PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF BULLYING

Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 126 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF BULLYING Asilbekova Gulmira Tynysbekovna, сandidate of Medical Sciences, senior lecturer Khoja Ahmed Yasawi International KazakhTurkish University Akhat Bekzada Samatovna, student of the 5th year Khoja Ahmed Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University Abstract: The anti-bullying policy in Kazakhstan is complex and multidirectional. Along with government organizations, public organizations, psychologists, and parents are actively involved in this work. All this is aimed at creating a safe and comfortable environment for children. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Education and Science pay great attention to the issues of violence among children, including bullying. This problem is recognized as a responsibility of the whole society, and not a problem of just one family or school. This article discusses the issues of comprehensive systemic measures for the prevention and control of bullying. Keywords: bullying, cyberbullying, media literacy, violence, actions, problem, law , physical bullying, verbal bullying. Introduction The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Education and Science pay great attention to the issues of violence among children, including bullying. This problem is recognized as a responsibility of the whole society, and not a problem of just one family or school. Therefore, comprehensive, systematic measures are being taken to prevent and combat bullying. The Law of Kazakhstan "On the Rights of the child" clearly states that a child has the right to protection from violence, cruelty and discrimination. The program "countering violence in schools" also addressed the issue of bullying. This program, developed by the Ministry of Education, provides specific recommendations for the prevention and elimination of bullying in schools. It is intended for teachers, parents and students. Each educational institution develops special internal rules and algorithms for detecting, registering, and responding to bullying. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 127 The anti-bullying policy in Kazakhstan is complex and multidirectional. Along with government organizations, public organizations, psychologists, and parents are actively involved in this work. All this is aimed at creating a safe and comfortable environment for children. Results and discussion. The role of psychological services in schools is increasing. School psychologists are required to resolve tensions between students, work with bullying victims and aggressors, and give advice to parents. The topic of bullying is included in the programs of "Self-knowledge" and other educational hours. Trainings, seminars, and anti-bullying campaigns are regularly held in schools. At joint meetings and seminars with parents, the symptoms of bullying, ways to detect it, and precautions are discussed. Parents are told that they need to be attentive to changes in their child's behavior. Information and propaganda work is also underway, informing the population. Articles and videos about the dangers of bullying are published in the media and social networks. This helps to draw public attention to this issue. There are free helplines for children and teenagers who provide psychological assistance. This service allows children to talk about their problems anonymously. In order to prevent cyberbullying, educational work is carried out among students on the rules of Internet safety and media literacy. Materials and methods. Bullying (from English bullying – bullying, harassment, hangover) is the repeated aggressive behavior of one or more people towards another person. This action can be physical, psychological, or cyberformal. Bullying occurs not only among school-age children, but also among adults, even in the workplace. However, the most common and serious form of violence is among children. Bullying is divided into several types, each of which has its own characteristics.: 1. Physical bullying is the most visible type. This includes hitting, pushing, kicking, damaging, or grabbing objects. This type of violence can lead to physical injury. 2. Verbal bullying is something that is achieved through verbal intimidation, discrimination, ridicule, swearing and nicknames. It destroys a child's selfconfidence and leaves psychological trauma. 3. Social (hidden) bullying is an action aimed at removing a child from the social environment. For example, refusing to talk to him, being excluded from games, spreading gossip, or being excluded from a group. This type causes a feeling of loneliness, leaving a great trauma in the depths of the soul. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 128 4. Cyberbullying is a new type that has emerged with the development of digital technologies. This includes humiliating, intimidating, and distributing a child's image or personal information on social media, instant messengers, or online games. Cyberbullying can occur around the clock and anywhere, which puts a lot of pressure on the victim. Physical bullying is the most obvious and visible form of violence. It is expressed in actions that directly affect the human body, causing pain or physical injury. This is an urgent problem that occurs not only among children, but also in the adult environment. The manifestations of physical bullying vary. This type of violence manifests itself in various actions. The most common of them are: 1. Punch, push, kick, kick: this is one of the most painful and dangerous actions. They can cause serious harm to the victim's health. 2. Damage or seizure of items: A child who is being threatened may destroy or seize another person's school supplies, clothing, or other personal belongings. 3. Siege or oppression: The threatening person can team up with several people to keep the victim in a certain place and prevent her from moving. 4.Humiliation: intimidation by taking off clothes in public or leaving them in uncomfortable situations. These actions can be performed individually or in groups. Causes of physical bullying. There may be a number of reasons behind the behavior of children and adults who engage in physical bullying.: 1. Low self-esteem: Some aggressors use violence against others in order to feel powerful or domineering. 2. Domestic aggression: if physical aggression is a normal phenomenon in the child's family, he may repeat this behavior in the external environment. 3. Lack of basic communication skills: The aggressor cannot control his emotions and considers violence to be the only way to solve problems. 4. Striving for power: Some children use bullying to strengthen their leadership role in the group. The effects of physical bullying are not limited to bruises or injuries. The hardest ones are: 1. Psychological consequences: the victim experiences anxiety, fear, depression, and self-doubt. This can lead to mental disorders. 2. Exclusion from the social environment: a child who has been physically bullied may distance himself from friends and be left alone. This hinders his social development. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 129 3. Decreased academic performance: a child living in constant fear cannot fully concentrate on the lesson, which worsens his academic performance. 4. Physical health problems: bumps and other injuries may require hospitalization. Verbal (verbal) bullying is a form of violence committed by the word. Although it does not leave visible traces like physical bullying, it causes serious damage to a child's psychological health. This type of bullying manifests itself in taunts, bullying, taunts, and uttering words that can put a child in a dead end. There are various forms of verbal bullying that can cause the victim to feel insecure and withdraw from the social environment.: 1. putting and teasing nicknames: to use derogatory nicknames depending on the appearance, style of speech, nationality, family or other characteristics of the child. 2. Intimidation and extortion: A threatened child threatens another in order to force him to do something or show his superiority. For example, say something like, "If you don't do what I tell you, I'll tell everyone your secret." 3. Slander and spreading gossip: spreading false information about another child or gossip that degrades his honor. This action can lead to the victim losing friends and becoming lonely. 4. Ridicule: Tease the victim by making their speech, gestures, or behavior interesting and laughing at them. This is an action that makes the victim feel ashamed. 5. Insulting: Saying words that directly attack a child's personality, values, or family. The effects of oral bullying do not heal as quickly as physical injuries, but rather affect the child's psyche over a long period of time. 1. Low self-esteem: A child who is constantly subjected to ridicule and discrimination begins to doubt his abilities and begins to underestimate himself. 2. Stress and depression: Bullying creates constant psychological pressure, which can lead to mental disorders such as depression and stress. 3. Anxiety and anxiety: the child is afraid to go to classes, attend school, group activities. This forces him to isolate himself from the social environment. 4. Decreased academic performance: because all the student's thoughts are in fear and anxiety, he cannot concentrate on the lesson, and his academic performance deteriorates. 5. Suicidal thoughts: In some cases, oral bullying can cause the victim to have suicidal thoughts. The results of the study. There are various ways to prevent and combat oral bullying. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 130 The role of parents: Parents should listen to their children's feelings and consider their words as important. If your child feels depressed and wants to be alone, talk to him openly. The role of teachers: Teachers should be attentive to classroom communication and immediately block any derogatory words or jokes. They should explain to the students how powerful and dangerous the word is. School Psychologist: Bulling's school psychologist provides psychological assistance to victims and helps them regain their self-confidence. Oral bullying is a dangerous phenomenon that leaves invisible wounds. To deal with this, it is important to teach children to respect the power of words and the feelings of others. This is the only way we can create a safe and friendly environment. Social (hidden) bullying or invisible alienation. Social bullying or covert bullying is an action aimed at deliberately removing a person from the social environment and limiting their ability to communicate. It is less noticeable than physical or verbal forms of bullying because it has no direct conflict, but is characterized by very serious psychological consequences. This is usually achieved through group pressure. Social bullying can occur at school, at work, or in any social environment. Its main manifestations: 1. Exclusion from communication: Group members refuse to talk to the victim, sit with her, or participate in community activities. 2. Spreading gossip: Undermining his honor by spreading false, embarrassing, or negative information about the victim. 3. Being the object of ridicule: Constantly ridiculing the victim, ridiculing and ridiculing what she says. 4. Renunciation of friendship: prohibition to be friends with a certain person or sudden termination of friendship. 5. Pressure through attitude and body language: Group members exert psychological pressure on the victim by despising her, looking at her with a cold stare or teasing her with a smile. All these actions are aimed at making the victim feel lonely and useless. The consequences of covert bullying can be no less serious than physical violence, and even more serious. This is because such pressure corrodes a person from the inside and completely destroys his self-confidence. 1. Low self-esteem: A person who is excluded from the social environment feels "wrong" or "bad" and loses self-esteem. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 131 2. Anxiety and depression: the feeling of loneliness and lack of company constantly leads to anxiety and depression. 3. Social phobia: people who have been subjected to such bullying may suffer from social phobia in the future, fearing new acquaintances, participation in group events. Impaired communication skills: those who are under hidden pressure cannot establish trusting relationships with other people and have difficulty making the right choice. 1. Distrust: The victim will treat friends, classmates, and society in general with distrust. How to identify social bullying? Teachers and parents often do not notice this type of bullying. Therefore, caution should be exercised if a child has one of the following symptoms:: 1. Sudden reduction of friends. 2. refusal to communicate with friends. 3. unwillingness to go to school or run away from meeting classmates. 4. Frequent mood swings and feelings of loneliness. Conclusion. Thus, social bullying is a hidden problem that poses a very great threat to a child's emotional and social development. To cope with this, it is very important to communicate openly, listen to feelings and provide psychological support. Parents and teachers should take this issue seriously and teach children mutual respect and compassion. Cyberbullying is bullying, intimidation, discrimination or harassment of a person using modern technologies (smartphone, computer, social networks, messengers, email). Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying can occur around the clock and anywhere. In most cases, it is conducted outside the victim's personal space and remains anonymous and unknown to the general public. There are many types of cyberbullying, and each of them has its own characteristics.: 1. Trolling: intentionally creating conflict by writing provocative comments on social media or forums. 2.Hating: leave messages and comments full of hatred and aggression against a particular person or group. 3.Flaming: Two or more people are arguing on an online platform with aggressive and offensive comments. 4. Cyber Stalking: constant harassment of a certain person via the Internet, threats and invasion of his privacy. 5. Acting on behalf of another: hacking into someone else's account and sending abusive messages to others on his behalf. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 132 6. "Sexting" and "cyber-doxing": unauthorized distribution of personal or intimate photos of the victim or disclosure of her personal data (home address, phone number). The causes of cyberbullying: 1. Anonymity: anonymity on the Internet allows the aggressor not to feel responsible for his actions. Although he may be afraid to meet face to face in real life, he can be brave in an online environment. 2. Mood Boost: Some aggressors want to boost their self-esteem by insulting others. 3. Revenge: goes to cyberbullying in order to avenge past conflicts. Consequences of cyberbullying: 1. Psychological consequences: The victim of cyberbullying experiences anxiety, fear, depression, stress, and panic attacks. 2. Social isolation: the victim distances himself from his friends and remains alone. He does not feel safe and therefore may refuse to use social networks and the Internet. 3. Loss of faith: the victim will not trust anyone because he does not know where the violence is coming from. 4. Suicidal thoughts: In some cases, the consequences of cyberbullying can be very serious and even lead to suicidal thoughts and actions. Parents and schools have a special role to play in the fight against cyberbullying. Parents should monitor their child's online activity and communicate openly with them. It is necessary to warn the child against the dangers in the online environment and encourage him to tell his parents in case of any problems. And the role of the school is that a policy should be developed to counter cyberbullying and information classes should be held for students. It is worth explaining to students what cyberbullying is and how to deal with it. Strict online vigilance. It is important not to disclose personal information, change passwords frequently, do not open questionable links, and use security settings. If you encounter cyberbullying, take a screenshot and save it as proof without deleting the messages or comments immediately. Subsequently, this information may be submitted to the administration or law enforcement agencies. Cyberbullying is a new threat of new technologies. To combat it, it is necessary for the whole society to work together and improve digital literacy. The question arises how to help. If a child is physically bullied, they need immediate help. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (AJMDR) Vol. 2 Issue 8, November 2025 www.ajmdr.com IF: 9.2 133 Talking to the child in the shortest possible time: talk to the child openly and try to understand what he is going through. It's important to believe and support what he says. Inform the school: Inform the teachers, the school psychologist or the administration about this situation. Visiting a specialist: consulting a psychologist can help in the treatment of a child's emotional trauma. Self-defense training: It is also important to teach a child to protect himself and act in such situations. The reasons for bullying can be different. An aggressor child is more likely to be considered an abnormal upbringing in the family, insufficient control, aggression as normal behavior in the family, or emotional problems. Sometimes the aggressor wants to boost his low self-esteem by showing his strength in front of others. In conclusion, bullying is not just a quarrel between two children, it is a serious problem that requires the attention of the whole society. The problem of bullying can be prevented by openly discussing it in society. This issue requires social responsibility. Comprehensive measures are needed to combat bullying. The consequences of bullying are very serious. Children who are victims of bullying often experience panic attacks, depression, stress, and panic. Their academic performance declines, and they begin to distance themselves from the social environment. In some cases, severe bullying can also lead to suicidal thoughts or actions. Abused children are also prone to crimes in the future and often face relationship problems. By fighting this, we are creating conditions for our children to grow up to be safe, happy and conscientious citizens. References: 1. Methodological recommendations for school psychologists and classroom teachers on the topic "prevention of violence, bullying and cyberbullying", issued on the recommendation of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (now the Ministry of Education and Science), Almaty 2018. 2. Research articles by Kazakhstani authors on bullying and cyberbullying in the journals "pedagogical sciences", "Psychology", "sociology". (For example, publications of KazNPU named after Abaya, Kaznu), Almaty, 2021 3. Olvaeus, Dan "Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do" 4. Kon I.S. "What is bullying" Moscow, 2012 5. Enikolopov S.N., Lebedeva Yu.V. "Psychology of aggression and violence in youth.