Polish journalism and its impact on the mass media of Uzbekistan (Monograph)

POLISH JOURNALISM AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MASS MEDIA OF UZBEKISTAN Abiev I.K. Nukus «ILIMPAZ» 2025 “ILIMPAZ” 1 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN KARAKALPAK STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER BERDAKH ABIEV ISLAMBEK KALBAY-ULI‘ POLISH JOURNALISM AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MASS MEDIA OF UZBEKISTAN Monograph Nukus “ILIMPAZ” 2025 2 UDC : 070.1 LBC : 76.005 A-15 Abiev I.K. Polish journalism and its impact on the mass media of Uzbekistan: Monograph. − Nukus: “ILIMPAZ”, 2025. 92 p. ISBN: 978-9910-636-62-2 The monograph written in English presents a comparative study of the evolution and interaction of the Polish and Uzbek press. It explores how both countries, once influenced by Soviet ideology, developed distinct media systems after independence. The author analyzes Poland’s successful transition to democratic journalism within the European Union and compares it with Uzbekistan’s ongoing efforts to modernize its media in the context of national reforms and digital transformation. Using historical, comparative, and content analysis methods, the study highlights the role of Karakalpak journalism within Uzbekistan’s media landscape and offers insights into how Polish experience can help enhance professionalism, editorial independence, and efficiency in Uzbek mass media. This monograph is intended for researchers, journalism educators, graduate students, and media practitioners interested in comparative media studies and communication development. It also serves policymakers and specialists seeking to strengthen professional standards and improve the institutional structure of Uzbekistan’s press. Written in clear academic English, the book bridges Eastern European and Central Asian media scholarship, providing theoretical and practical insights into how national journalism can evolve in harmony with global media trends. Academic editor: H. Atajanov Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Journalism, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh Reviewers B. Paluanov Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Journalism, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh K. Kalekeev Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Education Quality Control Department, Nukus Branch of the Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture Recommended for publication by the decision of the Academic Council of Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh dated September 8, 2025 (Minutes No. 1/8.4). PIN kod: 0398 ISBN: 978-9910-636-62-2 © Abiev I.K., 2025. © Publisher: “ILIMPAZ”, 2025. 3 INTRODUCTION In the contemporary world, the media has become not merely a means of disseminating information, but an integral institution of social influence and public accountability. As the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan noted, “Transparency and freedom of speech are requirements of our time and essential elements of the reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan today.” This statement reflects the growing recognition of the media as the “fourth estate,” capable of shaping civic consciousness, ensuring governmental transparency, and fostering social dialogue. The evolution of journalism, therefore, mirrors the broader political and cultural transformations of a society. In this context, the comparative study of media systems that have undergone similar historical transitions but reached different outcomes — such as Poland and Uzbekistan — becomes both timely and academically significant. Since gaining independence in 1991, Uzbekistan has embarked on a comprehensive process of social, political, and economic modernization. Within this framework, the mass media has been identified as one of the key agents of democratic renewal. Considerable attention has been devoted not only to improving the material infrastructure of the press but also to developing human capital, advancing journalism education, and introducing international standards of professional ethics. Nevertheless, the Uzbek media continues to face certain systemic challenges: the need for faster and more reliable information delivery, the enhancement of editorial independence, and the establishment of sustainable media institutions capable of operating within a competitive information environment. Poland’s experience provides an exceptionally relevant comparative model. Having shared a common ideological past under Soviet influence, both Poland and Uzbekistan inherited similar patterns of centralized information management. However, following the collapse of the socialist bloc, the Polish press underwent a rapid transformation, embracing market principles, political pluralism, and the ethics of public 4 accountability. The Polish media reform experience — especially after the country’s integration into the European Union — offers valuable insights into how democratic media systems can be built in post-authoritarian contexts. For this reason, the present monograph focuses on analyzing the historical trajectories, current structures, and social roles of the Polish and Uzbek press, identifying both their convergences and divergences, and evaluating how Polish practices may inform the ongoing modernization of Uzbekistan’s media sphere. The theoretical significance of this study lies in its attempt to fill a noticeable academic gap. While numerous works have explored the evolution of journalism in Western Europe, the United States, and Central Asia, very few have directly compared the press systems of Poland and Uzbekistan. Previous scholars — such as P. Muminova in her Modern International Journalism: Trends, Problems, and Prospects (2002) and B. Paluanov in World News Agencies (2019) — have analyzed international journalism and global news agencies, yet none have examined the intersection of Polish and Uzbek media histories. Thus, this research stands as one of the first systematic efforts to present a comparative framework that connects Eastern European and Central Asian journalistic traditions. Methodologically, the monograph employs a combination of historical-retrospective, comparative, and content analysis approaches. The historical-retrospective method allows for tracing the stages of press development, identifying cause–effect relationships, and assessing the impact of political and economic transformations on media systems. The comparative method facilitates the identification of shared and divergent features between Polish and Uzbek journalism, while content analysis provides empirical insight into the thematic and ideological structure of selected media texts. Through these methods, the author seeks to reconstruct the intellectual evolution of both nations’ journalism, from Soviet-controlled publication models to modern, semiautonomous systems of information exchange. 5 Another unique dimension of the study is the inclusion of Karakalpak journalism as a regional case within the broader Uzbek context. The press in Karakalpakstan not only reflects the historical dynamics of Uzbekistan’s information sphere but also embodies the multicultural and multilingual characteristics of national journalism. The inclusion of Karakalpak press materials enriches the comparative narrative and provides a deeper understanding of how regional media institutions contribute to shaping the identity of national journalism in post-independence Uzbekistan. The novelty of this research lies in three principal aspects. First, it is the first comprehensive comparison of the Polish and Uzbek press systems in both historical and functional dimensions. Second, it proposes a model of professional adaptation, showing how elements of the Polish media experience — such as editorial autonomy, journalistic ethics, and audience engagement — could be contextually applied within Uzbekistan’s media landscape. Third, it offers a critical reflection on media education, identifying the lack of integrated teaching methodologies and recommending ways to develop curriculum frameworks that cultivate professionalism and critical thinking among young journalists. In terms of practical relevance, the findings of this monograph have the potential to serve as a methodological guide for journalism educators, researchers, and policymakers. By analyzing the institutional evolution of the Polish media, the author provides actionable recommendations for improving media management, training systems, and the ethical culture of journalists in Uzbekistan. Moreover, the study emphasizes the need to establish sustainable private media entities, enhance digital journalism literacy, and ensure the availability of high-quality academic resources in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. This monograph, therefore, is not limited to academic analysis; it is also a bridge between theory and practice. It aspires to inspire further comparative research in post-socialist communication studies and to serve as a reference point for understanding how nations can harmonize their 6 traditional journalistic practices with global democratic standards. By doing so, it contributes to the growing body of literature that seeks to situate Central Asian media studies within the broader landscape of international communication scholarship. Finally, this work is intended for a wide professional audience — researchers in communication and cultural studies, journalism instructors, postgraduate students, and practitioners involved in media reforms. It may also interest policymakers and international partners engaged in supporting Uzbekistan’s transition toward a more transparent and participatory information environment. The publication of this monograph in English aims to make the findings accessible to a global readership, promoting scholarly dialogue and cross-cultural understanding between Eastern Europe and Central Asia. 7 CHAPTER I. PRE-INDEPENDENCE AND POSTINDEPENDENCE CONDITION OF THE PRESS OF UZBEKISTAN 1.1. The emergence of Karakalpak journalism in Uzbekistan in the XX century Studying Uzbek journalism, especially publishing, we can learn about the processes of information dissemination in the pre-and postindependence period, the formation of public opinion, and socioeconomic, spiritual, and educational processes, where, of course, the analysis of periodical publications of the time is essential. Because newspapers can serve as a historical source that preserves the social events of their time. In my current scientific work, I want to research the above-noted points by analyzing the local press of the Autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan 1 , which is located in the north-west of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet system had to establish a social, economic, and spiritual link between society and the government in order to influence mass consciousness and change the traditional way of living and thinking in society. It is no secret that as society develops, its need for information increases. Therefore, the establishment of new publishing houses on the territory of Central Asia, especially in Uzbekistan, was essential to spread its influence and strengthen the ideological influence on the mentality of the masses, which had developed over the centuries. On June 11, 1918, the Trade Union of Journalists of the Republic of Turkestan was established in Tashkent. “Nasha gazeta” (Our newspaper), “Izvestiya” (Information), “Turkestanskaya Pravda” (Truth of Turkistan), “Ishtirokchi” (Participant), “Qızıl bayraq” (Red flag), “Turkistan”, “Krasnıy front” (Red front) and other newspapers started their job. The 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpakstan 8 first journalists such as: N.Torequlov, T.Ryskulov, B.Dadabaev, I.Khidiraliev, K.Atabaev, A.Rakhimbaev, I.Khakimbaev, M.Yuldoshkhoriev, L.Alimi, N.Enikeev, U.Emonkhujaev and others actively participated in running the publishing press with their articles. 2 In June 1919, the newspaper “Izvestiya”, which was the organ of the Executive Committee of the Amudarya branch, was established in the city of Turtkul, the region of Amudarya, the Republic of Turkistan. I.Brikman, I.Kosyanenko, P.Baranovskiy also had their publicist materials published in it 3 . In September 1921, in accordance with the decision of the regional executive committee, the name of the newspaper “Izvestiya” was changed into “Красный Aмударьинец” (Red Amudaryan), and in 1922 it was again renamed into “Амударьинская жизнь” (Life of Amudarya) 4 . So, it can be considered as the first newspaper published in the territory of Karakalpakstan in the russian language. Unfortunately, it is impossible to find the copies of the newspaper in the archives as they were destroyed or demolished. This means that the number of circulation and copies of the newspaper were few and the newspaper was not readable for the local people as their language was different. Archival materials state that in the middle of 1920s, two newspapers in the Muslim language were published in the region: in Turtkul, the weekly newspaper ”Birinshi adım” (First step) was published with a circulation of 1000 copies, and in Khodjeyli - the newspaper “Erkin Qaraqalpaq” (Independent Karakalpak) with a circulation of 250 copies 5 . However, the publication of newspapers in Karakalpakstan was irregular, mainlyly due to logistical reasons (lack of financial support, fonts, equipment, experienced workers, etc.) 6 . 2 Qoshanov B.A., Asemetdinov M.N. “Qaraqalpaqstan jurnalistleri repressiya jıllarında”. Nókis-2009j., 7-p. 3 Семенов И.А. «О зарождении Каракалпакской советской печати». «Вестник Каракалпакского фил. Академ. наук УзССР» 1971 г. Қ4, стр-61-62. 4 Досумов Я.М. «Очерки истории Кара-Калпакской АССР» (1917-1927 гг.) Ташкент, изд-во Академ. наук УзССР, 1960, стр-294 5 Архив Президента Республики Казахстан - ф. 141, оп.1,д.67, л.109. 6 Нуржанов С.У. Периодическая печать Каракалпакстана в системе общественных отношений / ККО АН РУз.- Нукус: Илим, 2015. - 10 с. 15 “Vesti Karakalpakstana” - a socio-political newspaper (materials in Russian). This is the first printed publication published in the Republic of Karakalpakstan since 1919. As we mentioned in the previous unit, “Vesti Karakalpakstana” – current view of the first newspaper, the “Известия” – appeared in Russian in June 1919 in Turtkul, which was the capital of the Republic. During its history it has changed a number of names: “Красный амударьинец” (Red Amudaryan), “Амударьинская жизнь” (Amudarya Life), “Трудовой каракалпак” (Labour Karakalpak), “Советская Каракалпакия” (Soviet Karakalpak) 20 . The edition, the format of which is A2, is published twice a week. The main theme of the publication is the events taking place in the region of socio-political direction. After the technical-financial base of “Erkin Qaraqalpaq” was updated and supported by USSR in the 1930s, in the field of press new publications started to appear, especially which were specialized for young generation. At the same time, In the list of the newspapers, it should also be noted about the importance of the children’s-youth newspaper. It fulfills the socially important task of introducing the younger generation to the intellectual and spiritual potential of society and is thus a link in the transmission of social information from the older generation to the younger and at the same time a communication channel that enables children to communicate with each other. One of the old newspapers of Karakalpakstan is the children’s-youth newspaper “Jetkinshek”, about which an analytical-historical report by the journalist, Kh. Khalilaeva was published on the website of the “Erkin Karakalpakstan” newspaper like the following: For a little less than a century, the newspaper “Jetkinshek” has been a guide for children and young people in Karakalpakstan. It helps sharpen the pen of school children and gives them a ticket to the world of 20 Палуанов, Б. Н. Русскоязычные СМИ Каракалпакстана / Б. Н. Палуанов // Русский язык и литература в пространстве мировой культуры : материалы XIII Конгресса МАПРЯЛ: в 15 т., Гранада, 13–20 сентября 2015 года. – Гранада: Международное некоммерческое партнерство преподавателей русского языка и литературы "МАПРЯЛ", 2015. – С. 164-165. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28954931) 16 creativity. Many famous writers and poets, who today's famous journalists of our republic, began their work in "Jetkinshek". The first issue of the newspaper “Jetkinshek” was published on January 20, 1932 with a circulation of 1550 copies in Latin script. The first editor of the newspaper was Mahsud Yakubov. The newspaper was published three times a month and the materials were from the lives of children and young people. A year later Nauryz Zhapakov became the editor and the publication began to be published five times a month with a circulation of 5,000 copies. As an extra fact it can be mentioned that in 1932 in the same year, the magazine “Miyney ádebiyatı” (Labor literature) started to be published in Karakalpakstan 21 . Before World War II, the editors of the newspaper “Jetkinshek” were Kh.Tazhimuratov, I. Sultanov and S. Kurbanov. During the war the newspaper stopped its work. On January 1, 1958, it resumed its activity and the copy number of its circulation was 10,000. It is worth noting that in 1972 an important event in the history of the newspaper took place: it began to be published with a circulation of 39,200 copies. Over the years, “Jetkinshek” has become the closest friend of the younger generation. Its articles instilled in them love for their homeland and their environment and helped them to develop creatively. In the following years the newspaper was headed by A. Tazhimuratov, P. Abdiramanova, P. Edenbayeva, A. Atazhanov, G. Nurlepesova and A. Embergenov. Over the years such well-known personalities as T.Allayarov, A.Amanov, K.Bekzhanov, M.Karabaev, S.Abbasov, K.Nazbergenov, U.Pirzhanov, A.Seitekov, R.Duisemuratova, D.Dospanov, B.Seitayev, G.Yesemuratova, A.Tazhibayev and many others worked in the newspaper. It is gratifying to note that the names of O. Abdirakhmanov, K. Karimov, Zh. Izbaskanov, O. Oteuliev, A. Sultanov, Y. Azhimov, S. Zhumagulov and many other representatives of 21 Палуанов, Б. Об истоках становления национальной журналистики Каракалпакстана / Б. Палуанов // Медиасреда. – 2006. – № 1. – С. 71-72. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26475139) 17 modern Karakalpak literature are also associated with the newspaper “Jetkinshek”. So, it is fair to say that the newspaper has become a school of excellence for them. In the years of independence, the newspaper continues to play a major role in educating the younger generation in the spirit of love for the Motherland. It has actively participated in the reform of the educational system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In 2000, the famous poet of Karakalpakstan Gulnara Nurlepesova became the editor-in-chief of the newspaper. She put her energy into the development of the children's newspaper. In 2004 “Jetkinshek” was released in a new version in A3 format and on 8 pages. Now there are more than 30 rubrics and more than 10 creative clubs on the pages of the newspaper. Some publications of the republic have changed their name several times, but the newspaper “Jetkinshek” has never done so for 90 years. Currently, the editor-in-chief of the newspaper “Jetkinshek” is Zukhra Isakova 22 . On the other hand, another publication for youngsters is “Qaraqalpaqstan Jasları”. The newspaper has been published since 1934. Now it is a socio-political newspaper for the younger generation and is published once a week in A3 format. The publication positions itself as the most important publication presenting the life and problems of the youth of the republic. In order to empower the strength of control over the people, the USSR needed to crease district publication, which were responsible for delivering the laws and orders applied by the Party. If we analyse the foundation dates of the district publication, they mostly started their process in the 1930s and after World War II. The typological division of the Karakalpak press, its importance, the purpose and direction of publications are analyzed and revealed in the article, “The principles of the development of present Karakslpakstan's mass media” by Janabay 22 Х.Халилаева. “ГАЗЕТЕ «ЖЕТКИНШЕК» — 90 ЛЕТ” (https://erkinkarakalpak.uz/index.php/8829-2022-01-2706-36-40) 18 Kalibaevich Marziyaev, Docent of the Department of Journalism, Doctor of Philosophy in Philology of the Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh 23 . For the district publications of Karakalpakstan, we can mention as following: The “Shımbay hawazı” has been published in the Chimbay district since 1932. Originally, the publication was cited as an inter-district publication under the name “Ilgalli” (Advanced). Then it was published under the names “Kolxozshı” (Kolkhoznik), “Kolxoz kushi” (Strength of Kolkhoz), “Kolxoz haqıyqatı” (Kolkhoz Truth), “Kommunizm bayraǵı” (Flag of Communizm), “Kommunizm nuri” (Beam of Communizm). The “Aqmanǵıt tańı” is the Nukus district edition, which has been published since 1969 with the terms “Kommunizm bayragi” (Flag of Communizm) and “Xalq ushın” (For the People). The “Kegeyli Turmısı” is an edition of the Kegeyli district edition and was also a part of the inter-district newspaper “Ilgalli” (Advanced). Originally, the newspaper was published under the names “Stalinshi” (Stalinist), “Kommunizm qurilisi” (Communizm construction ) and “Lenin joli” (Lenin's Way). The “Taxtakopir tani” is an issue of the Takhtakupir district. It was also part of the inter-district newspaper “Ilgalli” (Advanced). The “Miynet Bayraǵı” (Flag of Labour) is an issue of Karauzak district. It was originally published under the name “Stalin jolı” (Stalin's Way). The “Xojeli haqıyqatı” (Truth of Khodjeli) is published in Khojeyli district. The newspaper has been published since 1956. The “Qońırat haqıyqatı” (Truth of Kungrad) is a publication of the Kungrad district and was published in 1944 under the name of “Jeńis bayraǵı” (Victory Flag). The “Shomanay nurı” (Beam of Shomanay) is an issue of the Shomanay district. The newspaper has been published under the name of “Paxtakesh” (cotton planter) since 1953. Later, it was renamed 23 Marziyaev, J. K. (2020). The principles of the development of present Karakslpakstan's mass media. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 03 (83), 274-277. (https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.03.83.52) 19 “Kommunizm jeńisi” (Victory of Communizm) and “Dosliq bayraǵı” (Flag of Friendship ) and is now published under the name “Shomanay nurı”. The “Qanlıkól xabarshısı” (Messenger of Kanlykol) is an edition of Kanlikul district. The newspaper was founded in 1971. Originally it was known as “Leninabad tańı” (Dawn of Leninabad). The”Tórtkulnama” is an edition for Turtkul district. The newspaper was founded in 1933. The "Mekan" is also published in the district. The “Taraqqiyot kozgusi” (Mirror of Development) is an edition of Amudarya district. It is published since 1934 with different terms. The “Davr ko’zgusi” (Mirror of Time) is the edition of Ellikqala district and was established in 1978. The “Xalq minbari” (People's Tribune) is an edition of Beruni district. The newspaper has been published since 1946. Unfortunately, the processes of globalization lead to the leveling and loss of national values, spiritual and moral guidelines of individual peoples. In this context, UNESCO adopted "CONVENTION FOR THE SAFEGUARDING OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE" on October 17, 2003 24 . In it, special reference is made to the need for the protection of intangible cultural heritage, respect for the intangible cultural heritage of the communities, groups and individuals concerned, and attention is drawn at the local, national and international levels to the importance of intangible cultural heritage and its mutual recognition, international cooperation and support. It can be concluded that all intangible values, including customs, moral guidelines, traditions, mentality and language, should be protected and comprehensively developed. In this sense, through the media it is possible to prevent the threat of disappearance of national values, show ways to solve pressing problems and develop moral guidelines for the young generation. In addition to what is mentioned above, it needs to be pointed out that at the beginning of the XXI century, after getting independence, the 24 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage - UNESCO Digital Library (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000132540) 20 Uzbek mass media, also including Karakalpakstan, paid more attention to publishing articles related to the theme like spiritually-morally upbring. In turn, it also included the national heroes, customs, traditions and the patriots who were repressed during the period of the Soviet Union. X.Atajanov the Ph.D. of Karakalpak State University has also led some research on this topic and briefly describes in his articles such as “Spiritual and moral education of youth through the media” 25 and “On the issue of coverage of national and spiritual values in the press of Karakalpakstan” 26 . The newspaper “Erkin Qaraqalpaqstan” in the 2010s introduced such headings as: • “Amazing people of our region” • “Heritage” • “Unreasonable verdict” • “Echoes of history” • “Hurliman”. And in the newspaper “Qaraqalpaqstan jasları” (Youth of Karakalpakstan) headings appeared as: • “The theme of morality” • “Strength”. As an example, it is worth mentioning that T. Kaipbergenov played the special role of the prominent Karakalpak writer and publicist, who was the first to raise this issue in the press 27 . 25 Атажанов, Х. А. Духовно-нравственное воспитание молодежи через СМИ / Х. А. Атажанов // Журналистский ежегодник. – 2013. – № 2-1. – С. 75. - https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/duhovno-nravstvennoevospitanie-molodezhi-cherez-smi/pdf 26 Атажанов, Х. А. К вопросу об освещении национально-духовных ценностей в прессе Каракалпакстана / Х. А. Атажанов // Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. – 2011. – № 28(243). – С. 17-19. (https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-ob-osveschenii-natsionalno-duhovnyh-tsennostey-v-pressekarakalpakstana/pdf) 27 Marziyaev, Ja. K. Interpretation of environmental problems in the Karakalpak press / Ja. K. Marziyaev // Theoretical & Applied Science. – 2019. – No 11(79). – P. 65-73. – DOI 10.15863/TAS.2019.11.79.17. – P. 68. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42407699) 21 Moreover, in the articles “The butterfly that struck itself on the flame” by K. Khozhanov 28 , and “Grief from sons” by D. Rametullaev 29 , the causes of moral decline of a certain part of the youth are reported. Educational articles “Courting guests is a sign of friendship and humanity” by M. Ashirbekov 30 and “Everything begins with a greeting” by T. Muratov 31 are devoted to the rituals and traditions of the Karakalpak people. Using real-life examples, the authors show the importance of preserving national traditions and the role they play in educating the younger generation. In the publications “Where is our national skullcap?” B. Saparova 32 and “Is it our way to steal a girl?”, G. Zhumamuratov 33 reports on national dress and wedding rituals. For their part, the newspapers of the Republic devoted much attention to national heroes such as Ernazar Alakóz, Aydos Biy, Qulen Bolıs and others. For example, the articles “Who was the wit Umirbek?” by K. Tileuova 34 , in which the author quotes some interesting moments from the life of the wit Umirbek and talks about his role in the development of the Karakalpak school of humor, and “Ernazar biy born of a tiger” by Zh. Bazarbaev 35 , which tells about the prominent Karakalpak hero Ernazar, who lived in the 19th century. The author draws a historical picture of that time and talks about the great merits of Ernazar for his people, who raised the strike against the rule of the Khiva Khan. “Erkin Qaraqalpaqstan” published research articles about the repressed compatriots and their tragic fate, such as the articles “Necessary sources about the remaining “black spots” of the totalitarian regime in history” by S. Kamalov 36 and “The death sentence executed in 20 28 Newspaper “Мийнет байрыгы”. On April 5, 2006. 29 Newspaper “Каракалпакстан жаслары”. On November 28, 2002. 30 Newspaper”Тахтакупир тани”. On January 15-30, 2006. 31 Newspaper “Каракалпакстан жаслары”. On June 5, 2003. 32 Newspaper “Шымбай хауазы”. On March 14, 2006. 33 Newspaper “Каракалпакстан жаслары”. On December 14, 2006. 34 Newspaper “Канликул хабарлары”. On November 1, 2002. 35 Newspaper “Еркин Каракалпакстан”. On January 27, 2007. 36 Newspaper “Еркин Каракалпакстан”. On October 9, 2008. 22 minutes” by Sh. Babashev 37 , which tell about the last minutes of life of prominent personalities of Karakalpakstan, repressed by denunciations. On the other hand, it is not a secret to anyone that global environmental problems are in the center of mass media and more attention is being paid to them by not only the journalists and politicians but also world organizations than before. On September 19, 2017, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev spoke at the 72nd session of the United Nations General Assembly, also mentioning the Aral Sea desiccation as one of the most essential global problems. In his speech, he said that “I would like to once again draw your attention to one of the most acute ecological problems of our time - the Aral Sea catastrophe. I am holding the map of the Aral tragedy in my hands. I believe, comments are unnecessary here. Overcoming the consequences of desiccation of the sea requires today the active consolidation of international efforts. We stand for full implementation of the special UN Program to provide effective assistance to the population affected by the Aral Sea crisis adopted this year 38 ”. His speech was also published in almost all the newspapers of the country, including Uzbekistan News Agency’s official website. In addition, in accordance with the requirements of the time, the first electronic version of the newspaper “Erkin Qaraqalpaqstan” has been available since 2005 39 . At the present time, the main online publications in the Karakalpak and Uzbek languages are: • information and analytical website www.karinform.uz; • information site www.kruz.uz, www.kar24.uz, www.makan.uz; 37 Newspaper “Еркин Каракалпакстан”. On August 29, 2002. 38 https://uza.uz/ru/posts/prezident-uzbekistana-shavkat-mirziyeev-vystupil-na-72-y-ses-20-09-2017 (access: 01:19pm, 02.02.2022.) 39 Палуанов, Б. Об истоках становления национальной журналистики Каракалпакстана / Б. Палуанов // Медиасреда. – 2006. – № 1. – С. 71-72. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26475139) 23 • www.kknews.uz website of the Karakalpak news agency 40 ; According to the press and information agencies of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, in 2010, 35 newspapers were published here, of which 4 were state-owned, 13 were sectoral, 16 were regional and city, 2 are private 41 . However, based on the facts of News agency of Karakalpakstan, on January 1, 2018, 44 newspapers, 8 magazines, and one news agency were registered in the republic 42 . These publications can be classified as follows: 1. Central publications; 2. District and city publications; 3. Specialized (field) publications; 4. Independent (personal) publications; 5. Weekly publications; 6. Entertaining publications. The newspapers which appeared after the independence could be considered in the following list: The newspaper “Qoraqalpoq tongi” (Karakalpak Morning) was first published on July 25, 1992 under the name “Amu tongi” (Dawn of the Amu). The newspaper is the only edition of the Jokargy Kenges (Supreme Council) and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan in Uzbek language. On April 8, 2010, the newspaper was renamed “Qoraqalpog’iston tongi” (Dawn of Karakalpakstan). The newspaper is dominated by agricultural and socio-political issues. The most important information is concentrated in small columns on the second and third pages. 40 Оразымбетова, А., Основная характеристика национальных СМИ Каракалпакстана. Утверждено к печати ученым советом факультета журналистики Национального исследовательского Томского государственного университета, p.40. (https://vital.lib.tsu.ru/vital/access/services/Download/vtls:000709327/SOURCE1#page=40) 41 Х. А. Атажанов К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ОСВЕЩЕНИИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-ДУХОВНЫХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ В ПРЕССЕ КАРАКАЛПАКСТАНА. Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. 2011. № 28 (243). Филология. Искусствоведение. Вып. 59 . С. 17 (https://lsw.ru/11-07-00733/2013-003-c-52-61.pdf#page=15) 42 Marziyaev, J. K. (2020). The principles of the development of present Karakslpakstan's mass media. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 03 (83), 274-277.(https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.03.83.52) 24 “Shıpaker” (Doctor) is a newspaper of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and is published twice a month in Karakalpak and Uzbek languages. The newspaper was established in 1998. The newspaper “Ǵarezsizlik hám nızam” (Independence and the Law) has been published since September 1, 1996. The organizer of the newspaper is the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The newspaper is published twice a month in Karakalpak and Uzbek languages. “Ustaz Jolı” (The Way of the Teacher) is a socio-political, spiritual and educational newspaper founded by the Ministry of Public Education of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the Administration of Secondary Specialized Vocational Education of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the Republican Center for Spirituality and Enlightenment. The newspaper has been published in Karakalpak and Uzbek languages since 1998. The “Qaraqalpaqstan hawazı” (Voice of Karakalpakstan) has been published in the Karakalpak language by the Karakalpak Council of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan since 1994. The newspapers “Qaraqalpaqstan madeniyati” (Culture of Karakalpakstan) and “Qaraqalpaqstan sporti” (Sports of Karakalpakstan) were previously published on the basis of the newspaper "Madeniyat ham sport" (Culture and Sports) and are sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Sports of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Since 2005, “Gulayim”, a publication founded by the Women's Committee of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (previously) and the newspaper “Amu tongi” (Dawn of Amu), has been published. The newspaper “Qaraqalpaq University” (Karakalpak University ), founded in 2005, is a publication of the Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh. The newspaper “Mekan” (Homeland) is an edition of the Turkmen National Center of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, founded in 1999. The newspaper “Kásiplik bilimlendiriw” (Vocational Education) is published by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan 31 (Komitet Centralny PZPR). Founded in 1947 (then called R S W 'Prasa'), it took over other, often larger, publishing houses and the titles they published (Wiedza (Knowledge) in 1948 and Czytelnik (Readers) in 1951, the largest postwar publisher of the popular press) and quickly attained the position of the largest press publisher in Poland. RSW gained a monopoly position in 1972 when it incorporated the only press distributor in Poland, Ruch (Movement), into its structure. After the merger, during PRL's last two decades, RSW distributed about 85 percent of press titles in Poland (more precisely, 92 percent of newspapers and over 70 percent of magazines). RSW was the exclusive press distributor, owned the majority of printing companies and printing houses in the country, and even had its own research institution of high international standing, the Press Research Centre (Ośrodek Badań Prasoznawczych), which cooperated with media science institutions around the world. The opposition found itself in this media system when it became active in the late 1970s. Democratization of the media system was also one of the main demands of the Solidarity movement (NSZZ Solidarność) in 1980-81, whose journalists were active in the Association of Polish Journalists (Stowarzyszenie Dziennikarzy Polskich), which fought for change. In the late 1980s, this was not yet possible because those in power believed that control of the media was essential for effective governance. The deep political, economic and social crisis at the end of the 1980s made them aware of the inevitability of change, which led to the decision to start talks with the opposition about democratizing the existing system 56 . There is an urgent point to be highlighted that there were 14 newspapers published nationwide during the People's Republic of Poland, 10 of which were general newspapers. In addition, three major party magazines and several newspapers representing different political parties were also published, such as: Trybuna Ludu (literally: Tribune of the People, published by the Polish United Workers' Party, PZPR), Dziennik 56 More about media’s activities in PRL in: R. Habielski, Polityczna historia mediów w Polsce w X X wieku, Warszawa 2009 oraz D. Grzelewska, R. Habielski, A. Kozieł, J. Osica, L, Piwońska-Pomykało, Prasa, radio i telewizja w Polsce. Zarys dziejów, Warszawa 2001, pp. 143-210. 32 Ludowy (literally: People's Daily, United Peasant Party) and the Kurier Polski (literally: Polish Courier, Democratic Party), as well as - representing the government authority - Rzeczpospolita (literally: Commonwealth, but meaning Poland) 57 . During that time, there were also four serious magazines that were aimed at various smaller audiences like: Sztandar Młodych (literally: Banner of Youth) for the youth, Gromada – Rolnik Polski (literally: Cluster – Polish Farmer), for villagers, Żołnierz Wolności (literally: Soldier of Freedom) on military topics, and Słowo Powszechne (literally: Popular Word), published by the pro-socialist PAX Catholic Association and recognized by church authorities. Moreover, others are: Życie Warszawy (literally: Life of Warsaw), Express Wieczorny (literally: Evening Express), a children's magazine Świat Młodych (literally: Youth World), and three sport newspapers Sport, Przegląd Sportowy (literally: Sport Review ) and Tempo 58 . The above titles have embarked on the path of ownership and organizational transformation, but the failure to adapt to the rules of the free market has led most of them to abandon within the first decade of transition, as following order: 1993 – Świat Młodych (Pierwszy numer: 7.02.1949) 1994 – Dziennik Ludowy (Pierwszy numer: 1918) 1995 – Gromada - Rolnik Polski (Pierwsze wydanie: 1 czerwca 1952) 1997 – Słowo Powszechne (Pierwszy numer: 1947) 1997 – Sztandar Młodych (Pierwszy numer: 1 maja 1950) 1997 – Żołnierz Wolności (Pierwszy numer: 5 października 1921. Obecna nazwa: Polska Zbrojna) 1999 – Express Wieczorny (Pierwszy numer: 20 maja 1946. Aktualna nazwa: Super Express) 1999 – Kurier Polski (Pierwszy numer: 1957) 57 W. Pisarek, Ogólnoinformacyjna prasa codzienna w Polsce. Zmiany lat 1989-1995, Warszawa 1995, p. 2. 58 R. Filas, Prasa ogólnokrajowa po 1989 roku, [in:] Słownik wiedzy o mediach, ed. E. Chudziński, WarszawaBielsko-Biała 2007, p. 109. 33 2009 – Trybuna (Pierwszy numer: 16 grudnia 1948) 2011 – Życie Warszawy (Pierwszy numer: 15 października 1944) Still exist – Rzeczpospolita (Założona w 1920 [reaktywowana w 1944 i 1982]) Still exist – Przegląd Sportowy (Pierwszy numer: 21 maja 1921) Still exist – Sport (Założona w 1945) Still exist – Tempo (Pierwsze wydanie: 1948) However, it is also worth mentioning the emergence of Polish schools of journalism during the Soviet period. The first school of journalism was founded by Stefan Góra (1903), but it was not until 1911 that a faculty of journalism was established at the University of Political Sciences in Kraków. Six years later (1917), a similar faculty was established at the Warsaw University of Political Sciences, but it was dissolved after five years (1922) for programmatic and financial reasons. Then, at the Free Polish University in Warsaw, the School of Journalism was established at the Faculty of Humanities, which has existed since 1927 as an independent, private university of journalism. After World War II the Faculty of Journalism of the Academy of Political Science was established and in the course of the subsequent transformation it was incorporated into the University of Warsaw. In 1953, the Faculty of Journalism was established at the University of Warsaw. Its activity was discontinued in 1960, after which the inter-UW Journalism School was formed, which trained graduates of various courses. A new history of journalism in Warsaw begins in 1975 when the Faculty of Journalism and Political Science was formed. In Krakow, on the other hand, after the World War II in the late 1940s, the School of Social Sciences was founded, which then became a part of the Jagiellonian University and was renamed the Study of Journalism, but ceased to exist after a few years. It was not until 1971 that the Postgraduate School of Journalism was established at the Faculty of Philology of the Jagiellonian University under the leadership of Dr. Jacek Kajtoch. In 1976, he founded the political science journalism specialty at the Institute of Political Studies of the Jagiellonian University. After the 34 regime change, the International School of Journalism (headed by Teresa Sasińska-Klas) was founded, followed by the Institute of Journalism and Communication at Jagiellonian University in 1998. After 1990, more public and private universities started training future journalists. Currently, there are more than 90 public and private universities in Poland that train potential journalists. In Kraków, there are two programmes at Jagiellonian University and one programme at the University of Education, the Pontifical University of John Paul II, the Andrzej FryczModrzewski Kraków University, the Małopolska Higher Vocational School, Bogdan Jaiiski Academy in Kraków, Tischner European University, Kraków University of Economics (postgraduate studies in the field of economic journalism ) and University School of Physical Education (postgraduate studies in the field of sports journalism and advocacy). Some higher education institutions in Poland offer two or even three degrees in journalism ( University of Wrocław - in political science and in philology, and the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin - at the Faculty of Humanities, in Political Studies, and at the University's Bachelor College in Biała Podlaska), so there are at least 117 specializations in journalism in Poland 59 . Especially, but not only, private schools show their ingenuity when it comes to creating new specializations, especially since the standard offer of journalism (or journalism and communication studies) is not such a strong magnet for potential candidates. For example, journalism degree programs today must include courses for information technologists, media managers, specialists in organizing work in film and television, digital media specialists, computer graphic designers, editors of specialized newsletters or local newspapers, and a variety of professionals who work on the Internet. 59 Information about studying journalism in Poland please visit: http://kierunkistudiow.pl/dziennikarstwo_i_komunikacja_spoleczna 35 2.2. Current state of Polish press in the society since 1989 The turning point came in February 1989, when widespread social resistance and mass protests against Communist rule led to the start of the Round Table Talks between the Communist establishment and the leaders of the Solidarity movement. A peaceful and gradual transition from a Communist dictatorship to a liberal democracy ensued. The Round Table Talks led to limited free elections in June 1989, and in September 1989 the new government was formed and systemic change began. Monopolistic party rule, repression, surveillance, centrally planned economy and censorship of culture came to an end. Poles were united in an anti-communist majority. Everyone agreed to build a democracy based on the rule of law, checks and balances, and a free market. After several months of preparations and ongoing exploratory talks between the years 1988-1989, the Round Table Talks began - the negotiations on the changes that were to take place in the Polish political system, economy, society and media system. The Round Table Talks took place from February 6 to April 5, 1989, with the participation of representatives of the authorities that formed the party coalition and representatives of the main opposition groups concentrated around the management of Solidarity (Solidarność), also known as the civic side. The result of more than two months of work was the signing of the Round Table Agreements (Porozumienia Okrągłego Stołu) on April 5, 1989 - a political contract intended to initiate Poland's transition from the "real socialism" of the People's Republic to democracy and a market economy 60 . On April 5, 1989, the final version of the Round Table Agreements (Porozumienia Okrągłego Stołu) was formally signed, which included the “Report on the Work of the Mass Media Committee” (Sprawozdanie z 60 A. Dudek, Pierwsze lata III Rzeczypospolitej 1989 - 2001, Kraków 2004, pp. 32-42. 36 prac zespołu do spraw środków społecznego przekazu) 61 . Thus, the concept of a “new information order” developed by the Media Subcommittee became part of the political contract between the government of the time and the opposition forces gathered around Solidarity. The document begins by stating that “the communication system existing in Poland is obsolete and inadequate for the changes taking place, and the condition of the material bases of the press, radio, TV and IT is desperate” 62 . This diagnosis of the status quo was correct on both counts. The media system of the Peoples Republic of Poland valid at that time was not only outdated, but also incompatible with the principles of democracy and market economy that had to be implemented in the country. The statement about the “desperate” condition of the infrastructure suited reality. The printing infrastructure and the technical base of television and radio were in a catastrophic state; old technology was used, equipment was outdated, and the aforementioned “IT” hardware simply did not exist. Our civilizational backwardness in this area meant that we were among the last in Europe in international statistics 63 . After diagnosing the existing situation, the next step was to formulate a prescription for it, which was summarized in the following statement: “We recognize the need for the rapid construction of a new information order, which must reflect the pluralism existing in society by responding to the processes of democratization and rejecting any monopoly in this area. The goal of the new order should be the possibility of free participation of political parties, groups and individuals in all forms of communication, a result that can only be achieved by abolishing censorship” 64 . 61 Sprawozdanie z prac Podzespołu ds. Środków Masowego Przekazu, [in:] Okrągły Stół dokumenty i materiały, Vol. 4, op. cit., pp. 31-37. 62 Ibid. P.31. 63 Komunikowanie masowe w Polsce: łata osiemdziesiąte, ed. W. Pisarek, „Zeszyty Prasoznawcze” 1991, No. 1-2 64 Sprawozdanie £ prac Podzespołu ds. Środków Masowego Przekazu, [in:] Okrągły Stół dokumenty i materiały, Vol. 4, op. cit., p. 3. 37 In order for a free and pluralistic press market to develop as quickly as possible (as has already been stated in this parliamentary term), the existing press laws (the Press Law and the Law on the Control of Publications and Performances) must be amended to replace the licensing system for newspapers with an application system (instead of approval by the GUKPPiW [Office of Censorship], registration of titles will suffice). The regulations for the press (especially the decision to change the licensing system for registration and the decision for the free circulation of paper) secured a basis for the creation of a completely free and democratic press market in the future. They were implemented relatively quickly through legislative amendments; in the last days of May 1989, the press law and the law on the control of publications and performances (Prawo prasowe, Ustawa o kontroli publikacji i widowisk) were amended; on March 22, 1990, the RSW “Prasa-Książka-Ruch” was liquidated; on April 11, 1990, censorship was abolished through the abolition of the Central Office of the Control of Publications and Performances 65 . At the end of the report, reference is made to the verification journalists conducted under martial law, 66 to assess where the parties have not agreed on a common position (the opposition believed it to be unjust and immoral, the government believed it to be necessary for those conditions), but it managed to reach an agreement on the future of journalists, which was reflected in the statement: “the parties consider it necessary to make a clear, unambiguous and meaningful public statement by meaningful, official factors, that all media personnel persecution for their political views will never and under no circumstances in the future 65 T. Mielczarek, Monopol, pluralizm, koncentracja. Środki komunikowania masowego w Polsce w łatach 19892006, Warszawa 2007 and W. Sonczyk, Media w Polsce: zarys problematyki, Warszawa 1999. 66 After the introduction of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981, in winter 1982, the journalist’s verification action was held. Each journalist had to appear in front of the verification commission, composed of high officials of the party, and make a declaration of loyalty to the government. In order to obtain the right to return to work, they had to receive was a positive decision of verification. As a result, the journalism environment of Poland permanently split into those who were deprived of the right to practice the profession and those who were in the official editorial offices, because the party considered them to be loyal. However, the entire journalistic environment was deeply humiliated. See: W. Pisarek, Polityka informacyjna, [in:] Komunikowanie masowe w Polsce: lata osiemdziesiąte, „Zeszyty Prasoznawcze” 1991, No. 1-2, p. 40, K. Pokorna-lgnatowicz, Telewizja w systemie politycznym i medialnym PRL..., op. cit., pp. 191-193. 38 occur” 67 . The opposition also appealed to guarantee journalists access to information and to respect the right to make corrections. The document concluded by saying that “the parties are convinced that having created a new multi-stakeholder communication system, the principle of mutual respect must be adhered to even more firmly, striving for a high level of political culture free from hostility, hatred, or prejudice towards ethnic or religious groups while preserving their own outlook, political and social identity, by the various forces of pluralistic society” 68 . After the liquidation of the Press-Book-Movement Workers' Publishing Co-operative, the activities of the liquidation committee of the Press-Book-Movement Workers' Publishing Co-operative caused a great deal of controversy because there were no precise rules governing the sale and assignment of titles owned by the co-operative. However, it led to a demonopolization of the market press and limited the influence of the ruling political parties during the People's Republic of Poland. Below, I want to point out some information about the newspapers and their publishers in the Polish Press Market after the activities of The Round Table in 1989-1990. Newspaper “Rzeczpospolita” Rzeczpospolita ceased to be a governmental body very early, in 1989, but since the magazine was considered an official publication in 1990, the search began for a foreign investor who would take the title into private ownership. The choice ended up the group of Robert Hersant. From the moment Rzeczpospolita stopped being a state organ, the editors' ambition was to create an informational and apolitical newspaper, but the practice has shown that journalists tended to distance themselves from their political views (thus, many historical texts and essays appeared in the paper, mainly associated with the conservative part of the political scene). 69 . 67 Sprawozdanie £ prac Podzespołu ds. Środków Masowego Przekazu, [in:] Okrągły Stół dokumenty i materiały, Vol. 4, op. cit., p. 36. 68 Ibid. p. 37. 69 T. Mielczarek, Monopol. Pluralizm. Koncentracja, op. cit., pp. 104-105. 39 The Rzeczpospolita consisted of a legal, political, economic, foreign and sports department. There was also a department of culture. A characteristic feature of Rzeczpospolita was its multicoloured columns. The publication was divided into as following: • a general section printed on white paper, • an economic section on green pages, • a legal section on yellow paper, • the Saturday supplement "Plus - Minus" on salmoncoloured pages. In addition, an integral part of Rzeczpospolita was a TV supplement called “Tele.” At the beginning of the first decade, Rzeczpospolita had a circulation of about 200,000 copies. Four years later, it reached a record circulation of 287,000 copies, but the professionally edited sections and the newspaper's sales - although remaining at a high level - gradually declined 70 . In 2006, 51 percent of Rzeczpospolita's shares were acquired by the British investment fund Mecom. Sales continued to decline in the second decade. While in 2000 they reached a circulation of 263,000 and sold 203,000 copies, four years later circulation was 244,000 and sales were just over 180,000 copies. To enrich the newspaper and thus attract new readers to the title, it was and is accompanied by a variety of supplements and thematic inserts such as: • “Dobra Firma” (Good Company), • “Nieruchom ości” (Real Estate), • “Kariera i Biznes” (Career and Business), • “Moje Pieniądze” (My Money), • “Prawo co dnia” (Daily Law), • “Prawo i praktyka” (Law and Practise). 70 Ibid. p. 107 40 In 2011, the media company Gremi bought the shares of Mecom and the State Treasury and acquired 100 percent of the shares of Presspublicas, and Tomasz Wróblewski became the new editor-in-chief of Rzeczpospolita. Currently, Rzeczpospolita's average circulation is about 170,000 copies. Newspapers “Gazeta Wyborcza” One of the most important changes of the first decade was Gazeta Wyborcza, which debuted a month before the June elections in 1989. The first issue appeared on 8 May 1989. The newspaper’s quickly established and expanded sections appropriate to an informative and journalistic press caused the newspaper to take on the formula of a local and national newspaper at the same time, something that had never been seen before. The supplements of Gazeta Wyborcza have been: • “Gazeta Telewizyjna” (Television Newspaper), • “Nieruchom ości” (Real Estate), • “Wysokie Obroty” • “Wysokie Obcasy” (literally: High Heels). Undoubtedly, Gazeta Wyborcza was a newspaper that skillfully exploited its much earlier start than other initiatives; by the end of 1989, its circulation was half a million copies. Five years later, Gazeta Wyborcza's average circulation was 511,000 copies, of which 418,000 were sold. Over the next two years, both the newspaper's circulation and sales declined slightly, but from 1997 to the late 1990s, circulation and sales increased steadily, reaching 569,000 and 443,000 copies, respectively, in 1999.15 The second decade saw a reverse trend. Today, Gazeta Wyborcza's average circulation is around 300,000 copies. Newspaper Super Express The first decade of changes in the publishing market also saw the launch of the first tabloid: Super Express. The magazine was the result of the restructuring of Express Poranny (literally: Morning Express). In mid1992, Super Express began publishing a color television supplement called Super Tydzien (Super Week). This was followed by a music 47 At the same time, it is also urgent to kick off the publisher companies in the Polish Press Market. After the Round Table, rich countries, and more precisely the concerns and press companies, operating in mass media, invested in foreign markets. Poland was in the sphere of their interests. There were such giants as Silvio Berlusconi, Axel Springer, H. Bauer, David Chase, Rupert Murdoch, Robert Hersant, Jörg Marquard, Nicola Grauso, Bertelsman. The media giants did not stop at publishing the printed press. In 1996, 100 titles belonged to 13 companies, including three with Polish capital. In 2006, 11 publishers owned 100 titles (Bauer Media Polska - 27, Phoenix Press - 18, Edipresse Polska - 16, Axel Springer - 10, Gruner + Jahr Polska - 8, Agora S.A. - 6, Burda Media Polska - 6, Marquard Media Polska - 2, Hachette Filipacchi Polska - 2, Prószyński Sp.zo.o. - 2, ZPR - 2, Zwierciadło Sp.zo.o. - 1 title). Ten years later, 7 players remained on the market, publishing the same number of magazines (Bauer Media Polska - 51, Edipresse Polska - 23, Burda International - 10, Agora S.A. - 9, Marquard Media Polska - 5, Zwierciadło Sp.zo.o.- 1, ZPR - 1 title). 77 . Publishers also invested in various types of websites, which became the electronic version of the magazine addressed to younger audiences. The changes caused by the development of new digital technologies forced further transformations in the functioning of corporations. The following have become very popular: dama.interia.pl (Bauer Media) or woman.gazeta.pl (Agora S.A.), which are not based on the name of any title belonging to the owners' offer. Burda International has adopted a different strategy. It offered websites based on well-known titles, such as claudia.pl, glamour.pl or gala.pl. Marquard Media Polska had two types of websites. Those associated with the name of the periodical are shape.pl or hotmoda.pl and those that are independent, i.e. kozaczek.pl (in the table below) 78 . 77 Dąbrowska-Cendrowska, O., 2019. Prasa kobieca w Polsce w latach 1989–2017—próba diagnozy rynku. Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej, 21(4), p.36. 78 Ibid. p.41. 48 Company name Internet services targeted at women others Bauer Media Polska mam.dziecko.interia.pl; kobieta.interia.pl; kobieta.naj.pl; styl.pl; plotek.pl; swiat.seriali.pl. mobile applications (Android operating system) — koko play; krzyżówki pro; durszlak; pyszne. durszlak.pl; krainakiko.pl; astro.pl; konkursyphoenix.pl; interia.pl; sunrise.system.pl; artefakt.pl; topsolutions.pl Edipresse Polska party.pl; wizaz.pl; polki.pl; babyonline.pl; gotuj.pl mobile applications (Android operating system) - „Viva”, „Be Active”, „Party”, „Uroda Życia”, „Mamo to Ja”. Burda International Polska burda.pl; elle.pl; galla.pl; glamour.pl; instyle.pl; kobieta.pl; mojegotowanie.pl; prześlij.przepis.pl; rodzice.pl; stylio.pl; claudia.pl. elledecoration.pl; mójpięknyogród.pl focus.pl; nationalgeographic.pl; crn.pl; chip.pl 49 Agora S.A. avanti.pl; kuchniamagazyn.pl; e.dziecko.pl; avanti24.pl; wysokieobcasy.pl; kobieta.gazeta.pl; gazeta.dziecko.pl; plotek.pl dynamiczny rozwój oferty mobilnej m.in.: “Avanti”, “Kuchnia”, “Wysokie Obcasy Extra”. Gazeta.pl; wiadomości.gazeta.pl; wyborcza.pl; zdrowie.gazeta.pl; weekend.gazeta.pl; sport.pl; PolskaBiega.pl; MyFitness.pl; Junior.Sport.pl; Deser.pl; Moto.pl; Ladnydom.pl; Czterykaty.pl; Bryla.pl; Domiwnetrze.pl; Domosfera.pl i E-ogrody.pl; podróże.gazeta.pl Marquard Media Polska milion.kobiet.pl; kozaczek.pl; zeberka.pl; Boksa!.pl; supermamy.pl; hotmoda.pl; shape.pl; jamiemagazine.pl mobile application: “Joy”, “Cosmopolitan”, Hot.Moda&Shopping”, “Harper’s Bazar”. Esquire.pl; ckm.pl; playboy.pl; auto.stuff.pl; voyage.pl Zwierciadło Sp. z o.o Zwierciadło.pl (serwis wspólny dla dwóch magazynów: „Zwierciadło” i „Sens”). ZPR mjakmama.pl Se.pl; eska.pl; eskago.pl; eskarock.pl; eskainfo.pl; muratordom.pl; poradnikzdrowie.pl; muratorplus.pl; 50 urządzamy.pl In addition to this, it should be noted that the magazines published by these companies are also worth commenting and ranking the number of their circulation copies. Among the ten most popular monthly magazines, six are advice magazines for women. The leader was “Woman and Life” (Bauer Media). The second place was taken by the “Women's World” (Bauer Media). Behind him was the magazine “Dobre Rady” (Burda International). Off the podium were: “Poradnik Domowy” (Edipresse), “Claudia” (Burda International) and “Olivia” (Bauer Media). In addition, the Top Ten also includes cooking thematic guides: “Submit a Recipe” (Burda International), “Readers' Recipes” (Bauer Media) and “Submit a Recipe. Special Edition” (Burda International). The luxury magazine “Twój Styl” (Bauer Media) was in fourth place 79 . Among the ten most popular biweekly magazines, nine belonged to the women's press. The exception was the leader, the magazine with the television program “Tele Świat” (Bauer Media). “Przyjaciółka” (Edipresse Polska) came second and the people magazine “Party. Came third. Life of the Stars” (Edipresse Polska). Moreover, among the bestselling biweekly magazines there are 3 guide and entertainment magazines for women: “Tina” (Bauer Media), “Pani Domu” (Edipresse Polska), “Naj” (Bauer Media), 3 people type magazines: “Show” (Bauer Media), “Flash. Gwiazd & Styl” (Edipresse), “Grazia” (Bauer Media) and a true story magazine: “Z Życie Takie”(Bauer Media) 80 . Comparing the copy sales data in the group of weeklies, it can be seen that the clear leader in 2010–2016 was “Tele Tydzień” (Bauer Media). “Życie na Gorało” (Bauer Media) was second, and another entertainment and gossip magazine “Twój Imperium” (Bauer Media) was 79 Ibid. p.31. 80 Ibid. p.32. 51 third. The most popular weeklies included a total of 5 periodicals belonging to the sub-segment of entertainment and gossip magazines. Apart from the mentioned “Hot Life” and “Your Empire”, these were: “Rewia”, “World & People” and “Live”. They all belonged to the Bauer Media company. Moreover, two repertoire magazines were among the most popular weekly magazines: To & Owo (Bauer Media) and Magazyn Television Kurier TV (Bauer Media). In sixth place was “Chwila dla Ciebie” (Bauer Media) belonging to true story magazines 81 . 81 Ibid. p.33. 52 CHAPTER III. COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON JOURNALISM IN UZBEKISTAN AND POLAND: SOVIET LEGACIES, CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES, AND PATHWAYS TO REFORM. 3.1. Soviet-Era Foundations and Modern Challenges in Uzbek Journalism Education and Media As there are shown the history of the Press of Uzbekistan and Poland in the first and second chapters, I try to point out the main common peculiarities of the journalism of the boss country during the period of Soviet Union In this (third) chapter. Communist journalism, which prevailed in both countries for a long time, had a different conception of the restriction. In communist journalism, the social function of the image of consciousness was subordinated to the supremacy of a single ideology. What should be reported (or not reported) in communist journalism, radio and television was decided on the basis of the decisions and instructions of the Bolshevik Party. As mentioned above, this social function of journalism was declared to be collective agitation, and this became the law for communist journalistic publications, radio and television. That is, the Soviet mass media did not report objectively on social life, but strove to promote certain ideas and to find or invent facts, events, and phenomena that corresponded to those ideas. Communist journalism adhered in its work to the principles that had emerged from the domination of individual ideas, and reported on the life of society from the point of view of the class party. The Marxist-Leninists showed that the main principle of journalism was communist ideology and partisanship. This principle was applied as a strict, mandatory law in the period of communist journalism. Moreover, this chapter includes some solutions from the Poland journalism especially publication press to the problems in the sphere of Uzbek press at the current time. First of all, I would like to introduce a 53 number of achievements in the field of journalistic education and Mass Media in Uzbekistan, and then I would like to mention a number of issues: The issue of training journalists in the field of journalistic education in the Republic of Uzbekistan was introduced in the middle of the twentieth century. The training of journalists began in 1949 with the establishment of a special department for the training of journalists at the Philological Faculty of the Central Asian State University (now the National University of Uzbekistan). This department was transformed into an independent faculty in 1967. Karakalpak State University, Uzbek State University of World Languages, Tashkent State Institute of Arts (now Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture) since 1993, Academy of State and Social Construction under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan since 1997. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan of February 26, 1999 "On improvement of the system of training and retraining of journalists" was a real impetus for the development of journalism. The process of democratization of the media, i.e. journalism, is underway, and it should be noted that there are many urgent problems in this process. PhD Khurmet Atajanov, Karakalpak State University, in his article “Qaraqalpaqstanda gazetalardıń jaǵdayı qanday? Saqlap qalıwdıń imkaniyatı bar ma?” 82 (What is the state of newspapers in Karakalpakstan? Is it possible to save?), mentioned and analyzed several factors that are currently leading the press to the crisis. He noticed some main reasons that led to the above introduced problem at present. Reason 1: “The development of Internet publications has also led to a decline in newspaper circulation. 82 “Qaraqalpaqstanda gazetalardıń jaǵdayı qanday? Saqlap qalıwdıń imkaniyatı bar ma?” http://qaraqalpaqstangazetalari.tilda.ws/qaralpaqstangazetalari 54 The first alarm, which led to a drop in local newspaper circulation, is appearance of online publications when it began to attract a section of the audience 83 ”. Reason 2: “Can the people subscribe to the newspaper? According to the State Statistics Service for 2021 84 , the average nominal monthly salary in Uzbekistan was 2.8 million sums. Let it be so. But there are also many people who earn around 1 million sums a month. The cost of subscription to the newspapers and magazines of Karakalpakstan in 2022 is also demonstrated in the picture 85 .” “For example, a subscriber who is Nick receives 2.8 million a month, if he subscribes to "Erkin Qaraqalpaqstan" for a year, it will cost 25.35% of his salary. If only Nick receives salary in the family, he will have to give up a number of things in the month he subscribes to the newspaper, because utility bills and bank loans are also included in this salary 86 .” 83 Ibid. http://qaraqalpaqstangazetalari.tilda.ws/qaralpaqstangazetalari#:~:text=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1 %80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0 %BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D3%8A%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B0%D0 %B6%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%8B,%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%B1%D 0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D 1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B. 84 Цифра: средняя номинальная зарплата в Узбекистане в январе-марте 2021 года https://www.spot.uz/ru/2021/04/26/salary/ 85 “Qaraqalpaqstanda gazetalardıń jaǵdayı qanday? Saqlap qalıwdıń imkaniyatı bar ma?” https://thumb.tildacdn.com/tild6665-3464-4363-b735-373234323134/-/resize/560x/-/format/webp/_.png 86 “Qaraqalpaqstanda gazetalardıń jaǵdayı qanday? Saqlap qalıwdıń imkaniyatı bar ma?” http://qaraqalpaqstangazetalari.tilda.ws/qaralpaqstangazetalari#:~:text=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0 %BB%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D3%8A%20%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0 %B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%20%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1 Erkin Qaraqalpaqstan - 709 736, Amudarya - 405 042, Qoraqalpog'iston tongi - 339 768, Jetkinshek - 309 210, Qaraqalpaqstan jaslari - 307 243, Tinishliq saqshisi - 297 660, Saniyat - 79 950 55 Reason 3: “Websites that do not linked to social networks Most local newspapers do not have websites, whereas they post their posts, news only on social networks, which negatively affects the process of converting the audience to the websites of online publications. It is so hard to say that the Erkin Karakalpakstan newspaper has a website, as the site is only updated when the paper is printed. The first page of the site does not make the audience to visualize the paper version. … Also, there are no rubrics for the visitors which service as navigators. The site does not own its permanent logo, … and the design is inappropriate. … Photographic materials published in paper version are published on the website without photos. The official website of the newspaper “Jetkinshek”, which is for youngsters and children is https://jetkinshek.uz/. The site is updated only when the paper version is published. Fonts on a number of tags have been changed, some of which are even impossible to read. The mentioned newspapers have their own copy in the virtual network. Unfortunately, most newspapers do not have their own content in the virtual network. Regrettably, local newspapers are inactive in social networks. 87 ” Additionally, according to Abdisamet Abdimuratov, editor-in-chief of the " Tınıshlıq saqshısı" (The Guard of Peace) newspaper, "in order to save Karakalpak newspapers from the crisis, our editorial offices must pay attention to three following things today: 1. Re-engage readers in the newspaper with the help of deep analytical articles; 2. A new approach to increasing the source of income; %9E%D2%93%D0%B0,%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%93%D0%B0%20%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0 %BF%20%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B. 87 Ibid. http://qaraqalpaqstangazetalari.tilda.ws/qaralpaqstangazetalari#:~:text=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D 0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D 0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%20%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D 0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD,%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D1%82%D3%A9%D 0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%20%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1% D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8. 56 3. Effective use of visual tools as a convergent editor by combining different formats. 88 ” At the end of the article, Khurmet Atajanov pointed out the experience of newspapers and magazines such as The Telegraph, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times and other global publishing brands as sample in solving the current problem. Moreover, the author suggested his solutions to the issue like: 1. “It is not ardous to gather an audience in a virtual network for brands such as "Erkin Qaraqalpaqstan", "Qaraqalpakstan jaslari", "Jetkinshek", which have a history of almost a century. As the number of users and readers increases, there are also opportunities to entice them. 2. It is possible to link a paper version for full reading of interesting content through the platform. 3. Virtual network is also one way of advertising. 89 ” At the same time, the undeniable factors that are leading the Karakalpak press to crisis are mentioned above. However, the answers to this question, in my opinion, are more like suggestions, not solutions. This is because it is not clear how these “solutions” should actually be implemented, and there are no structures or procedures to achieve the goal. On the other hand, the increase of globalization of the world information space, quick and appropriate response to world events in the field of media, the problem of improving the system of informing the democratic reforms taking place in Uzbekistan to the population of the 88 Ibid. http://qaraqalpaqstangazetalari.tilda.ws/qaralpaqstangazetalari#:~:text=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D2 %9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B3%D0 %B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%20%D0%BA%D1 %80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD,%D2%9B%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0 %D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B C%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1% 8B%D1%9E. 89 Ibid. http://qaraqalpaqstangazetalari.tilda.ws/qaralpaqstangazetalari#:~:text=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0 %BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C%20%D0%B1%D0%B8 %D1%80%20%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B5,%D0%B6%D0%B0%D3%8A%D0%B0%20%D0 %BA%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B8%20%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B. 63 Study model can be fulltime (full-time) or part-time (extramural) or online. There is a list of the universities with the number of directions of study of journalism 99 : Vistula Finance and Business Academy in Warsaw 1 Academy of Humanities and Economics in Łódź 2 Ignatianum Academy in Krakow 1 Ateneum - Academy of Applied Sciences in Gdańsk 1 Collegium Civitas in Warsaw 1 University of Lower Silesia 1 Karkonoska State Higher School in Jelenia Góra 1 The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin 2 Krakow Academy of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski in Krakow 1 State Higher Vocational School in Głogów 1 Koszalin University of Technology 1 Lublin University of Technology 1 University of Social Sciences in Warsaw 1 University of Social Sciences in Łódź 1 University of Economics in Katowice 1 University of Gdansk 1 University of Humanities and Life Sciences Jan Długosz in Częstochowa 1 Jagiellonian University in Cracow 4 Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce 1 Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw 1 Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz 1 Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin 4 Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 1 University of Opole 3 Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow 1 99 Największy wybór studiów dziennikarskich w Polsce (https://www.otouczelnie.pl/artykul/463/Studiadziennikarskie#:~:text=Poka%C5%BC%20wszystkie-,Uczelnia,3,-Zwi%C5%84) 64 Pedagogical University of National Education Commission in Krakow 4 University of Rzeszow 1 University of Szczecin 4 University of Technology and Humanities Casimir Pulaski in Radom 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn 1 University of Warsaw 5 University of Wroclaw 3 University of Zielona Góra 1 University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań 4 University of Lodz 4 University of Silesia in Katowice 3 University of Commerce and Services in Poznań 1 University of Information Technology and Management based in Rzeszów 1 University of Entrepreneurship and Administration in Lublin 3 The availability of various directions in journalism study at many universities has a number of positive consequences: ✓ First of all, it is the main reason for the improvement of the quality of teaching and learning methods. ✓ Second, it will increase competition among universities in this area. ✓ Third, it allows candidates to study in areas close to them. If we pay attention to the directions of the journalism study at the educational institutions in Poland, it can be seen in the following list: SPECIALTIES 100 • information architecture • architecture of information spaces • journalism 100 studia dziennikarskie I stopnia (http://otouczelnie.pl/studia/kierunki_studiow?slowo=&typKierunku%5B%5D=5&typStudiow%5B%5D=1) 65 • journalism and social communication • journalism and media culture • journalism and new media • international journalism • journalism, media and communication design • e-editing and editorial techniques • electronic information processing • english in public communication • film laboratory and media culture • film laboratory and audiovisual media knowledge • global communication • scientific information and library • information in a digital environment • journalism and social communication • cultural development and media knowledge • media culture • logistics and administration in the media • managment of public institutions and public relations • marketing and market communication • new media • public relations • digital and network publishing • contemporary publishing • information society • the art of writing • information management • culture and media management Every direction of journalism has its own way of challenges and functioning which fullfills the field of mass media. The journalism education process is also a certain path, usually starting with the study of communication, contemporary political systems, 66 and the culture of language. Then the students are introduced in detail to the journalistic genres, media systems, journalistic sources of information and activities aimed at developing the workshop; press, radio and television. Importantly, the curricula also include activities such as diction and voice production, which is a great exercise and introduction to practical work and public speaking. When talking about the form of these studies, we can mention that the didactic offers of universities usually include a major called Journalism and Social Communication, which is implemented through the division into undergraduate and graduate studies. Moreover, I need to hightlight that during my Stypendium Program Year, I am at the University of Białystok, and attended to ten subjects. Here the most interesting fact is that I studied at department of Philology, and there is not any scpecilized department or faculty of journalism. However I was astonished when I saw the timetables for bachelor and master degree, as there were a number of subjects which are related to journalism. As an example I prefer to mention the list of subjects with the teachers: No. Name and surname of the teacher Name of the subject for winter semester 1 Dr hab. Svitlana Suchariewa Język w mediach cyfrowych Language in Digital Media 2 Dr Elżbieta Jurkowska Wprowadzenie do krytyki tekstu (XV-XVIII w.) Introduction to Text Criticism (15th-18th Century) 3 Dr Ewa Gorlewska Redakcja i korekta językowa (warsztaty) Editing and proofreading (workshops) 67 4 Prof.UwB Dr hab. Anna Nosek Współczesna kultura w Internecie Contemporary culture on the Internet 5 Dr Wiktor Gardocki Wprowadzenie do krytyki tekstu współczesnego Introduction to Contemporary Text Criticism 6 Dr Wiktor Gardocki Vademecum pracy redaktora Vademecum of the editor's work 7 Mgr Patrycja Kownacka Język polski Polish language No. Name and surname of the teacher Name of the subject for summer semester 1 Ewelina Andrzejewska Cyfrowy warsztat dziennikarza A journalist's digital workshop 2 Dr Ewa Gorlewska Komunikacja językowa Linguistic communication 3 Dr Ewa Gorlewska Praktyczna stylistyka Practical design 4 Prof.UwB Dr hab. Anna Nosek Krytyka i opracowanie informacji w środowisku cyfrowym Criticism and information processing in a digital environment 5 Mgr Patrycja Kownacka Język polski Polish language Among mentioned subjects are closely related with journalism and mass media. Such kind of subjects in different directions or faculties give opportunities to train special journalists in various fields of the society. Because, the development of media, TV and radio studios, editorial and printing complexes, the formation of civil society institutions, advertising agencies, information services, media communication and Internet journalism require highly specialized journalists who can work in a competitive new environment. That is one of the main reasons why I will 68 strongly support that the journalism subjects should be added and taught in the second year of every faculty, which helps to supply the mass media labor market with various kind of specialized employers. Moreover, this strategy also creates a great number of new job places to the graduaters in most educational institutions. There are still many problems in journalism education in Uzbekstan that need to be addressed today: • An analysis of the concept of journalism education has not yet been found in journalism literature; it is very rare. • The higher education institutions that train journalists also do not have a fully integrated teaching methodology. • What rules should be used to teach students? • In what ways can student performance be monitored? • The procedures for establishing indicators, such as the study and analysis of the topics to be studied by students, have not yet been fully developed on a scientific basis. • Textbooks in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages for the students at the Institute are almost non-existent. The development of journalism education in Uzbekistan and the post-Soviet region has been supported by a considerable number of Russian and Uzbek publications devoted to theoretical, methodological, and historical aspects of the field. Among the Uzbek-language works, N. A. Abduazimova’s Milliy jurnalistika tarixi (2009) offers one of the earliest systematic studies of the evolution of national journalism. The textbook by A. Matyakubov and A. Dadaxonov, Jurnalistikada akt (2019) and the comprehensive work by H. A. Atajanov, J. K. Marziyaev, M. A. Qudaybergenov, and G. P. Qallibekova, Shet el jurnalistikasi tarixi (2019) broaden this foundation by introducing comparative and international perspectives. Other important Uzbek authors, including F. Mo‘minov and A. Nurmatov in Jahon jurnalistikasi tarixi (2005) and F. A. Mo‘minov in Jurnalistika ijtimoiy institut sifatida (1998), examine journalism as a social institution and as a component of global communication processes. 69 Several publications explore the relationship between the press and society. F. P. Nesterenko and Sh. A. Miralimov’s Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolar va matbuot (1990) and M. Xudoyqulov’s Matbuot va jamiyat (1976) analyze the press as a factor of socio-economic and cultural development, while T. Pidaev’s Matbuot – Millat chirog‘i (1999) and I. Sulaymonov’s Men – jurnalistman (2001) provide reflections on the moral and civic responsibilities of journalists. The multivolume collection Matbuot fidoyilari (1991, 1993) edited by Z. Yesenboev documents the professional biographies of prominent Uzbek journalists, contributing valuable biographical and institutional data. Complementary reference materials—such as Lug‘at. Ma’lumotnoma. Jurnalistika. Reklama. Pablik Rileyshnz (2003), which defines more than 1,700 key terms—supply a terminological foundation for students and researchers alike. In recent years, digital transformation has generated new academic interest, represented by N. Muratova’s Online jurnalistika: nazariya va amaliyot (2019), which connects classical journalistic principles with contemporary online practices. The general theoretical and methodological orientation of Uzbek scholarship has also been shaped by Russian-language contributions widely used in higher education, including V. V. Voroshilov’s Zhurnalistika (2001), S. G. Korkonosenko’s Osnovy zhurnalistiki (2001) and Osnovy teorii zhurnalistiki (1995)**, and E. P. Prokhorov’s Vvedenie v teoriyu zhurnalistiki (2000). The coauthored book by F. P. Nesterenko and Sh. A. Miralimov, Zhurnalistika – professiya otvetstvennaya (2003) continues this tradition, emphasizing ethical accountability as the core of professional training. Together, these works form a substantial bibliographic corpus that documents the intellectual evolution of journalism education in Uzbekistan and its interconnection with Russian theoretical traditions. They provide the conceptual and methodological basis for analyzing current reforms in journalism curricula and for assessing how national experience aligns with global media-education standards. In addition, we should not forget that there are books and articles by our famous scientists Q. Ernazarov, X. N. Do'stmuhamedov, B. Paluanov, 70 A. Meliboev, Ya. M. Mamatova, H. Atajanov, B. A. Do'stqoraev, S. M. Jumamuratova, D. Bekbawliev, D. Rashidova, R. Abdusattorov, A. Abdimuratov, J. Marziyaev and others there. Articles on the theory of journalism are also published in the journal "O'zbekiston Matbuoti" (Uzbekistan Press). Test questions are developed to check students' knowledge, and coursework is recorded. Another point that should be kicked off that on behalf of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Agency for Information and Mass Communications was tasked to prepare and publish a handbook on journalism based on the experience of theoretical scholars and practitioners, studying international experience in terms of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of journalists. In 2020, 10 volumes of the manual which were published in 1000 copies, have been submitted to readers. 101 Each volume of the handbook includes 1. “Jurnalistika nazariyasi, tarixi va taraqqiyoti” (Theory, History and Development of Journalism), 2. “Jurnalistika huquqi va etikasi” (Journalism Law and Ethics), 3. “Medialingvistika va tahrir” (Medialinguistics and Editing), 4. “Media-marketing va menejment” (Media Marketing and Management), 5. “Bosma ommaviy axborot vositalarida janrlar va mahorat masalalari” (Genres and skill issues in print media), 6. “Audiovizual jurnalistika” (Audiovisual Journalism), 7. “Onlayn jurnalistika va mediada yangi trendlar” (New trends in online journalism and media), 8. “Zamonaviy media muhitda PR-xizmatlar” (PR-services in modern media environment), 9. “Ixtisoslashgan jurnalistika” (Specialized journalism), 101 Jurnalistika sohasiga oid qoʻllanmalar — yangi qadamlar (https://gujum.uz/ozbekiston/jurnalistika-sohasiga-oidqollanmalar/?imlo=l) 71 10. “Jurnalistika sotsiologiyasi va psixologiyasi” (Sociology and psychology of journalism). However,it is not enough. On other hand, in order to solve this problem, in the recent years, the universities of Uzbekistan are hard trying to publish the needed resources and literatures in the field of journalism. Another issue that is existing in press at present is lunching new private entitles. Since the indepence of Uzbekistan, there have been a number of unsuccessful tryings to run private publications, for instance: In 1993, the Talapker (Consumer) newspaper became the founder of the commercial press in the Republic. However, the weakness of the market and the ignorance of the owners of the commercial newspaper about the knowledge of advertisement led to the bankruptcy of the newspaper. Two years later, the newspaper was discontinued. The second person who tried to fill the printing market with high quality printed products was the businessman Sh. Salamov, who founded the newspaper Sauda Press (Trading Press). In the first phase, the businessman tried to support the newspaper with his own funds. However, all hopes and efforts were in vain. The circulation of the newspaper decreased year by year, sometimes there were failures in printing the newspaper. Today the circulation of the newspaper is 500 copies. A big mistake in the business activity was, first of all, the lack of knowledge of the needs and abilities of the audience. Sometimes the price of a copy of the newspaper rose to an astronomical amount. Secondly, mainly students worked on the newspaper, so the design and external appearance of the newspaper left much to be desired. 102 . In addition, there are also the advertising and reference newspapers "Nukusskaya nedelya" (Nukus Week) and "Karydar" (Buyer). So far, however, the newspapers have not been very popular with the population. The newspapers report on classified ads, such as ads for buying and 102 Бегжанова, Г. and Марзияев, Ж.К., 2017. ВЛИЯНИЕ РЫНОЧНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ НА ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ МЕСТНЫХ ГАЗЕТ. In Донецкие чтения 2017: Русский мир как цивилизационная основа научно-образовательного и культурного развития Донбасса (pp. 240-241). (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32435879) 72 selling apartments. Unfortunately, because the newspapers focus on achieving commercial goals by disseminating "up-to-date" information, their quality does not always meet the needs of the public 103 . In this case, to do proper newspaper marketing, one must study the market thoroughly. V.V. Voroshilov, a well-known researcher in the field of journalism theory, says: "Success comes to those who apply a certain strategy in the newspaper business. ✓ Before launching a publication, one must first research the reader market (to determine its potential capacity, the nature and extent of demand for a newspaper) and weigh one's production and marketing capacities (what resources does the editorial office have - financial, material, technical, creative; what is the starting capital). ✓ Secondly, having explored the market, editors must find a niche in which they can sell the newspaper with less difficulty.” E. L. Vartanova, who has studied the Russian media market in more detail and comprehensively, states: "A comprehensive analysis should be carried out on the basis of an understanding of the dual nature of the media market, which is determined, first, by the inseparability of the media market and the audience market, and second, by the notion of media as goods and services. 104 ”. As an additional comment to solve the problem, I can point out that in the first place, the formation of market relations in society is the transition of newspapers to the independent way. That is, the newspapers should now earn their own money and determine their own economy. This will also affect the improvement of the quality of newspapers. Secondly, it is about improving the design and content of the newspapers. In previous years, newspapers worked exclusively on behalf of an organization or institution; now, journalists working for a newspaper 103 Атажанов, Х. А. Типологическая специфика каракалпакской прессы / Х. А. Атажанов, Ж. К. Марзияев // Медиачтения СКФУ : сборник статей по итогам Международной научно-практической конференции, Ставрополь, 27 октября 2017 года. – Ставрополь: Сервисшкола, 2017. – С. 10-14. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30644628) 104 Вартанова Е.Л. Медиаэкономика зарубежных стран: Учеб. пособие / Е.Л. Вартанова. – М.: Аспект Пресс, 2003. – 335 с 79 development of new digital technological changes forced further transformations in the functioning of corporations. Since 1990s many newspapers started web editions and today, all of the newspapers have their own websites. An increasing number of virtual readers has also caused more publishers to pursue this option. Today, publishers not only offer blogs and provide users with chat rooms, discussion forums, but also aggregate videos and provide access to archival editions. So the new form limits the role of the printed press but does not eliminate. Considering the above information, the followings can be cited as problems in the Uzbek mass media and their solutions: - a decline in newspaper circulation - a decline of the number of subscribers to newspapers and magazines - the lack of official websites and channels on social networks of a large number of newspapers and magazines - requirement of highly qualified and specialized personnel in the field of journalism - unavailability of various directions in both mass media and educational institutions to train journalists - lack of new job places for young graduating journalists - lack of textbooks, literatures and sources in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages - lack of fully integrated teaching methodologies. - the lack of the knowledge of marketing and advertisement system in order to lunch new private entitles In my point of view, modernization in the educational system will be the main solution for all the mentioned problems, and the answers were given in the case of Poland education system. 1. In Poland, almost the universities have various directions of journalism study, which has a number of positive consequences: 80 ✓ First of all, it is the main reason for the improvement of the quality of teaching and learning methods. ✓ Second, it will increase competition among universities in this area. ✓ Third, it allows candidates to study in areas close to them. 2. Although journalism direction is unavailable, there are a number of subjects which are related to journalism for bachelor degree. Teaching such kind of subjects in different directions or faculties: ✓ supply the mass media labor market with various kind of specialized employers. ✓ creates a great number of new job places to the graduaters in most educational institutions. If the above two solutions are introduced in the modernization of the education system, all other issues will be resolved on their own in the next 5 years. 81 REFERENCES Regulations, laws, decrees and acts 1. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage - UNESCO Digital Library (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000132540) 2. Dekret Rady Ministrów z dnia 5 lipca 1946 r. o utworzeniu Głównego Urzędu Kontroli Prasy, Publikacji i Widowisk, Dz.U. z 1946 r., Nr 34, poz. 210. 3. J. Bafia, Prawo o cenzurze, Warszawa 1983, s. 195. 4. J. Bafia, Prawo o wolności słowa, Warszawa 1988, s. 217. 5. Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 21 marca 1970 r. o zakresie i trybie sprawowania nadzoru i kontroli przez organy kontroli prasy, publikacji i widowisk, Dz.U. z 1970 r.,Nr 6, poz. 50. 6. Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 22 kwietnia 1952 r. o rejestracji niektórych zakładów, wytwarzających druki i ilustracje oraz kontrola niektórych publikacji, Dz.U. z 1952 r., Nr 19, poz. 124. (Ibid. S.81.) 7. Uchwała Rady Państwa z dnia 17 września 1981 r. o regulaminie sprawowania kontroli publikacji i widowisk, Dz.U. z 1981 r., Nr 24, poz. 126. 8. Ustawa z dnia 28 lipca 1983 r. o zmianie ustawy o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, Dz.U. z 1983 r., Nr 44, poz. 204 9. Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1981 r. o kontroli publikacji i widowisk, Dz.U. z 1981 r., Nr 20, poz. 99. 10. Постановление Президента Республики Узбекистан о создании университета журналистики и массовых коммуникаций Узбекистана (accessed on 03.05.2022: https://lex.uz/docs/3749828) Sources by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev 11. Mirziyoev Sh.M. Erkin va farovon, demokratik O'zbekiston davlatini birgalikda barpo etamiz. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti lavozimiga kirishish tantanali marosimiga bag'ishlangan Oliy Majlis 82 palatalarining qo'shma majlisidagi nutqi / Sh.M. Mirziyoev. - T., “O'zbekiston”, NMIU. 2017. - 32 b. 12. Mirziyoev Sh.M. Ilm-fan yutuqlari - taraqqiyotning muhim omili// “Xalk so’zi”, 2016 yil 31 dekabr. 13. Mirziyoev Sh.M. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoevning Oliy Majlisga Murojaatnomasi. - T., “O’zbekiston”, NMIU. 2018. - 88 b. 14. Mirziyoev Sh.M. Qonun ustuvorligi va inson manfaatlarini ta'minlash – yurt taraqqiyoti va xalq farovonligining garovi. Uzbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilinganining 24 yilligiga bag’ishlang’an tantanali marosimdagi ma'ruza. 2016 yil 7 dekabr./Sh.M.Mirziyoev. - T., “Uzbekiston”, NMIU. 2017. - 48 b. 15. Mirziyoev Sh.M. Tanqidiy taxlil, qat'iy tartib-intizom va shaxsiy javobgarlik - har bir rahbar faoliyatining kundalik qoidasi bo’lishi kerak // “Xalk so’zi”. 15 yanvar 2017 yil. Scientific and theoretical sources 16. (Dombska, Anna. "Ograniczenia wolności prasy w PRL." Studia prawno-ekonomiczne 84 (2011): s. 80.) 17. A.Dudek, Pierwsze lata III Rzeczypospolitej 1989 - 2001, Kraków 2004, pp. 32-42. 18. B.Michalski, Nowa ustawa..., s. 12 19. Baxitbay Paluanov Nurlibayevich. Jáhán xabar agentlikleri (World News Agencies). Nókis. „Ilimpaz”-2021. 20. Dąbrowska-Cendrowska, O., 2019. Prasa kobieca w Polsce w latach 1989–2017—próba diagnozy rynku. Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej, 21(4), p.36. 21. Dombska, Anna. "Ograniczenia wolności prasy w PRL." Studia prawno-ekonomiczne 84 (2011): s. 84. 22. Genjemuratov Yakipbek, Rola mass mediów w kryzysie gospodarczym. Przypadek Uzbekistanu, „Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne” 2012, nr 3. 83 23. Information about studying journalism in Poland please visit: http://kierunkistudiow.pl/dziennikarstwo_i_komunikacja_spoleczna 24. Komunikowanie masowe w Polsce: łata osiemdziesiąte, ed. W. Pisarek, „Zeszyty Prasoznawcze” 1991, No. 1-2 25. Little, J. and Sankey, M., Teaching narrative journalism and the APN Professional Development Program, Asia Pacific Media Educator, 18, 2007, 113-123. P.116 (accessed on 26.03.2022: https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss18/10) 26. Marziyaev, J. K. (2020). The principles of the development of present Karakslpakstan's mass media. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 03 (83), 274-277. (https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2020.03.83.52) 27. Marziyaev, Ja. K. Interpretation of environmental problems in the Karakalpak press / Ja. K. Marziyaev // Theoretical & Applied Science. – 2019. – No 11(79). – P. 65-73. – DOI 10.15863/TAS.2019.11.79.17. – P. 68. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42407699) 28. More about media’s activities in PRL in: R. Habielski, Polityczna historia mediów w Polsce w X X wieku, Warszawa 2009 oraz D. Grzelewska, R. Habielski, A. Kozieł, J. Osica, L, Piwońska-Pomykało, Prasa, radio i telewizja w Polsce. Zarys dziejów, Warszawa 2001, pp. 143210. 29. Muxtor Xudoyqulov. Jurnalistika va publisistika. Tafakkur2011. 30. Paluanov, B. and Esemuratova, S., 12. KARAKALPAK JOURNALISM AND ITS AUDIENCE. In Conference Paper “Modern Approaches and Methods of Teacher Training” for German language teachers (p. 53). (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/DauletniazBerdimuratov/publication/354751805_and_Methods_of_Teacher_Traini ng_for_German_language_teachers_within_Bremerhaven_International _Summer_School_2015_and_Methods_of_Teacher_Training_for_Germ an_language_teachers_within_Bremerhaven_Interna/links/614b025ea59 5d06017e17c18/and-Methods-of-Teacher-Training-for-Germanlanguage-teachers-within-Bremerhaven-International-Summer-School- 84 2015-and-Methods-of-Teacher-Training-for-German-language-teacherswithin-Bremerhaven-Interna.pdf#page=57) 31. Paluanov, B. and Esemuratova, S., 12. KARAKALPAK JOURNALISM AND ITS AUDIENCE. In Conference Paper “Modern Approaches and Methods of Teacher Training” for German language teachers (p. 53). (accessed on 19.03.2022: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/DauletniazBerdimuratov/publication/354751805_and_Methods_of_Teacher_Traini ng_for_German_language_teachers_within_Bremerhaven_International _Summer_School_2015_and_Methods_of_Teacher_Training_for_Germ an_language_teachers_within_Bremerhaven_Interna/links/614b025ea59 5d06017e17c18/and-Methods-of-Teacher-Training-for-Germanlanguage-teachers-within-Bremerhaven-International-Summer-School2015-and-Methods-of-Teacher-Training-for-German-language-teacherswithin-Bremerhaven-Interna.pdf#page=57) 32. Qoshanov B.A., Asemetdinov M.N. “Qaraqalpaqstan jurnalistleri repressiya jıllarında”. Nókis-2009j., 7-p. 33. R. Filas, Prasa ogólnokrajowa po 1989 roku, [in:] Słownik wiedzy o mediach, ed. E. Chudziński, Warszawa-Bielsko-Biała 2007. 34. R. Filas, Rynek Prasy codziennej w Polsce przed „Faktem" i z „Faktem”, op. cit., p. 11. 35. Sprawozdanie prac Podzespołu ds. Środków Masowego Przekazu, [in:] Okrągły Stół dokumenty i materiały, Vol. 4, op. 36. T, Goban-Klas, Niepokorna orkiestra medialna: dyrygenci i wykonawcy polityki informacyjnej w Polsce po 1944 roku, Warszawa 2004. 37. T. Mielczarek, Monopol, pluralizm, koncentracja. Środki komunikowania masowego w Polsce w łatach 1989-2006, Warszawa 2007 and W. Sonczyk, Media w Polsce: zarys problematyki, Warszawa 1999. 38. W. Pisarek, Ogólnoinformacyjna prasa codzienna w Polsce. Zmiany lat 1989-1995, Warszawa 1995, p. 2. 85 39. W. Pisarek, Polityka informacyjna, [in:] Komunikowanie masowe w Polsce: lata osiemdziesiąte, „Zeszyty Prasoznawcze” 1991, No. 1-2, p. 40, K. Pokorna-lgnatowicz, Telewizja w systemie politycznym i medialnym PRL..., op. cit., pp. 191-193. 40. Арзиев Руслан «Қарақалпақстан баспасөзиниң пайда болыўы ҳәм раўажланыўы тарийхынан» (1920-1930жж) Магистрлик диссертация жумысы. Нөкис-2012. (http://library.ziyonet.uz/static/lib/readerpdf/web/viewer.html?file=http://library.ziyonet.uz/uploads/books/73963 9/5527a2413bfc3.pdf). 41. Атажанов, Х. А. Духовно-нравственное воспитание молодежи через СМИ / Х. А. Атажанов // Журналистский ежегодник. – 2013. – № 2-1. – С. 75. - https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/duhovnonravstvennoe-vospitanie-molodezhi-cherez-smi/pdf 42. Атажанов, Х. А. Типологическая специфика каракалпакской прессы / Х. А. Атажанов, Ж. К. Марзияев // Медиачтения СКФУ : сборник статей по итогам Международной научно-практической конференции, Ставрополь, 27 октября 2017 года. – Ставрополь: Сервисшкола, 2017. – С. 10-14. (accessed on 09.05.2022: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30644628) 43. Бегжанова, Г. and Марзияев, Ж.К., 2017. ВЛИЯНИЕ РЫНОЧНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ НА ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ МЕСТНЫХ ГАЗЕТ. In Донецкие чтения 2017: Русский мир как цивилизационная основа научно-образовательного и культурного развития Донбасса (pp. 240-241). (accessed on 12.05.2022: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32435879) 44. Брезин А. Фотожурналистика. М., 2006. (Нургалийева, Г. А. Научные открытия - основа фотожурналистики / Г. А. Нургалийева, З. А. Кожыкбаева // Достижения науки и образования. – 2020. – № 14(68). – С. 60. - https://scientifictext.ru/images/PDF/2020/68/DNO-14-68-.pdf#page=60) 45. ВАРЛАМОВ Петр Иванович | ЦентрАзия (centrasia.org) https://centrasia.org/person2.php?st=1015239182. 86 46. Вартанова Е.Л. Медиаэкономика зарубежных стран: Учеб. пособие / Е.Л. Вартанова. – М.: Аспект Пресс, 2003. – 335 с 47. Джумашев А. «Председатели Каракалпакского правительства». «Вестник ККОАНРУз», 1998, Қ6, 106-108p. 48. Досумов Я.М. «Очерки истории Кара-Калпакской АССР» (1917-1927 гг.) Ташкент, изд-во Академ. Наук УзССР, 1960, стр-294. 49. Карим Бахриев. Законодательство в сфере СМИ Узбекистана в вопросах и ответах. ТAШКЕНТ «VNESHINVESTPROM» 2020. 50. Каюмов А. Фотожурналистика. Тошкент, 2011. (Нургалийева, Г. А. Научные открытия - основа фотожурналистики / Г. А. Нургалийева, З. А. Кожыкбаева // Достижения науки и образования. – 2020. – № 14(68). – С. 60. - https://scientifictext.ru/images/PDF/2020/68/DNO-14-68-.pdf#page=60) 51. Корконосенко С.Г. Основы творческой деятельности журналиста. СПб., 2000 – с. 165 (Атажанов, Х. А. Духовнонравственное воспитание молодежи через СМИ / Х. А. Атажанов // Журналистский ежегодник. – 2013. – № 2-1. – С. 75. - (accessed on 06.04.2022: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/duhovno-nravstvennoevospitanie-molodezhi-cherez-smi/pdf)) 52. Культурная революция социалистическая // Большая энциклопедия «Терра». Т.24. М.: Терра, 2006. 53. Муминова Патима Изатулаевна. (2010). «Современная международная журналистика: тенденции, проблемы и перспективы» (концептуально-функциональный анализ). Автореферат диссертации на соискание учёной степени доктора филологических наук. Ташкент-2002. 54. Назира Абдуазизова. История национальной журналистики. (период национальной независимости) В 2-х томах. Том II. Ташкент. «SHARQ». 2012. 55. Нургалийева, Г. А. Научные открытия - основа фотожурналистики / Г. А. Нургалийева, З. А. Кожыкбаева // Достижения науки и образования. – 2020. – № 14(68). – С. 60. – 87 (https://scientifictext.ru/images/PDF/2020/68/DNO-14-68- .pdf#page=60) 56. Нуржанов С.У. Периодическая печать Каракалпакстана в системе общественных отношений / ККО АН РУз.- Нукус: Илим, 2015. 57. Оразымбетова, А., Основная характеристика национальных СМИ Каракалпакстана. Утверждено к печати ученым советом факультета журналистики Национального исследовательского Томского государственного университета, p.40. (https://vital.lib.tsu.ru/vital/access/services/Download/vtls:000709327/S OURCE1#page=40) 58. Палуанов, Б. Н. Русскоязычные СМИ Каракалпакстана / Б. Н. Палуанов // Русский язык и литература в пространстве мировой культуры : материалы XIII Конгресса МАПРЯЛ: в 15 т., Гранада, 13– 20 сентября 2015 года. – Гранада: Международное некоммерческое партнерство преподавателей русского языка и литературы "МАПРЯЛ", 2015. – С. 164-165. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28954931) 59. Палуанов, Б. Об истоках становления национальной журналистики Каракалпакстана / Б. Палуанов // Медиасреда. – 2006. – № 1. (https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26475139) 60. Семенов И.А. «О зарождении Каракалпакской советской печати». «Вестник Каракалпакского фил. Академ. наук УзССР» 1971 г. Қ4, стр-61-62. 61. Т.М.Қозоқбоев, М.Худойқулов. Журналистика. Олий ўқув юртлари учун дарслик. Тошкент., 2009 й. (http://library.ziyonet.uz/ru/book/42679). 62. Труды Хорезмской археолого-этнографической экспедиции. XIV. М,: Издательство Наука, 1984 63. Х. А. Атажанов К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ОСВЕЩЕНИИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-ДУХОВНЫХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ В ПРЕССЕ КАРАКАЛПАКСТАНА. Вестник Челябинского государственного 88 университета. 2011. № 28 (243). Филология. Искусствоведение. Вып. 59 . С. 17 (https://lsw.ru/11-07-00733/2013-003-c-52-61.pdf#page=15) Press materials 64. “Еркин Қарақалпақ” 9.06.1925. 65. “Канликул хабарлары”. 1.11.2002. 66. “Еркин Каракалпакстан”. 29.08.2002. 67. “Каракалпакстан жаслары”. 28.11.2002. 68. “Каракалпакстан жаслары”. 5.06.2003. 69. ”Тахтакупир тани”. 15–30.01.2006. 70. “Шымбай хауазы”. 14.03.2006. 71. “Мийнет байрыгы”. 5.04.2006. 72. “Каракалпакстан жаслары”. 14.12.2006. 73. “Еркин Каракалпакстан”. 27.01.2007. 74. “Еркин Каракалпакстан”. 9.10.2008. Archive materials 75. Архив Жокаргы Кенеса Республики Каракалпакстан - ф.1, оп.1, д.197, л. 59. (Нуржанов С.У. Периодическая печать Каракалпакстана в системе общественных отношений / ККО АН РУз.- Нукус: Илим, 2015. - 12 с.) 76. Архив Жокаргы Кенеса Республики Каракалпакстан - ф.1, оп.1, д.84, л.26. 77. Центральный Государственный архив Республики Каракалпакстан - ф.115, оп 1, д.227, л.431. Web site 78. https://uza.uz/ru/posts/prezident-uzbekistana-shavkatmirziyeev-vystupil-na-72-y-ses-20-09-2017 (access: 01:19pm, 02.02.2022.) 79. Journalism and mass communication university of Uzbekistan. An official web-site: (accessed on 03.05.2022: https://Www.Uzjoku.Uz/En)