The most popular, simple and acce ssible advertising measures was a nd is printed 3) p______________ – prospects, catalogues, advert ising cards and booklets, press-relies etc. In the adve rtising one should to display subtle poli teness. For informing your business partner about sending of any ma terials (enclosed to the letter or separa ted printed matter) one should do by the following means of: - We are attaching some information about ... - I en cl o se t h e de s cr ip t io n o f .. . We think that 4) a______________ letters are the most difficult in their writing because if you want to attra ct the client’s attent ion to some products you need interested him in this affa ir. The text of an advertising lett er must be original and base on 4 mai n rules: - 5) a_____________; - desire; - persuation; - action. Pay your attention to each rule: Attention - First of all try to 6) a_________ your reader’s attenti on by any way. For example: - Have you noticed the chill in t he air just now? … that chill spell s danger to your car. (Antifreeze for radiators is proposed i n this letter); - Would you buy a hat with your eyes close d? Of course you wouldn’t. Then why buy lip-stick without first trying it ? (And the trial samples are proposed for your testing by the company); - Did you sleep well the last ti me you were in New York? (Advert isement of the spring mattress); - How would you like to be one of the most interesting and best-informed men in your community? (Subscribe to the magaz ine “Digest”). The second variant of attracti on – 7) c___________ but it must be very polite. For example, - For your family’s sake, don’t ride on worn ti res. 139 - Throw this letter away – and you are throw ing business away. Also you can use phrares-challenge. For exam ple, - More than a million Sisko Switches w ere made last year - and not a single one was reported faulty. - One out of every three cars on the road uses Flick Sparking. Other method to start such lette r is quotation. For example, - George Bernard Shaw on his ninetieth birt hday said, “The most startling change in British journalism over rece nt years is that PUNCH has become a comic paper”. Two and a half million readers a week agree with him. - “The common cold” says Dr. Hubert Spilsbury “probably causes more loss of pounds, shillings and pence per year than any othe r disease”. Desire - Your letter has a 8) p__________ to make people to buy something. Americans who work in the advertising sphere on the base of sociological researc h come to conclusion: people want t o have: - much 9) m______________; - good health; - safety for their family; - popularity; - economy of time and efforts; - enjoying meals, drinks, entertainm ents etc. All above-mentioned 10) i_____________ may form the main base of your advertising letter. For example , - Just take a cup of hot delicious Malt ex before you go to bed, and awake in the morning refreshed after a night’s dee p, sound sleep. We have considered British advertising let ters. Now read the sample of American advertisement: - We wondered whether you noticed t he beautiful All-weather all -aluminum doors and windows on your neighbour’s house down the stree t. - Your customers will buy SURE-GROW seeds if y ou stock them. And you can stock them AT NO RISK. With our “Sale or R eturn” offer you can’t lose - you can only CASH IN AND PROFIT. You make 5 c ents on every 10 sale. Yes, without investing one cent you DOUBLE YOUR MONE Y. - Let this free offer show how you can cut office costs. Here is the file - fastener that not only eliminate s all fuss and bother but, more important, actually saves 25% to 60% of your filing cabinet spac e. Persuation - You have attracted rea der’s attention to your letter t hat you have a task – to convince the potent ial 11) c___________ to buy your production. You can refer to opinion of famous people about your produc ts, name important clients of your company, offer fre e 12) s____________ of production or give guarantees on your production. For example , - PUNCH has more readers to each copy than any other magazi ne in Britain. It has two million and a half reade rs every week. 140 - With the Eutectic metal c utting Electrode any unskille d operator can do:  fast emergency work above or under wate r;  pierce a hole through steel in fiv e seconds;  pierce metals directly w ithout drilling first. Still you can’t believe it? Well mail the e nclosed card or phone for a free demonstration in your own shop. No cost ... no obligati on. Action - The final step of advertising le tters is action. Action, as a rule , is a proposal to familiar with specim en, to visit a shop or showroom; a proposal to cal l and to arrange time and place of a meeting for products demonstration and agreement of production buying. American advertisements possess individuality original and avant -gardism. For example, if the American writ es the letter on Christmas E ve or on New Year Eve he designs his letter on the 13) s__________ of white paper by green print and paragraphs places in a form of fir-tree; i f his letter is about buying of “hot-line” places on a tour, he writes on in the she et of fiery-red paper. Also other variant i s possible: the text is placed i n the sheet of paper as chess-board and at the bottom of the sheet is noted: “Now is your move”. To t heirs 14) l___________ Americans can enclose (in accordance wit h a kind of production) specimen of lipstic k, perfume, office stationery and others for a ttracting your attention to the irs production. 2. There are the following types of advertisements: 1) Commercial – an advertisem ent on TV or radio in between programs; 2) А poster on a wall (or an advert on large publi c notices); 3) Аdverts in magazines / newspapers (in the local press)) - What sorts of adverts do you know? - What sorts of adverts do you think are the m ost effective? Why? - What do you think is the best advert on TV at the moment? Why do you like it? Now define the sorts of the following advertisements : 1. The elections are near. Don’t forget to fulfil your citizen duty! Don’t forget to visit your electoral district. Vote for ... ! And you will feel your life improving. 2. Do you want your city to be clean and beaut iful? Don’t throw litter wherever you like. 3. Discount 40%! Look in at the Foxtrot shop and your dream s will come true!!! 3. Don’t forget the Rule of 4 “P-s” (product-price-place ment- promotion). Apply this rule to chocolate, m ilk, a mobile, for example [Document text truncated for crawler view.]