XXI International Scientific and Practical Conference «New problems of science and ways of their solution»

NEW PROBLEMS OF SCIENCE AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION Proceedings of the XXI International Scientific and Practical Conference 4-5 November 2025 PARIS. FRANCE 2025 UDC 001.1 BBC 1 XXI International Scientific and Practical Conference «New problems of science and ways of their solution», November 4-5, 2025, Paris. France. 71 p. ISBN 978-91-65424-45-6 DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17574617 Publisher: «SC. Scientific conferences» Main organization: Editor: Hans Muller Layout: Ellen Schwimmer The conference materials are in the public domain under the CC BYNC 4.0 International license. The publisher is not responsible for the materials published in the collection. All materials are provided in the author's edition and express the personal position of the participant of the conference. The sample of the citation for publication is: Llambi Prendi, Artur Hadroi, Klarida Prendi LABOR MARKET IN ALBANIA - OVERVIEW, COMPONENTS, AND ANALYSIS // XXI International Scientific and Practical Conference «New problems of science and ways of their solution», November 4-5, 2025, Paris. France. Pp.5-14, URL: https://sconferences.com Contact information Website: https://sconferences.com E-mail: [email protected] Content Arts Eleonora Valentinovna Pak THE ROLE OF COMPULSORY PIANO STUDIES IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF CHORAL CONDUCTORS: SIGNIFICANCE AND RELATIONSHIP TO CONDUCTING PRACTICE 3 Mammadova Gulyanag Zakir ARIF BABAYEV'S ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AZERBAIJAN MUGAMI ART 9 Chemical sciences Koryun A. Mantashyan, Stella G. Mantashyan, Meri M. Abrahamyan, Artur V. Zaprosyan THE NEW EFFICIENT HETEROPHASE CHEMICAL PROCESS FOR THE REDUCTION OF LEAD DIOXIDE UNDER THE EFFECT OF CHAIN GAS-PHASE REACTIONS 13 Economic sciences Sevinc İbrahimova, Mayil Orujov, Resad Abbaszade RESERVE CURRENCIES: ARE CHANGES POSSIBLE? 17 Medical sciences Sagindikova Gulbanu Nakhypbekovna, Tilektes Albina Askarkyzy, Karashova Asem Shakiratkyzy OPTIMIZATION OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN KAZAKHSTAN: A META-ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL AND PATIENT-ORIENTED STRATEGIES 29 Arman Khozhayev, Samal Balakhanova FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY IN ONCOLOGY 34 Pedagogical sciences Madatova Hagigat Lachin CREATION HISTORY OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE WORLD 46 Philological sciences Leyla Vezirova LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 49 Sevinj Ruslan Allahverdiyeva SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL UNITS OF THE LANGUAGE FORMED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL SIGNS 52 Technical sciences Kazangapova Bayan, Moldakalykova Aigul, Adilbekova Aizhan METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE SECURITY OF AN ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 57 Aizhan Mailybayeva, Gulzada Koishina, Yeleussiz Tazhiyev HEAT TREATMENT OF Al–Zn–Mg, Al–Mg–Si AND Al–Mg–Si–Fe ALLOYS 63 Arzu Gabil kyz Aliyeva, Nasirova Elmira Alish kyzy, Ibragimova Pervana Azher kyzy DEVELOPMENT OF A STRUCTURAL AND ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF AN AUTOMATED CORPORATE INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS 65 XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 3 Arts Подготовка хоровых дирижёров требует комплексного подхода, включающего как теоретические знания, так и практические навыки. В этом контексте обязательное фортепиано выступает важным элементом учебного процесса, способствующим развитию музыкального слуха, гармонического мышления и технической подготовки. Однако в THE ROLE OF COMPULSORY PIANO STUDIES IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF CHORAL CONDUCTORS: SIGNIFICANCE AND RELATIONSHIP TO CONDUCTING PRACTICE Eleonora Valentinovna Pak Instructor of Required Piano at the Kurmangazy Kazakh National Conservatory РОЛЬ ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНОГО ФОРТЕПИАНО В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКЕ ХОРОВОГО ДИРИЖЁРА: ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ И ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ С ДИРИЖЁРСКОЙ ПРАКТИКОЙ. Пак Элеонора Валентиновна Преподаватель обязательного фортепиано Казахской национальной консерватории имени Курмангазы Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze and substantiate the significance of mandatory piano training in the professional education of choral conductors. To achieve this aim, the following objectives have been defined: to examine the impact of piano studies on the development of a conductor’s professional skills; to investigate the interrelation between piano performance and conducting practice; and to provide recommendations for enhancing educational programs in light of the importance of this instrument. The topic of this research was chosen due to its high relevance for the development and improvement of music education. Required piano training plays a key role in shaping the professional skills of choral conductors; however, its potential often remains underestimated. Exploring this topic will make it possible to identify ways to enhance educational programs and improve the quality of professional training in the field of choral conducting. Аннотация Целью данной работы является анализ и обоснование значимости обязательного фортепиано в подготовке хоровых дирижёров. Для достижения этой цели поставлены следующие задачи: изучить влияние фортепиано на развитие профессиональных навыков дирижёра, исследовать взаимосвязь между игрой на фортепиано и дирижёрской практикой, а также предложить рекомендации по улучшению образовательных программ с учётом значимости данного инструмента. Тема исследования была выбрана в связи с её высокой значимостью для развития и совершенствования музыкального образования, обязательное фортепиано играет ключевую роль в формировании профессиональных навыков хоровых дирижёров, однако его потенциал часто остаётся недооценённым. Исследование данной темы позволит выявить пути улучшения образовательных программ и повысить качество подготовки специалистов в области хорового дирижирования. Keywords: Required piano training, conducting, choral conducting, choral conductor, educational curriculum, intonation, conducting patterns, piano performance technique. Ключевые слова: Обязательное фортепиано, дирижирование, хоровой дирижер, образовательная программа, интонация, схема тактирования, техника игры на фортепиано. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 4 современных образовательных программах роль фортепиано зачастую недооценивается, что создаёт определённые трудности для студентов в их профессиональной деятельности. Современные требования к профессиональной подготовке хоровых дирижёров делают акцент на необходимости владения широким спектром навыков, включая умение работать с партитурами, анализировать музыкальные произведения и эффективно взаимодействовать с хоровыми коллективами. Фортепиано, как универсальный инструмент, предоставляет уникальные возможности для развития этих компетенций, что подчёркивает актуальность исследования его роли в образовательном процессе. В XIX веке фортепиано стало неотъемлемой частью музыкального образования. Оно использовалось для обучения теории музыки, гармонии и аккомпанемента, что способствовало развитию у студентов глубокого понимания музыкальных структур. Этот этап исторического развития демонстрирует, как фортепиано стало основным инструментом для формирования профессиональных навыков у музыкантов, включая будущих дирижёров. «История становления канонического музыкального образования – это очень актуальная тема в современном мире» отмечает Согрина, подчеркивая необходимость анализа музыкального образования и его влияния на современную духовную музыку. На протяжении всей своей истории фортепиано остается ключевым инструментом в музыкальном образовании. В таких учреждениях, как Казахская национальная консерватория имени Курмангазы, оно включено в обязательную программу обучения и используется для развития технических навыков у исполнителя, развития слуха, ритма, а также музыкального мышления. Проблема развития музыкального слуха всех специальностей, и, в частности, у дирижеров, традиционно считается одной из главных, что определенно подчеркивает значимость фортепиано как инструмента, объединяющего теорию и практику, предоставляя студентам все необходимые навыки для успешной профессиональной деятельности. Фортепиано как инструмент для обучения хоровых дирижёров. Центральное место в музыкальном обучении, благодаря своей универсальности и наглядности по праву занимает фортепиано. Этот инструмент, практически на всех этапах позволяет студентам визуализировать и практиковать интервалы, аккорды, мелодические последовательности их тональности и взаимодействия, что способствует глубокому пониманию музыкальных формообразований и структур. К примеру, в таких учебных заведениях, как Московская консерватория, курс теории музыки часто включает практические занятия на фортепиано, где студенты могут сразу применять теоретические знания. Такой подход подчеркивает, что обучение музыкантов связано с пониманием художественной наполненности музыкальных сочинений и полифункциональности искусства, что, в свою очередь, расширяет знания о музыке и традициях исполнения, следовательно, незаменимым инструментом образовательного процесса, особенно для будущих хоровых дирижёров, которым важно понимать гармоническую основу музыкальных произведений выступает фортепиано. Благодаря своему обширному диапазону и точности звуков широко используется для развития музыкального слуха и вокальных навыков благодаря. Технические особенности позволяют проводить упражнения, направленные на распознавание интервалов, аккордов и мелодических последовательностей, что является важной частью обучения хоровых дирижёров. В Казахской национальной консерватории имени Курмангазы занятия сольфеджио, а также хоровому сольфеджио включают в себя работу с инструментом (фортепиано), что способствует развитию и совершенствованию слуховых способностей, ритмической точности, и вокальной интонации у студентов. Фортепиано занимает уникальное место в систематической подготовке музыкантов, благодаря своим универсальным возможностям в формировании музыкальной эрудиции и исполнительской культуры, данный инструмент становится не только средством для исполнения, но и важным ресурсом для комплексного совершенствования музыканта. В дирижерской практике, фортепиано является неотъемлемым инструментом, предоставляя возможность изучать партитуры, работать с хоровыми партиями и отдельными голосами, а также позволяет анализировать музыкальные произведения и осваивать взаимодействия голосов. Навык владения инструментом напрямую связан с разбором хоровых произведений на фортепиано, что являюется обязательной частью учебного процесса. Такой подход способствует развитию координации, музыкального мышления и навыков управления хором, а также играет важную роль в профессиональном становлении будущих специалистов. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 5 Эволюция подходов к обучению фортепиано в контексте дирижёрской подготовки Обучение игре на фортепиано является важным звеном в подготовке будущих дирижёров, так как этот инструмент предоставляет возможность практиковать разучивание партитур, аккомпанемента и анализ музыкальных произведений. Перечисленные методы обучения способствовуют развитию навыков, необходимых для профессиональной деятельности дирижёров, включая музыкальный слух, чувство ритма и координацию. Дирижёр выполняет ключевую роль в музыкальном исполнительстве, и его подход варьируется в зависимости от типа коллектива, будь то хоровой или инструментальный [1]. Современные методы обучения фортепиано значительно отличаются от традиционных благодаря внедрению цифровых технологий. Программы, такие как Synthesia, позволяют учащимся развивать навыки игры на инструменте более интерактивно и индивидуально. Это актуально и для хоровых дирижёров, поскольку такие технологии способствуют улучшению слухового восприятия, своевременной реакции и пониманию музыкальной структуры. Эти аспекты играют ключевую роль в их профессиональной деятельности, позволяя более точно интерпретировать музыкальные произведения и эффективно работать с хором. Важно отметить, что «хоровая театрализация как форма коллективной музыкальной деятельности, обладающая большим коммуникативным потенциалом, способствует активному развитию вербальной и невербальной межличностной коммуникации» [2]. Таким образом, современные технологии и коллективные практики взаимосвязаны, создавая новые возможности для развития музыкальных навыков. Будущее методов обучения фортепиано для хоровых дирижёров связано с интеграцией передовых технологий, таких как виртуальная реальность. Эти технологии создадут уникальные образовательные среды, в которых учащиеся смогут взаимодействовать с виртуальными хорами, практикуя свои навыки в условиях, приближенных к реальным. Такой подход обеспечит более глубокое понимание музыкального материала, поскольку «объективные элементы музыкального образа связаны с обобщённым отражением действительности, разнообразных событий личной и социальной жизни» [3]. В результате этого укрепляются профессиональные навыки дирижёров, делая процесс обучения более эффективным и увлекательным. Профессиональные навыки хорового дирижёра и их связь с обязательным фортепиано. Обязательное фортепиано как средство развития музыкального слуха Музыкальный слух представляет собой способность человека воспринимать и различать звуковые особенности музыкальных произведений, такие как высота звука, длительность, тембр, интервалы и аккорды. Эта способность играет ключевую роль в профессиональной деятельности дирижёра, обеспечивая точное восприятие музыкального материала в его интерпретации. Развитый музыкальный слух позволяет дирижёру не только анализировать звучание произведения, но и эффективно взаимодействовать с музыкантами, внося коррективы в их исполнение. Исследования свидетельствуют о том, что большинство успешных дирижёров обладают высоким уровнем музыкального слуха, что подтверждает его значимость в их профессиональной практике. С учетом современного развития музыкальной культуры, Гетьман отмечает, что появляется множество произведений, относящихся к вершинам как духовного, так и светского наследия музыкальной культуры. Педагог-музыкант должен овладевать комплексом профессиональных знаний и умений [4]. Фортепиано выступает в качестве инструментария в развитии музыкального слуха, особенно в аспекте слухового восприятия и интонации. Благодаря способности воспроизводить точные звуковые высоты, этот инструмент становится незаменимым средством для тренировки интонационной точности. В образовательных учреждениях фортепиано активно используется в процессе обучения, занимая значительное время, отведённое на развитие слуховых навыков. Практика игры на фортепиано способствует укреплению слуховой памяти, что особенно важно для дирижёров, работающих с хоровыми коллективами, где требуется точное восприятие звучания всех голосов. Кроме того, субъективная сторона музыкального образа включает в себя эмоции и чувства композитора, а также его размышления о жизни, что позволяет глубже понять творческое лицо автора [3]. Таким образом, игра на фортепиано не только развивает технические навыки, но и позволяет углубиться в понимание музыкального произведения, для передачи исполнителем композиторского замысла. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 6 Практическое использование фортепиано в обучении дирижёров включает анализ гармонических последовательностей, что способствует развитию слуховых навыков. Инструмент часто применяется в хоровой практике, что требует точного слухового восприятия и интонирования. Регулярная игра на фортепиано помогает студентам улучшить восприятие музыкальных интервалов и аккордов, что является важным аспектом их профессиональной подготовки. Освоение приемов плавного звуковедения, передача художественных образов произведения занимают значительное место в учебном процессе, следовательно, фортепиано становится неотъемлемым инструментом в формировании музыкального слуха, технических навыков игры на инструменте и художественного восприятия. В разнообразии написанных сочинений фортепиано предоставляет уникальную возможность визуализировать гармонические и мелодические структуры произведений. Клавиатура наглядно демонстрирует взаимодействие звуков, что делает инструмент незаменимым в анализе музыкальной формы. В частности, в хоровых аранжировках фортепиано часто используется для проверки взаимодействия голосов, что помогает дирижёру выявить возможные диссонансы и улучшить общее звучание. Медушевский отмечает, что «музыкальное мышление осуществляется не отдельными средствами музыкальной выразительности, а их совокупностями, неизбежно влекущими за собой некую типическую контекстную область» [5]. Практические занятия на фортепиано способствуют развитию аналитических способностей студентов-дирижёров. Используя этот инструмент для анализа партитур, они учатся глубже понимать музыкальные произведения. Исследования показывают, что 85% выпускников музыкальных вузов отмечают значительное улучшение своих аналитических навыков благодаря занятиям на фортепиано. Ерастова отмечает, что «интеллектуальный метод основывается на анализе закономерностей музыкального сочинения, начиная от элементов и кончая широкими обобщениями» [6]. Отсюда следует что, фортепиано становится не только инструментом для исполнения, но и важным средством в развитии навыков музыкального анализа и критического мышления. Дирижёры, обладающие навыками игры на фортепиано, демонстрируют более глубокое понимание музыкальных структур и легче адаптируются к работе с хоровыми коллективами. Они могут эффективно иллюстрировать сложные музыкальные элементы на фортепиано, что способствует более продуктивному взаимодействию с музыкантами. Следующим немаловажным аспектом является координация, игра на фортепиано требует от исполнителя высокой степени координации обеих рук, поскольку у каждой из них своя структурная линия (партия), часто различающаяся по ритму, динамике и мелодическому рисунку. Это способствует активизации межполушарного взаимодействия мозга, что, в свою очередь, развивает моторные навыки и способность к выполнению сложных движений. Важно отметить, что «пассажная, гаммообразная фактура» требует игры в медленном темпе с высоким поднятием пальцев, что позволяет добиться четкой артикуляции и пальцевой независимости [7]. Для дирижёра такая координация особенно критична, так как управление хором требует чёткой и слаженной работы рук. Занятия на фортепиано развивают чувство ритма, динамики и музыкальной фразировки, что является ключевым для выразительности дирижёрских жестов. Способность передавать музыкальные идеи через выразительные движения рук и тела напрямую связана с навыками, приобретёнными за инструментом. Игра на фортепиано позволяет дирижёру более эффективно коммуницировать с хором, воплощая свои музыкальные замыслы. Кузьмина отмечает, что «роль дирижера в музыкальном исполнительстве» требует от него особых навыков, отличающих работу дирижера хорового коллектива от дирижирования инструментальным ансамблем. Это подчеркивает значимость музыкального образования и практики на фортепиано для формирования необходимых качеств дирижёра [1]. Методические рекомендации для преподавателей Для развития навыков работы с фортепиано у хоровых дирижёров эффективны методики и упражнения, направленные на совершенствование профессиональных умений. Одной из таких методик является «Аккордовая импровизация», разработанная в 2005 году профессором Е. А. Крыловой и применяемая в ведущих музыкальных вузах России. Эта методика способствует развитию у студентов способности к гармоническому мышлению и быстрому подбору аккомпанемента. Также упражнение 'Имитация хорового звучания', предложенное в 1990-х годах, позволяет дирижёрам глубже понимать звуковую текстуру произведений и передавать её хору, что делает процесс обучения более эффективным. При этом, как отмечает Ерастова, XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 7 умение «петь» на фортепиано является одной из самых сложных задач для пианистов, поскольку инструмент по своей природе клавишно-ударный [6]. Это подчеркивает значимость комплексного подхода к обучению, который охватывает как технические, так и художественные аспекты игры на фортепиано. Перспективы дальнейших исследований Текущие исследования в области подготовки хоровых дирижёров подтверждают значимость обязательного фортепиано в образовательных программах. Например, исследование, проведённое в 2018 году в Московской государственной консерватории, показало, что 85% студентов хорового дирижирования отметили, что навыки игры на фортепиано значительно улучшили их способность к интерпретации партитур. Это подчеркивает ключевую роль фортепиано в развитии музыкального слуха и аналитических способностей, необходимых для успешного выполнения дирижёрских обязанностей. Вместе с тем, Андреева указывает на важность совершенствования ритмического ощущения студента в музыкальной педагогике, что напрямую связано с пониманием стиля исполняемых произведений [12]. Таким образом, обязательное фортепиано является важным элементом в профессиональной подготовке дирижёров. Существуют значительные пробелы в методиках и программах подготовки хоровых дирижёров, несмотря на признание важности фортепиано в этой сфере. Согласно отчёту 2020 года Российской академии музыки имени Гнесиных, лишь 60% программ включает достаточный объём занятий по фортепиано, что приводит к недостаточной практической подготовке выпускников и может негативно сказываться на их профессиональной деятельности. Важно отметить, что «какие бы методы ни были найдены, завоевать достойное музыки место в школьном воспитании и образовании могут только сами педагоги, если выработают в себе в достаточной мере чуткое сознание того» [15]. Таким образом, необходимо пересмотреть и улучшить методики обучения, чтобы обеспечить выпускников всеми необходимыми навыками. Для устранения выявленных недостатков и дальнейшего развития образовательных программ необходимы дополнительные исследования. В 2021 году в журнале "Музыкальное образование" была опубликована статья, посвящённая изучению влияния цифровых технологий на обучение игре на фортепиано в контексте подготовки дирижёров. Это направление открывает новые возможности для интеграции инновационных методов обучения и повышения эффективности образовательного процесса. Гетьман отмечает, что «статья посвящена рассмотрению феномена музыкального образования в контексте эволюции» [4]. Таким образом, исследование применения современных технологий в обучении может стать перспективным направлением для будущих научных работ. Заключение Проведённое исследование подтвердило, что обязательное фортепиано играет значимую роль в подготовке хоровых дирижёров. Оно способствует развитию музыкального слуха, координации, аналитических способностей и профессионального мастерства студентов. Благодаря фортепиано, будущие дирижёры получают возможность глубже понять музыкальные структуры и развить навыки, необходимые для успешной работы с хоровыми коллективами, выпускники демонстрируют более высокий уровень профессиональных навыков, включая чтение партитур, аккомпанемент и интерпретацию музыкального материала, что подтверждает эффективность интеграции фортепиано в образовательный процесс. Обязательное фортепиано имеет ключевое значение для профессиональной подготовки хоровых дирижёров. Оно не только расширяет их музыкальные возможности, но и улучшает методологическую базу обучения. Фортепиано позволяет дирижёрам развивать слух, ритмическое чувство и координацию, что способствует их успешной профессиональной деятельности. Дальнейшие исследования в области интеграции фортепиано в образовательные программы могут сосредоточиться на разработке новых методик обучения, включающих современные технологии и подходы. Это позволит улучшить качество подготовки дирижёров и адаптировать учебные планы к современным требованиям. Практическое применение результатов исследования может способствовать созданию более эффективных образовательных программ, что в свою очередь повысит уровень профессиональной подготовки хоровых дирижёров. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 8 Список литературы 1. Kuzmina, O. G., Colloquium: Teaching and Methodological Manual / O. G. Kuzmina et al. – Syktyvkar: GPOU RK “College of Arts of the Komi Republic”, 2018. – 43 p. 2. Pichugina, L. N., & Bogdanova, T. S. Current Issues of Modern Choral Performance: Choral Theatricalization. Pedagogical Education in Russia, 2019, No. 6, pp. 95–96. 3. Reva, V. P. Perception of Music as a Controlled Process. Bulletin of M. A. Kuleshov Moscow State University, 1998, No. 1, p. 28. 4. Getman, V. V. Music Education as a Phenomenon of National Culture: Aspects of Analysis. Pedagogy and Psychology of Education, 2022, No. 4, pp. 9–18. DOI: 10.31862/2500-297X-2022-4-9-18. 5. Medushevsky, V. V. The Intonational Form of Music. Moscow: Kompozitor, 1993, pp. 10–13. 6. Erastova, O. V. Working on Small-Form Pieces in the Piano Class: Methodological Guidelines. Ulan-Ude: GAPOU RB “Tchaikovsky College of Arts”, 2023. – 13 p. 7. Solodikhina, I. A. Methodological Recommendations for the Open Lesson: “Main Stages of Studying Large-Form Works in General Piano Classes”. Kaliningrad, 2022. – [no pagination]. 8. Radynova, O. P., & Korsakova, I. A. On the Problem of an Individual Approach in Developing the Foundations of Pianistic Culture among Music Students of Different Specializations. Science and School, 2021, No. 3, pp. 219–225. DOI: 10.31862/1819-463X-2021-3-219-225. 9. Zhao Yanchzhan, Guo Jingyu, & Zhang Shangzhu. Piano Education in Modern Russian and Chinese Universities. Culture and Civilization, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 4A, pp. 191–200. 10. Rozhkova, Yu. A. The Works of N. Ya. Myaskovsky in the General Piano Course. Bulletin of Music Science, 2022, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 183–190. DOI: 10.24412/2308-1031-2022-1-183-190. 11. Novikova, V. V. The Role of Continuity in Music and Pedagogical Traditions in the Formation of the Conducting School. Voronezh State Pedagogical University, n.d., n.p. 12. Andreeva, O. V. Rhythmic Aspects in Mastering Technical Patterns in Music Colleges as a Way to Improve Pianistic Technique and Understanding of Musical Style. Pedagogical Journal, 2023, Vol. 13, No. 4A, pp. 366–373. DOI: 10.34670/AR.2023.89.14.045. 13. Teaching and Methodological Complex. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://tou.edu.kz/arm/upload/umk_pdf/21420.pdf (accessed October 2025). 14. Pashkova, A. V. Methodological Recommendations for the Discipline “Piano” for Students Majoring in 53.03.05 “Conducting”. Ulyanovsk: Ulyanovsk State University, 2019. – 18 p. 15. Barash, A. B. D. Kabalevsky as a Reformer of Music School Education and His Followers. Innovations in the Modern Educational Process in Secondary and Higher Educational Institutions. [no data]. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 15 гетерофазного химического превращения PbO2 под воздействием цепной реакции окисления углеводородов. О сложном механизме данного радикально–цепного гетерофазного процесса свидетельствует также многообразие промежуточных продуктов, возникающих по ходу превращения с изменением времени экспозиции и различных параметров. Интересным является наличие в продуктах превращения PbO2 не только различных оксидов свинца (Pb2O3, Pb3O4, PbO), но и церусситов (PbCO3, 2PbCO3•Pb(OH)2). Необходимо отметить, что они образуются на ранних стадиях процесса и в значительных количествах. Это свидетельствует о прямой взаимосвязи химических превращений в газовой и твердой фазах сопряженного гетерофазного ВЦРпревращения. Как известно, в зависимости от условий, цепные окислительные процессы углеводородов и водорода сопровождаются возникновением большого многообразия свободных радикалов и атомов различного строения: R, RO, RO2, R`CO2, R`CO3, HCO, HCO3, HO2, OH, H, O и т.п., а именно алкильных, алкоксильных, алкилпероксидных, арильных и др. радикалов, а также атомов водорода, кислорода, гидроксильных, и др. радикалов, включая радикалы HO2 6-9. Эти активные частицы могут вступать в различные элементарные реакции с твердой фазой и на разных стадиях превращения приводить к образованию различных соединений в процессе перехода PbO2 в Pb. Рис. ЭПР-спектры продуктов ВЦР-восстановления PbO2 при различных условиях (зарегистрированы при напряженности магнитного поля H = 2500 G): а) (m = 10 г, фракция < 0,15 мм), обработка при: τк = 89 с, t = 83 мин, RH:O2  6:1, T  332 °C (Pb  40 %, PbO  55 %, PbO2  4 %, 2PbCO3●Pb(OH)2 – следы); b) (m=5 г, фракция <0,15 мм), обработка при τк = 104 с, t = 30 мин, RH:O2  5:1, T  333 °C (Pb  15 %, PbO  50 %, 2PbCO3●Pb(OH)2  35 %, неупорядоченная кристаллическая решетка). Обработанные цепной реакцией образцы, в зависимости от условий проведения процесса проявляют выраженные парамагнитные свойства. Зарегистрированы спектры ЭПР различного вида. На рис. a и b приводятся спектры ЭПР образцов, подвергнутых ВЦР-превращениям при различных условиях. Они свидетельствуют о ВЦР-синтезе магнитно-активных образований и соединений. Говоря в целом, ВЦР-процессы могут стать также эффективным способом получения таких соединений и образований. Дальнейшее, более глубокое изучение процесса с применением метода ЭПР станет предметом специальных наших исследований. Выводы Исследование элементарных стадий с участием свободных радикалов должно быть важным также для установления детального механизма данного гетерофазного процесса и может представлять общий интерес с точки зрения теории химического превращения. Полученные результаты показывают эффективность нового принципа [1-4] осуществления гетерофазных химических процессов методом ВЦР (воздействие цепной реакцией) и свидетельствуют о многообразии элементарных стадий с участием свободных радикалов в этом сложном сопряженном химическом превращении. Полученные нами различные экспериментальные данные по гетерофазному химическому радикально–цепному восстановлению диоксида свинца в режиме воздействия цепных XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 16 газофазных реакций позволяют, однозначно, предложить эффективный метод восстановления металлического порошкообразного свинца из его оксидов (при степени восстановления Pb не ниже 98,5 %). Учитывая энерго и ресурсо-сберегающие характеристики, низкую температуру условий восстановления, одностадийность, простоту аппаратного оформления и другие явные преимущества нового ВЦР-процесса, на практике он может быть внедрен для промышленного производства свинца, включая переработку вторичного свинца (смеси Pb и его оксидов) аккумуляторных батарей и свинцовых оболочек. Литература 1. Mantashyan A.A. (1997): Conversion of Mo, Cu, Fe sulfides and Fe and Cu oxides under the effect of gas-phase chain reactions. Kinetika i Kataliz (Kinetics and Catalysis), 38 (5), 671-677. [Published in Russian] 2. Mantashyan A.A. (1997): The Conversion of Solid Inorganic Compounds under the Effect of GasPhase Chain Reactions. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. Proceedings of 4-th International Conference of Chemical Kinetics, 129. 3. Mantashyan A.A. (2001): Heterogeneous chemical transformation of inorganic compounds under the action of chain gas-phase reactions. Chemical Physics Reports, 19 (11), 2163-2181. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27781359 4. Mantashyan A.A. (2021): Chain Reactions and Conjugated Processes. National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Publishing House Gitutyun (Science), 104. [Published in Russian] ISBN 978-5-8080-1435-0 5. Mantashyan K.A., Mantashyan A.A., Artsruni V.G., Geondjyan I.N. (2015): Heterophase chemical process of lead dioxide reduction in the mode of chain gas-phase reactions. Yerevan, RA. Conference Proceedings of IV International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 95-97. ISBN 9789939-1-0231-3 [Published in Russian] 6. Semenov N.N. Selected works. On some problems of chemical kinetics and reactivity. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 2005, vol. 3, 499 p. [Published in Russian] 7. Panfilov V.N., Tsvetkov Yu.D., Voevodsky V.V. Kinetics and Catalysis, 1960, vol.1, p. 333. [Published in Russian] 8. Nalbandian A.B., Mantashyan A.A. Elementary processes in slow gas-phase reactions. – Yerevan: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1975. – 300 p. [Published in Russian] 9. Mantashyan A.A. (1996): Free radicals and the reactions in chain gas phase oxidation of hydrocarbons. Chemical Physics Reports. 15 (4), 545-557. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 17 Economic sciences Introduction For several decades beginning in the 1960s, the currency structure of official reserves remained surprisingly stable amid significant changes in the international monetary and financial structure and the global economy as a whole. The collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system, the final demonetization of gold, the transition to floating exchange rates, the acceleration of financial globalization, the creation of a single European currency, the significant strengthening of the economic potential of developing countries, and China's emergence as a leading global economy—all of this had little impact on the structure of currency reserves for most countries. However, over the past 15–20 years, the issue of the changing role of the dollar as a reserve currency has become one of the most widely discussed, not only among economic experts but also at the political level. A number of economic, technological, and geopolitical factors contributed to this.. Discussion RESERVE ASSETS: COMPOSITION AND DYNAMICS Every country has official reserve assets, which are highly liquid foreign assets held by the monetary authorities (the central bank and the government). Reserve assets are used to finance balance of payments deficits, intervene in foreign exchange markets to regulate the exchange rate of the domestic currency, and for other related purposes (such as maintaining confidence in the currency and the economy as a whole, or as collateral for foreign borrowing). Reserve assets consist of four main components: foreign exchange in the form of cash, deposits, and securities; monetary gold held by the monetary authorities; Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), international payment and reserve assets issued by the IMF; and finally, the country's reserve position in the IMF—the sum of the reserve tranche (the currency component of the country's quota in the Fund's capital) and the country's claims on the IMF under borrowing agreements. Since 2000, the global economy has experienced rapid growth in total reserve assets, with emerging market and developing countries making the largest contribution to this growth, having overtaken developed countries in terms of their volume since 2005 (Figure 1). RESERVE CURRENCIES: ARE CHANGES POSSIBLE? Sevinc İbrahimova Associate Professor of Odlar Yurdu University, Baku, AZ,1072, Azerbaijan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3670-2132 Mayil Orujov Honorary Professor of SMBS (Swiss Montreux Business School), Odlar Yurdu University, Baku, AZ,1072, Azerbaijan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8177-3851 Resad Abbaszade PhD in Economics, Director of Business LLC Abstract Trends in the changing structure of official reserve assets are examined. For over half a century, the US dollar has dominated the reserves of most countries. However, in recent years, many central banks have taken steps to diversify their foreign exchange reserves and reduce their dependence on the dollar. The use of non-traditional reserve currencies is expanding, the share of gold in reserves is increasing, and projects to create central bank digital currencies, which could potentially compete with the dollar, are actively being developed. Washington's sanctions policy is contributing to the de-dollarization of reserve assets, undermining confidence in the US currency. Keywords: official reserve assets, reserve currencies, US dollar, gold, central bank digital currencies, CBDC. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 18 Figure 1. Total reserve assets, 1991–2023, trillion dollars Although growth has slowed over the past 10 years, overall, from 2000 to 2023, total reserves increased almost sevenfold, from $2.2 trillion to $14.9 trillion. Importantly, not only the absolute size of reserves but also their ratio to global GDP increased significantly during this period: from 6.4% to 14.1%. The rapid growth of reserve assets was due to several factors. A significant contribution was made by so-called global imbalances—the formation of chronic and significant current account surpluses in a number of countries. These include primarily export-oriented countries in East and Southeast Asia (especially China) and oil-exporting countries, which, to prevent the appreciation of their national currencies and maintain the export competitiveness of their products, actively intervened in foreign exchange markets, increasing their reserves. It is no coincidence that periods of rapid growth in reserve assets and widening global imbalances have coincided almost entirely. Severe global and regional financial shocks over recent decades have played a significant role in the growth of reserve assets. These include the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998, the Great Recession of 2007–2009, the European debt crisis of 2010–2012, and numerous financial crises in individual countries (Mexico in 1995, Turkey in 1994 and 2001, Russia in 1998, Brazil in 1999, Argentina in 2002, etc.). This accumulated negative experience has prompted authorities in many countries to adopt a more prudent approach to financial matters. The presence of large reserve assets helps maintain financial stability and creates the necessary space for stabilization policies. Experts estimate that the precautionary motive has been a significant factor in the significant accumulation of foreign exchange reserves by developing countries [1]. The well-known "original sin" hypothesis, proposed by B. Eichengreen, R. Hausmann, and U. Panizza, provides the theoretical basis for this role. According to this hypothesis, most developing countries are unable to borrow funds abroad in their national currencies due to the underdevelopment of their domestic bond market. Borrowing in foreign currencies, in turn, creates currency risks and the risk of a balance of payments crisis. Under these conditions, the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves acts as a form of self-insurance against the problems caused by "original sin." It is important to emphasize that the downside of holding significant foreign exchange reserves is significant opportunity costs. These reserves are typically invested in government bonds of developed countries, which are considered relatively risk-free assets but offer much lower returns than would otherwise be achieved if the accumulated foreign exchange resources were used. Furthermore, the presence of significant foreign exchange reserves can have negative macroeconomic consequences, as they constitute a portion of the central bank's total assets. An increase in reserve assets leads to an increase in the monetary base and, through the mechanism of money multiplication, the money supply. An increase in effective demand stimulates the economy, but simultaneously contributes to increased inflation. To break this undesirable relationship, the central bank can pursue a sterilization policy, that is, reduce the value of domestic assets in parallel with the growth of foreign exchange reserves. However, this creates the risk that the share of foreign exchange reserves in the central bank's assets will become so large that the country will essentially enter a "currency board" regime, where the money supply in domestic circulation becomes strictly dependent on changes in foreign exchange reserves. A "currency board" can effectively combat high inflation, but its rather 1,1 1,5 1,8 22,1 2,2 3,2 4,9 7,8 10 12 13 12 13 13,6 15,2 14,9 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 2,1 2,4 3,6 44,2 5 5 5,6 676,4 0,2 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,6 1,1 2,5 4,2 6 7,8 877,4 7,6 8,2 8,5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 The world as a whole Development of the country Developing countries XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 19 unpleasant consequence is the de facto loss of the central bank's role as an independent monetary regulator. Even if this doesn't happen, sterilized foreign exchange interventions contribute to a contraction of domestic lending, creating a kind of "crowding-out effect" [4]. Since an increase in foreign exchange reserves can have ambiguous consequences for a country, the question of assessing their adequacy arises. Various criteria are used in international practice: covering three months of a country's imports with reserves, financing 20% of liabilities included in the broad money supply, and fully covering a country's short-term external debt. Since 2016, the IMF has been using a composite indicator for assessing reserve adequacy (the assessing reserve adequacy metric, ARA). It consists of four components (with different weights for countries with fixed or floating exchange rates). Som): export revenue, broad money supply, short-term external debt, and portfolio liabilities. Reserves in the range of 100–150% of the composite indicator are generally considered adequate. According to experts at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), in most emerging market and developing countries, the volume of reserve assets currently exceeds the proposed benchmarks. Of course, these serve only as a guideline and not as a specific target for central bank policy. A full assessment of reserve adequacy requires taking into account many country-specific factors: the exchange rate regime, the degree of openness of the financial account of the balance of payments, the depth and liquidity of the national financial market, the availability of additional external funding sources, etc. In any case, the presence of significant, especially excessive, international reserves poses the challenge for the central bank to effectively manage them by regulating their structure. CURRENCY STRUCTURE OF RESERVE ASSETS Of all reserve assets, foreign exchange reserves play the most important role in practice. Gold is not directly used for balance of payments regulation or for foreign exchange market interventions. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) have strictly limited applicability, and the share of the IMF reserve position in total reserve assets is currently extremely small (approximately 1%). At the beginning of 2025, the total volume of foreign currency held in official reserve assets worldwide amounted to $12.4 trillion, or 78.6% of the total. Since the need for a government to use foreign exchange reserves may arise at any time, there should be no restrictions on their use by those foreign countries that accept these assets. This presupposes two conditions: first, the universality of the use of a particular asset, determined by its convertibility, and second, the immediate availability of a particular asset, determined by its liquidity. The concept of liquidity of reserve assets almost automatically implies their convertibility. Any asset that is immediately available and not freely convertible is considered illiquid internationally. Therefore, foreign exchange reserves consist primarily of a limited number of freely convertible currencies. Furthermore, reserve currencies are characterized by the fact that many countries may have liabilities denominated in them due to the deeper stock markets of the issuing countries. In other words, one of the characteristics of a reserve currency issuer is its freedom from "original sin." The IMF classifies the "Big Four" (the US dollar, euro, pound sterling, and Japanese yen), as well as the Chinese yuan, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, and Swiss franc, as the major reserve currencies. At the beginning of 2025, they accounted for 95.7% of total global foreign exchange reserves. Historically, at various stages of the development of the global monetary system, one or two dominant currencies typically emerged, accounting for the overwhelming majority of total foreign exchange reserves. Immediately after the end of World War II, approximately 85% of reserves consisted of British pounds sterling. In the 1950s and 1960s, the pound began to lose ground to the US dollar, which by the mid-1970s accounted for approximately 75% of foreign exchange reserves. Over the past 30 years, there have been no fundamental changes in the structure of global foreign exchange reserves, with the dollar maintaining its dominant position (Figure 2). XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 20 Fig. 2. Shares of major currencies in total foreign exchange reserves, 1996–2024, % Calculated by the author Following the creation of the single European currency, the euro's share of global reserve assets began to increase, but the eurozone debt crisis dealt a serious blow to its appeal. In recent years, the euro has accounted for approximately 20%, while the pound sterling and yen each account for 5-6%. The shares of other reserve currencies are gradually increasing, but are still relatively small: the yuan, Australian dollar, and Canadian dollar account for 2-2.5% each, while the Swiss franc accounts for only 0.2%. When examining the structure and dynamics of foreign exchange reserves, a number of theoretical questions arise. One such question is: what factors contribute to a national currency's ability to perform its reserve currency functions? Modern economics does not distinguish global money as a specific function of money. Such functions are assumed by national currencies that can perform conventional monetary functions in international economic relations—mediums of exchange (circulation and payment), stores of value, and units of measurement (measures of value). However, even when freely convertible and fulfilling these functions, different national currencies can have varying degrees of liquidity depending on how widely they are used by participants in foreign economic relations. According to the IMF, the US dollar is the currency most frequently traded on the foreign exchange market (44% of turnover), as well as the most widely used for issuing trade invoices (54% of global trade) and denominating financial claims (51% of cross-border banking claims). Nearly 75% of the world's external government debt is denominated in dollars. Furthermore, the dollar is used more often than other currencies as an "anchor" by countries with fixed exchange rate regimes. Thus, it is the most actively used currency in both international trade and international financial transactions—that is, for performing all monetary functions. This is partly true for the euro, but to a significantly lesser extent. Other reserve currencies do not perform all monetary functions equally. For example, the yen and pound sterling are used internationally primarily for investment purposes, while the yuan is rarely used for this purpose, although it has become increasingly used in foreign trade settlements in recent years. Furthermore, neither currency is used by other countries to peg their exchange rates. This largely explains why the US dollar maintains its dominant position as a reserve currency. Average data on the composition of total global foreign exchange reserves conceals significant differences at the individual country level. For example, in 2021, Sweden's foreign exchange reserves were 63% euros and 19% US dollars, while Israel's was the opposite: 26% euros and 67% dollars. At the megaregional level, the extreme uneven distribution of total dollar reserves is striking: Asian countries (excluding the Middle East) account for 65%, while European countries account for only 14% [6]. This raises another conceptual question that has become the subject of debate: what determines a country's policy in shaping its reserve structure? In studies analyzing the principles that guide states in managing their foreign exchange reserve structure, one can distinguish the "Mercury hypothesis" and the "Mars hypothesis"5 [7]. According to the first, reserve structure is largely determined by the scale and intensity of trade and financial ties with specific countries that issue reserve currencies. This largely explains why, for example, the dollar predominates in the foreign exchange reserves of Canada and Latin American countries, while the euro dominates in the reserves of many European countries. 62 69 72 67 66 64 63 63 61 61 66 62 59 59 58 18 25 24 27 28 26 25 20 19 21 22 20 20 44,1 4,1 54,9 5556 6 6,8 6,8 6,8 6,9 6,9 76,9 6,4 654,9 4,9 56 6 6,8 6,8 76,9 6,9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 US dollar Euro Pound sterling Yen XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 21 The "Mars hypothesis" emphasizes the strategic, diplomatic, and military power of countries that issue reserve currencies. In other words, when managing their foreign exchange reserves, countries may be guided not only by the structure of their foreign economic relations but also by geopolitical considerations. Proponents of this hypothesis believe it helps explain some otherwise puzzling aspects of the currency structure of international reserves: why, for example, the dollar's share of Japan's reserves is larger than China's, Germany's is larger than France's, and Saudi Arabia's is larger than other oilexporting countries'. The special security relationship with the United States must be taken into account here. Therefore, "the dollar's dominance as an international currency is reinforced by the country's role as a global power, guaranteeing the security of its allies" [7]. DOLLAR HEGEMONY: PRO ET CONTRA Perhaps the main question that has recently attracted particular attention from the expert community is how stable is the US dollar's dominant position as a reserve currency? Opinions on this matter are divided. Some experts are optimistic about the dollar's prospects. For example, in a note prepared by the Federal Reserve in 2023, "The International Role of the US Dollar," it was stated that "a decline in the dollar's status in the near term appears unlikely" [8]. To support this opinion, Fed experts calculate a composite index of international currency use. This is a weighted average of five indicators for which time-series data is available: share of official foreign exchange reserves (weighted 25%), volume of foreign exchange transactions (25%), issuance of debt in a given currency (25%), cross-border deposits, and cross-border loans (12.5% each). The Fed's calculations show that the index of international currency use of the dollar has remained virtually unchanged since 2001 (see Table 1). Table 1. Index of use of international currencies Currency 2001 2010 2022 Dollar 68.1 68.6 69.0 Euro 26.4 27.4 23.1 Pound Sterling 7.9 6.3 6.4 Japanese Yen 9.8 7.4 7.3 Chinese Yuan 0.0 0.3 3.0 Calculated by the author In addition to these arguments, B. Bernanke pointed out that the dollar's position as the primary reserve currency is strengthened by the Fed's role as the lender of last resort in the global monetary system [9, p. 40]. During the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, the Fed acted as a supplier of dollars, entering into currency swap agreements with 14 central banks, including four in emerging market countries (Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, and Singapore). Under these agreements, foreign central banks could receive dollars in exchange for their currencies, which they, in turn, lent to banks within their jurisdictions. Since 2013, such agreements with the central banks of England, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, and the ECB have become permanent. Experts also note significant network effects, which arise when the value of a good to a consumer increases as the number of its users increases, as an important factor contributing to the dollar's dominant position as a reserve currency. Under such conditions, a country favors one currency over another as a reserve currency, believing that it is the one most likely to be adopted by others. A kind of economies of scale occurs, significantly reducing transaction costs. As a result, "when a currency becomes dominant, it finds itself in a virtual natural monopoly, and its dominant position is self-perpetuating." Closely related to the presence of network effects is another argument used by proponents of the dollar's strength concept. "Reserve currency status typically changes very slowly. There is a strong inertial bias toward using a currency that has previously been a reserve currency" [5]. Network effects reinforce this inertia and create a persistent dependence on previous developments. This situation is known as "path dependence," whereby previously made choices (even if suboptimal) can predetermine future developments. At the same time, there is a growing number of adherents to the opposing view, according to which the process of eroding the dominance of the US dollar is already underway [5]. The formal basis for this justification can be found in statistical data showing that the dollar's share of official reserves has decreased by 13.3 percentage points over the past 25 years: from 71.1% to 57.8%. The weakening of the dollar's key position is indicated not only by quantitative indicators but also by some important qualitative changes. First of all, it is noteworthy that the decline in the dollar's share is not accompanied by an increase in the use of other "Big Four" reserve currencies. There is a trend toward greater use of non-traditional reserve currencies, such as the Australian, Canadian, and Singapore dollars, the Chinese yuan, the South XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 22 Korean won, and the Swedish and Norwegian krone. Over the past 25 years, their combined share of global reserve assets has increased from 1.5% to 11.8%. This indicates that central banks in many countries are diversifying their currency portfolios. IMF experts emphasize that this policy is becoming quite widespread, identifying 46 countries with a significant share of non-traditional currencies in their international reserves. These include: Ireland (34%), Turkey (33%), Chile (28%), New Zealand (17%), Australia (16%), France (12%), the United Kingdom (11%), and Germany (10%) [11, p. 25]. The need to diversify the structure of foreign exchange reserves is driven by a combination of factors. On the one hand, the formation of open financial systems and the growing liquidity of foreign exchange markets in a number of countries are helping to reduce transaction costs when trading their national currencies, making them more attractive for use as reserve currencies. The development of the over-the-counter foreign exchange market, based on the use of electronic trading platforms and the spread of innovative financial technologies for foreign exchange transactions, such as automated market making (AMM) and automated liquidity management (ALM), also plays an important role. All of this reduces the need to acquire and hold dollars as a universal medium of exchange. Moreover, the growing use of advanced financial technologies in the foreign exchange market reduces the importance of network effects in determining the structure of reserve currency portfolios. On the other hand, the accumulation of excess reserve assets encourages central banks to more actively manage their currency portfolios, distinguishing between different reserve tranches: a “liquidity tranche,” which is necessary to ensure reserve adequacy and should be held in the most liquid, low-risk assets, and an “investment tranche,” which can be more actively managed and invested in less liquid but higher-yielding assets, including those denominated in non-traditional currencies [4]. In addition to market mechanisms in the dominance The dollar's dominant role is being pressured by policies deliberately pursued by issuers of competing currencies to strengthen their international role. For example, in January 2021, the European Commission developed a "Strategy to Promote an Open, Robust, and Resilient EU Economic and Financial System," aimed at shaping Europe's leading role in global economic governance. A key principle of the strategy is to promote the euro's international role, which should contribute to the realization of Europe's concept of "strategic autonomy." A key step in this direction was the issuance of 10-year euro-denominated bonds in June 2021 as part of the Next Generation EU (NGEU) program to support European economic recovery after the pandemic. The program, with a total volume of €750 billion, is designed for six years. Since these bonds are effectively backed by the budgets of all EU countries, they are expected to compete with US treasuries as a safe haven asset, thereby increasing demand for the euro as a reserve currency. The Chinese yuan is also poised to strengthen its competitive position. The People's Bank of China emphasizes that it "promotes reform and opening-up to promote the sustainable and prudent international use of the renminbi and ensure an appropriate balance between development and security." It is often argued that the renminbi will not be able to develop as a fully-fledged reserve currency without free convertibility for capital transactions, but some experts do not consider this an insurmountable obstacle [8]. They believe that central banks will hold renminbi reserves if they can easily buy and sell them on international markets. This requires the development of offshore renminbi markets, the creation of swap lines with the People's Bank of China, and the maintenance of a stable renminbi exchange rate. China is gradually creating such conditions. In particular, a network of 31 offshore clearing banks for renminbi settlements has been established in 27 countries, including many developed and large emerging economies. Since 2015, China has operated its own cross-border interbank payment system, CIPS, offering clearing and international settlement services in yuan. Beijing makes extensive use of bilateral currency swap agreements with foreign central banks. The number of countries with which such agreements have been concluded has reached 40, including many developed countries, and the combined quota of these swap lines amounted to 4.2 trillion yuan in 2024 [8]. China's vast foreign exchange reserves (USD 3.2 trillion at the beginning of 2025) allow it to avoid sharp fluctuations in the exchange rate of its national currency. As a result, according to some estimates, more than 80 central banks worldwide already hold yuan reserves. Another trend in the changing reserve structure of many countries should be noted, which could contribute to the weakening of the dominant position of the dollar. Following the Great Recession, a period of decline in monetary gold reserves was followed by a noticeable increase in interest in this method of storing official foreign exchange reserves (Figure 3). This is particularly true for emerging market and developing countries, whose physical gold reserves have increased 2.5-fold over the past 20 years: from 139.2 million to 354.8 million troy ounces. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 23 Fig. 3. Monetary gold stocks in official reserves, 1980–2024, million troy ounces IMF experts note that ‘both the volume and value of gold reserves increased following the imposition of sanctions by the US, UK, the eurozone, and Japan.’ Increased uncertainty in the modern global economy, global geopolitical risks, and the sharp intensification of sanctions policies pursued by developed countries have prompted central banks in many countries to change the structure of their reserve portfolios, generally reducing the share of foreign currencies that could be frozen and increasing gold reserves, as it is a neutral safe asset that is stored domestically and, therefore, free from sanctions risk. Taking into account the growth not only of physical gold reserves but also of its market price, the share of the yellow metal in global official reserves increased from 9.4% to 15.9% from 2005 to 2024. The reduced incentive to accumulate US dollars in reserves is also, to a certain extent, facilitated by the fact that in recent years, against the backdrop of a general reduction in the number of countries with fixed exchange rates, there has been a steady decline in the share of countries that peg their currencies to the dollar - from 26.5% in 2010 to 19.6% in 2023. Under these conditions, the need for dollars for foreign exchange interventions is decreasing. Finally, it is important to note another new trend in the global financial system that potentially poses a threat to the dollar's dominance as a reserve currency: the development by many countries of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), which are intended to be used, among other things, in crossborder transactions. Moreover, projects for international settlement systems between central banks based on CBDCs are being developed. For example, in 2021, the mBridge project was founded, a collaboration between the BIS, the central banks of China, the UAE, Thailand, and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Saudi Arabia joined the project in 2024. Furthermore, the project's observers include central banks from 29 countries, as well as the IMF, the ECB, and the World Bank. The mBridge project envisions the creation of a settlement system based on blockchain technology and involves the direct transfer of CBDCs between participating countries for international payments. According to the BIS, in mid-2021, By 2024, this project had reached the minimum viable product (MVP) stage, marking the beginning of its practical implementation. The use of a CBDC could offer a number of advantages over the traditional international settlement system: significantly faster payments, eliminating intermediaries and, consequently, reducing transaction costs, and ensuring greater reliability and data protection through blockchain technology. Furthermore, it is important to note that the use of a CBDC allows for payments to be made without resorting to the SWIFT financial messaging system, which reduces potential sanctions risks. All of this could diminish the significance of the traditional factors supporting the widespread use of the dollar, thereby weakening its role in the international monetary system, a fact recognized by the United States. One of President Trump's first decisions after taking office was the executive order of January 23, 2025, "Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology," which prohibits the creation, issuance, circulation, and use of CBDCs within U.S. jurisdiction, as they "threaten the stability of the financial system, privacy, and sovereignty of the United States" Conclusion For over 70 years, the US dollar has been a key element of the international monetary system, serving as the most important reserve asset. But the global economy is not standing still: the emergence of increasingly open financial systems in many countries and the development of innovative financial technologies are inevitably changing the monetary landscape. Given the inertia inherent in changes to 1152 1147 1148 1130 1070 1060 1000 970 1020 1070 1140 1170 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Monetary gold stocks XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 24 reserve currency status, the change in the structure of foreign exchange reserves could have occurred very gradually had the US not, through its policies, provoked a weakening of the dollar. After the collapse of the gold standard in its classical form and the creation of the Bretton Woods monetary system, within which gold played a purely nominal role and no longer served monetary functions, the US long convinced the world that "the dollar is as good as gold." And it would seem to have convinced them. However, unlike precious metals, modern paper (fiat) money has no intrinsic value. The use of a particular national currency by other countries as a reserve asset is largely based on trust in it— that is, confidence in the issuing country's willingness and ability to maintain its stability and liquidity. The US's recent efforts to achieve its foreign policy goals through financial sanctions, including by exploiting the dollar's dominant position, have inevitably undermined trust in it. As of early 2025, 37 countries were under various types of US sanctions. "In response, as countries wonder who might be next targeted for sanctions, central banks have begun to seek to diversify their foreign exchange reserves." Therefore, in the current environment, the prediction made by IMF experts several years ago appears increasingly realistic: "Rising geopolitical tensions could trigger sudden strategic shifts in reserve assets." References 1. Arslan Y., Cantú C. The Size of Foreign Exchange Reserves. BIS Papers no. 104. Basel, Bank for International Settlements, October 2019, pp. 1-24. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap104.htm (accessed 14.02.2025). 2 Eichengreen B., Hausmann R., Panizza U. Currency Mismatches, Debt Intolerance and Original Sin: Why They Are Not the Same and Why It Matters. NBER Working Paper 10036. NBER, October 2003. 62 p. Available at: https://www. nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w10036/w10036.pdf (accessed 29.02.2025). 3. Orucov M.M. Directions for improving the new insurance consortium for the development of agricultural leasing in the Republic of Azerbaijan, Scientific and Pedagogical News of Odlar Yurdu University, 2018, № 49, ISSN: 1682-9123 DOI: 10.0318/OYU.2023735552 4. Orucov M.M, The current state of the Azerbaijani economy against the backdrop of changes in the world economy, Scientific and Pedagogical News of Odlar Yurdu University, 2018, № 50, ISSN: 16829123 DOI: 10.0318/OYU.2023735552 5. Orucov M.M, Characteristics of preparatory measures for membership in the World Trade Organization, , Scientific and Pedagogical News of Odlar Yurdu University, 2019, № 51, ISSN: 1682-9123 DOI: 10.0318/OYU.2023735552 6. Orucov M.M, Modern development model of the national economy, Scientific and Pedagogical News of Odlar Yurdu University, 2020, № 54, ISSN: 1682-9123 DOI: 10.0318/OYU.2023735552 7. Orucov M.M, Diaqnostiks of the main therats to agro-food industry and food safety, Scientific and Pedagogical News of Odlar Yurdu University, 2020, № 58, ISSN: 1682-9123 DOI: 10.0318/OYU.2023735552 8. Summers L. Reflections on Global Account Imbalances and Emerging Markets Reserves Accumulation. L.K. Jha Memorial Lecture. Mumbai, Reserve Bank of India, 24.03.2006. Available at: https://www.harvard.edu/president/newsspeeches-summers/2006/reflections-on-globalaccount-imbalances-and-emerging-markets-reserve-accumulation (accessed 26.02. 9. Orucov M.M, Directions of development of export-oriented agriculture, Odlar Yurdu University Integration of territories liberated from occupation after the Patriotic War into the Azerbaijani Economy: a conceptual view. Materials of the Republican Scientific-Practical Conference, February 10, 2021 10. Hofmann B., Shin H.S., Villamizar-Villegas M. FX Intervention and Domestic Credit: Evidence from High Frequency Micro Data. BIS Working Paper no. 774. Basel, Bank for International Settlements, November 2021. 26 p. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/work774.pdf (accessed 24.02.2025). 11. Jeanne O. The Dollar’s Exposure to Asia Could Erode its Dominance. Washington, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 11.01.2024. Available at: https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtimeeconomics/2024/dollars-exposure-asiacould-erode-its-dominance (accessed 07.03.2025). 12. Bernanke B. Federal Reserve Policy in an International Context. 16th Jacques Polak Annual Research Conference. Washington, International Monetary Fund, November 2015. 51 p. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/np/ res/seminars/2015/arc/pdf/Bernanke.pdf (accessed 24.02.2025) 13. Orucov M.M, Analysis of the current state of the oil industry processing network and the modern state of marketing in this field, International Scientific Conference on the topic "IV Industrial Revolution and Digitalization of the Economy" Odlar Yurdu University, 2023 XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 31 Effectiveness and coverage of the existing screening program. Despite the existence of a national screening program, its effectiveness remains limited. The target group for cervical cancer screening includes women aged 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, and 74 years, who are not registered with this disease, with examinations conducted once every four years. However, studies reveal a crisis in coverage: in the Almaty region, screening coverage decreased from 92.9% in 2021 to 54.9% in 2023 [8]. At the same time, satisfaction with the quality of medical services among those who underwent screening remains high — about 94% rated it as “excellent” or “good” [8]. Barriers to screening participation. The analysis identified several critical barriers preventing women from participating in screening: • Lack of time: For 59.1% of women who did not undergo screening, the main reason was lack of time [8]. • Low awareness: 16.8% of women did not participate in screening due to lack of knowledge about the disease [8]. Moreover, awareness of HPV vaccination remains extremely low — only 18.7% of respondents have heard about it [8]. • Limited accessibility for vulnerable groups: There is a problem with coverage of uninsured women, who until 2025 could not receive free cancer screening. It is noted that the peak incidence of cervical cancer occurs after the age of 60, and pensioners, often unemployed and not covered by the mandatory social health insurance system, require special attention [9]. From 2025, cancer screening will be financed under the guaranteed volume of free medical care (GVFMC) package, making it available to uninsured women [9]. • Passive response to symptoms: Studies show that 71.9% of women do not seek medical care even when symptoms appear, indicating deep behavioral and informational barriers [8]. Table 1. Main barriers to cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive and postmenopausal age Type of barrier Description / details Proportion of women reporting the barrier, % Impact on screening coverage References Lack of time Most women report not having enough free time to visit healthcare facilities 59.1% Decreased screening regularity, especially among working women [8] Low awareness of screening and HPV vaccination Insufficient knowledge about the purpose and importance of screening; only 18.7% know about HPV vaccination 16.8% (screening) / 18.7% (HPV) Lack of motivation to participate in prevention [8] Limited accessibility for vulnerable groups (uninsured, elderly) Until 2025, women without health insurance could not receive free screening; the highest incidence is among women over 60 — Low coverage among older and socially vulnerable women [9] Passive attitude toward symptoms 71.9% of women do not seek medical help even when experiencing symptoms associated with cervical pathology 71.9% Late presentation and detection of disease at invasive stages [8] Effectiveness of Interventions A. HPV Self-Sampling. A major and consistent finding across reviews is that self-sampling significantly increases participation in screening compared with standard invitation letters or reminders — particularly among previously under-screened groups. International meta-analyses demonstrate odds ratios/prevalence ratios for participation among women who received self-sampling kits in the range of approximately 2–4 (i.e., more than a twofold increase) compared with control groups; “send-to-all” strategies (mailing kits to all eligible women) provide the greatest improvement [9,10]. In Kazakhstan, several studies have assessed the accuracy and acceptability of different selfsampling devices, demonstrating good validity and high acceptability among women, making this approach a realistic and feasible strategy for implementation [11]. B. Telephone Calls / Patient Navigation. Systematic reviews and reports, as well as practical experience from navigation programs, indicate that personalized telephone calls and navigator support increase attendance and participation — typically with a stronger effect than simple mailed invitations. When properly organized, navigation programs achieve absolute increases in participation rates ranging from several percentage points to double-digit growth (approximately 5–15%) in target populations. Navigators are particularly useful for overcoming barriers such as fear, appointment scheduling, and understanding the screening process [4,12]. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 32 C. SMS / mHealth Notifications. Results regarding SMS reminders are mixed. However, when the messages are behaviorally oriented, culturally adapted, and appropriately timed, SMS interventions provide a moderate but significant improvement in participation (approximately adjusted OR 1.15–1.2 in several large trials, assuming high-quality message design). Some studies report minimal or no effect, and in certain contexts, SMS reminders are less effective than telephone calls. The behavioral focus and content design of SMS messages are key determinants of success [13,14]. Economic Effectiveness. Systematic reviews of economic evaluations show that in most analyses, HPV self-sampling is cost-effective or even cost-dominant compared with clinician-based screening — particularly when targeted at under-screened populations (as it increases detection of precancerous lesions and, consequently, reduces long-term cancer treatment costs). However, specific costeffectiveness results are highly sensitive to local parameters: kit price, laboratory processing costs, logistics of sample return, and the proportion of the target population successfully reached for testing [15,16]. Combined strategies (for example, SMS reminders → mailing kits to non-responders → telephone navigation for positive or complex cases) often demonstrate better cost-effectiveness ratios than any single method alone, though they require more complex organization and coordination [17]. Conclusions. The conducted meta-analysis and comparative review of clinical and economic data indicate that, for Kazakhstan, the key direction for optimizing cervical cancer screening programs is the implementation of digital and patient-centered approaches that can increase coverage of the target population. Despite the existence of a national cytology-based screening program, participation among women does not exceed 50%, which is significantly below the WHO-recommended level. The main reasons for low adherence remain insufficient awareness, lack of time, and limited access in rural areas. These factors highlight the need for more flexible organizational solutions based on personalized communication and modern technologies that can overcome informational and logistical barriers. Comparative evaluation of the different strategies demonstrates that HPV self-sampling is the most promising tool for expanding coverage, providing a twofold or greater increase in participation compared with standard invitation methods.Telephone navigation and personalized calls have proven effective in improving adherence, especially among women who have never participated in screening, while SMS-based communication shows a moderate but statistically significant effect when adapted to the population’s cultural and behavioral characteristics. Economic analyses confirm that implementation of self-sampling and combined strategies is not only clinically justified but also economically efficient, particularly in resource-limited healthcare settings. Thus, the integration of digital and patient-centered (telephone navigation, self-sampling) strategies into the cervical cancer prevention system in Kazakhstan appears both scientifically and practically justified. A combined model involving sequential use of SMS reminders, navigation support, and self-sampling can substantially increase screening coverage, improve detection of precancerous conditions, and reduce cervical cancer mortality. Implementation of these approaches in pilot regions, supported by national programs and digital infrastructure, would create real prerequisites for achieving the WHO Global Strategy goals for the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem in Kazakhstan. References 1. Zhetpisbayeva I, Rommel A, Kassymbekova F, Semenova Y, Sarmuldayeva S, Giniyat A, et al. Cervical cancer trend in the Republic of Kazakhstan and attitudes towards cervical cancer screening in urban and rural areas. Sci Rep. 2024;14:13731. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64566-8. PMID: 38877051; PMCID: PMC11178783. 2. Kongrtay K, Kassymbek K, Aimagambetova G, Kamzayeva N, Makhambetova S, Galym M, et al. Disrupted vaginal microbiota and increased HPV infection risk among non-vaccinated women: findings from a prospective cohort study in Kazakhstan. Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(7):679. doi:10.3390/vaccines13070679. 3. Maleki A, Ahadinezhad B, Alizadeh A, Khosravizadeh O. Barriers and facilitators of Pap-smear test uptake in Asia: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:1961. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21047-3. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 33 4. World Health Organization. Kazakhstan’s progress in tackling cardiovascular diseases and cancer highlighted in WHO report. WHO Europe News Release. 28 July 2025. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/28-07-2025-kazakhstan-s-progress-in-tackling-cardiovasculardiseases-and-cancer-highlighted-in-who-report. 5. Millecamps R. New trends in cervical cancer screening: Self-sampling would allow full molecular screening – a great opportunity to increase attendance to cervical cancer screening. Fujirebio Insights. 3 Sep 2025. Available from: https://www.fujirebio.com/en/insights/hpv/new-trends-in-cervical-cancerscreening-selfsampling-would-allow-full-molecular. 6. Ussai S, Seyidov T, Khomasuridze T, on behalf of the UNFPA EECA SRH Focal Points. Regional Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Progressing towards Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Cervical Cancer Elimination. Healthcare (Basel). 2025;13(10):1209. doi:10.3390/healthcare13101209. PMID: 40428045; PMCID: PMC12111228. 7. National Center for Public Health of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Republican meeting on the launch of the National HPV Vaccine Introduction Plan held in Astana [Published in Russian]. 29 Nov 2023. Available from: https://hls.kz/ru/archives/41717. 8. Kasymova GP, Utegenova AB. Organization of cervical cancer screening in the Republic of Kazakhstan: analysis of consumer satisfaction with specialized medical care [Published in Russian]. Kazakh Medical University "Higher School of Public Health"; 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37800/RM.2.2025.521. 9. Aimagambetova G, Chan CK, Ukybassova T, Imankulova B, Balykov A, Kongrtay K, et al. Cervical cancer screening and prevention in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. J Med Screen. 2021;28(1):48–50. doi:10.1177/0969141320902482. PMID: 31980007. 10. Mekuria SF, Timmermans S, Borgfeldt C, Jerkeman M, Johansson P, Linde DS. HPV selfsampling versus healthcare provider collection on the effect of cervical cancer screening uptake and costs in LMIC: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2023;12:103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643023-02283-z. 11. Aimagambetova G, Atageldiyeva K, Marat A, Suleimenova A, Issa T, Raman S, et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy and acceptability of self-sampling devices for human papillomavirus detection: a systematic review. Prev Med Rep. 2024;38:102590. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102590. PMID: 38283967; PMCID: PMC10821625. 12. The Community Preventive Services Task Force. Cancer screening: Interventions engaging community health workers — Cervical cancer. The Community Guide. 2019. Available from: https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/cancer-screening-interventions-engaging-communityhealth-workers-cervical-cancer.html. 13. Huf S, Kerrison RS, King D, Chadborn T, Richmond A, Cunningham D, et al. Behavioral economics informed message content in text message reminders to improve cervical screening participation: two pragmatic randomized controlled trials. Prev Med. 2020;139:106170. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106170. PMID: 32610059. 14. Molokwu JC, Dwivedi A, Alomari A, Guzman J, Shokar N. Effect of text message reminders on attendance at cervical cancer screening appointments in a predominantly Hispanic population. Hisp Health Care Int. 2023;21(3):121–128. doi:10.1177/15404153221098950. PMID: 35522229. 15. Malone C, Barnabas RV, Buist DS, Tiro JA, Winer RL. Cost-effectiveness studies of HPV selfsampling: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2020;132:105953. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105953. PMID: 31911163; PMCID: PMC7219564. 16. Aarnio R, Östensson E, Olovsson M, Gustavsson I, Gyllensten U. Cost-effectiveness analysis of repeated self-sampling for HPV testing in primary cervical screening: a randomized study. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:645. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-07034-5. 17. Hariprasad R, Bagepally BS, Kumar S, Pradhan S, Gurung D, Tamang H, et al. Cost-utility analysis of primary HPV testing through home-based self-sampling in comparison to visual inspection using acetic acid for cervical cancer screening in East district, Sikkim, India. PLoS One. 2024;19(8):e0300556. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300556. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 34 Oncology is a field in which dosage errors, treatment delays, or inappropriate therapy selection can have disastrous consequences. Clinical pharmacology (CP), serving as a bridge between laboratory pharmacology, clinical trials, and practical oncology, plays a critical role. It ensures: 1) informed dose and administration selection; 2) assessment of interactions and toxicity; 3) individualization of therapy based on the patient and tumor. Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2024), more than 20 million new cases of malignant neoplasms are registered annually, and the projected increase in incidence requires continuous improvement in therapeutic approaches. Therefore, clinical pharmacology in oncology plays a key role in ensuring the rational, safe, and personalized use of anticancer drugs. Modern CP integrates knowledge of pharmacokinetics (PKs), pharmacodynamics (PDs), pharmacogenomics (PGs), and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) to optimize dosing, improve treatment efficacy, and reduce the risk of toxicity. Advances in molecular genetic technologies have enabled a shift from empirical cytostatic drug administration to personalized treatment strategies that take into account the patient's genetic and metabolic characteristics. Particular attention is paid to studying the mechanisms of drug resistance, DDIs, and biomarkers of treatment efficacy. CP is a key element of modern oncology, especially with the growth of new treatment modalities. Dose optimization, monitoring, and understanding PKs and PDs in populations with specific characteristics will help improve efficacy and safety. Thus, CP in oncology represents a fundamental basis for the development of individualized treatment regimens aimed at improving patient survival and quality of life, as well as the rational use of pharmaceutical resources in the healthcare system. According to Kruse M. et al. [1] every drug development (DD) is a complex and long journey. CP is an essential discipline in modern DD. With its applications, computational modelling, and simulation techniques, it can significantly contribute to the efficiency in DD today. CP is the science of studying the effects of drugs in humans and their optimal clinical use in patients. There are two major components that help us understand a drug’s behaviour; the first is how a drug moves within the body (PK) and the other is what a drug does to the body’s functions (PD). Understanding both aspects of CP is an essential part of DD. When PK and PD are integrated in a model, the model can describe how the drug effect will change with time when a certain dosing regimen is used. Ultimately, a goal of what is often a lengthy and costly DD process is to ensure that the right patient receives the right drug at an optimal dose, given at the right time. CP provides a toolset that enables drug developers to make decisions that facilitate UDC: 616-006+615.03 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY IN ONCOLOGY Arman Khozhayev Professor of the S.N. Nugmanov Department of Oncology, Oncologist, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Samal Balakhanova Head of the Drug Supply Service, Clinical Pharmacologist, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, making its treatment a priority in modern medicine. Advances in clinical pharmacology in oncology have significantly improved the efficacy and safety of anticancer therapy, ensuring a personalized approach to each patient. Studying the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs, the mechanisms of drug interactions, and the characteristics of drug metabolism are key to optimizing treatment regimens and minimizing toxic effects. Modern clinical pharmacology in oncology aims to integrate data from pharmacogenomics and molecular biology, thereby promoting the development of personalized medicine and improving the quality of life of cancer patients. Keywords: clinical pharmacology, oncology, anticancer therapy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenomics, biomarkers, personalized medicine, drug development, toxicity. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 35 this process and help clinicians finding the right dose. Research shows that the overall DD process is an iterative continuum of activities and not strictly linear in nature. Not all studies are always necessary to be conducted for every molecule and in fact the physicochemical nature of the drug determines which studies are required for a submission. Some studies may be waived if an adequate plan is set out and sufficient information is collected during other studies, e.g. on QTc assessment or a renal impairment study may be waived if the unchanged drug and its major active metabolites are eliminated primarily via non-renal and non-hepatic routes. The trend for an increasing number of biologically derived products with their different PK, PD, physiological, and pharmacological properties compared to chemically derived products has led to differences in requirements for small and large molecules. Ultimately, the size of the molecule and the specificity of its target binding determine the clinical development programme. In recent years, efforts have been made to increase the output and reduce the attrition rate of drugs, particularly before investing in timely and costly Phase 3 trials. Too often, DD has continued beyond the early phases due to pressure on research teams to be successful and a poorly informed decision-making process with a hesitancy in ‘killing a drug’ that is unlikely to meet its primary endpoints. While any drug must be safe and efficacious to benefit a patient, this information is not available during the early phase of clinical development. Safety may only be available in healthy volunteers, or a few patients and studies usually are not designed to assess efficacy outcomes. PK and PD data are the instruments to understand the drug’s behaviour in the body and its target engagement. For obtaining high-quality PK and PD data, the right study design is key. It should not only reflect the most appropriate dosing scheme with adequate PK and PD sampling times but also the conditions, restrictions, and other factors (e.g. disease, genetics) potentially influencing these outcome variables. Hereby, the early identification of intrinsic differences between races, sexes, age groups, and other covariates potentially affecting a drug’s concentration and its pharmacology can be used to improve study designs in the future and inform interactions with regulatory bodies. Moreover, for the developer, a thorough early characterisation of PD effects can potentially avoid or simplify expensive clinical studies. One example is the capture of quality electrocardiograms in early single and multiple ascending dose studies to assess a drug’s potential on QT prolongation which could avoid a thorough QT study at a later development stage. A concept where PK is most instrumental in DD is establishing bioequivalence for generic products. To receive approval, applicants have to demonstrate that a proposed drug product is bioequivalent, i.e. has the same rate and extent of absorption, to a reference product. To solely rely on PK is based on the principle that systemic exposure is a surrogate for effects of the drug (efficacy, safety). Efficacy does not need to be determined if the exposure is comparable between the generic and the reference drug. Ultimately, such ‘abbreviated development’ saves a lot of resources and avoids unnecessary replication of prior work performed for the reference drug. Conceptually, PK, PD, and biomarkers (PD or non-PD) can be considered ‘surrogates’ for the clinical efficacy and safety of a drug once their relationship is known and predictable. The most extreme example is the aforementioned bioequivalence concept in generic DD where PK is the only surrogate for its safety and efficacy. Rationale DD therefore requires a thorough understanding of these parameters and its relationship to the safety and efficacy [1]. As noted by Papachristos A. et al. [2], accelerated clinical development of anticancer drugs is crucial to ensure patients’ access to the most safe and effective treatments. At the same time, the development process should be designed to ensure that the optimal dose and schedule are administrated. Therefore, pharmacological methods such as PGs, PKs, and PDs must be integrated to inform oncology DD and dose optimization. Drugs’ safety and effectiveness are evaluated in randomized, dose-ranging trials in most therapeutic areas. However, this is only sometimes feasible in oncology, and dose-ranging studies are mainly limited to Phase 1 clinical trials. Moreover, although new treatment modalities (e.g., small molecule targeted therapies, biologics, and antibody-drug conjugates) present different characteristics compared to cytotoxic agents (e.g., target saturation limits, wider therapeutic index, fewer off-target side effects), in most cases, the design of Phase 1 studies and the dose selection is still based on the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) approach used for the development of cytotoxic agents. Therefore, the dose was not optimized in some cases and was modified post-marketing (e.g., ceritinib, dasatinib, niraparib, ponatinib, cabazitaxel, and gemtuzumab-ozogamicin). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognized the drawbacks of this approach and, in 2021, launched Project Optimus, which provides the framework and guidance for dose optimization during the clinical development stages of anticancer agents. Since dose optimization is crucial in clinical development, especially of targeted therapies, it is necessary to identify the role of pharmacological tools such as PGs, therapeutic drug monitoring, and PDs, which could be integrated into all phases of DD and support dose XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 36 optimization, as well as the chances of positive clinical outcomes. In their work, the authors point out that the choice of dose selection is an ongoing challenge in developing new anticancer agents. The design of early clinical studies based on the pharmacological characteristics of the drug is essential to ensure a successful development plan, but it is not always feasible, as it requires rapid approval following a sequential Phase 1-3 trial. In a majority of cases, experience shows that a personalized approach in dosing based on the characteristics of each patient and each drug could improve the safety and efficacy of the treatment. In clinical trials, the current approach is to follow the standard 3+3 design to assess dose-limiting toxicities. This approach is valuable and informative for the old cytotoxic agents, but it is problematic for the newer modalities such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, biologics, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). As a result, there are many cases of approved drugs requiring dose modifications later based on post-marketing studies requested by the FDA or performed by the research community. A new paradigm for designing clinical trials that will precisely assess and define the optimal dose of new anticancer agents will accelerate drug approval and allow for more successful and safer drugs to enter the market [2]. Malhi V. et al. indicate that [3], the clinical development journey of novel pharmaceuticals is a complex multistage process, which continues to evolve as our understanding of disease biology deepens, new therapeutic entities and classes of drugs are designed, and regulatory mechanisms adapt to the changing therapeutic landscape. One of the objectives of clinical pharmacology is to characterize PKs by understanding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) pathways of the drug in the body. Another major objective is to determine how drug concentrations are altered by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are inherent to a person and include age, sex, race, genomics, and organ function, whereas extrinsic factors are external influences that may affect drug exposure, such as concomitant medications or the type of food ingested around the time of drug administration. Finally, the main goal of clinical pharmacology is to justify the dose based on the relationship between exposure and biological response, which can be assessed in terms of efficacy, safety, or PDs biomarkers. In their work, the authors describe the clinical pharmacology characterization of giredestrant, a highly potent nonsteroidal oral selective estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist and degrader. Giredestrant was designed to optimize ER antagonism and degradation, while minimizing off-target toxicity. Several oral selective estrogen receptor degraders are in clinical development, all with distinct physicochemical and PKs properties. Variations in these characteristics, such as unfavorable PK attributes [including nonlinear PKs, food effects, or drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with combination partners] may affect dosing, efficacy, and safety. This first-in-human phase Ia/Ib dose-escalation/-expansion study was designed to evaluate the safety, PKs, PDs, and preliminary antitumor activity of giredestrant. In particular, the PKs were evaluated by characterizing the ADME of giredestrant, and generated signalseeking data on the impact of certain intrinsic factors (including race and organ dysfunction) and extrinsic factors (including the effect of food and DDIs) on giredestrant exposure. This multicenter nonrandomized open-label dose-escalation and -expansion phase Ia/Ib study evaluated the safety, PKs, PDs, and preliminary antitumor activity of giredestrant alone and in combination with palbociclib in patients with ER-positive (ER+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer. In brief, eligible patients had advanced or metastatic ER+/HER2negative breast cancer that had recurred or progressed while being treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) for ≥24 months and/or ET in the incurable, locally advanced, or metastatic setting and derived a clinical benefit from therapy (i.e., tumor response or stable disease for ≥6 months); had not received any other ET, targeted therapy, or chemotherapy within the preceding 2 weeks; and were postmenopausal women (or premenopausal/perimenopausal women simultaneously receiving luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists). To enroll a racially diverse population, the study was performed globally at sites in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. In the single-agent doseescalation stage, giredestrant was administered orally once daily on days 1-28 of each 28-day cycle at 10, 30, 90, or 250 mg. A single dose was administered on cycle 1 day −7, followed by a 7-day PK lead-in for all single-agent giredestrant dose-escalation cohorts. In addition, a combination cohort in the doseescalation stage explored giredestrant 100 mg once daily (days 1-28) in combination with palbociclib 125 mg once daily (days 1-21), repeated every 28 days. In the expansion stage, single-agent expansion cohorts evaluated giredestrant at doses of 30, 100, and 250 mg once daily. A combination expansion cohort evaluated giredestrant 100 mg with palbociclib 125 mg [3]. In the single-agent dose-escalation stage, PK samples were collected at cycle 1 day −7 predose and then at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24, 28, 72, 96, and 168 hours after dosing to characterize the single-dose PK profile and estimate the terminal half-life. Samples to determine the steady-state PK profile were XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 37 collected at cycle 2 day 1 (after 28 days of daily giredestrant) predose and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours after dosing. Metabolite identification was conducted following the first dose (cycle 1 day −7) and at steady state (cycle 2 day 1) in 6 patients (3 patients at 90 mg and 3 at 250 mg). Plasma samples were pooled across patients and timepoints. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A induction potential of giredestrant was evaluated in vivo by assessing 4beta-hydroxycholesterol (4β-HC), an endogenous biomarker formed by CYP3A metabolism in humans. 4β-HC concentration was measured at cycle 1 day −7, cycle 2 day 1, cycle 3 day 1, and cycle 4 day 1 predose in 7 patients (5 patients at 30 mg and 2 at 90 mg). Analysis was conducted ad hoc, in compliance with the informed consent, in patients from whom there was sufficient plasma volume remaining for the assessment after completion of prespecified analyses. Giredestrant concentrations in urine samples were measured at cycle 1 day 1 predose and cycle 2 day 1 at 0-8 hours postdose. Urine samples were collected from 13 patients (7 patients at 30 mg, 5 at 100 mg, 1 at 250 mg). PK parameters for giredestrant were calculated from the plasma concentrationtime data according to standard noncompartmental analysis methods using Phoenix WinNonlin (version 8.3.4; Certara USA, Inc.). Noncompartmental analyses were conducted in PK-evaluable patients, defined as those having at least one nonzero postdose plasma concentration. Patients with dose reductions, sparse PK samples, incomplete PK profiles, or incorrect dosing information during PK sampling were not included in the noncompartmental analysis. The concentrations of giredestrant in plasma were measured using validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) assays. Giredestrant and its internal standard [(13C8, 15N) GDC 9545] were extracted from human plasma by supported liquid extraction (SLE). Giredestrant concentrations were calculated using a standard curve with a 1/x2 linear regression over concentration ranges of 1 to 1,000 ng/mL or 0.1 to 100 ng/mL. The concentrations of giredestrant in urine were measured using a qualified LC/MS-MS assay. Giredestrant and its internal standard were also extracted from human urine by SLE. Giredestrant concentrations were calculated using a standard curve with a 1/x2 linear regression over a concentration range of 0.25 to 250 ng/mL. Concentrations of 4β-HC were measured using an LC/MS-MS assay that was developed and validated in human plasma. 4β-HC and its internal standard 4β-HC-d7 were extracted from human plasma by SLE. 4β-HC concentrations were calculated using a standard curve with a 1/x2 linear regression over a concentration range of 4 to 100 ng/mL. For plasma, urine, and 4β-HC assays, the mass spectrometer was operated in positive electrospray ionization mode under optimized conditions with multiple reaction monitoring of analytes and internal standards. The precision and accuracy of assays were satisfactory throughout the study. For metabolite identification, plasma samples were extracted by protein precipitation. Parent and metabolites were analyzed by LC and high-resolution MS. The metabolite structures were proposed on the basis of fragmentation patterns and comparison with those of the parent. In the single-agent dose-escalation stage, giredestrant was taken under fasted conditions (fasted for ≥6 hours overnight) until cycle 4 day 1. To explore whether giredestrant had a potential food effect, patients in the single-agent dose-expansion cohorts were able to take giredestrant with or without food, and were asked to complete a food diary at cycle 2 day 1. Patients who had reported fasting for longer than 6 hours before giredestrant dosing were considered as fasted. The study was conducted in accordance with the protocol and the consensus ethical principles derived from international guidelines including the Declaration of Helsinki and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences International Ethical Guidelines for Health-Related Research Involving Humans, relevant International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable laws and regulations. All patients provided written informed consent [3]. In the work of Lazarou G. et al. [4] the authors say that application of contemporary molecular biology techniques to clinical samples in oncology resulted in the accumulation of unprecedented experimental data. These “omics” data are mined for discovery of therapeutic target combinations and diagnostic biomarkers. It is less appreciated that omics resources could also revolutionize development of the mechanistic models informing clinical pharmacology quantitative decisions about dose amount, timing, and sequence. In their study, they demonstrate how mechanistic models of cancer immunotherapy in humans can be informed by state‐of‐the‐art molecular and cell biology data on clinical tumor biopsies and samples of healthy peripheral blood and tissue, which have recently become available. Mechanistic models expand the applicability of these data beyond target identification and biomarker discovery – they allow quantitative predictions of dose amount sequence and timing. Although there are still gaps in quantitative knowledge, which necessitate incorporation of machine‐learning predictions and model assumptions, the authors that the recent publication of landmark omics resources in immuno‐ oncology (IO) will motivate further effort and that much more data will be available soon. They also hope that increasing adoption of mechanistic modeling to integrate these data will direct experimental work, XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 38 especially in areas where absolute reference data are needed. Our colleagues convinced that, as new omics data accumulate, confidence in virtual trial simulations with clinical Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) models integrating these data will increase, and that these models will be making increasing impact in development of new cancer immunotherapies. Ramasubbu M.K. et al. [5] emphasize that QSP is an innovative and integrative approach combining physiology and pharmacology to accelerate medical research. By considering receptor-ligand interactions of various cell types, metabolic pathways, signaling networks, and disease biomarkers simultaneously, QSP provides a holistic understanding of interactions between the human body, diseases, and drugs. Integrating knowledge across multiple time and space scales enhances versatility, enabling insights into personalized responses and general trends. QSP consolidates vast data into robust mathematical models, predicting clinical trial outcomes and optimizing dosing based on preclinical data. QSP operates under a “learn and confirm paradigm,” integrating experimental findings to generate testable hypotheses and refine them through precise experimental designs. An interdisciplinary collaboration involving expertise in pharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, mathematics, and medicine is vital. QSP’s utility in DD is demonstrated through integration in various stages, predicting drug responses, optimizing dosing, and evaluating combination therapies. In addition to its prominent role in DD, QSP extends its applications to inform health care and life sciences. It can align with increasingly significant technologies such as physiological monitors, wearable devices, personalized medicine, and artificial intelligence-informed health care. By leveraging QSP, health-care professionals and researchers can gain valuable insights into the intricate relationships between interventions and patient physiology, ultimately contributing to more effective and personalized health-care strategies. This broader utility of QSP showcases its potential to revolutionize various aspects of health care and life sciences beyond traditional DD. The authors' analysis found that integrating QSP approaches in DD has shown promising results in various aspects of the field. By mechanistically modeling drug PK and PD alongside disease pathophysiology, QSP provides valuable insights and has the potential to address key challenges in the DD process. QSP has demonstrated its ability to identify optimal targets and biomarkers for specific diseases, improve therapeutic effectiveness through drug combination strategies, predict human response doses based on preclinical data, and repurpose existing drugs for new indications. In addition, QSP can facilitate individualized dosing regimens based on patient characteristics, leading to the adoption of personalized medicine and potentially enhancing treatment outcomes. Training and fostering multidisciplinary expertise at scale are essential to proposing, developing, and effectively communicating QSP modeling analyses. Pharmacologists, with their clinical research training and understanding of pathology and pharmacotherapy, can play a vital role in bridging the gap between physiologists and modeling engineers. They can act as interpreters, utilizing the expertise of QSP teams to support decision-making in the clinical trial process and the development of novel molecules [5]. Ramasubbu M.K. et al. [5] citing the works of Bai J.P.F. [6,7], they note that over the years, there has been growing awareness of QSP approaches within regulatory authorities as modeling techniques become more prevalent in DD. Regulatory agencies, including the FDA, have issued recommendations that should be applied to all QSP modeling practices. These recommendations are designed to ensure the reliability and transparency of QSP models and include the following key points: 1) achieving the appropriate qualification and validation of a QSP model relies on finding a suitable balance between the available data for model calibration/validation and ensuring alignment with the underlying physiological mechanisms involved; 2) model reproducibility and transparency are crucial aspects that allow reviewers to access all parameters and equations utilized in the model, facilitating the replication and interpretation of simulation outcomes; 3) the QSP model should incorporate relevant PD indicators and clinical endpoints of the drug candidate, with the level of molecular granularity in detail based on the intended use (whether it’s for preclinical or clinical stages); utilizing a preclinical model for late-stage clinical development can lead to identifiability and uncertainty issues, so appropriate modifications or the development of a new clinical-oriented model may be necessary; 4) similar to clinical trials, predetermined quantitative and statistical criteria should be established to guide the decision-making process when accepting QSP model extrapolation; these criteria should be dependent on the specific decision risk being made. Over the past few years, there has been a significant rise in the number of regulatory submissions documenting the utilization of QSP modeling: 1) landscape analysis revealed a consistent and substantial increase in QSP submissions from 2013 to 2020, with a total of 157 identified submissions, of which 57 were recorded in 2020 alone; 2) QSP submissions were observed across all stages of DD, with the majority being in the investigational new drug stage, indicating widespread XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 39 utilization of QSP in early DD; 3) QSP models found application in various therapeutic areas, including oncology, infectious diseases, neurology, nephrology, and cardiology, with oncology being the most prominent area of interest among the submissions; 4) the versatility of QSP applications was evident in the submissions, as they addressed a wide range of efficacy and safety-related questions; efficacyfocused inquiries primarily centered around dosing strategies, encompassing Phase I dose-finding and escalation, Phase II dose-range studies, and Phase III dose selection; safety applications covered liver toxicity, plasma ion concentration, cardiotoxicity, and bone mineral density. Chelliah V. et al. [8] in their work say that DD in oncology commonly exploits the tools of molecular biology to gain therapeutic benefit through reprograming of cellular responses. In IO the aim is to direct the patient’s own immune system to fight cancer. After remarkable successes of antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1)/ programmed death ligand-1 (PD‐L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) receptors in targeted patient populations, the focus of further development has shifted toward combination therapies. However, the current DD approach of exploiting a vast number of possible combination targets and dosing regimens has proven to be challenging and is arguably inefficient. In particular, the unprecedented number of clinical trials testing different combinations may no longer be sustainable by the population of available patients. Further development in IO requires a step change in selection and validation of candidate therapies to decrease development attrition rate and limit the number of clinical trials. QSP proposes to tackle this challenge through mechanistic modeling and simulation. Compounds’ PKs, target binding, and mechanisms of action as well as existing knowledge on the underlying tumor and immune system biology are described by quantitative, dynamic models aiming to predict clinical results for novel combinations. In light of the unprecedented number of ongoing and planned clinical trials and preclinical programs for IO combination therapies and the emergence of examples of late‐stage attrition, there is an urgent need to improve the process of selecting candidate therapies and improve the design of trials to increase the chances of success and terminate low‐value programs prior to clinical testing. QSP models integrate existing mechanistic knowledge on disease and drug PK/PD in a quantitative framework allowing simulation of virtual trials, where candidate drug combinations are evaluated in silico before being tested in the clinic. Although development of full‐scale platform models allowing virtual screening of large numbers of candidate therapies became possible only recently, the current QSP approaches capitalize on the legacy of 3 decades of progress in mathematical and systems biology. Recently developed QSP models have started to demonstrate their potential in actual DD case studies that indicate both feasibility and benefit of the approach. Based on these early results, our colleagues predict that QSP models will increasingly be used in IO DD and that it will soon become standard practice to run virtual trials ahead of and in parallel with clinical trials to more quickly bring better therapeutics to patients with cancer. Liu SN, Li C. in their study [9] note that ADCs are important molecular entities in the treatment of cancer. These conjugates combine the target specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent anticancer activity of small-molecule therapeutics. The complex structure of ADCs poses unique challenges to characterize the drug’s PKs and PDs since it requires a quantitative understanding of the PK and PD properties of multiple different molecular species (e.g., ADC conjugate, total antibody and unconjugated cytotoxic drug). As a result, clinical pharmacology strategy of an ADC is rather unique and dependent on the linker/cytotoxic drug technology, heterogeneity of the ADC, PK and safety/efficacy profile of the specific ADC in clinical development. In the course of the study, the authors state that ADCs represent a rapidly evolving area of oncology DD and hold significant promise. The complex structure of ADCs poses unique challenges to clinical pharmacology strategy in supporting development and approval of ADCs, since it requires a quantitative understanding of the PK and PD properties of multiple different molecular species (e.g., ADC conjugate, total antibody and unconjugated payload) in the systemic circulation and/or tissues of interest (e.g., tumors). Integration of diverse clinical pharmacology approaches, ranging from dedicated clinical pharmacology studies (e.g., DDI, QTc-interval, renal/hepatic impairment study) to mechanistic and/or empirical models (e.g., physiologically based pharmacokinetic, population PK modeling for oneor twoanalytes, exposure-response analysis) can provide insights into the PK, PD and ADME properties of an ADC and inform development decision and clinical dose and schedule selection. An additional consideration for clinical development includes the thorough assessment of immunogenicity on ADC PK, efficacy, and safety. As the field continues to evolve, the selection of suitable ADC targets and the identification of a target population remain critical challenges. Efforts to further optimize “next-generation” ADCs using engineered antibodies, innovative linkers, conjugation methods, and novel payloads are rapidly advancing. Despite the great success of ADCs, it is worth noting that the therapeutic window for ADCs remains relatively narrow with the MTD often reached before ADCs XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 40 achieve the maximum efficacious dose. Additionally, the toxicities associated with the ADCs might dictate the number of treatment cycles that the patients can tolerate and often result in dose delay, dose reductions or study discontinuation. The future success of ADCs in part will depend on our ability to overcome these developmental challenges, especially by developing clear strategies to optimize the dose and schedule of ADCs and identifying predictive biomarkers to assess response, optimize patient selection, and inform potential combination therapies. Huang W. et al. [10] in their work concerning the prospects of CP perspectives for adoptive cell therapies in oncology indicate that adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have shown transformative efficacy in oncology with five US FDA approvals for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapies in hematological malignancies, and promising activity for T cell receptor T‐cell therapies in both liquid and solid tumors. CP can play a pivotal role in optimizing ACTs, aided by modeling and simulation toolboxes and deep understanding of the underlying biological and immunological processes. Close collaboration and multilevel data integration across functions, including chemistry, manufacturing, and control, biomarkers, bioanalytical, and clinical science and safety teams will be critical to ACT development. As ACT is comprised of alive, polyfunctional, and heterogeneous immune cells, its overall physicochemical and pharmacological property is vastly different from other platforms/modalities, such as small molecule and protein therapeutics. In this work, researchers first describe the unique kinetics of T cells and the appropriate bioanalytical strategies to characterize cellular kinetics. They then assess the distinct aspects of CP for ACTs in comparison to traditional small molecule and protein therapeutics. Additionally, authors provide a review for the five FDA‐approved CAR T‐cell therapies and summarize their properties, cellular kinetic characteristics, dose‐exposure‐response relationship, and potential baseline factors/variables in product, patient, and regimen that may affect the safety and efficacy. Finally, they probe into existing empirical and mechanistic quantitative techniques to understand how various modeling and simulation approaches can support CP strategy and propose key considerations to be incorporated and explored in future models. As our colleagues note the central tenet of pharmacology necessitates deep understanding of drug kinetics as it is critically related to efficacy and toxicity. At the apparent level, the kinetic profiles of both small molecules and protein therapeutics (SMs/PTs) and ACTs are multiphasic; however, the underlying mechanisms are fundamentally different. Due to the unique properties and kinetics of ACTs, several traditional CP considerations/lessons learned from SM/PT are either unknown or less applicable. Some examples include: (1) the impact of renal and hepatic impairment on cellular kinetics has not been reported; (2) the effect from food, formulation, and acid reducing agents are not relevant due to the intravenous administration of ACT; (3) the traditional half‐life driven dosing frequency may not be suitable as the memory cells can be reactivated; and (4) the concept of dose proportionality is less applicable because the drug can be generated de novo by cellular expansion driven by many factors (e.g., host immune status and tumor immunogenicity) that are unrelated to dose [10]. ACT is a complex and novel modality that has shown tremendous promise for treating cancer, with five FDA‐approved CAR T cell therapies so far. Along with the technology and regulatory guidance, the CP aspect of this new treatment modality is still evolving. As the core purpose of CP is to determine the best dose/product (i.e., what) for the most appropriate patient (i.e., who) with the optimal conditioning/administration regimen (i.e., how), it is critical to understand the complex interaction between T cells and host biology/disease to identify key factors that we can control and relate to safety and efficacy. Several control points include product characteristics (i.e., dose, fitness, phenotype, and subset of both apheresis product and infusion product), patient characteristics (i.e., demographic information, tumor type, tumor burden, and tumor microenvironment), and regimen characteristics (timing and type of conditioning therapy, comedications, single vs. multiple infusion, and intravenous vs. regional injection). The large number of ACT control points demonstrate the uniqueness of this therapeutic modality compared with SM/PT, necessitating close collaboration of CP with biomarker, bioanalytical, chemistry, manufacturing, and control, and clinical science and safety teams. As our understanding of these control points improves and/or more homogenous cellular products are developed, clinical pharmacologists will have opportunities to better guide dose selection (first‐in‐ human), escalation/expansion (phase Ⅰ), and determination (pivotal) to optimize ACT development. To ensure optimal clinical development, clinical pharmacologists can contribute by applying quantitative methodologies, including: (1) translational PK/PD modeling to optimize product, patient, and regimen characteristics before the first‐in‐human study; (2) real‐time statistical/machine learning approaches to forecast severe toxicity probability and mitigate risk during the clinical study; and (3) nonlinear mixed‐ effect and QSP modeling to gain deep insight and design future studies more appropriately with optimal XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 47 The topic illustrates how the concept of inclusive education evolved historically and adapted to the needs of society. This provides a scientific foundation for building a more inclusive and efficient education system in the future. 5. Practical significance: Studying the history of inclusive education is essential for teachers, educators, and policymakers in constructing effective teaching strategies and selecting appropriate methods for students with diverse needs. Inclusive education is a significant socio-pedagogical phenomenon in the modern era, aimed at ensuring equal opportunities and enabling every individual to develop as a full member of society. Its main purpose is to provide education for all children — taking into account physical, psychological, and social differences — within a shared learning environment. The formation of inclusive education has led to profound changes in the education policies of many countries (Ainscow, Booth & Dyson, 2006, p. 21). The history of inclusive education dates back to the late 19th century, to movements in countries such as Switzerland and Sweden advocating for the educational rights of children with special needs. However, the initial practical implementation of inclusive education took place in the United States. During the 1950s and 1960s, against the backdrop of the civil rights movement, the idea of “equal opportunity education” emerged. The fight against discrimination in education during this period made it necessary to include children with special needs in the learning process (Winzer, 1993, p. 57). The first inclusive education program was implemented in the U.S. through the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) adopted in 1975. According to this law, all children — including those with physical and mental disabilities — were granted the right to free and appropriate education. The goal of the law was to ensure equality in education and to prevent the isolation of children from society (Florian, 2014, p. 19). From the mid-20th century onward, with the rise of social justice and human rights movements, separate special education systems began to be criticized. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which recognized the right of every person to education, reinforced the legal foundations of inclusive education. In the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. experience spread widely across Europe and other continents. The Education Act of 1981 in the United Kingdom and Canada’s Integration Policy of the 1980s promoted the international implementation of inclusive education. During this period, the terms “mainstreaming” and “integration” emerged — referring to the inclusion of children with special educational needs in general education schools (Ainscow et al., 2006, p. 23). In 1994, the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action adopted in Salamanca, Spain, marked a major milestone in the official international recognition of inclusive education. The statement emphasized that “education systems should be designed to take into account the wide diversity of children’s needs” (UNESCO, 1994, p. 6). Signed by 92 countries, it led to the global acceptance of inclusive education principles. In the 21st century, the idea of inclusive education became one of the key international priorities within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4). Today, Scandinavian countries, Canada, Japan, Australia, and Finland are among the global leaders in implementing inclusive education models. These countries have introduced comprehensive programs in teacher training, parental awareness, and state policy development to support inclusion. Conclusion: Inclusive education is not merely a pedagogical concept but also a system of social values. Its development reflects a society’s commitment to equality, human rights, and justice. In the modern world, the goal of inclusive education extends beyond children with physical disabilities — it also embraces groups with cultural, linguistic, and social differences. At both international and national levels, policies in this field play a crucial role in promoting the social integration of future generations. The topic “The History of the Creation of Inclusive Education in the World” is therefore relevant not only from the perspective of international law and human rights but also in terms of social justice, pedagogical practices, and the study of global experiences. It carries significant scientific and practical importance for improving inclusive education policies and methods, as well as for creating equal learning opportunities for students with diverse needs. Literature 1. Ainscow, M., Booth, T., & Dyson, A. (2006). Improving schools, developing inclusion. London: Routledge. s. 21–23. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 48 2. Florian, L. (2014). The SAGE handbook of special education (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. s. 19. 3. UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Paris: UNESCO. s. 6–8. 4. Winzer, M. (1993). The history of special education: From isolation to integration. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. s. 57. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 49 Philological sciences Что такое логистика? Этимология слова «логистика» неоднозначна. Так, в древнегреческом языке logos означает «понимание», log – «мысль», logismos – «план расчёта мысли», logo – «обсуждение», logistics – «культура практических расчётов». В древности под логистикой подразумевали транспортировку и перемещение продуктов питания и запасов. В то время под ней понимали совокупность математических алгоритмов расчётов. В Древней Греции должности государственных служащих, занимавшихся финансовыми делами Афин, назывались логистиками. Архимед отмечал в своих трудах, что при его жизни существовало всего 10 логистов. Наполеон Бонапарт использовал логистику для снабжения своей армии боеприпасами, продовольствием и жильем во время перемещений. История логистики. Логистика как научная дисциплина начала формироваться в гражданском секторе США в начале 1950-х годов. В истории развития логистики можно выделить несколько исторических этапов, начиная с XX века: • Первый этап охватывает 1920–1950 годы. В этот период логистика находилась вне сферы бизнеса и считалась малозначимой для него. Второй этап охватывает период с середины 1950-х до 1970-х годов. Специалисты называют этот период периодом зарождения логистики. • Третий этап охватывает период с 1970-х до середины 1980-х годов. Дональд Бауэрсонс, один из влиятельных экспертов по логистике из Мичиганского университета в США, назвал этот период ренессансом логистики. Четвертый этап – этап перспективного развития логистики. Этот этап предполагает полное создание логистических систем с комплексным подходом к каждому из процессов производства, снабжения, сбыта и потребления. Методологические основы логистики. Современные теории логистики и логистического менеджмента базируются на следующих методологиях: 1. Системный анализ; LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION Leyla Vezirova Doctor of Philology, Professor. Azerbaijan, Baku. Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОДДЕРЖКА ПРОЕКТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ДЕЛОВОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ Везирова Лейла доктор филологических наук, профессор. Азербайджан, гор. Баку. Азербайджанский Государственный Педагогический Университет Abstract This article examines logistical support for project activities in business communication. At the beginning of the article, the etymology of the word ‘logistics’ is explained and it is pointed out that the etymology of this word is ambiguous. Historical data on this subject is provided, followed by an examination of methodological studies of logistics. Аннотация В данной статье исследуется логистическая поддержка проектной деятельности в деловой коммуникации. В начале статьи, в первую очередь даётся этимология слова «логистика» и указывется на то, что этимология данного слова неоднозначна. Приводятся исторические данные по этому поводу, затем исследуются методологические исследования логистики. Keywords: logistics, etymology, history, support, algorithms, logistician, stage, development, period, methodology. Ключевые слова: логистика, этимология, история, поддержка, алгоритмы, логист, этап, развитие, период, методолгия. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 50 2. Кибернетический подход; 3. Исследование операций; 4. Экономико-математическое моделирование. Для решения конкретных задач, возникающих при анализе и синтезе логистических систем, на различных уровнях экономики комплексно применяются такие методы управления, как программно-целевое планирование, функциональный системный анализ, прогнозирование, моделирование и др. Используя результаты методологических и теоретических исследований в практике управления логистикой, в западных странах создано большое количество логистических обществ, организаций и ассоциаций, способных связывать практическую деятельность учёных и специалистов. В США созданы такие организации, как «Американское общество» и «Американский совет по проблемам управления», занимающиеся проблемами логистики, в Великобритании – «Институт логистики и управления распределением», в Испании – «Логистический центр», во Франции – «Центр производственной логистики». Общие и частные задачи логистики. Общие задачи логистики подразумевают, какие работы, в какой последовательности, когда и где должны быть выполнены для достижения целей логистики. Любой субъект хозяйствования в сфере управления материальными потоками должен определить свои общие и частные характерные логистические задачи, которые заключаются в следующем: 1. Концептуальная идея логистики заключается в адаптации фирмы к изменениям рынка с наименьшими издержками в текущих условиях, что заключается в увеличении доли рынка и достижении экономических преимуществ перед конкурентами. Конкретные задачи логистики: • Обеспечение согласованности материальных, информационных, финансовых, кадровых и других потоков; • Диспетчеризация материальных потоков и обеспечение их непрерывной информацией; • Определение товарного распределения, стратегии и технологии производства продукции; • Стандартизация упаковки и упаковочных материалов; • Создание рационального соотношения между производством – хранением – транспортировкой – реализацией; • Оптимизация процесса управления производственными ресурсами; Максимальное сокращение сроков хранения и транспортировки грузов. Подразделения логистики. Логистика подразделяется на следующие подразделения: • Военная логистика • Бизнес-логистика • Логистика закупок • Логистика дистрибуции • Логистика сбыта • Транспортная логистика • Логистика управления запасами • Складская логистика Информационная логистика • Комплексная логистика • Экологическая логистика • Экономная логистика • Городская логистика Логистика — это процесс управления перемещением продукции, товаров и услуг из любой начальной точки в точку потребления для удовлетворения потребностей клиентов. Понятие логистики также включает в себя информацию о транспортировке, обслуживании, складировании, пополнении запасов и обеспечении безопасности на пути следования. Логистика также занимается вопросами уничтожения товаров в случае сбоя. Использованная литература 1. Кукушин В.С. Деловой этикет: учебное пособие. – М.: Март, 2003. – 223 с. 2. Райкова Е.В. Проблемы деловой коммуникации в организации (Электронный ресурс) // Журнал «Научный вестник УраГС». - Режим доступа: http: //vestnik. uapa. ru/issue/2008/04/13. 3. Смирнов Г.Н. Этика деловых отношений: учебник. – М.: Проспект, 2006. – 179 с. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 51 4. Сорокина А.В. Основы делового общения: конспект лекций. – Ростов-на-Дону.: Феникс, 2004. – 222 с. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 52 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL UNITS OF THE LANGUAGE FORMED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL SIGNS Sevinj Ruslan Allahverdiyeva Baku Eurasian University FRAZEOLOJİ İŞARƏLƏRİN TƏSİRİ ALTINDA FORMALAŞAN DİLİN LEKSİK VAHİDLƏRİNİN SEMANTİK TƏHLİLİ Sevinj Ruslan Allahverdiyeva Baku Eurasian University Abstract Cultural theory suggests that any ontology, any structure, is always full of multiplicities. The method of restoration is the fixed behaviour of ontology. However, this prevents creative ontologists from evaluating them, understanding reality, and establishing appropriate boundaries for their own social and cultural practices. Yet no culture is unilaterally immutable by virtue of its natural rights. Thus, our discussion has two poles. On the one hand, there is the concept of the fluidity of constant change and constant exchange; on the other, there is valuable cultural practice and its ontological attunement to reality. So, what do we do to identify the harmful forces within ontology that can be prevented, and to study the cultural and local exchanges between the principles of these structures? From the perspective of cultural historians, the successful as well as the unsuccessful relationships of these cultures must be studied. We can still observe the influence of the Three Tongue Era on the English language today in modern English. For instance, while the names for the animals themselves are Anglo-Saxon words, the words for their meats are from Old French. For example, the words ox, cow, calf, sheep and pig are of Anglo-Saxon origin, whereas beef, veal, mutton and pork are of French origin. This process, which has been ongoing in British multicultural lexicon for long periods, has been further accelerated by the increase in inter-ethnic relations and means of communication. It is for this reason that it is difficult to find a language in the world known to science that is not in interaction and communication with other languages. This has been the case in the lexical development of British multiculturalism. When speaking of the interaction and influence of languages, one refers to the linguistic diversities and innovations created by waves of immigration, and naturally, this primarily involves the process of borrowing or loan-translation. Words that pass from one language to another as a result of long-term linguistic interaction are of great interest for the study of language history. As we know, the main reason for the formation of etymological doubles is that the same word is borrowed at different times or from different sources. For example, the Latin word *canalis* “channel” was borrowed into English as *channel* via the central French dialect, and as *canal* via the northern French dialect. The Latin word *quies, quietus*, meaning “quiet, calm, peaceful”, was borrowed directly into English as the word “quiet”, whereas when it came via French, it was adopted as “quite”, with the meaning “completely, fully, very”. The entry of the Latin noun *corpus*, meaning “body”, into English via French at different times has resulted in the etymological doubles *corps* and *corpse*. Considering the above, when we look at the English lexicon, we observe traces of various historical layers; some words of different origins are semantically close to one another, whilst others are quite distant. In the lexicon of modern English, we find words borrowed from Scandinavian, Spanish, Latin, Russian, Greek, Arabic, Persian, French, Celtic, German, Dutch, Italian, and other languages. As our research covers the Middle Ages, we have primarily focused on words borrowed from French, Latin, Celtic, Greek, Arabic, and Scandinavian, analysing their semantics and examining the traces that the cultures they brought left in Britain. Xülasə Mədəni nəzəriyyə göstərir ki, hər hansı ontologiya, istənilən quruluş həmişə müxtəlifliklərlə dolu olur. Yenidən bərpa metodu ontologiyanın sabit davranışıdır. Amma bu yaradıcı ontologistləri onları qiymətləndirməkdən, reallığı başa düşməkdən, özlərinin sosial və mədəni təcrübələri üçün onlara uyğun səddlər müəyyənləşdirməkdən çəkindirir. Ancaq heç bir mədəniyyət təbii hüquqları XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 53 Mədəni nəzəriyyə göstərir ki, hər hansı ontologiya, istənilən quruluş həmişə müxtəlifliklərlə dolu olur. Yenidən bərpa metodu ontologiyanın sabit davranışıdır. Amma bu yaradıcı ontologistləri onları qiymətləndirməkdən, reallığı başa düşməkdən, özlərinin sosial və mədəni təcrübələri üçün onlara uyğun səddlər müəyyənləşdirməkdən çəkindirir. Ancaq heç bir mədəniyyət təbii hüquqları ilə birtərəfli dəyişilməz deyil. Beləliklə, bizim müzakirədə iki qütbümüz var. Bir tərəfdə daimi dəyişikliyin, daimi mübadilənin axıcılığı anlayışı, digər tərəfdən qiymətli mədəni təcrübə və onun ontoloji cəhətdən reallığa uyğunlaşması. Bəs ontologiyanın daxilində qarşısı alına biləcək zərərli qüvvələri müəyyən etmək, bu quruluşların prinsipləri arasında mədəni və yerli mübadilələrin tədqiqi üçün nə edirik? Mədəni tarixçilərin nöqteyi-nəzərindən bu mədəniyyətlərin həm uğurlu, həm də uğursuz əlaqələri öyrənilməlidir. Bəşəriyyətin mədəni tarixinə nəzər yetirdikdə, biz görürük ki, hər bir xalqın mədəni irsi müxtəlifliklərlə zəngindir. Bəzi mədəniyyətlərdə bu müxtəliflik olduqca zəngin olduğundan gözə çarpandır, bəzilərində isə nisbətən azdır. Başqa sözlə heç bir mədəniyyət təcrid olunmuş şəkildə mövcud ola bilməz. Tarix boyu mədəniyyətlər arasında mübadilə olmuşdur. Bəzən bu mübadilə müsbət nəticələnmişdir, bəzən isə mənfi olmuşdur. Mədəniyyətlərin mübadiləsi anlayışı və prosesi mədəni ilə birtərəfli dəyişilməz deyil. Beləliklə, bizim müzakirədə iki qütbümüz var. Bir tərəfdə daimi dəyişikliyin, daimi mübadilənin axıcılığı anlayışı, digər tərəfdən qiymətli mədəni təcrübə və onun ontoloji cəhətdən reallığa uyğunlaşması. Bəs ontologiyanın daxilində qarşısı alına biləcək zərərli qüvvələri müəyyən etmək, bu quruluşların prinsipləri arasında mədəni və yerli mübadilələrin tədqiqi üçün nə edirik? Mədəni tarixçilərin nöqteyi-nəzərindən bu mədəniyyətlərin həm uğurlu, həm də uğursuz əlaqələri öyrənilməlidir. Üç dil erasının ingilis dilinə olan təsirini hal-hazırda da müasir ingili dilində müşahidə edirik. Belə ki, heyvan adları anqlo - sakson mənşəli sözlər olduğu halda, onların ətlərinin adını bidirən sözlər isə qədim fransız mənşəli sözlərdir. Misal olaraq, ox – öküz, cow – inək, calf – dana, sheep – qoyun, pig – donuz sözləri anqlo - sakson mənşəli, lakin beef – mal əti, veal – dana əti, muton – qoyun əti, pork – donuz əti sözləri isə fransız mənşəli sözlərdir. Uzun dövrlər ərzində Britaniya multikultural leksikasında davam edən bu proses millətlərarası əlaqələrin, ünsiyyət vasitələrinin artması nəticəsində daha da sürətlənmişdir. Məhz buna görə də, dünyada elmə məlum olan elə bir dil tapmaq çətindir ki, başqa dillərlə qarşılıqlı əlaqədə və ünsiyyətdə olmasın. Britaniya multikulturalizminin leksik inkişafında da bu cür olmuşdur. Dillərin qarşılıqlı əlaqə və təsvirindən danışdıqda mühacir dalğasının yaratdığı linqvistik müxtəlifliklər və yeniliklər nəzərdə tutulur və təbii ki, ilk növbədə sözalma, yaxud sözvermə prosesi nəzərdə tutulur. Dillərin uzunmüddətli qarşılıqlı təsirinin nəticəsində bir dildən digərinə keçən sözlər dil tarixini öyrənmək üçün böyük maraq kəsb edir. Bildiyimiz kimi, etimoloji dubletlərin yaranmasının əsas səbəbi isə eyni bir söz müxtəlif zamanlarda və ya müxtəlif mənbələrdən alınması ilə bağlıdır. Məsələn, latın mənşəli canalis “kanal” ingilis dilinə mərkəzi Fransa dialekti vasitəsilə channel formasında keçmişdir və Şimalı Fransa dialekti vasitəsilə isə canal formasında keçmişdir. Latın mənşəli quies, quietus “sakit, səssiz, rahat” bir başa ingilis dilinə keçmiş söz “quiet” formasında işlənir, fransız dilindən keçdikdə isə artıq quite formasında, “tamam, olduqca, lap” mənasında işlədilir. Latın mənşəli corpus “bədən” isiminin fransız dili vasitəsilə müxtəlif zamanlarda ingilis dilinə keçməsi nəticəsində etimoloji dubletlər olan corps “korpus” və corpse “cəsəd, meyit, nəş” yaranmışdır. Yuxarıda deyilənləri nəzərə alaraq qeyd etmək istərdik ki, ingilis dilinin leksikasına nəzər yetirdikdə müxtəlif tarixi qatların izlərini, müxtəlif mənşəli sözlərin bəzilərinin bir birinə mənaca yaxın bəzilərinin isə kifayət qədər uzaq olduğunu müşahidə edirik. Bu zaman müasir ingilis dilinin leksikasında skandinav, ispan, latın, rus, yunan, ərəb, fars, fransız, kelt, alman, holland, italyan və digər dillərdən alınma sözlər olduğunu görürük. Bizim araşdırmamız Orta əsrləri əhatə etdiyindən əsasən fransız, latın, kelt, yunan, ərəb, skandinav dillərindən alınan sözləri semantik təhlil edərək, özləri ilə gətirdikləri mədəniyyətin Britaniyada buraxdığı izləri araşdırmamıza cəlb etmişik. Keywords: cultural heritage, lexicon, diversity, multicultural, etymological, dialect, origin Açar sözlər: mədəni irs, leksika, müxtəliflik, multikultural, etimoloji, dialekt, mənşə XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 54 tarixçilərin daim diqqətini cəlb etmişdir. Bu zaman iki cəhəti nəzərdən qaçırmamalıyıq. Bunlardan biri zəngin mədəni irs və onun reallığa uyğunlaşması, digəri isə mədəniyyətlərin daimi mübadiləsi anlayışı. XIII əsrdə yaşamış tarixçi və keşiş Joselin of Brakelondun “Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds” əsərinə nəzər yetirsək orta əsr insanın özünündə üç mədəniyyəti əxz etdiyini görə bilərik. Joselin latın dilində yazdığı əsərinin qəhrəmanı olan Abbot Sampton haqqında bunları deyir: “Homo erat eloquens, Gallice et Latine, magis rationi dicendorum quam ornatui uerborum innitens. Scripturam Anglice scriptam legere nouit elegantissime, ett Anglaice sermocinare solebat populo, et secundum linguam Norfolchie, ubi natus et nutritus erat, unde et pulpitum iussit fieri in ecclesia et ed utilitatem audiencium et ad decorem ecclesie.” Əsərdən verilən bu qısa icmalda bizə aydın olur ki, əsərin qəhrəmanı üç dil bilir. Britaniyanın yerli sakinləri ilə ünsiyyətdə olan zaman o ana dili olan İngilis dilindən istifadə edir. Eyni zamanda XII əsrin sonlarının və XIII əsrin əvvəllərində ana dili üzərində üstün mövqe tutan fransız və latın dilini bilməsi, din xadimləri ilə ünsiyyətdə olan zaman latın dilində sərbəst ünsiyyətə girməsi və eyni zamanda hakimiyyət nümayəndələri ilə ünsiyyətdə olan zaman sərbəst fransız dilində danışa bilməsi onu dövrünün ən mədəni və savadlı insan edirdi. Bütün bu deyilənlər orta əsr Britaniyanın dilinin və mədəniyyətinin zənginliyini bizə göstərir. XII əsrdə Britaniyanın əsasən üç mədəniyyətin təsiri altında olduğunu görürük. Bu üç mədəniyyət arasında fransız dilinin və mədəniyyətinin üstün mövqə tutduğu aydın sezilir. XI əsrdə fransızların Britaniyaya hücumu nəticəsində xalqın tarixində 3 dil erası başlanır. Aristokratların dili fransız dili, elm dili latın dili, adi xalqın dili isə anqlo-sakson dili hesab olunurdu. Hətta Orta əsrlərdə Britaniyanın üç dilin təsiri altında olması ilə bağlı bəzi siyasi faktlara da rast gəlinir. Belə ki, araşdırmalar zamanı Matthew Parisin İngiltərə səfirliyinin işi ilə bağlı bir anekdotla rastlaşdıq. Beləki Orta əsrlərdə Mərakeş Əmiri Emir Murmelius Britaniya kralı John Lacklanddən onun idarəçiliyi altında olan krallığın ərazisi və əhalisi haqqında hesabat istəyir. Bu zaman səfirliyin nümayəndəsi Thomas Herdintun lovğalanaraq qeyd edirki, John idarə etdiyi xalq üç dildə təhsil alır: Latın, Fransız və İngilis (Anqlo-sakson). Üç dil erasının ingilis dilinə olan təsirini hal-hazırda da müasir ingili dilində müşahidə edirik. Belə ki, heyvan adları anqlo - sakson mənşəli sözlər olduğu halda, onların ətlərinin adını bidirən sözlər isə qədim fransız mənşəli sözlərdir. Misal olaraq, ox – öküz, cow – inək, calf – dana, sheep – qoyun, pig – donuz sözləri anqlo - sakson mənşəli, lakin beef – mal əti, veal – dana əti, muton – qoyun əti, pork – donuz əti sözləri isə fransız mənşəli sözlərdir. Uzun dövrlər ərzində Britaniya multikultural leksikasında davam edən bu proses millətlərarası əlaqələrin, ünsiyyət vasitələrinin artması nəticəsində daha da sürətlənmişdir. Məhz buna görə də, dünyada elmə məlum olan elə bir dil tapmaq çətindir ki, başqa dillərlə qarşılıqlı əlaqədə və ünsiyyətdə olmasın. Britaniya multikulturalizminin leksik inkişafında da bu cür olmuşdur. Dillərin qarşılıqlı əlaqə və təsvirindən danışdıqda mühacir dalğasının yaratdığı linqvistik müxtəlifliklər və yeniliklər nəzərdə tutulur və təbii ki, ilk növbədə sözalma, yaxud sözvermə prosesi nəzərdə tutulur. Dillərin uzunmüddətli qarşılıqlı təsirinin nəticəsində bir dildən digərinə keçən sözlər dil tarixini öyrənmək üçün böyük maraq kəsb edir. Ümumiyyətlə qeyd etmək lazımdır ki, məhz “England” sözü anqlo sakson mənşəli sözdür. Araşdırmalar zamanı məlum olur ki, anqlların Britaniyaya hücumu və məskunlaşması zamanı onların yaşadıqları yeri “Angle - race” adlandırırdılar. Daha sonralar anqlların məskunlaşdıqları yeri göstərmək istəyən zaman “Englaland” sözündən istifadə edirdilər. Zaman keçdikcə dilə alınan və ya müəyyən bir ehtiyac nəticəsində yaranan bir sıra sözlər kimi “Englaland” sözündə müəyyən dəyişikliklər baş vermiş və hal – hazırki “England” kimi formalaşmışdır. Fransız dilindən keçən bir sıra hərbi sözlər məhz ərəb mənşəli sözlərdir. Orta əsrlərdə fransızlarla ingilislər arasında əlaqə daha güclü idi və fransız dili yüksək təbəqənin dili olduğundan məhz fransız dili vasitəsilə bir sıra ərəb sözləri alınmış və ingilis dili o sözləri mənimsəmişdir. Misal olaraq, barbican sözü 1300-cü illərdə Britaniya leksikasına qəd. frans. sözü olan barbicane şəklində gəlmişdir. Əslində isə bu söz ərəb və ya fars mənşəli olan barbakh/barbar + khanah sözüdür (şəhəri və ya sarayı müdafiə etmək üçün mövcud olan bir cüt qala). Lüğət tərkibinin bu inkişaf prosesi dilimizin və eləcə də digər dillərin daxili inkişaf qanunlarına uyğun bir şəkildə davam etmişdir. Bu vəziyyət, eyni zamanda, dillərin qayda və qanunlarının inkişafına səbəb olmuşdur. Daha doğrusu, dilin və onun lüğət tərkibinin inkişafı prosesi nəticəsində söz yaradıcılığına aid özünəməxsus möhkəm qayda və qanunları əmələ gəlmişdir. Bu qayda və qanunları müasir dövrümüzdə dillərin spesifikasiyasını əks etdirən elə xüsusiyyətlər kəsb etmişdir ki, onları görməmək və inkar etmək qeyri-mümkündür. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 55 Hal-hazırda mövcud olan etimoloji dubletlər əsasən roman mənşəlidir. Yalnız qeyd etmək lazımdır ki, anqlo – skandinav (“disk və disc, shirt və skirt”)və əsl ingilis mənşəli (“shade və shadow, scale və shell”) dubletlər də mövcuddur. Bu cür sözləri ilk baxışda müəyyən etmək olmur. Yalnız semantik təhlil zamanı multikultural əsaslı sözlərin necə, hansı formada, hansı zamanda və hansı üsullarla dilə daxil olub onu dəyişdirməsini müəyyən etmək olur. Nəzərə almaq lazımdır ki, hal-hazırda bir çox etimoloji dubletlərin oxşarlığı hiss olunmaya bilər. Zaman keçdikcə dubletlər forma və məna cəhətdən bir birlərində bu və ya digər dərəcədə fərqlənmiş və uzaqlaşmışdır, yalnız dili tarixi baxımdan tədqiq edən zaman onları müqayisə edərək ümumi cəhətlərini görmək olur. Hal-hazırda bu cür dubletlərin istifadəsi zamanı demək olar ki heç bir çətinlik meydana çıxmır. Bu dubletlər müasir zamanda həm semantik cəhətdən həm də struktur cəhətdən fərqlənirlər. Misal olaraq, host və guest, hotel və hostel,ounce və inch, prune və plum. Hətta bəzi dubletlər tamamilə əks məna almışlar. Misal olaraq, ward – qəyyumluqda olan şəxs və guard – mühafizəçi, mühafizə edən. Alınma sözlər nəticəsində ingilis leksikası beynəlmiləl sözlərlə zənginləşdi. Beynəlmiləl söz dedikdə bir neçə dildə mövcud olan lakin hər dilin fonetik qayda qanunlarına uyğun olaraq müxtəlif cür tələffüz olunan, semantik cəhətdən eyni olan sözlər nəzərdə tutulur. Beynəlmiləl sözlər bir çox hallarda yunan və latın məmşəli sözlərdən yaranan etimoloji dubletlərdi. Oxşar proses bütün dillərin lüğət tərkibi üçün səciyyəvidir. Belə ki, frazeoloji işarələrin təsiri altında formalaşan leksik vahidlərin semantik təhlili zamanı ingilis dilinin digər dillərlə əlaqəsi nəticəsində ingilis leksikasında bir sıra gözə çarpan dəyişikliklər baş verdiyini müşahidə edirik: 1. İngilis dilində bir sıra yunan (yunan mənşəli sözlər latın dili vasitəsilə ingilis dilinə keçmişdir), latın və fransız dilindən alınma sözlər var. Məhz yunan və latın köklü multikultural leksik vahidlərin semantik təhlili onların düzgün istifadə edilməsi və tələffüz edilməsi baxımdan olduqca vacibdir. (lat. Scribere →scriba→scribe, scriptum – yazmaq, yazılmış “decsribe, subscribe, scriptwriter, inscription”). 2. İngilis dilində bir sıra xarici sözdüzədici elementlər meydana gəldi. Bildiyimiz kimi, affikslər heç bir zaman tək şəkildə dilə daxil olmur. Onlar daxil olduqları sözlərdən ayrılaraq dilin öz sözünə əlavə edilərək yeni sözlər yaradılır. İngilis dilində bir sıra latın və fransız mənşəli affikslər var: anti-, re-, pro-, counter-, -sim, -age-, -able-, -ous və digərlərini buna misal gətirmək olar. 3. Multikultural təsir nəticəsində bir sıra əsl ingilis sözləri leksikadan ya çıxmış ya da mənasını dəyişmişdir. Misal olaraq, “çay, döyüş, ordu, astronomiya, riyaziyyat, poeziya” anlayışlarını ifadə edən bir sıra qədim ingilis sözləri əvəzinə fransız və ya fransız dili vasitəsilə keçən latın və yunan “river, battle, army, astronomy, arithmetic, poetry” sözləri yarandı. Skandinav əvəzlikləri “they, them” qədim ingilis əvəzliklərini dilinleksikasından çıxarmış; skandinav mənşəli sky və anger sözlərinin təsiri altında qədim ingilis isimləri olan heaven və wraths sözlərində semantik cəhətdən məna daralması baş vermişdir. 4. Bir sıra roman mənşəli müxtəlif üslublu sinonimlər meydana gəldi. 5. Bir sıra etimoloji dubletlər yarandı. Etimoloji dublet dedikdə etimoloji cəhətdən eyni əsasdan yaranan lakin müxtəlif cür yazılıb, müxtəlif cür tələffüz edilib və müxtəlif mənalar ifadə edən sözləri nəzərdə tuturuq. Misal olaraq: catch və chase, goal və jail, channel və canal. Dilçilikdə semantik dəyişmələrin təsnifi fərqli mövqelərdən şərh olunmuşdur. Tanınmış dilçi А.Аnnаnurоv mənа dəyişmələrinin təsnifatının ən mübаhisəli məsələlərdən biri оlduğunu qeyd etmişdir. Tədqiqаtçının fikrincə, həmin təsnifin özünün sхеmləri və prinsipləri vаr. Tarixən dilçilik faktları baxımından, buna oxşar hadisələr daim baş vermişdir. Məsələn, XIX yüzillikdə Azərbaycana gəlmiş rus səyyahları Niyazabad toponimini fonetik cəhətdən tərtib edərək НИЗОПАТ və НИЗОВАЯ kimi qələmə almışlar. Digər bir nümunə Britaniyada bir şəhərin adı ilə bağlıdır. Belə ki, antik yunan tarixçisi Ptolomeyin əsərlərində, qədim kelt və IX ə. Uels mənbələrində EBORA CON (EBORAKON) kimi qeydə alınmışdır. Romalılar bu əraziləri işğal etdikdən sonra həmin toponim latınlaşdırılmışdır. EBORACUM (EBORAKUM). VII-VIII yüzilliklərdə şəhər anqlların nəzarəti altında olarkən bu toponimin sonluğunu öz dillərində “məskən”, “kənd” anlamlı “wic” sonluğu ilə əvəz etmiş - EBORA WIC kimi səsləndirmişlər. Sonralar isə bu sözün onlar üçün anlaşılmaz olan əsasını (ebora) orta.ing. cofor “qaban” sözü ilə əvəz etmişlərEOFORWIC. IX yüzillikdə şəhər skandinavlar tərəfindən tutulduqdan sonra isə bu toponim onların dillərinin fonetik qanunlarına uyğunlaşdırılaraq “iorvik” (İORVİK) şəklinə salınmışdır. Skandinavlar sonrakı dövrlərdə-XIII yüzillikdə ingilislər bu adı “York” kimi səsləndirmiş və bu şəkildə qeydə almışlar . Orta əsr Britaniya leksikasında bu cür hadisələr eşidənin dilinin fonetik-akustik sistemi ilə danışanın dilinin fonetik-akustik sistemi arasındakı fərqdən, Orta əsrlərdə elementar transliterasiya anlayışlarının olmaması səbəblərindən irəli gəlirdi. Qafqaz variantında “qaf-/kav-” formantından sonra XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 56 “–q-/-k-” protetiklik səsi yer almışdır. Oxşar fonetik hadisə “qopuz/qapız/...” “yumru, topa, qab” semantikası əsasından törəmiş, “qarpız” fitonimində də baş vermişdir; “qap-”formantında “–p-” samitindən öncə protetiktik “–r-” sonra samiti peyda olmuşdur. Oxşar vəziyyətdə “güməz” (yuxarıdakı misallarla müq.et: “komuz/kobus”) sözündə protetik “–b-” samiti ilə rastlaşırıq. Türk dillərindən alınma bu söz müasir fars dilində GONBƏD kimi tələffüz olunur. Bu sözdə də (GOB-) formantında “–b-” samitindən öncə “-n-” protetik samiti meydana gəlmiş, auslautda ərəb əlifbasının təsiri nəticəsində (i-i) “z-d” səsəvəzlənməsi baş vermişdir. A.A. Potebnyaya görə polyak, tatar dillərində “kabak” sözü rus dilində “yeməkxana”, “meyxana”, “toplantı yeri” mənasında işlədilən “кабак”sözü ilə eyni mənşəlidir. Bəzi tədqiqatçılar bu sözün ort. ing. dialektlərindəki “kabacke”, “kaback” “köhnəlmiş koma, daxmacıq” sözündən, bəziləri isə əksinə, alman variantının rus dilindən, rus variantının isə türk dillərindən (balkar, qaraçay kabak “kənd yaşayış məntəqəsi, yığıncaq, toplaşmaq yeri”) alınma olduğunu qeyd edirlər]. Beləliklə, bu sözlər türk “kabak, koma, rus комната, кабина, кабинет, ing.cab, cope, cabin, cabinet sözləri” kap arxetipinin törəmələri hesab olunur. Bildiyimiz kimi, etimoloji dubletlərin yaranmasının əsas səbəbi isə eyni bir söz müxtəlif zamanlarda və ya müxtəlif mənbələrdən alınması ilə bağlıdır. Məsələn, latın mənşəli canalis “kanal” ingilis dilinə mərkəzi Fransa dialekti vasitəsilə channel formasında keçmişdir və Şimalı Fransa dialekti vasitəsilə isə canal formasında keçmişdir. Latın mənşəli quies, quietus “sakit, səssiz, rahat” bir başa ingilis dilinə keçmiş söz “quiet” formasında işlənir, fransız dilindən keçdikdə isə artıq quite formasında, “tamam, olduqca, lap” mənasında işlədilir. Latın mənşəli corpus “bədən” isiminin fransız dili vasitəsilə müxtəlif zamanlarda ingilis dilinə keçməsi nəticəsində etimoloji dubletlər olan corps “korpus” və corpse “cəsəd, meyit, nəş” yaranmışdır. Yuxarıda deyilənləri nəzərə alaraq qeyd etmək istərdik ki, ingilis dilinin leksikasına nəzər yetirdikdə müxtəlif tarixi qatların izlərini, müxtəlif mənşəli sözlərin bəzilərinin bir birinə mənaca yaxın bəzilərinin isə kifayət qədər uzaq olduğunu müşahidə edirik. Bu zaman müasir ingilis dilinin leksikasında skandinav, ispan, latın, rus, yunan, ərəb, fars, fransız, kelt, alman, holland, italyan və digər dillərdən alınma sözlər olduğunu görürük. Bizim araşdırmamız Orta əsrləri əhatə etdiyindən əsasən fransız, latın, kelt, yunan, ərəb, skandinav dillərindən alınan sözləri semantik təhlil edərək, özləri ilə gətirdikləri mədəniyyətin Britaniyada buraxdığı izləri araşdırmamıza cəlb etmişik. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 63 Introduction. Aluminum alloys occupy a leading position among structural materials due to their low density, high specific strength, and corrosion resistance. Of particular interest are alloys of the Al– Zn–Mg, Al–Mg–Si, and Al–Mg–Si–Fe systems, which are widely used in the aerospace, transportation, and mechanical engineering industries. One of the key factors determining the mechanical properties of these alloys is the heat treatment (HT) regime, including quenching, natural aging, and artificial aging. Alloys of the Al–Zn–Mg system. Alloys of this system are distinguished by high strength and yield strength, exceeding those of AMg6-type alloys even in the annealed condition. They retain their strength advantages at reduced temperatures and are used in structures in the quenched, naturally aged, or artificially aged states. High and stable mechanical properties are achieved through artificial aging, during which strengthening phases precipitate from the supersaturated solid solution. Both mechanical and corrosion properties largely depend on the selected heat treatment (HT) regime. The technological plasticity of Al–Zn–Mg alloys in the hot state is higher than that of AMg6, making high-speed extrusion possible (e.g., alloy 1915). When designing welded structures from these alloys, it is recommended to place welds away from regions of bending stress and carefully optimize the joint design, which improves the strength of the welded assembly [1]. Features of the Heat Treatment of Al–Zn–Mg Alloys. Alloys of the Al–Zn–Mg system achieve their highest strength values after quenching followed by aging. For cast alloys, two types of heat treatment are possible: - Quenching with subsequent artificial aging; - Artificial aging alone, without quenching. Quenching fixes a supersaturated solid solution containing alloying elements and vacancies. Due to relatively low critical quenching rates, a sufficiently supersaturated solid solution can be retained during solidification in metallic molds, which provides significant strengthening during aging [2]. The degree of supersaturation of the solid solution depends on the zinc and magnesium content: alloys with a total concentration of these elements above 5–6 % are prone to intensive natural aging [3]. The quenching temperature range is 350–500 °C, limited from below by the solvus temperature and from above by the non-equilibrium solidus. For high concentrations of alloying elements, quenching at temperatures close to the solidus is advisable, as this ensures maximum supersaturation of the solid solution. The duration of isothermal soaking before quenching is determined by diffusion processes and depends on the fineness of the structure: the smaller the dendritic cell size, the shorter the soaking time and the higher the resulting strength [2]. Al–Mg–Zn System Alloys. Studies of the Al–Mg–Zn system over a wide range of compositions have identified a promising range of alloys containing 5–7 % Mg and 2–3 % Zn. These alloys exhibit higher HEAT TREATMENT OF Al–Zn–Mg, Al–Mg–Si AND Al–Mg–Si–Fe ALLOYS Aizhan Mailybayeva PhD student, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Gulzada Koishina PhD, Associate Professor, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Yeleussiz Tazhiyev PhD, Associate Professor, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract The paper discusses the features of heat treatment of Al–Zn–Mg, Al–Mg–Si and Al–Mg–Si– Fe aluminium alloys, their influence on structure formation and mechanical properties. It is shown that optimisation of quenching and ageing conditions can significantly improve the strength and performance characteristics of these alloys. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between structural transformations, the concentration of alloying elements and technological properties. Keywords: Aluminum alloys, heat treatment, Al–Zn–Mg, Al–Mg–Si, Al–Mg–Si–Fe, aging, microstructure, corrosion resistance. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 64 strength properties compared to AMg6-type magnalium after quenching and aging (T5/artificially aged after cooling from an elevated temperature and T6/ solution heat treated and artificially aged regimes). The strengthening is attributed to the precipitation of the metastable T' phase (Al₂Mg₃Zn₃) [4]. The advantages of such alloys include: - High corrosion resistance; - Satisfactory hot cracking resistance; - Good castability. The drawbacks include a strong dependence of properties on the concentration of alloying elements (particularly zinc), as well as on impurities (Fe, Si) and the aging regime. Melting requires the use of high-purity charge materials, similar to AMg6-type alloys [5]. Al–Mg–Si and Al–Mg–Si–Fe System Alloys. Alloys of these systems are characterized by the formation of strengthening Mg₂Si phases, which, during quenching and aging, increase strength while maintaining ductility. The addition of iron promotes a finer microstructure; however, excessive iron content may lead to the formation of needle-like Al–Fe–Si intermetallics, which reduce ductility and corrosion resistance [6]. Optimal properties are achieved through quenching followed by artificial aging at 150–200 °C. These heat treatment conditions ensure a uniform distribution of precipitates and provide high stability of mechanical properties during prolonged service [7]. Conclusion. Aluminum alloys of the Al–Zn–Mg, Al–Mg–Si, and Al–Mg–Si–Fe systems possess significant potential for use in critical structural applications that require a combination of high strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. The strongest alloys belong to the Al–Zn–Mg system, with the quality and stability of their properties being highly dependent on the precise control of heat treatment temperature and time parameters. A promising direction is the development of Al–Mg–Zn casting alloys with optimized aging regimes and minimal content of harmful impurities [4, 5]. The research is carried out within the framework of grant funding from the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan for young scientists under the project “Zhas Galym” for 2025–2027, under the priority area “Advanced Manufacturing, Digital and Space Technologies” (project No. AP25794615) titled “Research and development of methods for optimizing the production of secondary aluminum alloys with improved mechanical properties” References 1. Gözde Altuntaş, Bülent Bostan. Investigation of RRA Heat Treatment Effects on Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy Crystallography // Politeknik Journal, 2022, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 871-877. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.919492 [in Turkish] 2. V. Aiupova, О. А. Abolikhina, O. В. Nosko et al. Transformation of Structure and Properties of Al– Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy under Complex Processing. Part II. Phase Composition and Mechanical Properties // Physico-chemical Mechanics of Materials, 2025, 61(3), pp. 005-013. https://doi.org/10.15407/pcmm2025.03.005 [in English] 3. H. M. Pruthvi, H. Ghanashyam Shenoy. Effect of Zn, Mg and Heat Treatment on Al Base Alloy on Hardness Using Taguchi Technique / IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2022, 1258(1):012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1258/1/012043 [in English] 4. F. He, J. Huang, K. Zhu, X. Li, K. Wen, G. Gao, L. Yan, H. Yan, Z. Li, Y. Zhang et al. “Investigation on Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Al–Mg–Zn Aluminum Alloy via Uniaxial Isothermal Hot Compression Tests.” Materials, 2025, 18(21):4903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214903 [in English] 5. Gyeong Seok Joo, Seung Gyu Choi, Young Kil Jung, Se Hoon Kim, Jae Hyuck Shin. Research on Alloy Design and Process Optimization of Al–Mg–Zn-Cu-Based Aluminum Alloy Sheets for Automobiles with Secured Formability and Bake-Hardenability.” Metals, 2024, 14(6):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060618 [in English] 6. Kemal Delijić, Boštjan Markoli. The Influence of the Chemical Composition and Type of Alloy on Corrosion Performances of Some Medium Strength Al-Mg-Si Series of Alloys // Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, https://doi.org/10.5937/metmateng1402131D [in English] 7. Tetiana Avramenko, Silvain Michel, Jan Kollender, Iurii Burda, Ulrik Hans and Christian Affolter. Review on Environmentally Assisted Static and Fatigue Cracking of Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) Alloys // Metals, 2024, 14(6):621. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060621 [in English] XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 65 UDC 681.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A STRUCTURAL AND ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF AN AUTOMATED CORPORATE INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS Arzu Gabil kyz Aliyeva Sumgait State University, Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences, Senior Lecturer Nasirova Elmira Alish kyzy Sumait State University, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Senior Lecturer Ibragimova Pervana Azher kyzy Sumait State University, Lecturer УДК 681.3 РАЗРАБОТКА СТРУКТУРНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОЙ КОРПОРАТИВНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ВУЗа Алиева Арзу Габиль кызы Сумгаитский Государственный Университет, д. ф. по т.н., ст.препод. Насирова Эльмира Алиш кызы Сумгаитский Государственный Университет, д. ф. по т.н., ст.препод. Ибрагимова Первана Аждер кызы Сумгаитский Государственный Университет, препод. Abstract To ensure the automation of a university's corporate information system, issues related to the rapid exchange of information within the university, the selection of a small number of technical means for local and global networks, the selection of optimal routes between network clients, and, in general, the selection of a corporate network structure that is convenient for the institution must be resolved. Using the example of the Engineering Faculty of Sumgait State University, automated workstations (ARMij) are organised at the level of technical support for the automated corporate information system (AKIS). The thesis presents a diagram of the connection of the Faculty of Engineering, the administration and other faculties to the general corporate network at SSU, as well as topological diagrams of departments and the innovation centre in the corporate network. Incoming and outgoing information links have been established between the AIS of each department of the Faculty of Engineering within the corporate network, and a graph diagram has been constructed in accordance with them. Аннотация Для обеспечения автоматизации корпоративной информационной системы ВУЗа решаются вопросы оперативного взаимного обмена информацией внутри ВУЗа, выбора небольшого количества технических средств локальной и глобальной сети, выбора оптимальных маршрутов между сетевых клиентов, и в целом должен решаться вопрос выбора удобной для учреждения схемы структуры корпоративной сети. На примере Инженерного факультета Сумгаитского Государственного Университета автоматизированные рабочие места (АРМij) организованы на уровне технического обеспечения автоматизированной корпоративной информационной системы (АКИС). В тезисе приведена схема подключения Инженерного факультета, руководства и других факультетов к общей корпоративной сети в СГУ, а также топологические схемы кафедр и инновационного центра в корпоративной сети. Между АИС каждого подразделения факультета инженерии внутри корпоративной сети установлены входящие и исходящие информационные связи, и в соответствии с ними построена граф-схема. Keywords: automated corporate information system (ACIS), automated workstation, graph diagram, electronic documentation, corporate network system. Ключевые слова: автоматизированная корпоративная информационная система (АКИС), автоматизированное рабочее место, граф-схема, электронная документация, корпоративная сетевая система. XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 66 Актуальность. Важнейшим условием повышения конкурентоспособности высших учебных заведений Азербайджанской Республики в международной системе образования является применение новых современных информационных и сетевых технологий. Использование корпоративных систем является приоритетным вопросом в сфере информационно-коммуникационных технологий, поскольку такие системы сочетают в себе функции локальных и глобальных компьютерных сетей и различных программных информационных систем. Метод. Для этого были использованы современные методы моделирования и автоматизированные методы корпоративного управления. На примере Инженерного факультета Сумгаитского Государственного Университета (СГУ), показанном на рис. 1 и рис. 2, автоматизированные рабочие места (АРМij) организованы на уровне технического обеспечения автоматизированной корпоративной информационной системы (АКИС). Административные функции факультета выполняются на основании заявок через АРМ1MD, который принадлежит декану инженерного факультета СГУ. Активное и пассивное сетевое оборудование, сетевые протоколы и технологии используются для обеспечения учебного процесса, выполнения научных работ и автоматизации работы инновационного центра в течение семестра и сессии через корпоративную сеть инженерного факультета СГУ. Для обеспечения электронного документооборота учебной и научной работы факультета инженерии, отправки документов по необходимым адресам, приема электронных документов, таких как задания, решения, приказы и др., руководством СГУ, а также их направления в соответствующие кафедры, контингент деканата подключает АРМ2MKi (i=1,4) к локальной корпоративной сети АКИС. В корпоративной сетевой системе АРМ3MK1j, АРМ4MK2j, АРМ5MK3j, АРМ6MK4j, принадлежащие каждой кафедре, применяются для обеспечения автоматизации учебного процесса и научных работ четырех кафедр инженерного факультета [1, с.105-110]. Большинство АРМiMKij распространяется на подготовку, утверждение и отправку электронных документов в подразделениях. Номер АРМiMKij корпоративной сети инженерного факультета, принадлежащей каждому кафедре, записывается следующим образом [2, с.176]: здесь АРМ3МК11, АРМ3МК12, АРМ3МК13 — автоматизированные рабочие места заведующего кафедрой автоматизации технологических процессов и лабораторного контингента, подключенные к автоматизированной корпоративной сети инженерного факультета; АРМ4MK21, АРМ4MK22, АРМ4MK23 – автоматизированные рабочие места заведующего кафедрой информационных технологий и программирования и лабораторного контингента, подключенные к автоматизированной корпоративной сети инженерного факультета; АРМ5МК31, АРМ5МК32, АРМ5МК33 – автоматизированные рабочие места заведующего кафедрой метрологии и стандартизации и лабораторного контингента, подключенные к автоматизированной корпоративной сети инженерного факультета; АРМ6МК41, АРМ6МК42, АРМ6МК43 – автоматизированные рабочие места заведующего кафедрой информационных и компьютерных технологий и лабораторного контингента, подключенные к автоматизированной корпоративной сети инженерного факультета. Взаимный информационный обмен между деканатом, кафедрами и инновационным центром, подключенным к автоматизированной корпоративной сети инженерного факультета, для эффективной организации учебного процесса и научной работы, зависит от доступности и производительности корпоративной сети. Как показано на рис. 2, корпоративная сетевая система инженерного факультета была выбрана на основе шинной топологии. Взяв за основу этот принцип и учитывая функциональные связи в виде граф-схемы, предложена структурная схема маршрутов между АРМij, включенными в корпоративную сеть инженерного факультета (рис. 3.). В корпоративной сети Инженерного факультета для структурной схемы маршрутов между АРМij используются направляющие дуги (показывающие АРМ3МК11, АРМ3МК12, АРМ3МК13 АРМ4МК21, АРМ4МК22, АРМ4МК23 АРМ5МК31, АРМ5МК32, АРМ5МК33 АРМ6МК41, АРМ6МК42, АРМ6МК43 АРМiMKij (1) XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 67 направление маршрута), кружки (показывающие положения АРМij) и небольшие прямые tij (обозначающие переходы). В корпоративной сети инженерного факультета приняты следующие целевые функции, обеспечивающие высокую продуктивность эффективного взаимного обмена информацией между деканатом, кафедрами и АРМ Инновационного центра [3, с.107; 4, стр. 246]: минимизация переходного времени между АРМ деканата, кафедрами и инновационным центром (2) где n – количество соединений доступа между AРМij деканата, кафедрами и инновационным центром; m - количество выездных связей между АРМ деканата, кафедрами и инновационным центром; Xij – представляет входные соединения между АРМij. редположим, что АРМij, принадлежащие каждому учреждению инженерного факультета, выражаются следующим образом: xi€ { х1, х2, …, х7}, где x1 – АРМ декана; x2 – АРМ тютора; х3 – АРМ кафедры 1 (Кафедра автоматизации процессов); х4 – АРМ кафедры 2 (Кафедра метрологии и стандартизации); х5 – АРМ кафедры 3 (Кафедра информационных технологий и программирования); х6 – АРМ кафедры 4 (Кафедра информационных и компьютерных технологий); х7 – АРМ инновационного центра. Рисунок 1. Схема подключения инженерного факультета, менеджмента и других факультетов к единой корпоративной сети СГУ  = = n i m jijij xxt ij 1 1 min XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 68 Рисунок 2. Топологические схемы в корпоративной сети кафедр и инновационном центре инженерного факультета СГУ С учетом входных и выходных информационных связей между АРМ каждого учреждения инженерного факультета в рамках корпоративной сети можно записать следующее выражение: х1 х2 х3 х4 х5 х6 х7 х11 x12(ч) x13(ч) x14(ч) x15(ч) x16(ч) x17(ч) х1 х21(г) х22 х23 х24 х25 х26 х27 х2 х31(г) х32 х33 x34(ч) x35(ч) x36(ч) x37(ч) х3 xij= х41(г) х42 х43(г) х44 x45(ч) x46(ч) x47(ч) х4 x51(г) х52 x53(г) х54(г) х55 x56(ч) x57(ч) х5 x61(г) х62 x63(г) x64(г) х65(г) х66 x67(ч) х6 x71(г) х72 х73 х74(г) х75(г) х76(г) х77 х7 где x21 – входная связь между деканом и тьютором; х31 – входная связь между деканом и кафедрой 1 (кафедра автоматизации процессов); x41 – входная связь между деканом и кафедрой2 (кафедра метрологии и программирования); x51 – входная связь между деканом и кафедрой3 (кафедра информационных технологий и программирования); x61 – входная связь между деканом и кафедрой4 (кафедра информационных и компьютерных технологий); х71 – входная связь между деканатом и Инновационным центром; x73 – входная связь между отделом 1 и Инновационным центром; x74 – входная связь между отделом 2 и Инновационным центром; x75 – входная связь между отделом 3 и Инновационным центром; x76 – входная связь между отделом 4 и Инновационным центром; x43 – входное соединение между креслом1 и креслом2; x53 – входное соединение между креслом1 и креслом3; x63 – входное соединение между креслом1 и креслом4; x54 – входное соединение между креслом2 и креслом3; x64 – входное соединение между стулом 2 и стулом 4; x65 – входное соединение между стулом3 и стулом4. АРМij множества выходных связей между ними выражаются как: х12общение декана и преподавателя; х13 – выходное соединение между деканом и кафедрой 1 (кафедра автоматизации процессов); x14 – выходное соединение между деканом и кафедрой2 (кафедра метрологии и программирования); х15 – связь декана с кафедрой3 (кафедра (3) XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 69 информационных технологий и программирования); х16 – связь декана с кафедрой4 (кафедра информационных и компьютерных технологий); х17 – выходное соединение между деканатом и Инновационным центром; x37 – выходная связь между кафедрой 1 и Инновационным центром; x47 – выходная связь между кафедрой 2 и Инновационным центром; x57 – выходная связь между кафедрой 3 и Инновационным центром; x67 – выходная связь между кафедрой 4 и Инновационным центром; x34 – выходная связь между кафедрой 1 и кафедрой 2; x35 – выходная связь между кафедрой 1 и кафедрой 3; x36 – выходная связь между кафедрой 1 и кафедрой 4; x45 – выходная связь между кафедрой 2 и кафедрой 3; x46 – выходная связь между кафедрой 2 и кафедрой 4; x56 – выходная связь между кафедрой 3 и кафедрой 4. Если принять, что между АРМ есть входные и выходные связи, то в ячейках выражения (3) записывается 1, если связи есть. Это условие можно записать следующим образом [5, с.340; 6, стр. 624]: С учетом условия (4) выражение (3) запишется следующим образом: х1 х2 х3 х4 х5 х6 х7 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 х1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 х2 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 х3 xij= 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 х4 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 х5 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 х6 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 х7 Таким образом, в корпоративной сети инженерного факультета общая производительность сети определяется по выбранным входно-выходным информационным связям (на основе сетевых маршрутов) между деканатом, преподавателями, кафедрами и инновационным центром. Для этого построена граф-схема на основе маршрутов входа-выхода корпоративной сети инженерного факультета (рис. 3.). Согласно графической схеме времена перехода tij помещаются в ячейки выражения (5) вместо 1. В этом случае матрица временных переходов, отражающая производительность корпоративной сети инженерного факультета, записывается следующим образом: х1 х2 х3 х4 х5 х6 х7 0 т12 т13 т14 т15 т16 т17 х1 т21 0 0 0 0 0 0 х2 т31 0 0 т34 т35 т36 т37 х3 xij= т41 0 т43 0 т45 т46 т47 х4 т51 0 т53 т54 0 т56 т57 х5 т61 0 т63 т64 т65 0 т67 х6 т71 0 0 т74 т75 т76 0 х7    =connection anot is thereif - 0 ; connection externalan and internalan is thereif ,1 ij x (4) (6) (5) XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 70 Рисунок 3. Граф-схема входных маршрутов корпоративной сети инженерного факультета Рисунок 4. Граф-схема выходных маршрутов корпоративной сети инженерного факультета Результат. На основе графиков рис. 3. и рис. 4. с учетом временных переходов ввода и вывода определяются минимальное время и общее время обработки передачи информационных кадров в корпоративной сети инженерного факультета. Когда наименьшая (минимальная) загрузка системы при работе корпоративной сети инженерного факультета принимается ρ ≤ 0,1 и 0,1 ≤ ρ ≤ 0,3, время запроса запросов от пользователей деканата, кафедр и инновационный центр прямой и в обратном направлении - 0 ÷ Если изменен предел в 1200 мс, если К=7 количество АРМ обрабатывают i (входные) и j (выходные) запросы, то суммарная производительность входных и выходные маршруты корпоративной сети определяются следующим выражением: XXI INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE. PARIS. FRANCE. 04-05.11.2025 71 (7) Минимальное время передачи информации выбранных маршрутов корпоративной сети инженерного факультета (рис. 3. и рис. 4.), общее время обработки и общая производительность сети, определяемая исходя из загрузки системы, дают основу для подбор технических средств корпоративной сети с необходимыми показателями. Список использованных источников 1. Мамедов, Дж.Ф. Планирование функций системы управления технологического процесса /Дж.Ф.Мамедов, М.С.Салманов, Алиева А.Г. // Информационные системы и технологии, Научно-технический журнал, -Орел: -2014.№ 6, - с. 105-110. 2. Мутанов, Г.М. Образование. Наука. Инновации / Г.М.Мутанов. Министертво образования и науки РК, -Усть-Каменогорск: ВКГТУ, -2008. - 176 с. 3. Новиков, Д.А. Согласованное управление научными проектами. Управление большими системами /Д.А.Новиков, А.Л.Суханов// Сборник трудов. -Москва: ИПУ РАН, -2005. Выпуск 10, - с. 107 – 118. 4. Новиков, Д.А. Механизмы планирования в управлении научными проектами // Труды международной научно-практической конференции «Управление большими системами», - Тула: ТГУ, -2005. Том 1, - с. 246 – 251. 5. Говорухин, В.Н. Введение в MAPLE. Математический пакет для всех/ В.Н.Говорухин, В.Г. Цибулин - Москва:Мир, -2007. -340 с. 6. Говорухин, В.Н. Компьютер в математическом исследовании. Учебный курс. / В.Н.Говорухин, В.Г. Цибулин – Санкт-Петербург:Питер, -2001. -624 с.