A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines)

Megataxa 007 (1): 001–085 https://www.mapress.com/mt Copyright © 2022 Magnolia Press Review MEGATAXA ISSN 2703-3082 (print edition) ISSN 2703-3090 (online edition) Submitted: 2 Dec. 2021; accepted by Zhi-Qiang Zhang: 7 Jan. 2022; published: 25 Jan. 2022 1 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-N.C. 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3BD32BFF-0402-47FB-A9EE-FE08E260793D Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Methods......................................................................................... 2 List organization ........................................................................... 2 Conclusions ................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments ......................................................................... 3 SUBORDER PLEURODIRA ....................................................... 3 PELOMEDUSIDAE ....................................................... 11 PODOCNEMIDIDAE .................................................... 14 SUBORDER CRYPTODIRA ..................................................... 15 CARETTOCHELYIDAE ............................................... 15 CHELONIIDAE ............................................................. 15 CHELYDRIDAE ............................................................ 18 DERMATEMIDIDAE .................................................... 19 DERMOCHELYIDAE ................................................... 19 GEOEMYDIDAE ........................................................... 20 EMYDIDAE ................................................................... 32 KINOSTERNIDAE ........................................................ 44 STAUROTYPIDAE ....................................................... 48 PLATYSTERNIDAE ..................................................... 48 TESTUDINIDAE ........................................................... 49 TRIONYCHIDAE .......................................................... 60 References .................................................................................. 67 APPENDIX ................................................................................. 82 Abstract Type specimens are the cornerstones of modern taxonomy and systematics, and should be the starting point of any study of diversity, especially considering the increasing ability to sample them genetically. However, no compilation of type material (beyond holotypes) exists for turtles (Order Testudines). This is the first attempt to locate and compile a list of all type specimens (holotypes, paratypes, syntypes, lectotypes, neotypes, etc.) for all described turtles, whether currently recognized or synonymized. A total of 1222 named taxa are included here (including synonyms), but only 875 of them (71.6%) have at least one identified type specimen (excluding neotypes and iconotypes). Part or all of the type series for another 102 taxa are considered lost. This list represents a 45-year search effort, and although still incomplete, should benefit current and future turtle systematicists, as well as direct ongoing efforts to locate type specimens still missing. Key words: Testudines, holotype, paratype, syntype, lectotype, neotype, turtle, tortoise Introduction Type specimens are the foundation of modern taxonomy and systematics, and should be the starting point of any modern study of diversity. Furthermore, the emerging ability to sample type material genetically increases their value significantly. The benefit of using genetic data to confirm (or deny) valid names of recognized taxa, establish the provenance of type specimens lacking precise locality data, and/or identify incomplete type material cannot be overstated. For turtles a number of recent studies have already well demonstrated the value of genotyping original type material (e.g., Austin & Arnold 2001; Austin et al. 2002, 2003; Blanck et al. 2006; Praschag et al. 2008; Stuart & Fritz 2008; Murphy et al. 2011; Stuckas & Fritz 2011; Parham et al. 2012; Poulakakis et al. 2012, 2015; Stuckas et al. 2013; Fritz et al. 2014; Petzold et al. 2014; Tiedemann et al. 2014; Kindler et al. 2016; Kehlmaier et al. 2019). In some cases these efforts have solved complex and perplexing, decades-old problems in turtle taxonomy (e.g., western Australian Chelodina rugosa/oblonga; Thomson 2000, Kehlmaier et al. 2019, & Shea et al. 2020; reviewed in TTWG 2021). In one case, although the holotype of Pelusios rhodesianus could not be successfully genotyped, two of the non-topotypic paratypes were successfully sequenced (Kindler et al. 2016), in an ongoing attempt to resolve the taxonomic issues within this problematic species group. Despite the importance of type material, no centralized compilation of the type specimens of turtles existed prior to the 1980s when I began gathering that information for my first Turtle Checklist (Iverson 1986), which only included information for holotypes, syntypes, lectotypes, iconotypes, and neotypes for recognized species that I could locate at that time. King & Burke (1989) continued that effort in their work, as I did in my second Checklist A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines) JOHN B. IVERSON Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, 47374, USA � [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-5438 IVERSON 2 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press (Iverson 1992). Unfortunately, each of these efforts listed only primary name-bearing type material from taxa recognized as valid at that time. In an attempt to expand this effort, Uetz et al. (2019) presented a preliminary list of primary reptile types, including some paratypes, but many of their entries were out-of-date, incomplete, and/ or inaccurate, and only recognized taxa were included. Subsequently, the most recent turtle Checklist (TTWG 2021) expanded that compilation to include primary types for all described taxa, including synonyms, but not secondary type material. The following Checklist is the first attempt to compile the identities and locations of all primary (namebearing) and secondary types of all described turtle taxa (including many nomina nuda and replacement names), as well as all visual representations of those types (potential iconotypes) in the literature. In addition to its historical value, this list serves as a resource in situations where the primary types are lost (or cannot be genotyped) or destroyed. It represents over 45 years of detective work, but despite that effort, many types remain unidentified and will require further investigation. Methods Since the mid-1970s, I have systematically collected information on type specimens as new taxa were described, synonymies were revised, museum lists were published, and my correspondence with colleagues and curators accumulated. My strategy has been to 1) examine all original descriptions of turtle taxa (including all synonyms) 2) examine all papers with the word “type” in the title from Frank Slavens’ personal reprint library; 3) examine all papers referenced in the subject index in my own private library of ca. 30,000 reprints mentioning turtles; 4) cross reference those papers with published lists of papers that compiled Museum type lists (e.g., Crumly 1990; Uetz et al. 2019, Table S1); 5) examine copies of the original catalogues of turtle specimens in the BMNH and MNHN, 6) examine on-line museum catalogs as they have become available, and 7) finally, search my personal communications with colleagues over the past 50 years. I have attempted to locate every type specimen of every named turtle taxon. In addition, because so many types have been lost or remain unlocated, I have also attempted to document published illustrations of all type specimens, because in many cases, these illustrations may be our only visual record of many types (and some already serve as iconotypes). I have also attempted to follow type specimens as they were traded among museums, reporting catalogue numbers from both museums if possible; these transfers have sometimes created much confusion, which I have attempted to clarify when possible. The complete BMNH catalogue (as well as Roger Bour’s copy of Boulenger 1889, annotated with type numbers based on Roger’s research) was examined in order to check specimen numbers and type designations included therein. Because the BMNH recatalogued type specimens following WWII, I have reported both museum numbers if they occurred in these catalogs. I have not personally confirmed the existence or identity of most types reported herein; however, I have attempted to cite verifications of the existence of type specimens in collections (e.g., published type catalogs or communications with curators [so cited], and in some cases via on-line museum catalogs). This compilation follows the TTWG (2021) in recognizing 357 species (486 total taxa including subspecies). Although this list of types is extensive, it remains incomplete. A total of 1222 named taxa are included here (including synonyms), but only 875 of them (71.6%) have at least one identified type specimen (excluding neotypes and iconotypes). Part or all of the type series for another 102 taxa are considered lost. It will be the task of future turtle taxonomists to fill in these gaps. List organization Taxa are listed herein alphabetically by currently recognized family, genus, species, and subspecies, within each suborder (Pleurodira before Cryptodira). Synonyms are listed (indented) below each recognized species or subspecies. All taxonomy follows the TTWG (2021). All sources cited in each discussion of type material are included here in the Literature Cited; however, full citations for original descriptions are not included here, but are available in TTWG (2021). This Checklist does not include types for fossil taxa (e.g., Cylindraspis) unless they are currently considered synonymous with extant forms. Nomina nuda are not listed here unless type specimens were explicitly reported or identified. Some replacement names (nomina nova) are included for purposes of clarification. Hybrid taxa are not included, nor are rejected names (e.g., those by Raymond Hoser; see Wüster et al. 2021 and TTWG 2021). Except for the addition of one name published subsequent to the TTWG (2021) list (Mesoclemmys jurutiensis), no taxonomic changes are instituted in this Checklist; i.e., no lectotypes, iconotypes, or neotypes were designated. If historic data or logic suggested a likely museum location for a type, I have indicated where it is “possibly” present. Museum acronyms generally follow Sabaj (2019), but those cited are included here in the Appendix for clarity, and because many are annotated. Note that the Tulane University (TU) herpetology collection has been transferred to the Louisiana State University (LSUMZ) collection where it is being recatalogued. Abbreviations include Pl. (Plate), p. (page), Fig. (Figure), and opp. (opposite). Any errors of omission or commission in this list are my own, and any additions or corrections are welcome and should be forwarded to me ([email protected]) or Anders Rhodin ([email protected]) for inclusion in the next TTWG Checklist. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 3 Conclusions Although this compilation should facilitate the increased (and appropriate) inclusion of type material in future taxonomic and systematic studies of turtles, much remains to be done beyond the search for missing type material. Genotyping of type material should remain a high priority for sorting out the recognizable diversity of turtles, and the appropriate scientific name to apply to each taxon. In addition, the recent emergence of 3D photogrammetric technology for creating “avatars” of type specimens (“cybertypes”) will further increase the information available for type specimens (e.g., see Akkari et al. 2018, Hedrick et al. 2019; Watanabe 2019; Bolton and Cora 2021). All of this increases the importance of the identification and location of the original type material. Acknowledgments Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Anders Rhodin, Frank Slavens, and Peter Paul van Dijk provided critical literature. Anders Rhodin also freely shared his personal compiled information on primary turtle types, and Uwe Fritz provided comments on the final draft. Patrick Campbell provided a copy of the BMNH catalog for turtles, and Roger Bour provided the same for the MNHN, along with his annotated copy of Boulenger’s (1889) catalog. Colleagues who provided input essential to the initial compilation of this list were acknowledged in Iverson (1992). This compilation is dedicated to my good friend Roger Bour, whose loss in 2020 to the world of turtle systematics and taxonomy is incalculable. SUBORDER PLEURODIRA CHELIDAE Acanthochelys macrocephala (Rhodin, Mittermeier & McMorris, 1984:38) Holotype: NMW 1293 (Tiedemann et al. 1994:12); photographed in the original description (p. 39, Fig. 2; p. 41, Fig. 3) and Fritz & Pauler 1999:54); paratype (1), MHNRJ 1065 (skull illustrated in original description, p. 42–43, Figs. 5–6). Phrynops chacoensis Fritz & Pauler 1992:299 Holotype: SMNS 3984/85 (skull and soft parts of one specimen; Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:9); paratype (1), NMBA 171. Acanthochelys pallidipectoris (Freiberg 1945:19) Holotype: MACN 1731; paratype (1), described and photographed in Freiberg (1947:113), but without a museum number. Acanthochelys radiolata (Mikan 1820:Fig.) Holotype: NMW 23390 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:7; Tiedemann et al. 1994:12; illustrated in the original description). Grillitsch et al. (1996:58) listed NMW 184 as a cotype. Platemys gaudichaudii Duméril & Bibron 1835:427 Syntypes (2): MNHN 1946 and 2101; MNHN 2011 erroneously listed as holotype by Ernst (1983:1). Hydraspis affinis Gray 1844:41 Holotype: ZMB (possibly ZMB 165) not located (Fritz et al. 1994:161; TTWG 2021:30). Platemys werneri Schnee 1900:463 Syntypes (2): NMW 23389 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:7; Tiedemann et al. 1994:12), but second syntype unlocated (Ernst 1983:1) Platemys radiolata quadrisquamosa Luederwaldt 1926:437 Syntypes (3): MZUSP 62, 64, and 337 (Ernst 1983:1). Acanthochelys spixii (Duméril & Bibron 1835:409) Holotype: Not MNHN 8751 as intended by Duméril & Bibron, because Platemys spixii was a replacement name for Emys depressa (see separate account); hence, records of MNHN 8751 as the type (e.g., Ernst 1983:1) are in error. ZSM 3003/0 (Franzen & Glaw 2007:205) designated lectotype for Emys depressa by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983:345), which also makes it the type of spixii (Rhodin et al. 1984: Iverson 1992:9). Emys depressa Spix 1824:5 Syntypes (at least 2, one illustrated in the original descripton, Pl. III, Figs. 2–3; Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:344); ZSM 3003/0, others not located; ZSM 3003/0 (Franzen & Glaw 2007:205) designated lectotype by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983:345). Emys aspera Cuvier in Gray 1830:16 Holotype: MNHN 8751 (see Bour & Pauler 1987:14). Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, & Georges 2000:676 Holotype: NTM 16010 (photographed in Cann & Sadlier 2017:63); paratype (1), NTM 16011 (both types photographed in the original description; p. 677, Fig. 2). Chelodina canni McCord & Thomson 2002:256 Holotype: NTM 24515 (photographed in the original description, Pl. 1, and in Cann & Sadlier 2017:30); paratypes (2), NTM 24516-24517 (24516 photographed in the original description; Pl. 1). Chelodina rankini Wells & Wellington 1985:8 Holotype: BMNH 1908.2.25.1; no paratypes designated. IVERSON 4 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Chelodina expansa Gray 1857:370 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.21 and 1947.3.5.88 (formerly 1856.12.3.11) (Cogger et al. 1983:60). Because BMNH 1947.3.5.88 is a Chelodina longicollis, Iverson et al. (2001:366) designated BMNH 1947.3.4.21 as the lectotype (photographed in Cann 1998:81 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:98). Original illustration reproduced in Goode (1967:39), Cann (1998:82), and Cann & Sadlier (2017:98), & considered “holotype” in the former two publications. Chelodina gunaleni McCord & Joseph-Ouni 2007:48 Holotype: AMNH 160133 (sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. 2019); paratype (1), AMNH 160131 (both types photographed in the original description. p. 48). Chelodina kuchlingi Cann 1997:41 Holotype: WAM 29411 (photographed in the original description, p. 42, and in Ellis & Georges 2015:55, Cann 1998:97, and Cann & Sadlier 2017:93–94); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019); no paratypes designated. Chelodina kurrichalpongo (Joseph-Ouni, McCord, Cann, & Smales 2019:9) Holotype: NTM R17209; paratypes (7), NTM 17202, 17204, 17207, 17208, 17211, 17212, and 17950. Holotype and five paratypes photographed in the original description (Pl. 1). Chelodina longicollis (Shaw 1794:19) Holotype: Not designated; BMNH 1947.3.5.86 presumed to be the holotype by Cogger et al. (1983:61) since it was the specimen Shaw (1802:62) used to redescribe the species; photographed in Cann (1998:53) and Cann & Sadlier (2017:18). Presumed holotype sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019). Chelodina novaehollandiae Duméril & Bibron 1835:443 Syntypes (2): MNHN 6969 and 9405 (according to Roux-Esteve 1979:29). MNHN 6969 erroneously recorded as holotype by Cogger et al. (1983:61) and Georges & Thomson (2010:15). According to Bour (in Cann 1998:55) and Cann & Sadlier (2017:18), this is a substitute name for C. longicollis and therefore the holotype is BMNH 1947.3.5.86, and the MNHN specimens are not types. Chelodina sulcifera Gray 1856:59 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.87 (formerly 1851.4.24. 27; Cogger et al. 1983:61); illustrated in the original description, reproduced in Cann (1998:54); photographed in Goode (1967:29), Cann (1998:54), and Cann & Sadlier (2017:20). Chelodina sulcata Gray 1856:201 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.87 (formerly 1851.4.24. 27); see annotation for C. sulcifera Chelodina mccordi Rhodin 1994:4 Holotype: MCZ 176730 (photographed in the original description); paratypes (3), MCZ 17631 (sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. 2019), 17632 (photographed in the original description), and RMNH 10187 (illustrated in the original description). Chelodina mccordi roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, & Hagen 2007:59 Holotype: AMNH 160132 (photographed in the original description (p. 59); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. 2019); paratype (1), AMNH 160134. Chelodina mcccordi timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, & Hagen 2007:54 Holotype: AMNH 160135 (photographed in the original description, p. 54; sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. 2019); paratypes (2), two live specimens in McCord’s private collection (tissues deposited in the AMNH). Chelodina mccordi timorlestensis Kuchling, Rhodin, Ibarrondo, & Trainor 2007:213 Holotype: WAM 165888 (photographed in the original description, p. 214, Fig. 1; photographed in Ellis & Georges 2015:56; sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. 2019); no paratypes designated. Chelodina novaeguineae Boulenger 1888:450 Syntypes (2; Cogger et al. 1983:61): MSNG C.E. 8407 (Capocaccia 1961:86) and BMNH 1946.1.22.36 (formerly 1888.5.21.7; figured in Boulenger, 1889; plates V–VI, and reproduced in Cann 1998:61; photographed in Goode 1967:32). BMNH 1946.1.22.36 designated lectotype by Wells & Wellington (1985:8; photographed in Rhodin 1994:13); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019). Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841:446 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.5.89 (Cogger et al. 1983:61; formerly 1840.12.9.81; illustrated in the original description and reproduced in Goode 1967:43, Cann 1998:75, Cann & Sadlier 2017:53, and Shea et al. 2020:423; and photographed in Thomson 2000:746, Cann 1998:78, Cann & Sadlier 2017:52, Shea et al. 2020:422, and Smales 2021:548, 555–556, 562–565, 568; sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. 2019); and OUM 02584 (photographed in Shea et al. 2020:427 and Smales 2021:549). BMNH 1947.3.5.89 designated lectotype by Shea et al. (2020:427). BMNH 1947.3.5.91 (the lectotype of Chelodina TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 5 colliei) erroneously (Kuchling 2010; Kehlmaier et al. 2019:6) selected as neotype for C. oblonga by McCord & Joseph-Ouni (2007:56). Chelodina colliei Gray 1856:200 Syntypes (3): BMNH 1946.1.22.5 and 1947.3.5.9091 (Cogger 1983:61; latter two photographed in Smales 2021:552); BMNH 1947.3.5.91 (formerly 1852.11.12.2) designated lectotype by Thomson (2000:747); photographed in Cann (1998:76) and Cann & Sadlier (2017:113) and erroneously (Kuchling 2010; Kehlmaier et al. 2019:6) selected as neotype for C. oblonga by McCord & Joseph-Ouni (2007:56). Chelodina parkeri Rhodin & Mittermeier 1976:477 Holotype: AMS 21425 (Cogger 1979:181; Shea & Sadlier 1999:17); paratypes (13), AMS 21159, 21353, 21423-24, and 21434 (Cogger 1979:181; Shea & Sadlier 1999:17); MCZ 119722-23, 129897 (photographed in the original description, p. 474, Fig. 13), 134400-02, and 134464-65. Chelodina pritchardi Rhodin 1994:4 Holotype: MCZ 173543 (photographed in the original description, p. 5, Figs. 1–2, and in Rhodin 1994: Fig. 1 and Rhodin & Genorupa 2000:Fig 7); syntypes (2), AMNH 139735; and MCZ 175813 (formerly PCHP 1343). Chelodina reimanni Philippen & Grossmann 1990:96 Holotype: MTD 29178 (photographed in the original description, p. 97–99, Figs. 1–5; sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. 2019); paratypes (7), MTD 29241-43; USNM 292528-31 (Reynolds et al. 2007:8). Note that the USNM numbers in the original description (1167-1170) were incorrect (Reynolds et al. 2007:8). Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890:56 Holotype: AMS 6256 (Cogger 1979:181 and Cogger et al. 1983:61; Shea & Sadlier 1999:17); illustration in the original description (Pl. 7) reproduced in Goode 1967:46; photographed in Cann 1998:90 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:79). Chelodina siebenrocki Werner 1901:602 Holotype: ZMB 36221 (formerly 16491); photographed in the original description (Pl. 5), reproduced in Rhodin & Mittermeier (1976:466) and Goode (1967:36 and 45), and Cann (1998:91); believed lost until rediscovered by Fritz et al. (1994:158–159, and photographed therein, p. 159, Fig. 1); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019). Chelodina intergularis Fry 1915:88 Holotype: AMS 6255 (Cogger 1979:180, and Cogger et al. 1983:61; Shea & Sadlier 1999:17; photograph in the original description (Pl. IV) reproduced in Goode 1967:46). Macrochelodina billabong Wells & Wellington 1985:9. Holotype: AMS 72933 (photographed in Cann & Sadlier 2017:53); no paratypes designated. Chelodina steindachneri Siebenrock 1914:386 Syntypes (3): NMW 19796-98 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:7; Tiedemann et al. 1994:11); NMW 19798 erroneously listed as “holotype” by Cogger et al. (1983:62), Cann (1998:71; photographed therein), and Cann & Sadlier (2017:42; photographed therein); original illustration (Pls. 25–27) reproduced in Goode (1967:35), Cann (1998:69), and Cann & Sadlier (2017:43). Chelodina millymillyensis Glauert 1923:54 Holotype: Not designated, but Anon. (1963) reported WAM 1000 as the holotype; however, four syntypes are available (WAM 911, 912, 1000, and 1106). WAM 1000 designated lectotype (and other three as paralectotypes) by Cogger et al. (1983:62; including photograph of lectotype), and photographed in Ellis & Georges (2015:56). WAM 1106 is missing according to Ellis & Georges (2015:56). Chelodina walloyarrina McCord & Joseph-Ouni 2007:59 Holotype: WAM R164345 (photographed in the original description, p. 59, in Ellis & Georges 2015:58, and in Cann & Sadlier 2017:68); paratypes (5), AMNH 159947 (photographed in the original description, p. 60); AMS 136058, 136063, and 136150; and WAM R164346 (photographed in the original description, p. 59–60). Chelus fimbriata (Schneider 1783:349) Holotype: Not located (see Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:352). Testudo terrestris Fermin 1765:51 Holotype: Not located (illustrated in the original description; Pl. XX). Testudo matamata Bruguière 1792:257 Holotype: Not located (illustrated in the original description; Pl. 13). Testudo bispinosa Ruiz de Xelva in Daudin 1801:94 Holotype: Not located; possibly MNHN. Chelys boulengeri Baur 1890:968 Holotype: Originally in the Clark University osteological collection. BMNH 1881.9.27.3 designated lectotype by Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2020:13), and illustrated in Boulenger (1889:208–209, Fig. 52–53). IVERSON 6 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Chelus orinocoensis Vargas-Ramírez, Caballero, Morales-Betancourt, Lasso, Amaya, Martínez, Neves Silva Viana, Vogt, Farias, Hrbek, Campbell, & Fritz 2020:13 Holotype: IAVH R8755; paratypes (9), IAVH R8746, R8754, R8756, R8768, R9074, R9076-78, and R9080. Elseya albagula Thomson, Georges, & Limpus 2006:75 Holotype: QM J81785 (photographed in the original description, p. 76, Fig. 2, and in Cann & Sadlier 2017:153 and Joseph-Ouni et al. 2020:Pl. 14b); paratypes (4), QM J28449 (photographed in the original description, p. 76, Fig. 2), 36041, 36044, and 37933. Elseya branderhorsti Ouwens 1914:31 Holotype: MZB, originally a live specimen, either nonexistent or lost (Georges & Thomson 2010:20; Thomson et al. 2015). PNGM 25201 designated neotype by Thomson et al. (2015:63, and photographed therein). Elseya dentata (Gray1863:98) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.6.2 (formerly 1857.10.24.72) and 1947.3.6.3 (formerly 1857.10.24.73)(Cogger et al. 1983:62; both types photographed in Goode 1967:56, Cann 1998:183, and Cann & Sadlier 2017:124). BMNH 1947.3.6.3 designated as lectotype by Wells & Wellington (1985:12); however, Thomson et al. (2015:62) subsequently mistakenly designated BMNH 1947.3.6.2 as lectotype. Elseya intermedia Gray 1872:23 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.14 (Cogger et al. 1983:62; photographed in Cann 1998:183 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:124); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019). Elseya flaviventralis Thomson & Georges 2016:20 Holotype: NTM 13512 (photograph in the original description); paratype (1), NTM 13985 (photographed in the original description). Elseya jukesi Wells 2007:5 Holotype: NTM 13985 (photographed in Cann & Sadlier 2017:139). Elseya irwini Cann 1997:36 Holotype: QM J59431 (photographed in the original description, p. 36, and in Cann 1998:195, Cann & Sadlier 2017:162), and Joseph-Ouni et al. 2020: Pl. 14b); paratype (1), QM J59021. Elseya stirlingi Wells & Wellington 1985:9. Holotype: AMS 66648 (reregistered as 93048; Shea & Sadlier 1999:54; photographed in Cann & Sadlier 2017:173); no paratypes designated. Wells (2007) erroneously nominated AMS J48059 as a new holotype for the species (photographed in Cann & Sadlier 2017:173 and Joseph-Ouni et al. 2020: Pl. 14b). Elseya lavarackorum White & Archer 1994:159 Holotype: QM F24121 (illustrated in the original description, Figs. 1–4); photographed in Cann & Sadlier (2017:144) and Joseph-Ouni et al. (2020:10, Pl. 1a, 1b, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7, 8a, 8b, 9); no paratypes designated. Elseya oneiros Joseph-Ouni, McCord, Cann, Smales, Freeman, Sadlier, Couper, White, & Amey 2020:32 Holotype: QM J47908 (photographed in the original description, Pl. 10, 14b); paratypes (2), QM J47908 (photographed in the original description, Pl. 11a, 14c) and J31946 (photographed in the original description, Pl. 11b, 14c). Elseya novaeguineae (Meyer 1874:128) Holotype: MTD D8222, according to Obst (1976:43 and Obst 1977:182) and Thomson et al. (2015:67– 68; including photograph); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019); listed as MTD 47 by Schüz (1929:5). Goode’s (1967:62–63) speculation that MSNG CE8605 was a syntype (see also Boulenger 1888) is in error (Obst 1976). Elseya caelata Joseph-Ouni & McCord 2019:21 Holotype: AMNH 178715; paratype (1), AMNH 178716; both types photographed in the original description (Pl. 1–2). Elseya caelata ayamura Joseph-Ouni & McCord 2019:28 Holotype: AMNH 178717; paratype (1), AMNH 178718; both types photographed in the original description (Pl. 7). Elseya rhodini Thomson, Amepou, Anamiato, & Georges 2015:69 Holotype: PNGM R25204 (photographed in the original description, p. 70, Fig. 8); paratype (1), PNGM R25203. Elseya schultzei (Vogt 1911:410) Holotype: ZMB 22182 (Fritz et al. 1994:159; illustrated in Goode 1967:64; photographed in Thomson et al. 2015:67–68). Elseya orestiad Joseph-Ouni & McCord 2019:43 Holotype: AMNH 178719; paratype (2), AMNH 178720-21; all types photographed in the original description (Pl. 1). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 7 Elusor macrurus Cann & Legler 1994:83 Holotype: QM J51275 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:17; photographed in the original description, p. 81, Fig. 2, and in Cann 1998:249 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:247); paratypes (6), AMS 134981-82, 138839-42 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18); and QM J51274 (photographed in the original description, p. 83, Fig. 2, and in Cann 1998:249 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:247). A male and a female paratype (Museum number not recorded) were photographed when alive (Cann 1988:252-253). Emydura gunaleni Smales, McCord, Cann, & JosephOuni 2019:24 Holotype: AMNH 178722 (photographed in the original description, Pl. 46); paratype (1), AMNH 178723. Emydura macquarii (Gray 1830:15) Holotype: MNHN 9409 (Cogger et al. 1983:63; photographed in Cann 1998:101 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:272). Hydraspis australis Gray 1841:445 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.36 (formerly 1840.12.9. 52; Cogger et al. 1983:63); photographed in Goode (1967:82), Cann (1998:165–66), and Cann & Sadlier (2017:341); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019). Euchelymys sulcifera Gray 1871:118 Syntypes (3): BMNH 1947.3.5.97-99 (formerly 1858.12.8.6, 1846.5.23.4, and 1856.12.3.8); BMNH 1947.3.5.97 designated lectotype by Cogger et al. (1983:63) and photographed in Cann (1998:104). Emydura signata Ahl 1932:127 Holotype: ZMB 34102 (Cogger et al. 1983:63; Fritz et al. 1994:160). ZMB 34103 listed as “syntype” (= paratype) and both ZMB 34102 and 34103 photographed in Goode et al. (1967:60), Cann (1998:107–08), and Cann & Sadlier (2017:282). Chelymys cooki Wells & Wellington 1985:8. Holotype: AMS 44816 (photographed in Cann & Sadlier 2017:297); no paratypes designated. Chelymys johncanni Wells & Wellington 1985:8. Holotype: AZM 101; no paratypes designated. Emydura macquarii binjing Cann 1998:116 Holotype: AMS 59558 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18; photographed in the original description, p. 116, and in Cann & Sadlier 2017:291); paratypes (6), AMS 59556, 59559, 59570, and 59574; and QM 59428 (formerly AMS 59573) and 59427 (formerly AMS 59578)(Shea & Sadlier 1999:18; listed as QM J58417-18 by Cann & Sadlier 2017:290). Emydura macquarii dharra Cann 1998:120 Holotype: AMS 59553 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18; photographed in the original description, p. 120, and Cann & Sadlier 2017:297); paratypes (6), AMS 59538-39, 59544, and 143554; and QM J59429 (formerly AMS 59545) and J59426 (formerly AMS 59549)(Shea & Sadlier 1999:18; listed as QM J58417 and 58420 by Cann & Sadlier 2017:296). Emydura macquarii gunabarra Cann 1998:123 Holotype: AMS 143596 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18; photographed in the original description, p. 123, and Cann & Sadlier 2017:302); paratypes (3), AMS 143555, 143557 and 143597 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18). Emydura macquarii dharuk Cann 1998:126 Holotype: AMS 143598 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18; photographed in the original description, p. 127, and Cann & Sadlier 2017:308); paratypes (2), AMS 143556 (not 143557 as in the original description, or 143597 as in Cann & Sadlier 2017:309) and 143599 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18). Chelymys windorah Wells & Wellington 1985:8. Holotype: AZM 104; no paratypes designated. Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord, & JosephOuni in McCord, Cann, & Joseph-Ouni 2003:60 Holotype: QM J51255 (photographed in the original description, p. 61, and in Cann & Sadlier 2017:323); paratypes (4), QM J72280, J3533839, and J545414. Emydura macquarii krefftii (Gray 1871:366) Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.6.1 (formerly 1871.9.25.1; Cogger et al. 1983:63; photographed in Goode 1967:73, Cann 1998:132, and Cann & Sadlier 2017:314). Chelymys victoriae marmorata Gray 1872:506 Holotype: BMNH 1871.9.25.5 (Cogger et al. 1983:63). Chelymys victoriae sulcata Gray 1872:506 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1871.9.25.3-4 (Cogger et al. 1983:63; Georges & Thomson 2010:25). Emydura macquarii nigra McCord, Cann, & JosephOuni 2003:59 Holotype: QM J48008 (photographed in the original description, p. 63, and Cann & Sadlier 2017:330); paratypes (4), QM J47989, J47991-92, and J48000. Tropicochelymys insularis Wells & Wellington 1985:9. Holotype: AZM 102; no paratypes designated. IVERSON 8 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Emydura subglobosa (Krefft 1876:390) Holotype: MSNG CE 2320 (Ogilby 1905; Capocaccia 1961:87; Cogger et al. 1983:63; photographed in Goode 1967:73, Cann 1998:141, Cann & Sadlier 2017:382, and Smales et al. 2019:42, Pl. 1); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019). Emydura albertisii Boulenger 1888:449 Syntypes (2): MSNG CE 8430 and 8431 (Capocaccia 1961:87; Cogger et al. 1983:63); CE 8430 photographed in Goode 1967:77; reproduced in Smales et al. 2019:43, Pl. 2, but mistakenly listed as CE 8431). Smales et al. (2019) also reported that both syntypes were apparently lost in flooding of the MSNG in 1970. Tropicochelymys goodei Wells & Wellington 1985:9. Holotype: AMS unnumbered; no paratypes designated. Emydura subglobosa angkibaanya Joseph-Ouni, McCord, Smales, & Freeman 2019:55 Holotype: AMS 37669; paratypes (2), AMS 37666 and 37668 (all types photographed in the original description, Pl. 1). Emydura subglobosa worrelli (Wells & Wellington 1985:9) Holotype: AMS 53689 (photographed in Cann 1998:176 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:374); no paratypes designated. Tropicochelymys leichhardti Wells & Wellington 1985:9. Holotype: AZM 103; no paratypes designated. Emydura tanybaraga Cann 1997:24 Holotype: AMS 125498 (listed as both holotype and paratype in the original description; Shea & Sadlier 1999:18; photographed in the original description and in Cann 1998:169 and Cann & Sadlier 2017:365); paratypes (6), AMS 3172324, 125492, 125499, 128999 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:18); and NTM 20416 (Horner 1999:57). Emydura victoriae (Gray 1842:55) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.5.95 (formerly 1846.5.23.3) and 1947.3.5.96 (formerly 1841.10.12.2)(Cogger et al. 1983:63); both sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019). BMNH 1947.3.5.95 photographed in Goode (1967:82) and Cann & Sadlier (2017:355); possibly illustrated in Gray (1872, Pl. XXVII and Fig. 2); and erroneously designated as lectotype by Wells & Wellington (1985:9); however, that specimen is an Emydura macquarii (Iverson et al. 2001:366; Kehlmaier et al. 2019). BMNH 1947.3.5.96 photographed in Cann (1998:159) and Cann & Sadlier (2017:354). Hydromedusa maximiliani (Mikan 1820:unpaginated table) Holotype: NMW 23391 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:7; Tiedemann et al. 1994:12). Chelodina flavilabris Duméril & Bibron 1835:446 Holotype: MNHN 9411. Hydromedusa subdepressa Gray 1854:134 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.57 (formerly 1849.11.7. 29); same type as Hydromedusa depressa. Hydromedusa depressa Gray 1856:60 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.57 (formerly 1849.11.7. 29); same type as Hydromedusa subdepressa. Hydromedusa bankae Giebel 1866b:19 Holotype: Not located; possibly MLUH; illustrated in original description (Pl. IV). Hydromedusa tectifera Cope 1869:147 Holotype: Not located; possibly USNM or ANSP, apparently lost. Hydromedusa platanensis Gray 1873:302 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.85 (formerly 1854.8.16. 11; listed as 1859.5.16.11 by Gray 1873:64). Hydromedusa wagleri Günther 1884:423 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.84 (formerly 1848.2.3.3). Mesoclemmys dahli Zangerl & Medem 1958:376 Holotype: FMNH 75980 (Marx 1976:67); paratypes (3), FMNH 81991-93. Mesoclemmys gibba (Schweigger 1812:299) Holotype: MNHN 8756; illustrated in Duméril & Bibron (1835), reproduced in Bour (2005d:26), Oppel (1811:Pl. 31–32), and Bour & Schmidtler (2014:36); photographed in Bour (2005d:24–25) and Bour & Schmidtler 2014:36). Mistakenly listed as MNHN 8356 by Bour (2005d) and Ceríaco & Bour (2012). Emys stenops Spix 1824:12 Holotype: ZSM 2454/0 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. IX, Figs. 3–4; Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:351; Franzen & Glaw 2007:205; photographed in Bour 2005d:25). Platemys miliusii Duméril & Bibron 1835:431 Holotype: MNHN 8755 (Bour 2005d:27–28, photographed therein, though mistakenly listed as MNHN 8355). Hydraspis gordoni Gray 1868:563 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.18 (formerly 1881.69. 2.1; figured in the original description (Pl. XLII) and in Ettmar 2019:10 and Bour 2005d:28). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 9 Hydraspis bicolor Gray 1873:304 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.86 (formerly 1872.10.16.80); see Bour (2005d) who mistakenly listed it as 1946.2.22.86. Mesoclemmys nasuta (Schweigger 1812:298) Holotype: MNHN 4140 (Ceríaco & Bour 2012:19); illustrated by Oppel (1811: Pl. 19–20; reproduced by Bour & Schmidtler 2014:26), Lescure & Fretey (1976; reproduced in Bour 2007d:30), and Ettmar (2019:93); photographed in Bour & Pauler (1987:21), Bour (2007d:29), and Bour & Schmidtler (2014:26). Emys barbatula Gravenhorst 1829:15 Holotype: MNHW (Bour & Pauler 1987:6); figured in the original description (Pl. V, Fig. III, IV) and reprinted in Ettmar (2019:10); apparently destroyed in World War II. Platemys schweiggeri Duméril & Bibron 1835:435 Holotype: MNHN 4140 (Bour 2007d:29; Ceríaco & Bour 2012:19). Mesoclemmys perplexa Bour & Zaher 2005:298 Holotype: MZUSP 4111; photographed in the original description (p. 299, Fig. 3) and in Ettmar (2019:13); paratypes (2), MZUSP 4086 and 4112 (photographed in the original description). Mesoclemmys raniceps (Gray 1856:55) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1988.80 and BMNH 1947.3.5.92 (formerly 1851.8.12.1); BMNH 1947.3.5.92 designated lectotype by Bour & Pauler (1987:8), after Boulenger (1889:219); figured in Gray (1856:Pl. XXIII); figure reproduced in Bour & Pauler (1987:21) and Ettmar (2019:11). Batrachemys heliostemma McCord, Joseph-Ouni, & Lamar 2001:734 Holotype: USNM 541895 (Reynolds et al. 2007:8; photographed in the original description, p. 735, Fig. 6); paratypes (3), BMNH 1904.7.26.1; RMNH 31998-99 (31998 photographed in the original description, p. 735, Fig. 6, and Cunha et al. 2019:205; both RMNH paratypes photographed in Grünewald 2009a:17–20). Batrachemys jurutiensis Cunha, Sampaio, Carneiro & Vogt 2021:156 Holotype: INPA-H41283 (photographed in original description, p. 159, Fig. 5; paratypes (6), INPAH41284-86 (last two photographed in the original description, Fig. 5), H-41379, H41381, and one live specimen to be deposited on death in INPA. The original description failed to diagnose morphological or genetic differences between this taxon and M. raniceps and is therefore here synonymized. Mesoclemmys wermuthi (Mertens 1969:132) Holotype: SMF 66246 (photographed in Mertens 1970:18); paratype (1), SMF 66247 (photographed in Bour & Pauler 1987:21). Hydraspis maculata Gray 1873:305 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.14 (formerly 1866.8.14. 233; Bour & Pauler 1987:6); photographed in Rivas et al. (2015:106), Ettmar (2019:7), and Cunha et al. (2019:196). Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Luederwaldt 1926:428, 437, 445) Syntypes (2): MZUSP 43 and 81; MZUSP 43 designated lectotype by Bour & Pauler (1987:9), since MZUSP 81 is apparently lost. Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour 1973:184) Holotype: MNHN 1977.50; photographed in the original description (Pl. 1), in Bour & Pauler (1987:22), and in Vinke et al. (2013:22, Fig. 1). No paratypes designated. Phrynops schöpfii Diesing 1840:237 (nomen nudum) Holotype: NMW 15762 (see Bour & Pauler 1983:10). Phrynops paraguayensis Vanzolini in Donoso-Barros 1965:13 (nomen nudum) Holotype: Not located. Mesoclemmys zuliae Pritchard & Trebbau 1984:135 Holotype: UF 53439 (photographed in the original description, Pl. 33); paratypes (2), UF 51340 and 53440. Myuchelys bellii (Gray 1844:41) Holotype: OUM 8460 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:17); photographed in Cann (1998:209) and Cann & Sadlier (2017:221–222); sampled genetically by Kehlmaier et al. (2019); no paratypes designated. Myuchelys georgesi Cann 1997:18 Holotype: AMS 31721 (Shea & Sadlier 1999:17); photographed in Cann (1998:221 and Cann & Sadlier (2017:215); paratypes (4), AMS 31719 and 143552, and QM 59430 (formerly AMS 31720) and 59425 (formerly AMS 31722); Shea & Sadlier (1999:17). Myuchelys latisternum (Gray 1867:44) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1867.5.13.19-20; photographed in Goode 1967:60 and reproduced in Cann & Sadlier 2017:191; also photographed in Smales et al. 2019:704–705). BMNH 1947.3.4.13 (formerly 1871.12.27.1) erroneously considered as holotype by Goode (1967:60), Cogger et al. (1983:62), Cann (1998:199), and others; photographed in Goode (1967:58), Cann (1998:199), and Smales et al. (2019:699). The confusing history of the IVERSON 16 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Testudo marina Garrault 1764:Pl. 675 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. 675). Testudo cephalo Schneider 1783:303 Holotype: Not designated (Cogger et al. 1983:67; Dodd 1990:1). Testudo caouana Lacepède 1788:95 Holotype: Not located, possibly MNHN. Testudo nasicornis Lacepède 1788:103 Holotype: Not designated (Cogger et al. 1983:67; Dodd 1990:1); see discussion in TTWG (2009, comment 9.7). Testudo caouana Bonnaterre 1789:20 Holotype: Not located, possibly MNHN. Testudo gigas Walbaum in Donndorff 1798:35 Holotype: Not located. Caretta nasuta Rafinesque 1814:66 Holotype: Not designated (Dodd 1990:1). Nomen novum according to Cogger (1983:67), not an original description. Caretta atra Merrem 1820:17 Holotype: Not designated (Dodd 1990:1); see discussion in TTWG (2009, comment 9.7). Chelonia radiata Cuvier 1829:14 Holotype: Not located; MNHN according to Smith & Smith (1980:285); illustrated in Schoepff (1793: Pl. XVIb) according to Cuvier (1829) and Cogger et al. (1983:72). Chelonia pelasgorum Valenciennes in Bory de SaintVincent 1833: Pl. 6 Holotype: Not designated (Dodd 1990:1); however, MNHN 7907 is figured in Pl. 6 of the original description. Caouana elongata Gray 1844:53 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.41 (Cogger et al. 1983:63). Thalassochelys corticata Girard 1858:431 Holotype: USNM 7778 (Cochran 1961:235; Reynolds et al. 2007:10). Caretta gigas Deraniyagala 1933:66 Syntypes (uncertain): Not originally designated, but BMNH 1946.1.22.64 and 1947.3.5.76 according to Smith & Smith (1980:307) and Cogger et al. (1983:68), both being parts of the same specimen, and formerly 1934.5.1.1 according to Das (2009:5 who believed that the illustration in the original description (Pl. V) should be considered a syntype). Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus 1758:197) Syntypes (at least 3): UPSZTY (NRM) 19, 26, and 231 (Thunberg 1828:49); not UUZM 20 as stated by Stuart (1963:53), Cogger et al. (1983:69), and Smith & Smith (1980:269), which is a syntype of Psammobates geometricus but actually Geochelone elegans (Wallin 1977:7778; 2001:126); UUZM 231 pictured in Wallin (1985:126). Bauer et al. (2013:312) reported an additional unnumbered syntype in the Museum of Palazzo Poggi, Bologna, Italy. NRM 5000, and 6880-82 are also possible syntypes according to Anders Rhodin (pers. comm.). Each of the confirmed, extant syntypes is identifiable as Caretta caretta sensu Boulenger (1889; Wallin 1985:121 and Wallin 2001:126), potentially creating a nomenclatural problem. However, Wallin (1985:122) believed that the concept of this species presented in Linnaeus (1754), with reference material in the Stockholm Museum of Natural History, is the correct one (i.e., that of Boulenger, 1889 and subsequent authors), and that this validates Linnaeus’ formal description in 1758. The ICZN will have to settle this complex problem. See also TTWG 2021:376, and Comment under Caretta caretta. Testudo viridis Schneider 1783:299 Holotype: Not designated (according to Hirth 1980:1), but illustrated in the original description (Pl. opp. p. 364). Testudo japonica Thunberg 1787:178 Holotype: Not designated (according to Hirth 1980:1), but illustrated in the original description (Pl. VII, Fig. 1) and listed by Thunberg (1828:49) in the UUZM; apparently lost since not listed by Wallin (2001), but possibly in the NRM (Cogger et al. 1983:70). Testudo marina vulgaris Lacepède 1788:54 Holotype: Not designated (according to Hirth 1980:1), but illustrated in the original description (opp. p. 54), possibly in the MNHN. Testudo viridisquamosa Lacepède 1788:92 Holotype: Not designated (according to Hirth 1980:1), but possibly in the MNHN. Testudo viridisquamosa Bonnaterre 1789:20 Holotype: Not located, but possibly in the MNHN. Testudo macropus Gmelin 1789:1038 Holotype: Not located, but illustrated in Edwards (1751:Pl. 206, top) and Seligmann (1764:Pl. C1, top) Testudo chloronotus Bechstein 1800:107 Holotype: Not located. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 17 Testudo rugosa Daudin 1801:37 Holotype: Not designated (according to Hirth 1980:1); but possibly in the MNHN according to Cogger et al. (1983:70). Testudo cepediana Daudin 1801:50 Holotype: Not designated (according to Hirth 1980:1), but figured in the original description (Pl. XVII, Fig. 1). Chelonia virgata Schweigger 1812:291 Syntypes (6): MNHN 7900, 7914, 7915, 8014, 9376, and 9539 (Ceríaco & Bour 2012:19). Caretta cepedii Merrem 1820:18 Holotype: Not designated (Hirth 1980:1). Caretta esculenta Merrem 1820:18 Holotype: Not designated (Hirth 1980:1). Chelonia castanea Eschscholtz 1829:11 Syntypes (3): Originally in the MZT, but transferred to the ZMMU, and now lost (Flores-Villela 2016:158). Chelonia grisea Eschscholtz 1829:13 Holotype: Originally in the MZT, but transferred to the ZMMU, and now lost (Flores-Villela 2016:158). Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier 1829:13 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN (Hirth 1980:1). Chelonia maculosa Cuvier 1829:13 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN (Hirth 1980:1). Chelonia bicarinata Lesson 1831:301 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN (Hirth 1980:1). Chelonia marmorata Duméril & Bibron 1835:546 Syntypes (2): MNHN 7878 (Hirth 1980:1) and 9535 (listed as type in MNHN catalog; see Cogger et al. 1983:70). Chelonia formosa Girard 1858:456 Holotype: USNM 257183 (formerly USNM Osteo 12386; Cochran 1961:228; Reynolds et al. 2007:10). Chelonia tenius Girard 1858:459 Holotype: USNM 257184 (formerly USNM Osteo 12390; Cochran 1961:228; Reynolds et al. 2007:10). Chelonia albiventer Nardo 1864:1420 Holotype: MSNVE unnumbered (Hirth 1980:1). Chelonia agassizii Bocourt, 1868:122 Holotype: MNHN 9537 (photographed in Bour 2006b:20), illustrated in Duméril & Bocourt (1870:Pl. VI), and reproduced in Bour (2006b:19). Stuart (1963:50) erroneously listed MNHN 1871 and 1872 as syntypes (repeated by Cogger et al. 1983:70, and King & Burke 1989:19), and reported them missing. P.H. Dutton (in Bour 2006b:20) took tissues samples from the holotype for genetic analysis. Chelonia maculata Lidth de Jeude in Gray 1873:94 Holotype: BMNH 1867.4.2.186. Chelonia picta Lidth de Jeude in Gray 1873:95 Holotype: BMNH 1866.8.14.236. Chelonia lata Philippi 1887:84 Syntypes (3): MNHNC unnumbered, apparently lost (Ortiz & Nuñez 1986); MNHNC 100201 erroneously listed as holotype by Hirth (1980:1). Chelonia mydas carrinegra Caldwell 1962:4 Holotype: LACM 1696 (Cogger et al. 1983:71); paratypes (4), LACM 1697, 1690, and 1700; UF 16789 (Gilbert 1974:117). Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus 1766:350) Holotype: UPSZTY (formerly UUZM) 130, according to Smith & Smith (1980:280) and Cogger et al. (1983:72) with hesitancy, although Wallin (1985:128) indicated that no type material still exists. However, Wallin (1985:128; 2001:126) demonstrated that Linnaeus’ concept of Testudo imbricata was confused with Testudo (now Caretta) caretta and perhaps Testudo (now Chelonia) mydas; UPSZTY 130 is a Chelonia mydas (Wallin 2001:126). Testudo nasicornis Bonnaterre 1789:21 Holotype: Not located (Cogger et al. 1983:72), but illustrated in the original description (Pl. 13, Fig. 3), and illustration designated holotype by TTWG (2009:341, comment 9.7). Chelonia pseudomydas Lesson 1831:299 Holotype: Not designated (Cogger et al. 1983:72), possibly MNHN. Chelonia pseudocaretta Lesson 1831:302 Holotype: Not designated (Cogger et al. 1983:72), possibly MNHN. Caretta bissa (Ruppell 1835:4) Syntypes (at least 2): SMF 3183 (Mertens 1922:169) and 7886; SMF 7886 designated as lectotype by Mertens (1967:52). IVERSON 18 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Eretmochelys squamata Agassiz 1857:382 Syntypes (2): MCZ 1415-16; MCZ 1416 designated lectotype by Smith & Taylor (1950:17). Caretta squamosa Girard 1858:442 Holotype: Not located; presumably in the USNM, but not listed by Cochran (1961) or Reynolds et al. (2007). Caretta rostrata Girard 1858:446 Syntypes (2): USNM 257185 (formerly USNM Osteo 12387) and 257186 (formerly UNSM Osteo 12388)(Cochran 1961:228; Reynolds et al. 2007:10). Onychochelys kraussi Gray 1873:398 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.37 (formerly 1873.3.13.4) and 1947.3.5.43 (formerly 1873.3.13.3)(Cogger et al. 1983:72). Note that Gray (1873:93) reported only a single BMNH specimen of this taxon: 1873.3.13.2. Lepidochelys kempii (Garman 1880:123) Syntypes (2): MCZ 46538-39 (Barbour & Loveridge (1929:350). Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829:15) Syntypes (2): Originally in MZT according to Smith & Smith (1980:327), but later transferred to ZMMU, but now apparently lost (Flores-Villela et al. 2016:161). One syntype illustrated in the original description (Pl. III), and figure (Pl. III) reproduced in Flores-Villela et al. (2016:161). Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798:30 Holotype: Not designated (see Smith & Smith 1980:317 for synonymy). Chelonia multiscutata Kuhl 1820:78 Holotype: Not designated (Cogger et al. 1983:73). Chelonia dussumierii Duméril & Bibron 1835:557. Syntypes (2): MNHN 7908 and 8009. Caouna ruppellii Gray 1844:53 Holotype: BMNH unnumbered; now lost (Zug et al. 1998:1). Chelonia polyaspis Bleeker 1857:239 Holotype: BMNH 1863.12.4.119 (see Gray 1873:90). Cephalochelys oceanica Gray 1873:408 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.40 (formerly 1871.2.7.48; Gray 1873:91; Cogger et al. 1983:73). Thalassiochelys tarapacana Philippi 1887:85 Holotype: Not originally designated, but subsequently identified as MNHNC 1511 by Ortiz & Nuñez 1986:6). Thalassochelys controversa Philippi 1899:732 Syntypes (3): MNHNC 1512 and two others unlocated (Ortiz & Nuñez 1986:6). MNHNC 1512 designated lectotype by Ortiz & Nuñez (1986:6). Caretta remivaga Hay 1908:194 Holotype: USNM 243393 (formerly USNM Osteo 9973; Cochran 1961:227; Reynolds et al. 2007:9); paratype (1), USNM 220820 (formerly USNM Osteo 29354; Reynolds et al. 2007:9). Natator depressa (Garman 1880:124) Syntypes (2): MCZ 1413 (“Penang”) and 4473 (“North Australia”) fide Barbour & Loveridge (1929:240); MCZ 1413 identified as Chelonia mydas by Barbour (1914:205); MCZ 4473 designated lectotype by Loveridge (1934:261). Natator tessellatus McCulloch 1908:127 Holotype: AMS 4158, but lost (Cogger 1979:180; Shea & Sadlier 1999:17). CHELYDRIDAE Chelydra acutirostris Peters 1862:627 Holotype: ZMB 4500 (Medem 1977:46; Fritz et al. 1994:163; Bauer et al. 1995:51). Chelydra rossignoni (Bocourt 1868:121) Syntypes (2, according to Bocourt, 1868:122, but 3 according to Medem 1977:46 and Bour 2005b:33, erroneously; MNHN 1501, 1501A (all three photographed in Bour 2005b:33). MNHN 1501 and 1501A illustrated in Duméril & Bocourt (1870:Pl. 5; reproduced in Smith & Smith 1980:902 and Bour 2005b:33). MNHN 1230 erroneously designated lectotype by Stuart (1963:47), but it is not a type specimen. Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus 1758:199) Holotype: Originally in the NRM; lost according to Andersson (1900:4, 23; and others); however, UPSZTY 280 (formerly NRM 49 = UUZM 280) is the holotype (Wallin 2001:127). Chelydra lacertina Schweigger 1812:293 Holotype: MNHN 9580 (Gibbons et al. 1988:1); illustrated in Oppel (1811: Pl. 10–11), and reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:19), and in Wagler (1830b: Figs. 46–47; reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:19). Chelydra emarginata Agassiz 1857:417 Syntypes (number uncertain); presumably all once in the MCZ according to Gibbons et al. (1988:1): at least MCZ 1472 still present. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 19 Devisia mythodes Ogilby 1905:11 Holotype: QM J20207 (Covacevich 1971:54). Chelydra laticarinatat Hay 1916:72 Holotype: USNM (formerly FGS 7094), fossil; illustrated in Hay (1916:Pl. 6, Fig. 6–7). Chelydra sculpta t Hay 1916:73 Holotype: USNM (formerly FGS 5510), fossil; illustrated in Hay (1916:Pl. 4, Fig. 7 and Pl. 6, Fig. 8). Chelydra osceola Stejneger 1918:89 Holotype: USNM 10369; paratypes (7), USNM 28761, 29208, 30013, 55317, 60545-46, and 60557 (Cochran 1961:228–29; Reynolds et al. 2007:10–11). Macrochelys suwanniensis Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone, Enge, & Roman 2014:150 Holotype: UF 166146 (photographed in the original description, pp. 154–156, Figs. 10–12); paratypes (2), UF 12694 (photographed in the original description, p. 148, Fig. 5) and 22267. Macroclemys temminckii (Harlan 1835:158) Holotype: MNHN Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy No. A. 4540 (see Bour 1987b:340–43, wherein the skull is photographed, and Pritchard 1989:11– 12); however, RMNH 6166, a large stuffed specimen of Macroclemys, is labelled “type” in the catalog, and was apparently sent by Troost from “Tennessee” (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:4). Testudo planitia Gmelin 1789:1045 Holotype: Not located. Macrochelys apalachicolae Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone, Enge, & Roman 2014:151 Holotype: UF 3998 (photographed in the original description, pp. 157–158, Figs. 13–14); paratypes (2), UF 52676 and 152479. DERMATEMIDIDAE Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847:55 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.12 (Stuart 1963:47). Emys berardii Dumèril & Bibron in Dumèril & Dumèril 1851:11 Syntypes (2): MNHN 7835 and 9518. Dermatemys abnormis Cope 1868:120 Holotype: ANSP 61 (formerly USNM 6545; Malnate 1971:353; Reynolds et al. 2007:11). Dermatemys salvinii Gray 1870:50 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.96 (formerly 1864.2. 19.5); see Stuart (1963:46). Limnochelone micrura Werner 1901:298 Holotype: Presumably in the KZM, but not located (Iverson & Mittermeier 1980:2), and apparently lost during World War II. DERMOCHELYIDAE Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli 1761:2) Holotype: MZP unnumbered, identified as holotype by Fretey & Bour (1980:198); see also Rhodin & Smith (1982), Bour & Dubois (1984), and Smith & Rhodin (1986) Testudo arcuata Catesby 1771:40 Holotype: Not designated (Pritchard 1980:1). Testudo lyra Lacepède 1788:111 Holotype: Not located (Pritchard 1980:1); possibly in MNHN; type illustrated in the original description (opp. p. 111). Testudo lyra Bonnaterre 1789:22 Holotype: Not located (Pritchard 1980:1); possibly in MNHN; type illustrated in the original description (opp. p. 111). Testudo tuberculata Pennant in Schoepff 1801:123 Holotype: Not located (Pritchard 1980:1); type illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXVIII) and Pennant (1771:Pl. X, Fig. 4) Chelonia lutaria Rafinesque 1814:66 Holotype: Not designated (Pritchard 1980:1). Sphargis mercurialis Merrem 1820:19 Holotype: Not designated (Pritchard 1980:1). Dermatochelys porcata Wagler 1830:ExPl. Tab., Fig. 1 Holotype: Not designated. Testudo coriacea marina Ranzini 1832:3 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. IV). Sphargis coriacea schlegelii Garman 1884:303 Holotype: Not designated; erroneously based on Plates 1 and 2 of Siebold’s (1826) Fauna Japonica according to (Pritchard 1980:1); actually based on the specimen illustrated in Temminck & Schegel (1834:Pl. I to III), and Plate I was designated lectotype by TTWG (2021:102). IVERSON 20 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Sphargis angusta Philippi 1899:730 Holotype: MHNHC 1515 (Ortiz & Nuñez 1986:7; see also Pritchard 1980:1). GEOEMYDIDAE Batagar affinis (Cantor 1847:6) Syntypes (3): BMNH 1946.1.22.44 (formerly 1860.3.19.1416), 1947.3.4.31 (formerly 1860.3.19.1450), and 1946.1.22.47 (formerly 1869.3.19.1415; latter identified as Batagur borneoensis by Praschag et al. 2008:66); BMNH 1947.3.4.31 designated lectotype, photographed, and sampled genetically by Praschag et al. (2008:66); also sampled genetically by Praschag et al. (2009:59). Batagur siebenrockiit Jaekel 1911:76 Holotype: ZMB 199 (formerly Jaekel 1026); illustrated in the original description (Pl. XIV, Figs. 1a, 1b); lost during World War II (Karl 1987); ZMB (MB R3) designated neotype by Karl (1987:38). Batagar affinis edwardmolli Praschag, Halloway, Georges, Päckert, Hundsdörfer, & Fritz 2009:64 Holotype: NMW 38903; paratypes (2), FMNH 224093; and MTD 47358 (neither type illustrated to date). Batagur baska (Gray 1831:Pl. 75) Holotype: Not located; BMNH specimen illustrated in the original description (Pl. 75) and reproduced (and photographed) in Bour (2009c:31), but apparently lost. Emys batagur Gray 1830:9 Holotype: Not located; presumably in the BMNH but apparently lost. Trionyx (Tetraonyx) cuvieri Gray 1830:19 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN. Tetraonyx longicollis Lesson 1831:297 Holotype: MNHN 7967; illustrated in Lesson (1832: Pl. 7), and reproduced in Bour (2009c:31, 33), along with photographs of the holotype. Additional syntypes may exist according to Praschag et al. (2008:66). Tetraonyx lessonii Duméril & Bibron 1835:338 Syntypes: MNHN 7967, 9094 and 9095. Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979:181 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (p. 121:Figs. 75–76). Batagur borneoensis (Schlegel & Müller 1845:30) Syntypes (3 according to the original description but only two are locatable; Hoogmoed et al. 2010:7–8): RMNH 6210 and 3296. Batagur picta Gray 1862:204 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.19 (formerly 1956.9.19.21). Kachuga major Gray 1873:300 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.20 (formerly 1863.10.8.11). Kachuga brookei Bartlett 1895:29 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the SMK. Batagur dhongoka (Gray 1832:Plate 60) Holotype: Not located; presumably in the BMNH, but apparently lost; illustrated in the original description (Pl. 60). Emys duvaucelii Duméril & Bibron 1835:334 Holotype: MNHN 7987. Kachuga (Dongoka) hardwickii Gray 1869:202 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.59. Batagur durandit Lydekker 1885:192 Holotype: NHM(P) 39841 (Lydekker 1889:126). Batagur kachuga (Gray 1831:Plate 74) Holotype: Not located; presumably originally in the BMNH, since illustrated in the original description (Pl. 74; reproduced in Das 2009:14). Emys lineata Gray 1830:9 Holotype: Not located; BMNH, apparently lost. Batagur ellioti Gray 1862:264 Holotype: BNMH 1947.3.4.68 (formerly 1855.12.17.15). Kachuga fusca (part) Gray 1870:56 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.30 (formerly 1845.1.12.416) and 1947.3.4.60 (formerly 1867.9.28.2). Batagur bakerit Lydekker 1885:190 Holotype: NHM(P) 39835 (Lydekker 1889:124). Batagur trivittata (Duméril & Bibron 1835:331) Syntypes (2): MNHN 7889 and 7892. Kachuga (Batagurella) peguensis Gray 1869:200 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.86 (formerly 1868.5.11.10). Kachuga trilineata Gray 1869:200 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.85 (formerly 1867.9.28.4). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 21 Kachuga fusca (part) Gray 1870:56 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.30 (formerly 1845.1.12.416) and 1947.3.4.60 (formerly 1867.9.28.2). Batagur iravadica Anderson 1879:736 Syntypes (number uncertain): includes ZSI 743 (Das et al. 1998:126; Kundu et al. 2018:60, skull photographed therein, p. 62). Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802:309) Holotype: MNHN, according to Bourret (1941:149); although Bour (in Rummler & Fritz 1991:36) reported that the type was lost at sea before Daudin ever saw it. Testudo melanocephala Van-Ernest in Daudin 1801:128 Holotype: Not located; possibly originally in the MNHN, but apparently lost (Bour, pers. comm.). Emys melanogaster Bleeker in Gray 1864:12 Holotype: three specimens in the BMNH are registered as purchased from Bleeker (1863.12.4.48, 1863.12.4.121, and 1863.12.11.139), one of which is presumably the type; BMNH 1863.12.4.121 listed as this taxon by Gray (1873:21). Emys hypselonotus Bleeker in Gray 1864:12 Holotype: three specimens in the BMNH are registered as purchased from Bleeker (1863.12.4.48, 1863.12.4.121, and 1863.12.11.139), one of which is presumably the type; BMNH 1863.12.4.139 listed as this taxon by Gray (1873:22). Emys gastrotaenia Bleeker in Gray 1873:21 Holotype: three specimens in the BMNH are registered as purchased from Bleeker (1863.12.4.48, 1863.12.4.121, and 1863.12.11.139), one of which is presumably the type; BMNH 1863.12.4.48 listed as this taxon by Gray (1873:21). Cuora amboinensis couro (Lechenault in Schweigger 1812:315) Holotype: MNHN 7931 (Rummler & Fritz 1991:43, photographed therein, Figs. 6, 7, 10; Ceríaco & Bour 2012:19); illustrated in Oppel (1811: Pl. 21– 22; reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:27), and photographed in Bour & Schmidtler (2014:27). Terrapene bicolor Bell 1826:485 Syntypes (2): Not located; presumably originally in the OUM (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:6, 8); one illustrated in the original description (Pl. XVI). Emys (Cistuda) amboinensis leveriana Gray 1830:7 Holotype: Not located; presumably originally in the BMNH. Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler & Fritz 1991:39 Holotype: ZMH 277 (photographed in the original description, Figs. 6, 7, 10, 12; Hallerman 1998:211); paratypes (12), MNHN 2032:12; RMNH 14902:1-2; SMF 64641 and 68190; SMNS 5480, 5484:1-2, and 7493; and ZMH 276 and 278. Cuora amboinensis lineata McCord & Philippen 1998:54 Holotype: USNM 122189; paratypes (at least 46), ZMA 19223-24 (but never deposited there; Reynolds et al. 2007:22), two live specimens in Philippen’s private collection (intended for deposit in the MTDK) and 42 live specimens in the McCord’s private collection (intended for deposit in the UF or PCHP collections). Cuora aurocapitata Luo & Zong 1988:13 Holotype: SNHM 87/012 (photographed in the original description, p. 14); paratypes (2), SMNH 87/010-11. Cuora aurocapitata dabieshani Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, & Teidemann 2017:382 Holotype: NMW 32987:2 (photographed in the original description, p. 25). Cuora bourreti Obst & Reimann 1994:135 Holotype: MNHN 1948.37 (formerly VNUH = HNUV T-60; photographed in the original description, p. 128, Fig. 1b-c; Fritz et al. 2002, photographed therein, p. 70, Figs. 16–17); and Bour 2005a, photographed therein, p. 34, Figs. 1–2). Note that the holotype is also a paralectotype of Cuora galbinifrons. Cuora cyclornata Blanck, McCord & Le 2006:58 Holotype: ZFMK 71348 (photographed in the original description, p. 60, Fig. 30; and sampled genetically by Tiedemann et al. 2014 and in the original description, p. 60, Fig.30); paratypes (11), MHNT CHE 1992-11 (formerly LSN T69; sampled genetically); MTDK 30048, 43720; ZMUH C.52; and 7 live specimens in the authors’ collections (sampled genetically in the original description). Cuora cyclornata annamitica Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, & Teidemann 2017:378 Holotype: VUM R.Em.04 (photographed in the original description, Fig. 17). IVERSON 22 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Cuora cyclornata meieri Blanck, McCord, & Le 2006:73 Holotype: MHNT-CHE-1992-11 (Toulouse) (formerly LSN T-69)(photographed in the original description, p. 76, Fig. 42, and sampled genetically); paratypes (3), MTD 30048, and two live specimens in the authors’ collections (both sampled genetically). Cuora flavomarginata (Gray 1863:175) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.5.50 and 1947.3.5.68 (formerly 1863.2.23.8). Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensis Hsü 1930:1 Syntypes (2): MBLSSC 1174-75. Terrapene culturaliat Yeh 1961:59 Holotype: IVPP V.2520; illustrated in the original description (Pl. 1, Fig. 1). Cuora flavomarginata evelynae Ernst & Lovich 1990:31 Holotype: CAS 26113; paratypes (22), AMNH 50804 (photographed in original description, p. 28, Fig. 1); CAS 21026-29, 26102-12, 26801; MCZ 56064; USNM 34076-79 (Reynolds et al. 2007:22). Cuora galbinifrons Bourret 1939:11 Syntypes (4): Originally NUH T 54 (now MNHN 1948.36), 55, 59 (now in the MHN Toulouse), and 60 (now MNHN 1948.37); T-54 and T-59 illustrated in the original description (Pl. 2, Fig. 2), and reproduced by Obst & Reimann (1994: p. 128, Fig. 1a), Fritz et al. (2002:68), and Bour (2005a:35, Fig. 3). T-55, T-59 and T-60 illustrated in Bourret (1941:Pls. B, C, and X) and reproduced in Fritz et al. (2002:p. 68–69, Figs. 13–15). T54 and T-60 photographed in Obst & Reimann (1994:p. 128, Figs. 1b, c, and p. 129, Figs. 2a, b, respectively), and Fritz et al. 2002:70–71, Figs. 16–19); MNHN 1948.36 designated lectotype by Obst & Reimann (1994:129, 135); see also Bour (2005a:33, which included photographs of the lectotype, p. 34, Fig. 1–2). Note that the paralectotype MNHN T-60 is also the holotype of Cuora bourreti. Cyclemus flavomarginatus hainanensis Li 1958:234 Holotype: FU 200 (photographed in the original description, p. 234); allotype, CIB (formerly SBRI) 64III6110 (Koshikawa 1982:4). Cuora mccordi Ernst 1988:446 Holotype: USNM 281850; no paratypes were designated in the original description, but USNM 285129 was apparently among the specimens examined by Ernst (Reynolds et al. 2007:23). Cuora mouhotii (Gray 1862:157) Syntypes (7): BMNH 1947.3.4.27 (formerly 1862.8.18.13), 1947.3.4.48 (formerly 1860.2.12.8), 1947.3.4.49 (formerly 1862.8.18.16), 1947.3.4.64 (formerly 1862.8.18.12), 1947.3.4.65 (formerly 1862.8.18. unknown), 1947.3.4.66 (formerly 1862.8.18.15), and 1947.3.4.67 (formerly 1862.8.18.9). BMNH 1947.3.4.27 designated lectotype by Fritz et al. (1998:33), and discussed by Das 2009:2). Cuora mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas, & Lehr 1998:35 Holotype: MTD 31458 (photographed in the original description, p. 34, Fig. 1); paratypes (5), MTD 30992, 31855, 31856 and 40416; and NMW 33505. Cuora pani Song 1984:330 Holotype: SIZ 80170 (photographed in the original description; Figs. 1–2); paratype (1), SIZ 80171. Cuora chriskarannarum Ernst & McCord 1987:624 Holotype: USNM 266162; paratype (1), USNM 266163 (Reynolds et al. 2007:22). Cuora picturata Lehr, Fritz, & Obst 1998:7 Holotype: MTD 34565 (photographed in the original description, p. 6, Fig. 1); paratypes (22), MTD 31859-63, 33091, 33813, 34561-64, 34566-70, 34628, 35039, 35906, and 39856; and SMF 78371 (formerly MTD 34040). Cuora trifasciata (Bell 1825:305) Holotype: OUM 8557 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:14; illustrated in the original description, Pl. XIV suppl., illustration reproduced and type photographed in Blanck et al. 2006:32, Fig. 14; sampled genetically in Blanck et al. 2006 and Tiedemann et al. 2014). Cuora trifasciata luteocephala Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, & Tiedemann 2017:379 Holotype: CIB 64III5279 (photographed in the original description, Fig. 21); paratypes (43), AMNH 30126-30153; CIB 64III6083, 6532-6533, and 6845; FMNH 6614-6621; MCZ 20689; and MVZ 23932. Cuora yunnanensis (Boulenger, 1906:567) Syntypes (6, five photographed in Blanck 2005:11– 12, 17, 20, 21, 24): BMNH 1946.1.22.97 (formerly 1905.5.30.34), 1946.1.22.98 (formerly 1905.5.29.2), 1946.1.22.99 (formerly 1905.5.29.3) and 1946.1.23.1 (formerly 1905.5.29.4), 1946.1.23.2 (formerly 1905.5.29.5), and 1946.1.23.3 (formerly 1905.5.29.6; now SSTM/SNHM unnumbered, though not registered as such in the BMNH catalogue). BMNH 1946.1.22.97 designated as lectotype by Blanck et al. (2005:11). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 23 Cuora zhoui Zhao, 1990:213 in Zhao, Zhou, & Ye 1990:213 Holotype: NTM 9001 (genotyped by Tiedemann et al. 2014); paratypes (2), NTM 9002, and 9003. Cuora pallidicephala McCord & Iverson 1991:414 Holotype: UF 77230; paratype (1), UF 77253. Cyclemys atripons Iverson & McCord 1997:632 Holotype: USNM 81865 (Reynolds et al. 2007:23; photographed in Fritz et al. 2001:34; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008); paratypes (9), KU 47171 (formerly MCZ 29558), MCZ 29571-72, UF 105992-93; USNM 53423 (photographed in Fritz et al. 2001:35; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008 and Fritz et al. 2008), 53424, 79515, 94745 (Reynolds et al. 2007:23). USNM 94745 photographed in Fritz et al. (2008:380). Cyclemys dentata (Gray 1831:20, Errata) Emys dhor Gray 1830:8 Syntypes (at least 9): BMNH 1946.1.22.62 (formerly 1828.5.12.1) and 1946.1.22.63 (formerly 1828.5.12.2); OUM 8512-13, and 8867 (NowakKemp & Fritz 2010:11); and RMNH 6062, 6063, 6067, and 40474 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:8). BMNH 1946.1.22.62 designated lectotype by Fritz et al. (1997:188) and sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz (2008) and Fritz et al. (2008). Note that OUM 8512-8513 are also syntypes of Cyclemys orbiculata (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:11), and that RMNH 6062 has been identified as C. enigmatica (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:9). Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834:17 Syntypes (at least 5): BMNH 1946.1.22.62-63 (formerly 1828.5.12.1-2); and OUM 8512-13 (both illustrated by Bell 1836 [part 8], upper figure, Plate 3; and in Plate XXV by Sowerby & Lear 1872; both sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008), and 8867 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:10). BMNH 1946.1.22.62 designated as neotype (and photographed) by Fritz et al. (1997:188) prior to the rediscovery of the OUM syntypes. The BMNH syntypes are also syntypes for Emys dhor Gray and OUM 8513 is a syntype of Cyclemys bellii Gray 1863, and was sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz (2008) and NowakKemp & Fritz (2010:10). Cistudo diardii Duméril & Bibron 1835:227 Syntypes (5): MNHN 9104-08; BMNH 1868.12.11.164 listed as this taxon by Gray (1873:24). Cyclemys ovata Gray 1863:178 Holotype: BMNH 1863.6.21.1 (sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008 and Fritz et al. 2008). Cyclemys bellii Gray 1863:179 Holotype: OUM 8513 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:10; illustrated by Bell 1836 [part 8], upper figure, Plate 3; and by Sowerby & Lear 1872: Pl. XXV; photographed in Fritz et al. 2008:382; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008). Note that the holotype is also a syntype of Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834 and Emys dhor Gray 1830 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:10). Das (2005) erroneously listed OUM 8867 as holotype (see Stuart & Fritz 2008:134). Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, & Hundsdörfer 2008:381 Holotype: NMW 9811; paratypes (10), NHMW 1188, 29524, 29528; RMNH 3838, 6066, 6068, and 27828 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:5); ZMA 19029:1, 19029:2 (photographed in the original description, p. 382, Fig. 12, and Fritz et al. 2008:380); and ZSM 850.1920. Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, & Hundsdörfer 2008:383 Holotype: MTD 42578 (photographed in the original description, p. 383, Fig. 13); paratypes (10), CAS 210070; MTD 40842-43, 41611-14, 42596, and 44176-77. Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, & Hundsdörfer 2008:384 Holotype: NMW 37153 (sampled genetically in Fritz et al. 2008); no paratypes designated. Cyclemys oldhami Gray 1863:178 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.26 (formerly 1862.8.18.10; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008 and Fritz et al. 2008) and 1947.3.5.63 (formerly1856.5.6.1; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008 and Fritz et al. 2008). BMNH 1947.3.5.63 designated lectotype (and photographed) by Fritz et al. (1997:96). Cyclemys dhor shanensis Annandale 1918:67 Syntypes (2): ZSI 18593-94 (Das et al. 1998:126; Kundu et al. 2018:57, photographed therein, p.59). ZSI 18594 designated lectotype by Fritz et al. (1997:196). Cyclemys tcheponensis (Bourret 1939:7) Holotype: originally VNUH T.43; illustrated in the original description, p. 8, Fig. 1; presumably once in the MNHN, but apparently lost. Cyclemys tiannanensis Kou 1989:193 Holotype: YU RT 8311002; no paratypes designated. Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, & Lehr 1997:203 Holotype: NMW 29525:4 (photographed in Fritz et al. 2001:34, Fritz et al. 2008:380, and original IVERSON 24 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press description, p. 380, Fig. 1c; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008); syntypes (20), MTD 17202, 21346, 33835, 33864, 34035 (photographed in the original description, p. 186, Fig. 1c), 3403637, 36786-87, 37168, 38647; NMW 29525:2-3, 29525:5, 34557; RMNH 4751 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:6); SMF 7667; SMNS 3802; ZMB 39188; and ZMH 292 (Hallerman 1998:211). Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray 1830:9) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.41 (presumably the specimen illustrated by Gray 1831b:Pl. IX [as Emys guttata], according to Smith, 1931:111); and OUM 8477 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:11). King & Burke (1989:35) erroneously listed BMNH 1947.3.4.41 as holotype. Emys guttata Gray 1831:Pl. 76 Holotype: BMNH, possibly 1947.3.4.41; illustrated in the original description (Pl. 76; see Smith 1931:11). Emys piquotii Lesson 1831:120 Holotype: Not located; possibly MNHN 1235. Emys hamiltonoidest Falconer & Cautley in Lydekker 1880:21 Holotype: Not located. Melanochelys pictus Murray 1884:107 Holotype: UKZM unnumbered; not located. Clemmys palaeindicat Lydekker 1885:178 Syntypes (2): NHM(P) 39838 and 39840 (Lydekker 1889:105); illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXI, Figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 3, 3a). Geoclemys sivalensist Tewari & Badam 1969:555 Holotype: PUM A/665; illustrated in the original description (Fig. 2). Geoemyda japonica Fan 1931:148 Holotype: USNM 34053 according to Yasukawa et al. (1992:140), but not listed by Cochran (1961) or Reynolds et al. (2007). Geoemyda spengleri (Gmelin, 1789:1043) Holotype: Not located, although illustrated in Walbaum (1785:Pl. III); possibly originally in the MNUL and apparently destroyed during World War II. Testudo serrata Shaw 1802:51 Holotype: RCSM unnumbered (formerly LN unnumbered); illustrated in the original description (Pl. 9, left); apparently destroyed during World War II. Testudo tricarinata Bory de Saint-Vincent 1804:308 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXXVII, Fig. 1). Testudo carinata Thunberg 1810:6 Holotype: UPSZTY 277 (formerly UUZM 277 and MGA 46); reported by Thunberg (1828:49), Holm (1957:58), and Wallin (2001:126). Geoemyda spengleri sinensis Fan 1931:146 Syntypes (69): Presumably originally in the SYS, numbered 1202 and 8001-68, with two of them sent to the ZMB according to the original description. Only known syntypes are RMNH 5887 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:16), and MCZ 3425 (listed as paratype in Barbour & Loveridge 1946:114); others presumably lost. Hardella thurjii (Gray 1831:22) Syntypes (possibly 3): One assumed to be in the BMNH since it is illustrated in Gray 1831e: Pl. 73 as Emys thuji, although no specimen is listed in the BMNH catalog or in Boulenger (1889:66); and OUM 8433-34 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:112– 13). Emys thuryi Gray 1830:8 Syntypes (2): OUM 8433-34 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:12). Emys flavonigra Lesson 1830:120 Holotype: Not located; possibly MNHN. Kachuga oldhami Gray 1869:200 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.73 (formerly 1856.5.6.112). Hardella indi Gray 1870:58 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.74 (formerly 1869.8.28.1). Batagur falconerit Lydekker 1885:187 Holotype: NHM(P) 39835 (Lydekker 1889:120) Batagur cautleyit Lydekker 1885:194 Holotype: NHM(P) 39834 (Lydekker 1889:121–122). Clemmys watsonit Lydekker 1885:541 Holotype: NHM(P) R.748 (Lydekker 1889:122). Geoemyda pilgrimit Prasad & Satsangi 1967:536 Holotype: GSI 18091 (Das 1994:42, including photograph, Fig. 1). Heosemys annandalii (Boulenger 1903:142) Syntypes (3): BMNH 1946.1.22.67-68 (formerly 1903.4.13.3-4) and 1947.3.5.62 (formerly 1903.4.13.2); all syntypes illustrated in the original description, Pl. VII–VIII (btw. P. 142– 143). Emys siamensis Gray in Gunther 1860:114 (nomen nudum) Syntypes (3?): No types have been identified in TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 25 association with Gray’s siamensis, although the name has always been listed in the synonymy of Heosemys grandis; however, Bocourt (1866:4) attributed three specimens (without numbers) in the MNHN (to Gray’s name, but identified them as Heosemys annandalii, and listed them as types of siamensis. Heosemys depressa (Anderson 1875:284) Syntypes (number uncertain): possibly BMNH 1887.3.30.1, but certainly ZSI 751 according to Das et al. (1998:127) and Kundu et al. (2018:55). One syntype illustrated in Anderson (1875:Pls. LV and LVI) and reproduced in Iverson & McCord (1997:385). ZMB 8869 mistakenly reported as holotype by Fritz et al. (1994:165, photographed therein, p. 166, Fig. 4) and in Iverson & McCord 1997:385); see explanation in Iverson & McCord 1997:384–85). Geomyda arakana Theobald 1876:vii Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.28 (formerly 1888.6.18.1) and 1947.3.5.69 (formerly 1890.1.28.9); separate parts of same specimen; Iverson & McCord (1997:384–86). Heosemys grandis (Gray 1860:218) Syntypes (2 or 3): BMNH 1947.3.4.7 (formerly 1860.8.28.1), and 1947.3.4.55 (formerly 1860.8.28.2), although the BMNH catalog records a third specimen (BMNH 1947.3.4.56; formerly 1861.6.1.7),) from “Pachebone” which may also be syntypical. Heosemys spinosa (Gray 1830:8) Syntypes (2): presumably in the BMNH since it was illustrated in Gray 1830a:Pl. 77 as EMYS SPINOSAE (figure reproduced by NowakKemp & Fritz 2010:13), but not identified as such in Boulenger (1889:138); however, Bourret (1941:159) suggested that the type is specimen “c” in Boulenger (1889:138); that is, BMNH 1862.8.28.1; and OUM 8517 (photographed in Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:14). Emys spinosae Bell in Gray 1830:Pl. 77 Syntypes (2): OUM 8517 and BMNH 1862.8.28.1 (Bourret 1941:159; Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:12). Leucocephalon yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, & Boeadi 1995:311 Holotype: MZB 10295; paratypes MZB 10296; UF 97333-35. The MZB types may have been lost in a fire (McCord, pers. comm.). Malayemys khoratensis Ihlow, Vamberger, Flecks, Hartmann, Cota, Makchai, Meewattana, Dawson, Kheng, Rödder, & Fritz 2016:16 Holotype: THNHM 25816 (photographed in the original description, p. 17, Fig. 6); paratypes (3), MTD 49150; THNHM 25999; and ZFMK 97198. Types possibly sampled genetically in the original description. Malayemys isan Sumantha, Brophy, Kunya, Wiboonatthapol, & Pauwels 2016:2 Holotype: THNHM 25609 (photographed in the original description, Pls, 1, 5, 7); paratypes (6), CUMZ 0.2321; PSUZC RT 716-17; QSMI 139596; and ZMKU R 000318. Three paratypes also photographed in the original description (Pls. 2, 5, 6, 13). Malayemys macrocephala (Gray 1859:479) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.51 (formerly 1859.7.8.5) and 1947.3.4.52 (formerly 1859.7.8.4). BMNH 1947.3.4.52 designated lectotype by Brophy (2004:75). Malayemys subtrijuga (Schlegel & Müller 1845:30) Syntypes (3): RMNH 6082, 6084, and 6085 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:10). RMNH 6082 designated lectotype by Brophy (2004:74; pictured in Boie “Erp. Java” Plate III). BMNH 1947.3.4.53 (formerly 1848.10.31.16; = specimen “m” listed in Boulenger 1889:95) has erroneously been considered the holotype of this species (see full discussion in Brophy 2004:73–74, Hoogmoed et al. 2010:10, and Dawson et al. 2020:1–4). Cistudo gibbosa Bleeker 1857:239 Holotype: BMNH 1863.12.4.38 (Gray 1873:39). Emys nuchalis Blyth 1863:82 Syntypes (3): ZSI 824-26 (Das et al. 1998:126; Kundu et al. 2018:52, all types photographed therein, p. 54). Damonia crassiceps Gray 1870:43 Holotype: Not located; possibly BMNH; illustrated in Hardwicke (1835:Figs. 19–21). Damonia oblonga Gray 1871:367 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.30 (formerly 1871.4.10.2 or 1871.10.12.2). Mauremys annamensis (Siebenrock 1903:341) Holotype: NMW 23394 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:7; Tiedemann et al. 1994:12). Annamemys merkleni Bourret 1940:15 Syntypes (8): original numbers NUH T57-58 (illustrated in the original description, p. 16, Fig. 4), T66-68, Y20, and Y23-24; SU 9142 (Leviton 1953:132; formerly Y-20) designated lectotype by Savage 1953:471). T57, T67 and Y23 in the Musée d’Histoire naturelle de Toulouse (Roger Bour, pers. comm). T66 and Y24 now MNHN IVERSON 32 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press according to Kluge 1984:80), and 104335 (Kluge 1984:80). Sacalia bealei (Gray 1831:71) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.33 and 1947.3.4.42. Sacalia quadriocellata Siebenrock 1903:336 Holotype: NMW 23393 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:7; Tiedemann et al. 1994:11). Siebenrockiella crassicollis (Gray 1830:8) Syntypes (at least 5): OUM 8479, 8480 (illustrated in Gray 1831b:Pl. 76), and 8481 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:11); and BMNH 1947.3.5.36 (erroneously listed as the holotype by King & Burke 1989:50 and Iverson 1992:166, because it was listed as such in the BMNH catalogue). Emys nigra Blyth 1856:713 Syntypes (number uncertain): Not located; possibly ZSI, but apparently lost; not listed in Das et al. (1998) or Kundu et al. (2018). Pangshura cochinchinensis Tirant 1884:159 Syntypes: Not located. Siebenrockiella leytensis (Taylor 1920:131) Holotype: “An unnumbered specimen in the zoölogical laboratory, University of the Philippines”; transferred to the Bureau of Science according to Taylor (1944:160) and destroyed (along with the paratype) during World War II; CAS 60930 designated neotype by Buskirk (1989:226, photographed therein, p. 225, Figs. 1–3). Vijayachelys silvatica (Henderson 1912:217) Holotype: Not stated; ZSI 17117 (Das et al. 1998:127; Das 2009:5; Kundu et al. 2018:50). EMYDIDAE Actinemys marmorata (Baird & Girard 1852:177) Syntypes (5; Cochran 1961:230; Reynolds et al. 2007:14): USNM 88, 7594-96 and 131830 (formerly 7593). Emys nigra Hallowell 1856:91 Holotype: USNM 26 (now lost; Yarrow 1883:36; Reynolds et al. 2007:14). Clemmys wosnessenskyi Strauch 1862:114 Holotype: ZIN 94 (Strauch 1890:72–73). Actinemys pallida (Seeliger 1945:158) Holotype: MVZ 6716 (Crippen 1962:190; RodríguezRobles et al. 2003:65). Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz 1857:440 Syntypes (at least 3): USNM 21 (Cochran 1961:229; Reynolds et al. 2007:11); and MCZ 1801 and 31960 (Barbour & Loveridge 1929:241 reported only two syntypes in the MCZ numbered 1801–1802); type locality correction by Ernst (1967:133) by default makes MCZ 1801 the lectotype (Smith & Smith 1980:423). Chrysemys picta (Schneider 1783:348) Syntypes (number uncertain): possibly includes UPSZTY (formerly UUZM) 279 (= MGA 48; Thunberg 1828:49; Holm 1957:58; and Wallin 2001:127), although MCZ 1764 is listed as a syntype in their on-line catalog. Testudo cinerea Bonnaterre 1789:25 Holotype: Not located (Ernst 1971:1), but illustrated in Brown (1776:Pl. 48, Fig. 1–2). Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray 1830:12) Holotype: Originally in RCSM (unnumbered), but destroyed in 1941 by bombing during World War II (Ernst 1971:2). Emys oregoniensis Harlan 1837:382 Holotype: ANSP 165 (Malnate 1971:354), although reported as not designated by Ernst (1971:2). Chrysemys nuttalii Agassiz 1857:642 Syntypes: Not designated according to Ernst (1971:2), but MCZ 1771-74 and 1776-77 labeled as syntypes. Chrysemys pulchra Gray 1873:147 Syntypes (7): BMNH 1946.1.22.26 (formerly 1861.8.21.5-6), 1946.1.22.27 (formerly 1855.12.6.9), 1946.1.22.93 (formerly 1855.4.12.3), 1947.3.4.75 (formerly 1862.6.5.1), 1947.3.4.76 (formerly 1858.9.9.6), 1947.3.4.77 (formerly 1844.11.16.5), and 1947.3.4.23 (formerly 1852.9.8.7). Chrysemys treleasei Hurter 1911:235 Syntypes (3): USNM 49427-29 (Cochran 1961:229; Reynolds et al. 2007:12). Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz 1857:439 Syntypes (18, according to Barbour & Loveridge (1929:241): MCZ 1780 (3 specimens), 1789– 1790 (3), 1791 (3), and 1796 (9); UIMNH 41529 (formerly MCZ 1796; Smith et al. 1964:35); NMW 26218 (Tiedemann et al. 1994:11); and UMMZ 63519 (Peters 1952:54; Kluge 1984:79). However, current MCZ on-line catalogue lists 1784, 1792, 182588, 182590, 182594-96, 182599, 182601-02, and 182604-06 as syntypes, most of which are presumably renumbered early catalog numbers with multiple specimens. Type locality restriction by Schmidt (1953:99) by default TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 33 makes one of the three MCZ 1780 specimens the lectotype (Smith & Smith 1980:423). Clemmys guttata (Schneider 1792:264) Holotype: Not located; apparently once in the Bloch collection in Dresden. Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792:25 Holotype: Not located (Ernst 1972:1); type illustrated in the original description (Pl. V). Geoclemmys sebae Gray 1869:188 Holotype: possibly in the BMNH; the BMNH catalogue indicates that 1853.11.30.25 is “possibly the type of Geoclemmys sebae”. Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille 1801:124) Holotype: Formerly in MNHN, now lost; illustrated in the original description, Fig. 1, opp. p. 124; CHM 54.48.1 (photographed by Schwartz 1956a:471; not 54.68.1 as listed by Zug & Schwartz 1971:1; now NCSM 88836) designated neotype by Schwartz (1956a:466). NCSM 52.140.5 designated neoallotype by Schwartz (1956a:466), who included photographs of it (1956a:472). Testudo reticulata Bosc in Daudin 1801:144 Holotype: Not located; NCSM 88836 designated neotype by Schwartz (1956a:466). Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz 1956:476 Holotype: UMMZ 111440 (illustrated in the original description, p. 478, Fig. 105); paratypes (16), AMNH 9054, 49954, 65620-21; CAS 9158; CHM 54.202 and 55.39.2; MCZ 12497; UF 721920 (Gilbert 1974:117); UMMZ 96513, 10037071, 106309, and 106319-20 (Kluge 1984:80). UMMZ 100371 photographed in Schwartz (1956a:481, Fig. 106). Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz 1956:486 Holotype: FMNH 37478 (Marx 1958:449; photographed in the original description, p. 489, Fig. 107); paratypes (34, according to Reynolds et al. 2007:14): AMNH 36726; BCBC 225, 304446, 4690, 4694; CHM 55.39.3; CM 5443-45 (McCoy & Richmond 1966:249); FMNH 37482, 46282-83, 52995-96 (Marx 1958:449); KU 3145, SMBU 085, 157, 160, 6684; TCWC 326, 691, 4679, 4680, 7278; TNHC 6035, 7325, 8905-07; UIMNH 2397, 28503, and 31696 (Smith et al. 1964:35); and USNM 85145 (Cochran 1961:230; Reynolds et al. 2007:14; photographed in the original description, p. 491, Fig. 108). Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook 1838:35) Holotype: ANSP 26123 (Malnate 1971:353). Testudo flava Lacepéde 1788:135 Holotype: Not located; possibly originally in the MNHN; illustrated in the original description (Pl. opp. p. 135). Testudo flava Bonnaterre 1789:26 Holotype: Not located; possibly originally in the MNHN; illustrated in Lacepéde (1788: Pl. opp. p. 135). Testudo meleagris Shaw 1793:147 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Fig. 144). Emys twenteit Taylor 1943:250 Holotype: KU Paleo 6478 (Taylor 1944:160; Vlachos 2018:54); illustrated in the original description (Pl. 20). Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758:198) Holotype: Not located; originally in UPSZTY (= UUZM), but apparently lost; listed by Linné & Thunberg (1780:3) and Thunberg (1828:49), but not by Lönnberg (1896), Andersson (1900), Holm (1957), or Wallin (2001). MNMZ designated neotype by Fritz (1994:65). Testudo lutaria Linnaeus 1758:198 Holotype: Not located; originally in UPSZTY (= UUZM), but apparently lost (listed by Thunberg 1828:49, but not by Lönnberg 1896, Andersson 1900, Holm 1957, or Wallin 2001). Testudo terrestris Garsault 1764:Pl. 675 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. 675). Testudo europaea Schneider 1783:323 Holotype: Not located. Testudo pulchella Schoepff 1801:113 Syntypes (at least 2): Not located; two syntypes illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXVI). Emys turfat Meyer 1835:67 Syntypes (number uncertain): Not located; possibly in the SMNS (Kurek 1917). Clemmys schlotheimiit Fitzinger 1835:127 Syntypes (number uncertain): apparently MGN 1995 (multiple specimens), and 1672; MGN 1672 designated as lectotype by Karl & Paust (2014:156) and illustrated in the original description (Pl. 4, Fig. 4). Trionyx schlotheimii t Fitzinger 1835:128 Syntypes (number uncertain): apparently MGN 1995 (multiple specimens), and 1673; MGN 1673 designated as lectotype by Karl & Paust (2014:156) and illustrated in the original description (Pl. 4, Fig. 1, 3). IVERSON 34 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Emys lutaria borealist Nilsson 1841:208 Syntypes (2): NRM CU75037 and 75039 (formerly R1743-44); illustrated in Dalmon (1820:Pl. VI–VII), and in the original description (Pl. III– IV); see also Kurck (1917) and Sommer et al. (2009). Testudo (Emys) canstadiensist Plieninger 1847:208 Holotype: Not located; possibly SMNS; illustrated in Jäger (1861:191). Emys pulchra Brandt in Gray 1873:22 Holotype: BMNH 1851.12.9.6 (Gray 1873:22). Cistudo anhaltinat Giebel 1866a:1 Holotype: Not located; possibly MLUH; illustrated in the original description (Pl. I–II). Emys lutaria taurica Mehnert 1890:537 Holotype: Not located; possibly MZUS; illustrated in the original description (Pl. XX). Emys europaea sparsa Dürigen 1897:14 Holotype: Not designated; description based on the literature (Fritz 1992); “type” illustrated in Schoepff (1792:Pl. 1) and Sturn (1828:Pl. III, Fig. c). Emys europaea punctata Dürigen 1897:15 Holotype: Not designated; description based on the literature (Fritz 1992); “type” illustrated in Sturm (1828:Pl. III, Fig. a, b). Emys europaea concolor Dürigen 1897:15 Holotype: Not designated; description based on the literature (Fritz 1992); “type” illustrated in Brandt & Ratzenburg (1829:Pl. XXI). Emys orbicularis aralensis Nikolsky 1915:24 Syntypes (number uncertain): ZIN 70 designated lectotype by Fritz (1992:66; illustrated in the original description (Pl. III); reproduced by Fritz (1992:66). Emys orbicularis luteofusca Fritz 1989:145 Holotype: SMNS 4615:1 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:10; photographed in the original description, p. 146, Fig. 2a, and p. 148, Fig. 3); paratypes (4; all photographed in the original description, p. 146–147, Fig. 2), SMNS 4615:2, 5474, and 5493 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:9); MTD 29137. Emys orbicularis colchica Fritz 1994:61 Holotype: ZIN 9110a (photographed in the original description, p. 69, Fig. 13); paratypes (5), MHNG 2006.57; SMF 51896; and ZIN 9110b, 10829, and 11302. Emys orbicularis eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, & Amthauer 1998:113 Holotype: NMW 18551:1; paratypes (3), NMW 18551:2 (photographed in Fritz 1989:Fig. 9); ZDEU 40/1972:1; and MTD 40468. All types photographed in the original description, p. 115, Fig. 7. Emys orbicularis galloitalica Fritz 1995:217 Holotype: MNHN 1993.5804 (photographed in the original description, p. 218, Fig. 29a, b); paratypes (55), BMNH 1933.9.3.17; HCC (1 specimen); MCZ 3452-53; MGL 42000417, 42006005-06, and 42006015-17; MHNG 926.38-40, 945.17, and 1080.18; MHNM 75A-B; MNHN 1993.5801-03 and 1980.997; MTDK 32366, 33710, 34282, and 34286-87; MZUF 7696, 7698-99, 11210, 1214546, 12132-33, 12950, 20042, 20638, 25206-07, and 35674; MZUN-Z 196, 399, and 945; NMB 21186; SMF 32694, 54346, 54410-11, and 57667; ZMB 36488 and 38090-91; ZSM (SLM) 5031/1-3 (Franzen & Glaw 2007:206). Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) capolongoi Fritz 1995:204 Holotype: SMF 59593 (photographed in the original description, p. 211, Fig. 24); paratypes (34), HSC (5 specimens); MTD 17615; MZUF 768990, 7733, 26587, and 30579-81; NHCL 158687; NMB 19264, 19266, and 22420; NMW 14697-98, 14699 (2 specimens), and 21428 (3 specimens); RMNH 3356 (2 specimens); SMF 43328-29, and 50983; SMNS 7854 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:9); and ZFMK 55578-80. Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) lanzai Fritz 1995:211 Holotype: MZUF 19095 (photographed in the original description, p. 214, Fig. 27); paratypes (67), BMNH 1920.1.20.573; GNM 4968; MGL 42006003-04; MZUF 7700-04, 13693, 1396872, 13973, 17256, 17260-62, 22576-77, 2208593, 20639, 35645-73; SMF 47280-81; SMNS 5491-92, 5495, and 7822 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:9). Emys orbicularis hellenica Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:Pl. 8 Holotype: MNHN 1943 (Fritz 1992). Emys iberica Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:Pl. 9 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. 9). Emys orbicularis atra Werner 1897:15 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. I, Fig. 2). Emys europaea maculosa Dürigen 1897:15 Holotype: Not located. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 35 Emys orbicularis ingauna Jesu, Plombo, Salvidio, Lamagni, Ortale, & Genta 2004:139 Holotype: MSNG 50650; paratypes (11), MSNG 35055A, 35055B, 38656A, 38656B, 50651-52, 50805; DIP.TE.RIS (Univ. Genova) 2503; and SMF 54346, and 54410-11. Emys orbicularis occidentalis Fritz 1993:136 Holotype: MNHN 1961.0344 (photographed in the original description, p. 139, Fig. 8b); paratypes (50; 8 photographed in the original description, p. 142–43, Fig. 10; p. 145, Fig. 12; p. 147, Fig. 13), BMNH 1906.8.29.3-4, 1920.1.20.1325, and 1920.1.20.2247; MNHN 4091, 9070, 9529, 953334, 1983.1087, 1985.332-33, and 1991.2705-06; MTD 31815 and 33599; NMB 19265 and 19372; NMW 14703:1-2, 14704:1-2, and 14705:1-2 (Tiedemann et al. 1994:12); RMNH 15003 and 11371 (2)(Hoogmoed et al. 2010:5); SMF 67819, 69794, and 66815-18; and SMNS 4698-99, 4700:1-5, 4701:1-2, 4702:1-2, 4703, 4704:1-2 and 5619:1-3 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:9). Emys orbicularis fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993:132 Holotype: SMNS 4639:9 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:9; photographed in the original description, p. 139, Fig 8a); paratypes (26; 8 photographed in the original description, p. 140–41, Fig. 9; p. 145, Fig. 12; p. 147, Fig. 13), BMNH 1876.2.28.1; MTD 11120-21, 14350-51, 17104; NMB 15914, 16425-26; NMP P6j-63/89; NMW 14700-001 (Tiedemann et al. 1994:12) and 31462 (not listed by Tiedemann et al. 1994:11); SMF 69917; SMNS 4639:1-8, 4639:10, 5496:1-2, and 7845 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:9). Emys orbicularis hispanica Fritz, Keller, & Budde 1996:132 Holotype: EDB 29209 (photographed in the original description, p. 140, Fig. 12); paratypes (8), EBD 28670-73, 28675, 28687-88; MTD 39188 (formerly EDB 29255). Emys orbicularis persica Eichwald 1831:196 Holotype: Not located. Emys orbicularis iberica Eichwald 1831:196 Holotype: Not located. Emys orbicularis orientalis Fritz 1994:72 Holotype: BMNH 1874.11.23.8 (photographed in the original description, p. 74, Fig. 17); paratypes (21), AMNH 88424; BMNH 1874.11.23.3 and 1908.8.7.1; NMB 10874-75, 14562:1-2, and 20320; SMF 51457-58, 54872, 61338, and 73488; SMNS 3814:1-3, 5883, and 5966:1 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:10); ZIN 14119ab; and ZMUC 2576. Emys orbicularis kurae Fritz 1994:78 Holotype: NMW 14557:1 (photographed in the original description, p. 79, Fig 20); paratypes (41), MCZ 5309; MTD 10629, and 25622; NMW 14554, 14555:1-2, 14556, 14557:2-3, 14558:1-2, 14559:1-3, 14560:1-3, 14561:1-2, and 14563:13; ZIN 4040a-b, 10707a-d, and 16572; ZMB 38108-09, 49058, 49392, and 49579-80; ZMMU 328:1-4, 1101, and 1694. Emys orbicularis subspecies not determined: Testudo purgettit Ceselli 1846:24 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. I). Emys maiort Portis 1890:16 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the IGF. Emys latenst Portis 1890:16 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the IGF. Emys tigris Salvator 1897:280 Holotype: Not located. Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, Joger, & Wink 2005:364 Holotype: MZUF 11136 (Florence)(photographed in the original description, p. 365, Fig. 9); paratypes (7), MNHN 409, 1989:3805-06; MZUF 1648, 7736-37, and 19877. Glyptemys insculpta (LeConte 1829:112) Syntypes (number uncertain): MNHN 7940 and 9452 (including soft parts of the latter catalogued as MNHN 6955). MNHN 9452 (including soft parts) designated as lectotype by Bour (2003:544, and photographed therein, p. 544, Fig. 5). Emys speciosa Gray 1830:10 Syntypes (number uncertain): OUM 8489-91 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:9); and in the MNHN (according to Gray 1831d:26). Emys speciosa levigata Gray 1831:26 Holotype: OUM 8489 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:9). Note that the holotype is also a syntype for Emys speciosa Gray 1830. Glyptemys muhlenbergii (Schoepff 1801:132) Holotype: Not designated (Ernst et al. 1977:1); illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXXI). Emys biguttata Say 1825:212 Holotype: Not designated (Ernst et al. 1977:1); possibly originally in the ANSP, but not listed by Malnate (1971). IVERSON 36 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Emys fusca LeSueur in Gray 1831:25 Holotype: MNHN 1502 according to Bonnemains & Bour (1996:23). Clemmys nuchalis Dunn 1917:624 Holotype: MCZ 8430; paratypes (3), AMNH 8389; MCZ 12498 (Barbour & Loveridge 29:242); and USNM 62016 (formerly AMNH 8264)(Cochran 1961:230; Reynolds et al. 2007:13). Graptemys barbouri Carr & Marchand 1942:98 Holotype: MCZ 46251 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:116); paratypes (40, according to the original description; 51 according to Lindeman 2013:272): six living specimens that were to be deposited in collections (see below); UF, five unnumbered specimens now unlocatable (Gilbert 1974:117); MCZ 46252-80; UIMNH 41528 (formerly MCZ 46292, apparently one of the living specimens; Smith et al. 1964:35); UMMZ 90678 (apparently one of the living specimens; Peters 1952:54; Kluge 1984:80). Barbour & Loveridge (1946:116) listed MCZ 46294 as a paratype (among 49 in the MCZ), apparently one of the living specimens. According to Lindeman (2013:272) nine additional paratypes are also available (ANSP 24737-41, and AMNH 64032-35). Two paratypes illustrated in original description (Pls. XIV–XV). Graptemys caglei Haynes & McKown 1974:143 Holotype: TNHC 36061 (photographed in the original description, p. 145, Fig. 2); paratypes (40), TNHC 36056, 36068-70, 36072, 36074-91 36093-98, 36100-102, 36104-109, 41223, and 76103. Graptemys ernsti Lovich & McCoy 1992:300 Holotype: CM 122408; paratypes (12), CM 12240307 and 122409-11; and USNM 300604-05 (Reynolds et al. 2007:14); head pattern of CM 122403 illustrated in the original description, p. 301, Fig. 4. Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle 1954:167 Holotype: LSUM 111650 (formerly TU 14798; photographed in the original description, p. 176, Figs. 3; p. 177, Fig. 5; p. 178, Fig. 7); paratypes (83), TU 14752, 14754, 14756-66, 14768, 14772, 14774-76, 14778-85, 14790, 14795, 14799-802, 14804, 14806-09, 14811-12, 14815, 14818, 14821-22, 14825-27, 14829, 14832-33, 14842, 14845, 14846 (now SU 16285; Leviton & Banta 1956:219), 14850, 14852-54, 14857-58, 1486263, 14865-71, 14873-75, 14920-21, 14935, and 14938; FMNH 69806-08 (Marx 1958:449); UIMNH 40624 (formerly TU 14788; Smith et al. 1964:35); and UMMZ 108567-71 (Kluge 1984:81). MCZ on-line catalog says MCZ 53268 is paratype. Graptemys geographica (LeSueur 1817:86) Holotype: Not designated; specimen drawn by LeSueur (1817;Pl. 5) designated lectotype (iconotype) by Lindeman (2009:96). Illustration reproduced in McCoy & Vogt (1990:1) and Lindeman (2013:261). Emys lesueurii Gray 1830:12 Holotype: BMNH 1982.1297. Emys megacephala Holbrook 1836:51 Holotype: ANSP 255 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. III, opp. p. 51; listed in Malnate 1971:353 as E. megalocephala). Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich & McCoy 1992:302 Holotype: CM 94979 (photographed in Lindeman 2013:292); paratypes (17), CM 94966-67, 94970-73, 94976-78, 94980-81, 94983, 9536162, 95559, 95561, and 95577. Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle 1954:173 Holotype: LSUM 111649 (formerly TU 14662; photographed in the original description, p. 176, Fig. 4; p. 177, Fig. 6; p. 178, Fig. 8); paratypes (31), FMNH 69809-811 (Marx 1958:449); UIMNH 40625 (formerly TU 14691; Smith et al. 1946:35); TU 14662, 14643, 14647 (now SU 16286; Leviton & Banta 1956:219), 14648, 14652-53, 14655-57, 14659, 14664-65, 14682, 14694, 14697, 14700, 14706, 14708-10, 14714, 14720, 14723, 14725, and 14729; and UMMZ 108572-74 (Kluge 1984:81). MCZ on-line catalog also lists MCZ 52269 as a paratype. Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts & Mount 1969:677 Holotype: UF 26238 (formerly AUM 9229; photographed in the original description, p. 678, Fig. 2; Gilbert 1974:117); paratypes (25), AUM 8749, 8968-70, 8979-81, 9228, 9230-38, 9334-36, 9366, and 9399-9401; UF 26239 (formerly AUM 8750; photographed in the original description, p. 680, Fig. 4). Graptemys oculifera (Baur 1890:262) Syntypes (6 or 7): USNM 15508-11 (photographed in Lindeman 2013:340; see Reynolds et al. 2007:16); USNM 15511 cited as “holotype” by Cochran, 1961:233); TUL 20 and 7628 (Lindeman 2013:342); and MCZ 6430 (cited as “holotype” by Barbour & Loveridge 1929:303, but as “cotype” by Carr 1952:201; erroneously believed to previously be USNM 15510 by Cagle 1953:138); Iverson (1986:87) and King & Burke (1989:54) erroneously recorded USNM 8808 as syntypical because of a mixup in the separated skulls in the USNM (Reynolds et al. 2007:17; see syntypes of Graptemys pulchra). USNM 15511 designated lectotype by Lindeman (2013:342). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 37 Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle 1953:10 Holotype: UMMZ 104345 (Kluge et al. 1984:81); paratypes (32, according to the original description), CAS-SU 16288 (according to Reynolds et al. 2007:15, though not cited in the original description; possibly a specimen transferred from TUL, either 12643 or 12686); FMNH 67101-04 (Marx 1958:449); MCZ 53271 (according to Reynolds et al. 2007:15, though not cited in the original description; possibly a specimen transferred from TUL, either 12643 or 12686); TUL 12536, 12545, 12631, 12643 (now SU 16288: Leviton & Banta 1956:219), 12655, 12658, 12664-67 (12667 figured in the original description, p. 13, Fig. 2a), 12670-71 (12670 figured in the original description, p. 13, Fig. 2c), 12686, 12695, 12701, 12705, 12710, 12783, 12975 (3 specimens); UIMNH 26716 (formerly TUL 12633; Smith et al. 1964:35); UMMZ 104346-50 (Kluge 1984:81; 104348 figured in original description, p. 13, Fig. 2b); USNM 139733 (formerly UIMNH 26717; Cochran 1961:231; Reynolds et al. 2007:15). Graptemys pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, & Qualls 2010:104 Holotype: CM 62162 (photographed in the original description, p. 105, Fig. 5); paratypes (14), AUM 21975 and 32438; CM 67474, 67480, 94904, 94909, 94916, 94940, 95050, 95055, 95059, 95663, 95632, and 95674. See comment under Graptemys pulchra. Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray 1831:31) Syntypes (5): MNHN 9136, 9137 (identified as G. ouachitensis by Bour & Dubois 1983), 9139 and 9146-47; MNHN 9147 designated lectotype by Bour & Dubois (1983:45; photographed therein, p. 43, Figs. 1–2). MNHN 9136 photographed in Lindeman (2013:18). Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii (Baur 1890:263) Syntypes (2): only TUL 16409 locatable (Lindeman 2013:321; photographed therein, p. 321, Fig. 8.20), and designated lectotype by Lindeman (2013:321). Graptemys pulchra Baur 1893:675 Syntypes (originally believed to be 2 specimens, but see below; photographed in Lindeman 2013:281): USNM 8808 (2 specimens); the skull of one of the syntypes was removed and apparently catalogued as USNM Osteo 29526, but now both the specimen and its skull are numbered USNM 318254 (Reynolds et al. 2007:15). Cochran (1961:231) and Lovich (1985) recorded both USNM 8808 and Osteo 29526 as the syntypes. USNM 8808 designated lectotype by Lovich & McCoy (1992:304). FMNH 22171 (reported as “cotype” by Marx 1958:449) and USNM 220884 (not reported by Reynolds et al. 2007) were subsequently identified by Lindeman (2013:280) as additional syntypes. A detailed history of the confusion regarding the types of this species appears in Lindeman (2013:279–281). Graptemys sabinensis Cagle 1953:2 Holotype: UMMZ 104351 (Kluge 1984:15); paratypes (159; Reynolds et al. 2007:15), CAS-SU 16287 (according to Reynolds et al. 2007:15, though not cited in the original description; possibly formerly one of the 15 original specimens listed under TUL 13760); FMNH 67105-15 (Marx 1958:449); MCZ 53270; TUL 13110-11, 13116, 13119-21, 13127-28, 13131, 13139, 13141-42, 13148-49, 13152, 13160, 13166, 13172, 13175, 13177-79, 13181, 13185-86, 13190, 13194-95, 13197, 13200, 13202-04, 13206-09 (13206 and 13209 figured in the original description, p. 6, Fig. 1c, 1d), 13253, 13258, 13261-62, 13510 (2 specimens; one figured in the original description, p. 6, Fig. 1a), 13564 (3 specimens), 13740 (13 specimens), 13741 (7 specimens), 13743 (8 specimens), 13744 (7 specimens), 13745 (4 specimens), 13746 (5 specimens), 13747 (2 specimens), 13748 (17 specimens; one figured in original description, p. 6, Fig.1b), 13760 (15 specimens; but only 14 listed in Reynolds 2007:15; USNM 13760-23 now SU 16287; Leviton & Banta 1956:219); UIMNH 26718-21 (formerly in TUL; Smith et al. (1964:36); UMMZ 104352-69 (Kluge 1984:81); USNM 134312 (formerly UIMNH 26722; Cochran 1961:231; Reynolds et al. 2007:15). Graptemys versa Stejneger 1925:463 Holotype: USNM 27473 (Cochran 1961:231; Reynolds et al. 2007:15); paratypes (7), MCZ 42346 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:117); USNM 2747479, 27480 (now MCZ 42346; Cochran 1961:231; Reynolds et al. 2007:15). Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff 1793:64) Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. XV). Testudo concentrica Shaw 1802:43 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Fig. 9, top). Testudo ocellata Link 1807:52 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in Bechstein (1800:Pl. 4, Fig. 2). Emys concentrica polita Gray 1830:11 Syntypes (number uncertain): only one located; OUM 8475 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:8). IVERSON 38 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Testudo palustris LeConte 1830:113 Holotype: Not located; possibly originally in the ANSP, but not listed by Malnate (1971). Emys macrocephalus Gray 1844:26 Holotype: Not located, but apparently in the BMNH and now lost (Ernst & Bury 1982:3). Malaclemys terrapin centrata (Latreille 1801:145) Syntypes (2): Not located, but illustrated in the original description, Pl. opp. p. 124, Fig.2, and Oppel (1811: Pl. 24), and both reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:30). Emys concentrica livida Gray 1831:27 Holotype/Syntypes: Unknown, though originally in the RCSM and Bell Museum collections (Ernst & Bury 1982:3); presumably once in the OUM, but may have been destroyed in 1903 (NowakKemp & Fritz 2010:8). Malaclemys terrapin littoralis Hay 1905:18 Holotype: USNM 33913 (Reynolds et al. 2007:15); paratypes (2), USNM 33918 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. IX) and 33920 (Reynolds et al. 2007:16). Cochran (1961:232) listed only the holotype. Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota Hay 1905:16 Holotype: USNM 33917 (Cochran 1961:233); paratype (1), USNM 33919, according to Reynolds et al. (2007:16). Malaclemys terrapin pileata (Wied-Neuwied 1865:17) Syntypes (4): AMNH 799, 800, and 916 (latter speculated to be the “type?” by Hay 1905:17); and ZMB 81. ZMB 81 designated as lectotype by Fritz et al. (1994:167). Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Fowler 1906:112 Holotype: ANSP 16570 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. IV; Malnate 1971:353). Malaclemys tuberculifera Gray 1844:29 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.29. Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz 1955:158 Holotype: UMMZ 108482; paratypes (16), MCZ 20287, 48787, 106147-51; UF 4242, 6589-90; UMMZ 106147-51 (Kluge 1984:82); and USNM 37020 (Cochran 1961:233; Reynolds et al. 2007:16). Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893:224 Syntypes (2): USNM 20966-67 (Cochran 1961:233; Reynolds et al. 2007:17); USNM 20966 mistakenly listed as holotype by McCoy & Vogt (1985:1). Pseudemys concinna (LeConte 1829:106) Syntypes (number uncertain): includes MNHN 9171 (including body parts catalogued as MNHN 2067) and 9172 (including body parts catalogued as MNHN 2066). MNHN 9171-9172 photographed in Bour (2003:542, Figs. 3–4). MNHN 9172 designated as lectotype by Bour (2003:543). Emys annulifera Gray 1830:12 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.28 (presumably the specimen that Boulenger 1889:84 suggested might be the holotype). Emys hieroglyphica Holbrook 1836:47 Holotype: ANSP 217 according to Baur (1893) and Carr (1938b, 1952), but now apparently lost (not listed in Malnate 1971). Emys mobilensis Holbrook 1838:53 Holotype: ANSP 242 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. IX; Malnate 1971:354). Baur (1893:224) listed ANSP 241 as a co-type, but there is no evidence to support that claim. Emys labyrinthica Duméril & Bibron in Duméril & Duméril 1851:13 Syntypes (4 or 5): MNHN 9179-81, and 9521 (RouxEsteve 1979:28); and also MNHN 9177 according to Bonnemains & Bour (1996:23). Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz 1857:433 Holotype: None designated; USNM 55516 (Cochran 1961:235; Reynolds et al. 2007:20) designated neotype by Stejneger (1938:175). Emys orthonyx Wied-Neuwied 1865:23 Syntypes (number uncertain): Not located; 22 specimens originally described and three illustrated in the original description (Pl. II, Fig. 5; PL. III, Figs. 1–2). Pseudemys vioscana Brimley 1928:66 Holotype: USNM 79632 (Cochran 1961:234; formerly Brimley number 115 in the original description, where it was illustrated, Pl. 2, Fig. 2); paratypes (11, according to the original description with intent to be deposited in the USNM [original numbers 106, 107, 111–114, and 7807-11], but only 7 are currently identified and in the USNM collection; Reynolds et al. 2007:20), USNM 79633-34, 166490-91 (formerly NCSM 3646-47), and 167248-50 (formerly NCSM 3648, 3649, and 3651)(Reynolds et al. 2007:20). USNM 194822 is a possible paratype (Reynolds et al. 2007:20). Cochran (1961:235) listed only USNM 79633-34 as paratypes. Pseudemys elonae Brimley 1928:67 Holotype: USNM 79631 (Cochran 1961:234; originally Brimley number 124; illustrated in the TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 39 original description, Pl. 2, Fig. 1); paratypes (3), USNM 166487-89 (formerly NCSM 365354 and 3665; original numbers Brimley 127, 128 [illustrated in the original description, Pl. 1], and 130; Reynolds et al. 2007:17). Paratypes not listed in Cochran (1961:234). Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward 1984:34 Holotype: USNM 7173 (photographed in the original description, p. 35, Fig. 7; Reynolds et al. 2007:17); paratypes (5), TCWC 14579, 1846263, 57934; UTA 5163. Note that the holotype of metteri is also a paratype of Pseudemys texana (Reynolds et al. 2007:17). Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis Carr 1937:4 Holotype: UMMZ 81673 (Peters 1952:55; Kluge 1984:82); paratypes (11 in the original description, but only 10 were catalogued in the UMMZ; Kluge 1984:83): MCZ 43030-31 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:178); UF 667 (Gilbert 1974:117); and UMMZ 81674-83 (Peters 1952:55, who did not cite 81683; Kluge 1984:82). Note that the specimens in the UMMZ were not catalogued at the time of the original publication, and thus first listed in Peters (1952:55). Pseudemys floridana (LeConte 1829:100) Syntypes (number uncertain): Only known syntype is MNHN 9170 (Bour 2003:540, and photographed therein, p. 540, Fig. 1). Pseudemys gorzugi Ward 1984:29 Holotype: KU 39986; paratypes (10), KU 15929, 39985; TTU 7347; UU 4097-98, 4106-07, 4110; USNM 76, and 80 (also paratypes of Pseudemys texana; Reynolds et al. 2007:17). Pseudemys nelsoni Carr 1938a:307 Holotype: MCZ 39888 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:178); paratypes (9), CM 12995-96 (McCoy & Richmond 1966:249); MCZ 43847-48 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:179); UF 741 and 1748 (only the latter located by Gilbert 1974:117); UMMZ 83129-31 (Peters 1952:55; Kluge 1984:83). Unidentified paratype photographed in the original description, p. 308, Fig. 1. MCZ on-line catalog also lists MCZ 13934-35, 13938, 19181, 19183, and 43848 as paratypes. Pseudemys peninsularis Carr 1938b:105 Holotype: MCZ 43849 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:178; erroneously listed as 42849 in Reynolds et al. 2007:18); paratypes (12), CM 9875-77 (McCoy & Richmond 1966:249); MCZ 43850 and 44069 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:178); UF 927, 951, and 1685 (Gilbert 1974:117, who did not include UF 927 in their list); UMMZ 83358-59 (Peters 1952:54; Kluge 1984:82), USNM 104389-90 (Cochran 1961:234; Reynolds et al. 2007:18). Pseudemys rubriventris (LeConte 1829:101) Syntypes (number uncertain): Only known syntype is MNHN 9208, which was designated lectotype by Bour (2003:541, and photographed therein, p. 541, Fig. 2). Emys irrigata Bell in Duméril & Bibron 1835:276 Syntypes (4): MNHN 9204 and 9206; and OUM 8441-42 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:9). Emys rivulata Gray 1844:22 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.25. Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Babcock 1937:293 Holotype: MCZ 16778 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:179); paratypes (5), BSNH 1100, 1202, and 1210; and MCZ 7047 and 16777 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:179). Pseudemys texana Baur 1893:223 Holotype: ANSP 246 (Malnate 1971:354); paratypes (3), USNM 76, 80, and 7173 (part [shell] formerly ANSP 247)(Cochran 1961:234). USNM 7173 is also the holotype of Pseudemys concinna metteri; and USNM 76 and 80 are also paratypes of Pseudemys gorzugi (Reynolds et al. 2007:19). Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus 1758:198) Holotype: Not located; illustrated in Edwards (1751:Pl. 205). Testudo carinata Linnaeus 1758:198 Holotype: Not located; possibly originally in the UZM or NRM, but not listed by Linné & Thunberg (1780), nor located by Schoepff (1792: xi). UPSZTY 277 (formerly UUZM 277 and MGA 46), listed by Holm (1957:58) and Wallin (2001:126) as the possible holotype, is not the type but rather the unpublished type of Testudo carinata Thunberg 1810, which is a Geoemyda spengleri (see entry for G. spengleri). Testudo brevicaudata Lacepède 1788:169 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN. Testudo incarcerata Bonnaterre 1789:29 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN. Testudo incarceratostriata Bonnaterre 1789:29 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN. Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789:1042 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in Bloch (1786: Pl. I). IVERSON 40 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Testudo virgulata Latreille in Sonnini & Latreille 1801:100 Holotype: Not located; presumably in the MNHN according to Smith & Smith (1980:552); illustrated in the original description (opp. p. 100, Fig. 1). Emys schneideri Schweigger 1812:317 Syntypes (2): Not located; originally in MNHN and MZUS, apparently lost. Monoclida kentukensis Rafinesque 1822:5 Holotype: Not located. Didicla erythrops Rafinesque 1822:5 Holotype: Not located. Terrapene maculata Bell 1825:309 Holotype or syntype: OUM 8503; other syntypes might include OUM 8501-02, 8504-05, and 8507-08 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:10). Terrapene nebulosa Bell 1825:310 Holotype or syntype: OUM 8506; other syntypes may exist (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:10). Emys (Cistuda) carolinae fusca Gray 1830:7 Holotype: Not located; possibly OUM. Emys kinosternoides Gray 1830:12 Holotype: Not located; originally RCSM. Cistudo virginea Agassiz 1857:260, 445 Syntypes (28 total, all in the MCZ according to Smith & Smith 1980:553): MCZ 1526–1535 (10 specimens), 1537 (1), 1539 (1), 1542–1550 (9), 1552, 1554, 1555 (5), and 1557 (1) according to Barbour & Loveridge (1929:242). Ernst & McBreen (1991:2) also list MCZ 1538, 1540, 1555 (only 2), and 1556 (2). Current MCZ on-line catalog also lists 184563-66. The restriction of the type locality by Smith & Smith (1980:553) restricts the selection of a lectotype to the series MCZ 1546, 1548-50, and 1545-46, collected at that locality. Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor 1895:576 Holotype: USNM 8352; no paratypes designated (Cochran 1961:235; Reynolds et al. 2007:20). Terrapene formosat Hay 1916:57 Holotype: USNM 8825 (formerly Florida Geological Survey 2973; Vlachos 2018:62); illustrated in the original description (Pl. 4, Fig. 3). Terrapene innoxiat Hay 1916:61 Holotype: USNM 8824 (formerly Florida Geological Survey 7080; Vlachos 2018:63); illustrated in the original description (Pl. 6, Fig 1–4). Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz 1857:445) Syntypes (6): MCZ 1505-1510 according to Barbour & Loveridge (1929:241) and Ernst & McBreen (1991:6), but MCZ 1505-08 identified as T. c. bauri by J. P. Rosado (in Ernst & Barbour 1991:4). Terrapene coahuila Schmidt & Owens 1944:101 Holotype: FMNH 41234 (Marx 1958:450; erroneously cited as FMNH 55656 by Milstead, 1969:81); paratypes (11, but not listed in the original description), FMNH 41235, 41259-61, 4737274, 47376 and 55656 (Marx 1958:450); MCZ 53931; and UMMZ 66472 (formerly FMNH 41258; Kluge 1984:83). Terrapene mexicana (Gray 1849:17) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.4 (formerly 1848.7.28.29; erroneously listed as 1947.3.4.3 by Milstead 1969:80 and Ernst & McBreen 1991:5) and 1947.3.5.48 (formerly 1848.7.28.30). Terrapene goldmani Stejneger 1933:119 Holotype: USNM 46251 (Cochran 1961:235); no paratypes designated (Reynolds et al. 2007:20). Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925:463 Holotype: USNM 46252 (Cochran 1961:235; photographed in Legler & Vogt 2013:315); no paratypes designated (Reynolds et al. 2007:20). Terrapene nelsoni klauberi Bogert 1943:2 Holotype: AMNH 63751; paratypes (3 according to the original description), AMNH 6375254. However, FMNH 41269 is also listed as a paratype by Marx (1958:450). Terrapene ornata (Agassiz 1857:445) Syntypes (at least 7; see Reynolds et al. 2007:12–13 for a discussion of the confusion surrounding the type series): USNM 7862 (formerly 57), 7541, 131837 (formerly one of three numbered 7541), 7547, 7692, and possibly USNM 7547 and 7740 (Reynolds et al. 2007:12); BMNH 1873.8.13.3 (formerly one of three numbered USNM 7541); and MCZ 1536 (Barbour & Loveridge 1929:241); MCZ 1536 designated lectotype by Smith & Smith (1980:587). Ward (1978:1) and Smith & Smith (1980:586) also included USNM 7542 among the syntypes. Terrapene ornata cimarronensis Cragin 1894:37 Holotype: Not located; no paratypes designated. Terrapene longinsulaet Hay 1908:166 Holotype: USNM 5983 (Vlachos (2018:63); illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXVI) and in Joyce et al. (2012:Figs 3–4). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 41 Terrapene whitneyit Hay 1916:8 Holotype: USNM 8617 (Vlachos (2018:64); illustrated in the original description (Pl. I, Figs. 4–5, Pl. II, Fig. 1). Terrapene ornata luteola Smith & Ramsay 1952:45 Holotype: TCU 1280; paratype (1), UIMNH 18039 (Smith et al. 1964:36). Terrapene triunguis (Agassiz 1857:445) Syntypes (18, according to Ernst & McBreen 1991:6, although there is some uncertainty about which are valid syntypes; J.P. Rosado, pers. comm. to John Iverson): Barbour & Loveridge (1929:241) reported only seven syntypes (MCZ 1519–1525, though 1519 included eight specimens; MCZ on-line catalogue), and Cochran 1961:230 listed only two syntypes (USNM 86871 and 86872); however, according to Reynolds et al. (2007:12) the syntypes include MCZ 1519 (originally eight specimens; seven now recatalogued as MCZ 184569-75), and 1522-25, and USNM 86871 and 86872 (both formerly MCZ 1519, and listed as the only syntypes by Cochran 1961:230). Possible additional syntypes include USNM 22, 7545, 7546 (originally four specimens, although two were a skull and shell from the same specimen; but only two specimens are currently catalogued with that number, and the fourth was given a new number), 131838 (formerly one of the specimens numbered 7546), and 213736 (formerly 7545)(Reynolds et al. 2007:13). ZSM 18/1932 (formerly in the MCZ, and possibly one of series numbered MCZ 1519) is now lost, Franzen & Glaw 2007:206). Terrapene yucatana (Boulenger 1895:330) Syntypes (3): BMNH 1947.3.5.45 (formerly 1894.3.23.2), 1947.3.5.46 (formerly 1894.3.23.3), and 1947.3.5.47 (formerly 1894.3.23.4). Trachemys adiutrix Vanzolini 1995:111 Holotype: MZUSP 3224; paratypes (5), MZUSP 322123, 3225; and USNM 329467 (formerly MZUSP 3226; Reynolds et al. 2007:21). MZUSP 3222 illustrated (p. 113), and 3225 photographed (p. 114) in the original description. Trachemys callirostris (Gray 1855:25) Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.87 (formerly 1854.10.16.58). Trachemys callirostris chichiriviche (Pritchard & Trebbau 1984:191) Holotype: UF 53333; paratype (1), UF 53334 (skull illustrated in the original description on p. 192, Fig. 33). Both types photographed in the original description (Pls. 15, 37, 38). Trachemys decorata (Barbour & Carr 1940:409) Holotype: MCZ 36862 (photographed in Seidel 1988:33); paratypes (20), MCZ 36851-54, 36855 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. 9, Figs. 3–4), 36856-57, 36859-61, 36863 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. 2, Fig. 7, and Pl. 7, Fig. 3), 36864-66 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:176–177; USNM 59093-96 and 81091 (Cochran 1961:234; Reynolds et al. 2007:18); and ZMB 38082 (formerly MCZ 36858, which was listed as a paratype by Barbour & Carr 1940:409 and Barbour & Loveridge 1946:176; Fritz et al. 1994:167). Trachemys decussata (Bell in Griffiths & Pidgeon 1830:76) Syntypes (at least 8): BMNH 1947.3.4.79 (photographed in Barbour & Carr 1940:Pl. 1; erroneously listed as holotype by Seidel 1988:27; King & Burke 1989:60, and Iverson 1992:206); OUM 8452-58 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:9). Testudo rugosa (part) Shaw 1802:28 Holotype: RCSM 990 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. 4; photographed in Barbour & Carr 1940:Pl. 1; see also Mittleman 1947:173). Mistakenly listed as “not designated” by Seidel (1988:23). See Trachemys terrapen. Emys vermiculata Gray 1844:25 Holotype: Originally in the BMNH, but now lost (Seidel 1988:27). Emys jamao Vilaró 1867:121 Holotype: Not designated (Seidel 1988:27). Emys gnatho Vilaró 1867:204 Holotype: Not designated (Seidel 1988:27). Pseudemys decussata plana Barbour & Carr 1940:405 Holotype: MCZ 34134 (illustrated in the original description, p. 405, Fig. 3; Barbour & Loveridge 1946:177); paratypes (7), MCZ 34128 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. 5, and Pl. 8, Fig. 3), 34129-34131, 34132 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. 8, Fig. 8), 34133 (illustrated in the original description; Pl. 8, Fig. 1), and 34135 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:177). Trachemys decussata angusta (Barbour & Carr 1940:402) Holotype: MCZ 34340 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:177); illustrated in the original description, p. 403, Fig. 2); paratypes (12), MCZ 33948, 34334-39, and 34341-45 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:177). Fritz et al. (1994:168) reported that the MCZ catalog (presumably an error) indicates that ZMB 37776 (formerly MCZ 34346) is a paratype. IVERSON 48 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Goniochelys triquetra Agassiz 1857:420, 423 Syntypes (5): MCZ 15085–15086 (Barbour & Loveridge 1929:270), 46634-35; and USNM 2 (now lost; Yarrow 1883:30; Reynolds et al. 2007:25). Sternotherus depressus Tinkle & Webb 1955:53 Holotype: LSUM 109567 (formerly TU 16171; photographed in the original description, p. 59, Fig. 1); paratypes (23), TU 15902 (12 specimens) and 16062 (10 specimens); and MCZ 54023 (photographed in the original description, p. 59, Fig. 2). Sternotherus intermedius Scott, Glenn, & Rissler 2018:13 Holotype: UAHC 68-814; paratypes (5), UAHC 68-810813 and 68-815. Sternotherus minor (Agassiz 1857:424) Syntypes (6): MCZ 1570, 1571 (2 specimens), and 1573 (identified as Kinosternon odoratum by Tinkle, 1958:11); UMMZ 63520 (Peters 1952:54, Kluge 1984:80; formerly the other of two specimens numbered MCZ 1572, according to Kluge, 1984:80; identified as S. odoratus by Tinkle, 1958:11); and USNM 7111 (Cochran 1961:230; Reynolds et al. 2007:25; formerly one of two specimens numbered MCZ 1572; identified as S. odoratus by Tinkle, 1958:11). Barbour & Loveridge (1929:270) listed only 5 specimens (MCZ 1570 (1), 1571 (2), and 1572 (2)). Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille 1801:122) Holotype: Not located; presumed lost; illustrated in the original description (opp. p. 112, Fig. 3). Testudo glutinata Daudin 1801:194 Holotype: Not located; presumably in the MNHN according to Smith & Smith (1980:59); illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 4) and in Schoepff (1795:Pl. XXIV, Fig. B). Terrapene boscii Merrem 1820:27 Holotype: Not located. Kinosternum guttatum LeConte 1854:185 Holotype: ANSP 63 (Malnate 1971:353). Ozotheca tristycha Agassiz 1857:392, 425 Syntypes (14): MCZ 1574 (4 specimens), 1576 (2 specimens), and 1922 (formerly USNM 70); and USNM 64–65 (now lost; Reynolds et al. 2007:29), 69–72, and 7890 (possibly being USNM 64 or 65 recatalogued; Reynolds et al. 2007:28). Cochran (1961:233) reported only USNM 69, 71, 72, and 7890 as present in that collection. Sternotherus peltifer Smith & Glass 1947:22 Holotype: TCWC 1205 (photographed in Tinkle & Webb 1955:61, Fig. 5); no paratypes designated. STAUROTYPIDAE Claudius angustatus Cope 1865:187 Holotype: USNM 6518 (photographed in Smith & Smith 1980:905); parts of same specimen were originally catalogued as USNM 6518 and 6525 (Cochran 1961:230, but both are now catalogued under USNM 6518 (Reynolds et al. 2007:24). Claudius megalocephalus Bocourt 1868:122 Holotype: MNHN 1600 (Smith & Smith 1980:34). Staurotypus salvinii Gray 1864:127 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.79 (Stuart 1963:49). Staurotypus marmoratus Fischer 1872:265 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the ZMB according to Smith & Smith (1980:43); type illustrated in the original description (Pl. X). Claudius severus Cope 1872:24 Holotype: USNM 64005 (Cochran 1961:230). Although not considered part of the type series, MNHN 6218, 6219, 6220 (2 specimens), and 6623 (2 specimens) were apparently part of the same collection series as USNM 64005 (Reynolds et al. 2007:25) Staurotypus triporcatus (Wiegmann 1828:364) Holotype: ZMB 127 (Fritz et al. 1994:168; photographed in Gutsche 2016:158). Claudius pictus Cope 1872:26 Holotype: MNHN 1589, apparently lost (Iverson 1983:1); illustrated in Dumeril & Bocourt (1870:Pl. 5), and reproduced in Smith & Smith (1980:949). PLATYSTERNIDAE Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831:107 Holotype: BMNH 1946.9.7.42. Platysternon megacephalum peguense Gray 1870:70 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1946.1.22.21-22 (formerly 1868.6.6.2-3). Platysternon megacephalum vogeli Wermuth 1969:372 Holotype: SMNS 4573 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:10; alive when described); paratype (1), SMNS 3755 (Schlüter & Hallermann 1997:10). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 49 Platysternon megacephalum tristernalis Schleich & Gruber 1984:68 Holotype: ZSM 317/1980/1 (Franzen & Glaw 2007:207; not 319/1980/1 as originally cited; photographed in Vetter 2006:110); paratype (1), ZSM 318/1980 (Franzen & Glaw 2007:207). Both types originally unnumbered, but later renumbered in the ZSM following Franzen & Glaw (2007). Platysternon megacephalum shiui Ernst & McCord 1987:626 Holotype: USNM 266160; paratype (1), USNM 266161 (Reynolds et al. 2007:30). TESTUDINIDAE Aldabrachelys gigantea (Schweigger 1812:327) Holotype: Not clearly designated; USNM 269962 designated neotype by Frazier (2006:278), but the original holotype (MNHN 9554, photographed in Bour 2006d:16–17 and Bour 2013a:29; actually a Chelonoidis denticulata, Ceríaco & Bour 2012:19) was subsequently rediscovered by Bour (2006d). However, following lengthy and contentious discussions (e.g., see Cheke 2011), the ICZN (2013) ruled in favor of the neotype designation. Testudo dussumieri Gray 1831:9 Syntypes (number uncertain): originally in the MNHN; RMNH 3231 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:17; Frazier & Matyot 2010:29) designated lectotype by Bour (1984:171 and 2006:21); RMNH 3231 photographed in Gerlach (2004:68), Bour (2006d:21), Bour (2013a:30), and Grünewald (2009b:137–138), and sampled genetically by Austin et al. (2003). Testudo elephantina Duméril & Bibron 1835:110 Syntypes (7): MNHN 1942, 7873, 7874 (illustrated in Bour 1982a:119), 7875, 9314, 9562, and 9565; MNHN 7874 designated lectotype by Rothschild (1915:425) according to Bour (1982a:117, 1985.54); sampled genetically by Austin et al. (2003). Testudo ponderosa Günther 1977:35 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.94 (formerly 1876.1.4.1; sampled genetically by Austin et al. 2003), and 1947.3.4.89 (formerly 1864.12.20.27). BMNH 1947.3.4.89 designated lectotype by Bour (1985:54), and discussed by Gerlach & Canning (1998). Testudo sumeirei Sauzier 1892:398 Holotype: BMNH 1929.1.27.1 (discussed by Gerlach & Canning 1998); sampled genetically by Austin et al. (2003). Testudo goufféi Rothschild 1906:753 Holotype: BMNH 1949.1.4.66 (sampled genetically by Austin et al. 2003). Aldabrachelys gigantea arnoldi (Bour 1982a:121) Holotype: MNHN 9564 (photographed in Bour 1982a:119); paratypes (2), MNHN 7872 (illustrated in Bour 1982a:119); and BMNH 74.2.6.5 (latter sampled genetically by Austin et al. 2003). Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii (Duméril & Bibron 1835:123) Holotype: MNHN 7640 (scutes) and AC 4.11819 (skeleton), same specimen (7640 illustrated in Bour 1982a:119, and photographed in Bour 2006c27; and sampled genetically by Austin et al. 2003); no paratypes designated (Bour 2006c:28). Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa (Günther 1877:39) Syntypes (3): RCSM 1020 and 1021 (1021 illustrated in the original description, Pl. 7; both destroyed during World War II; Bour 1985:58) and one live specimen (later catalogued as BMNH 1888.3.20.1; labeled “type” by Boulenger (1889:168); sampled genetically by Austin et al. (2003), and identified genetically as A. g. gigantea). RCSM 1021 considered the “type” (i.e., lectotype) by Rothschild (1915:426, 430–31), who explicitly reported that the BMNH syntype was not the “type”. UMZ R3796 designated neotype by Gerlach & Canning (1998:12). Astrochelys radiata (Shaw 1802:22) Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.15. Testudo coui Daudin 1801:271 Holotype: Not located (Bour & Schmidtler 2014:39); illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXVI, precedes p. 271); reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:39) and in Oppel (1811: Pl. 35– 36; reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:39). Testudo desertorum Grandidier 1869:257 Holotype: Not located. Testudo hypselonota Bourret 1941:9 Holotype: VNUH T-85 (now MNHN 1948.41; illustrated in the original description (Pl. I) and by Wermuth 1965:280, 282). Astrochelys yniphora (Vaillant 1885:440) Holotype: MNHN 1885-499 (illustrated in Vaillant 1889: Pls. XII–XIV, reproduced in Bour 2007a:34 and IVERSON 50 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Bour 2008a:27); now unlocatable (King & Burke 1989:81; Bour 2007a35). Centrochelys sulcata (Miller 1779:Fig. XXVI) Holotype: Not located (Bour 2013b; illustrated in the original description, Fig. XXVI, and reproduced in Gasperetti et al. 1993:315 and Bour 2013b:20); although ZSM 2753/0 has the notation ‘lectotype’ in the museum’s species catalog; however, this number is three juveniles of Geochelone denticulata according to C. Crumly (pers. comm. to John Iverson). Testudo calcarata Schneider 1784:317 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in Miller (1779: Pl. 26). Testudo radiata senegalensis Gray 1831:11 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHN. Testudo schoepfii Rüppell in Gray 1873:13 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the BMNH (Gray 1873:13). Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix 1824:22) Holotype or syntypes (number uncertain): Originally in the ZSM, now lost (Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:354; Franzen & Glaw 2007:208); plate XVI in the original description designated as lectotype (iconotype) by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983:354). Testudo boiei Wagler 1830:Pl XIII Holotype or syntypes (number uncertain): Originally in the ZSM, now lost (Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:354; Franzen & Glaw 2007:207). Plate XIII in Wagler (1830a) designated lectotype (iconotype) by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983:354). Testudo hercules truncata Gray 1831:3 Holotype: OUM 8461 (illustrated in part 4, Pl. 1 in Bell 1835; Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:16). Geochelone atlanticat López-Jurado, Mateo, and García-Márquez 1998:111 Holotype: DBULPGC 17 (fossil femur photographed in the original description, p. 112, Fig. 1), paratypes (2 fossils), DBULPGC 18–19 (both photographed in the original description p. 112, Fig. 2). All types genotyped by Kehlmaier et al. (2021:1). Chelonoidis chilensis (Gray 1870:190) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.5.8-9 (both formerly BMNH 70.12.18.2); possibly lost (Vinke et al. 2008:30). Geochelone donosobarrosi Freiberg 1973:83 Holotype: USNM 192961; paratypes (3), ILPA 5501; MACN 26408; USNM 192962 (Reynolds et al. 2007:30). Geochelone petersi Freiberg 1973:86 Holotype: USNM 192959; paratypes (2), ILPA 5502; USNM 192960 (Reynolds et al. 2007:30). Chelonoidis denticulatus (Linnaeus 1766:352) Syntypes (2): UUZM unnumbered (illustrated in Schoepff 1792:Pl. XVIII, Fig. 1) and MRM unnumbered (formerly MDG 21; Andersson 1900:25, where it was erroneously listed as “holotype”); both apparently lost since listed by Thunberg (1828:49), but not by Holm (1957) or Wallin (2001). Testudo tabulata Walbaum in Schoeppf 1793:56 Syntypes: UPSZTY 281–283 (formerly UUZM 281– 283 and MGA 50–52; Wallin 2001:127); listed by Thunberg (1828:50) and Wallin (2001:127); illustrated in Schoepff (1793:Pl. XII, Fig. 2; Pl. XIII–XIV). Testudo hercules Spix 1824:20 Holotype or Syntypes: Not located; presumably once in the ZSM (Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:353–54); one type illustrated in the original description (Pl. XIV). Testudo sculpta Spix 1824:21 Syntypes (5, but only 4 located; Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:353): ZSM 2753/0/1-3 and 2738/0 (Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:353; Franzen & Glaw 2007:208); ZSM 2738/0 illustrated in the original description, Pl. XV; ZSM 2753/0/1 designated lectotype by Hoogmoed & Gruber (1983:354). Testudo cagado Spix 1824:23 Holotype: Not located (Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983:354); one type illustrated in the original description (Pl. XVII). Chelonoidis niger (Quoy & Gaimard 1824:174) Holotype: MNHN 9550; illustrated in the original description (Pl. 40), and reproduced in Pritchard (1996:23); photographed in Pritchard (1996:23). MNHN 9547 also listed as a “type” in the MNHN catalogue. Testudo californiana Quoy & Gaimard 1824:90 Holotype: MNHN 9550 (see Pritchard 1996 and Olson 2013, 2017). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 51 Testudo elephantopus Harlan 1826:284 Syntypes (2): MCZ 11063 (Garman 1917:292), second cotype presumably in ANSP fide Barbour & Loveridge (1929:350), but not listed by Malnate (1971). Testudo galapagoensis Baur 1889:1044 Holotype: MCZ 11064 (Barbour & Loveridge 1929:350; photographed in Olson 2017:250). Olson (2017:250) contended that MCZ 11069 and 11070 should be regarded as syntypes; MCZ 11070 sampled genetically by Poulakakis et al. (2008). Chelonoidis niger abingdonii (Günther 1877:85) Syntypes (3): BMNH 1947.3.4.39 (formerly 1876.6.21.38; vertebrae originally catalogued separately as 1876.6.21.44) and 1947.3.4.95-96 (formerly 1876.6.21.39–40); one syntype illustrated in Garman (1917:Pl. 40). Testudo ephippium Günther 1875:271 Holotype: NMSZ 1932.27.1 (formerly RSM 1932.27.1-12; parts of the same specimen; Herman et al. 1990:5; formerly RSM 1822.058, illustrated in Garman 1917:Pl. 39; photographed in Pritchard 1996:36 and Olson 2017:246–47). Type described in detail in Baur (1889). BMNH 1874.6.1.6 erroneously listed as a syntype in the BMNH catalogue. Chelonoidis niger becki (Rothschild 1901:372) Holotype: BMNH 1949.1.3.87. Chelonoidis niger chathamensis (Van Denburgh 1907:4) Holotype: CAS 8127 (Slevin & Leviton 1956:550; photographed in Pritchard 1996:32). Chelonoidis niger darwini (Van Denburgh 1907:4) Holotype: CAS 8108 (Slevin & Leviton 1956:550). Geochelone (Geochelone) schweiggeri Fitzinger 1835:122 Holotype: Not located; originally alive in the MSW (Fitzinger 1853:403), apparently lost; possibly in NMW but not listed by Tiedemann & Häupl (1980) or Tiedemann et al. (1994). Chelonoidis niger donfausti (Poulakakis, Edwards, & Caccone 2015:12) Holotype: UWZM 32700 (sampled genetically in the original description). Chelonoidis niger duncanensis (Pritchard 1996:47) Holotype: MCZ 11068 (by lectotype designation by Pritchard 1996 from among the syntypes of Testudo duncanensis Garman 1917). Testudo duncanensis (Garman 1917:269) Syntypes (number uncertain): included at least MCZ 11068 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. 41); MCZ 11068 designated lectotype by Pritchard (1996:47). Chelonoidis niger guntheri (Baur 1889:1044) Syntypes (5): OUM 8656 (illustrated in Günther 1877:Pl. XXX, Fig. A; Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:16); two specimens in the collection of the Free Public Museum of Liverpool; one in the BMNH (apparently 1876.10.23.1) and one in the RCSM (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:16). OUM 8656 designated lectotype by Pritchard (1996:48). Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902:619 Holotype: BMNH 1949.1.4.43. Chelonoidis niger hoodensis (Van Denburgh 1907:3) Holotype: CAS 8121 (Slevin & Leviton 1956:551). Chelonoidis niger microphyes (Günther 1875:275) Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.88 (formerly 1875.12.29.1; illustrated in Garman 1917:Pl. 11). Testudo macrophyes Garman 1917:273 Syntypes (4?): BMNH 1876.6.21.41, 1947.3.4.91 (formerly 1886.3.5.1), 1947.3.4.92 (formerly 1880.12.20.1); and 1947.3.4.93 (formerly 1876.6.21.42); illustrated in Garman (1917:Pl. 3–5). BMNH 1928.4.4.11 also listed as possible syntype in BMNH catalogue. Chelonoidis niger phantasticus (Van Denburgh 1907:4) Holotype: CAS 8101 (Slevin & Leviton 1956:551; photographed in Pritchard 1996:35). Chelonoidis niger porteri (Rothschild 1903:119) Holotype: BMNH 1949.1.4.38 (bones catalogued separately as BMNH 1974.2464; sampled genetically by Poulakakis et al. 2015). Testudo nigrita Duméril & Bibron 1835:80 Syntypes (2): MNHN 9313 and BMNH 1949.1.4.37; latter called type by Günther (1875:268), recorded as such in the BMNH catalogue, and hence considered to be the lectotype; see also Olson (2013:206). Testudo planiceps Gray 1854:12 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.3 (formerly 1848.4.6.3). Chelonoidis niger vandenburghi (DeSola 1930:80) Holotype: CAS 8141 (Slevin & Leviton 1956:551). Chelonoidis niger vicina (Günther 1875:277) Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.90 (formerly 1874.7.15.1); illustrated in Garman (1917:Pl. 7). IVERSON 52 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Chelonoidis niger subspecies synonym not determined: Testudo clivosa Garman 1917:283 Holotype: MCZ 11075 (Barbour & Loveridge 1929:350; illustrated in the original description, Pl. 21); no paratypes designated. Testudo typica Garman 1917:285 Holotype: MCZ 11072 (Barbour & Loveridge 1929:350); illustrated in the original description, Pl. 22, 34); no paratypes designated. Chersina angulata (Schweigger 1812:321) Syntypes (2): Not designated, although in MNHN according to original description (see also Ceríaco & Bour 2012:19); a stuffed specimen received from the MNHN (SMF 7857) is not the specimen measured in Schweigger (1812), but could be a syntype according to C. Crumly (pers. comm. to John Iverson; see also King & Burke, 1989:71); MNHN 4087 is the syntype measured by Schweigger (1812:360), according to Bour (2008b:30), who designated it as the lectotype (and photographed it), since the second syntype is lost. M. Hofmeyr took a tissue sample of 4087 (Bour 2008b:32) for a genetic study in progress. Testudo bellii Gray 1828:2 Holotype: BMNH 2005.1631 (specimen c in Boulenger 1889:179; Bour 2008b:29, who mistakenly listed the type as 2005.1641). Chersina angulata pallida Gray 1831:69 Holotype: Not located; possibly ZMH. Testudo sculpta Brandt in Gray 1856:12 Holotype: BMNH 1850.12.12 (Gray 1873:14). Chersobius boulengeri (Duerden 1906:406) Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.23.4 (formerly1906.6.21.1). Chersobius signatus (Gmelin 1789:1043) Holotype: Not located; possibly in the NRM, apparently lost since not listed in Anderson (1900). Plate labelled “Testud. Sign. var.” in Walbaum (1782; Fig. 1–2) was designated lectotype by Bour (1998b:1) and reproduced in that work. Testudo cafra Daudin 1801:291 Holotype: MNHN 7924; illustrated in Oppel (1811: 37–38; reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:40 and 43); photographed in Bour & Schmidtler (2014:40). Testudo juvencella Daudin 1801:380 Syntypes (2 according to Bour & Schmidtler 2014:42): Not located; illustrated in Oppel (1811:Pl. 39; reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:39). Pseudomopus signatus peersi Hewitt 1935:345 Syntypes (2): apparently in TM (Anon. 1958:128). Chersobius solus (Branch 2007:11) Holotype: PEM 8754; paratypes (13), PEM 8755-58, 8760-61, 8764-65, 9415, and 17046-49. Geochelone elegans (Schoepff 1795:111) Holotype/Syntypes: Not located, although Schoepff (1795) stated that the specimen illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXV) was from the “Museis Hagae Comitis et Harlemi” [possibly in the TSMHN in Haarlem, Netherlands]. Note that Wallin (1977:77) showed that the Linnaean type of Testudo geometrica (UUZM 20; Wallin 2001:126) is this species, rather than Psammobates geometricus (see Comment under that species). Testudo actinodes Bell 1828:419 Syntypes (at least 5): OUM 8555-56, 8558-60 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:16); although none of these is the specimen illustrated by Bell (1828: Pl. XXIII). Hence, additional syntypes may exist. Testudo megalopus Blyth 1854:640 Holotype: ZSI 792 (Das et al. 1998:127; not located by Kundu et al. 2018:13). Peltastes stellatus maura Gray 1870:8 Holotype: Not located; presumably BMNH (Gray 1873:8), apparently lost. Peltastes stellatus seba Gray 1870:8 Holotype: BMNH 1843.2.29.6 (Gray 1873:8), apparently lost. Geochelone platynota (Blyth 1863:83) Syntypes (3, supposedly in the BMNH and ZSI according to Smith 1931:140): ZSI 787, 788, and 789 (Das et al. 1998:128; Kundu et al. 2018:15, where all types are photographed). Boulenger (1889:162) listed three additional specimens in the BMNH but they were not listed as types. Gopherus agassizii (Cooper 1861:120) Syntypes (3): “Three young specimens”, apparently originally in the California State Geological Survey collection according to Cooper (1861:120). The syntypes were later transferred to other collections, since USNM 7888 was listed by Cochran (1961:236) and Reynolds et al. (2007:32) as one of the syntypes. The identity of the other two syntypes is uncertain; one was apparently in the CAS and potentially destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and fire and the other is apparently lost (see discussions in Reynolds et al. 2007:30 and Murphy et al. 2011:44–45). USNM 7888 designated lectotype by Murphy et al. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 53 (2011:39; sampled genetically and photographed therein, p. 53–57, Figs. 4–8). Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley & Velázquez Solis 1989:497. Holotype: BYU 39706 (sampled genetically by Murphy et al. 2011); paratype (1), BYU 39707. Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz 1857:447) Syntypes (5): USNM 59 (probably one of the two specimens included in USNM 60; Reynolds et al. 2007:33), 60 (2 specimens; both photographed in Bour 2017:64–65), 75, 222511 (originally USNM 85; photographed in Bour 2017:62–63), 222512 (originally USNM Osteo 1528 and later USNM Osteo 29610; Reynolds et al. 2007:33). Cochran (1961:236), Auffenberg & Franz (1978:1), and Smith & Smith (1980:622) each erroneously listed only USNM 60 (2 specimens) as syntypes. USNM 60 (2) designated lectotype by Bour (2017:61). Testudo tuberculata Berlandier 1850:287 Syntypes (number uncertain): Not located; Plate V in the original description designated lectotype by Bour (2017:57, Fig. 3). Testudo bicolor Berlandier 1850:287 Holotype: Not designated (Bour 2017:57). Gopherus auffenbergit Mooser 1972:61 Holotype: FC 500. Gopherus evgoodei Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres, & Murphy 2016:140 Holotype: AMNH 164160 (photographed in the original description, pp. 143–149, Fig. 6–14); paratypes (3), AMNH 64157, 64158, and ROM 53301 (formerly AMNH 64159). Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959:337 Holotype: USNM 61253 (Cochran 1961:231; Reynolds et al. 2007:31); paratypes (5), KU 39415 (Duellman & Berg 1962:195); UIMNH 4295354 (Smith et al. 1964:35); and USNM 60976 and 61254 (Cochran 1961:231; Reynolds et al. 2007:31). Gopherus huecoensist Strain 1966:24 Holotype: BEG (Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas) 40240-27 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. II–VI; see also Vlachos 2018); no paratypes designated. Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop, & Riedle 2011:53 Holotype: CAS 33867 (photographed in the original description, pp. 58–64, Fig. 9–15); paratypes (2), CAS 34263; and ROM 47501 (formerly CAS 13165). Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin 1802:256) Syntypes: Not located. Testudo depressa Guerin-Meneville 1829:Pl. 1, Fig. 1 Syntypes (number uncertain): MNHN 9252 and 9269 identified as syntypes by Bour (2003:544– 545). Testudo carolina LeConte 1830:97 Syntypes (number uncertain): MNHN 9252 and 9269 identified as syntypes by Bour (2003:544– 545). Testudo gopher Bartram in Gray 1844:4 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1839.10.18.30 and 1970.1916. Gopherus sp. indet. Testudo australis Girard 1858:470 Holotype: Not located; probably USNM but apparently lost. Homopus areolatus (Thunberg 1787:180) Holotype: UPSZTY 298 (formerly UUZM 298 and ZIUS 298; Thunberg 1828:49). Testudo miniata Lacepède 1788:166 Holotype: Not located; possibly MNHN. Testudo fasciata Daudin 1801:294 Holotype: Not located; possibly MNHN. Testudo africana Hermann 1804:218 Holotype: Not located; possibly ZMUS. Chersine tetradactyla Merrem 1820:32 Holotype: Not located. Testudo areolata pallida Gray 1831:13 Holotype: Not located; possibly OUM, although not listed by Nowak-Kemp & Fritz (2010). Homopus femoralis Boulenger 1888:251 Syntypes (apparently 3): BMNH 1946.1.22.54 (formerly BMNH 1888.12.28.1) and two other specimens not located. Indotestudo elongata (Blyth 1853:639) Syntypes (4): ZSI 796, 798, 799, and 800 (Das et al. 1998:127; Das 2009:4; all photographed and recorded in Kundu et al. 2018:9, 11–12; see also Bourret 1941:189). Testudo parallelus Annandale 1913:76 Holotype: ZSI 11379 (Das et al. 1998:128; not mentioned in Kundu et al. 2018); paratypes, not located. IVERSON 54 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Indotestudo forstenii (Schlegel & Müller 1845:30) Syntypes (number uncertain): Includes at least RMNH 3811 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:20), which was designated lectotype by Hoogmoed & Crumly (1984:245, and photographed therein; p. 246, Fig. 2); also photographed in Vervoort (1981:246). Indotestudo travancorica Boulenger 1907:560 Syntypes (3): BMNH 1946.1.22.80-81 (formerly 1906.7.18.6-7; one illustrated in the original description, 2 Pls. btw. pp. 560–561, and reproduced by Hoogmoed & Crumly 1984: p. 249, Fig. 4), and 1947.3.5.4 (formerly 1933.11.11.1); Das (2009:3). Kinixys belliana Gray 1831:69 Holotype: BMNH 1979.919 (illustrated in the original description and reproduced by Bour 2006e:9, Pl. 1, who also photographed it, p. 11, Pl. 2); not BMNH 1947.3.5.73 (formerly 1865.5.3.68) as originally indicated in the BMNH catalog, according to Broadley (1981a:196). Kinixys schoensis Rüppell 1845:226 Holotype: SMF 7719 (Mertens 1967:51; Bour 2006e:14); illustrated in the original description (Pl. XVI, Fig. 1–3) and reproduced in Bour (2006e:14, Pl. 3). Reported as SMF 3143 by Mertens (1922:168). Kinixys belliana mertensi Laurent 1956:27 Holotype: MRAC 4417; syntypes (17), IRSNB 4376; and MRAC 1604, 1825, 2770-73, 3282, 3322, 3330, 3344, 4411, 4418, 4430-31, 10394, and 14574. Kinixys erosa (Schweigger 1812:321) Syntypes (possibly 3): Not located; illustrated in Shaw (1802:Fig. 13; reproduced in Bour 2006e:9, Pl. 1), and that illustration designated lectotype by Bour (2006e:8); possibly in the Mannheim Museum and LM according to R. Bour (2006e and pers. comm. to John Iverson). Kinixys castanea Bell 1827:398 Syntypes (at least 3): OUM 8519-21 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:15). OUM8520 was illustrated in the original description (Pl. XVII; reproduced in Bour 2006e:9, Pl. 1). BMNH 1947.3.5.71 listed as a syntype in the BMNH catalogue (Bour 2006e:9), and designated as the lectotype by Boulenger (1889:143). Kinixis denticulata Hallowell 1839:161 Holotype: Not located; type illustrated in the original description (Pl. VIII–IX). Kinixys homeana Bell 1827:400 Syntypes (at least 3): presumably at least two in the BMNH, according to the original description and Boulenger 1889:143 (specimens a and b); and OUM 8522 (illustrated in the original description, Pl. XVII, and reproduced in Bour 2006e:9, Pl. 1); Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:15), which was designated as the lectoype by Bour (2006e:9). Kinixys lobatsiana Power 1927:410 Syntypes (4, according to the original description): BMNH 1947.3.5.72 (formerly 1931.12.14.1); and MMK (McGregor Mus., Kimberly) 217, 221, and 224. Two syntypes (numbers uncertain) photographed in the original description (pl. XIX–XX). Kinixys natalensis Hewitt 1935:353 Syntypes (2): AMG (now PEM) 6975A and unnumbered (14 additional specimens in the AMG were mentioned but not as types). The unnumbered AMG specimen (now PEM unnumbered) was designated lectotype by Broadley (1981a:206– 207; illustrated therein, p. 206, Fig. 7). AMG 69758 (possibly a syntype) photographed in Broadley (1981a; p. 207, Fig. 8). BMNH 1947.3.4.38 (formerly 1934.10.21.1) also listed as paratype in BMNH catalogue. Kinixys nogueyi (Lataste 1886:286) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1946.1.22.46 (formerly 1920.1.20.3241) and 1947.3.5.75 (formerly 1920.1.20.3240). Cinixys dorri Lataste 1888:164 Syntypes (at least 3): including BMNH 1946.1.22.94 (formerly 1920.1.20.3709); others not located. Kinixys spekii Gray 1863:381 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.74 (formerly 1863.8.11.8). Kinixys darlingi Boulenger 1902:15 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.60 (formerly 1902.2.12.1; illustrated in the original description, Pl. IV); no paratypes designated. Testudo procterae Loveridge 1923:928 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.59 (formerly 1923.10.9.102); paratype (1), no located but not in BMNH. Kinixys australis Hewitt 1931:477 Syntypes (number uncertain, although apparently originally in the AMG and TMP; some may have been destroyed in the 1941 fire in the AMG; Broadley 1981a:212); those photographed in the original description [Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 4–6] do not match existing specimens (Broadley 1981a:212). AMG 78C designated lectotype by Broadley (1981a:212; illustrated therein p. 213, Fig. 11), who identified five syntypes in the AMG (one numbered AMG 1295). TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 55 Kinixys jordani Hewitt 1931:482 Syntypes (2): Apparently in the AMG; photographed in the original description (Pl. XXXVII, Figs. 7–9). Kinixys youngi Hewitt 1931:486 Syntypes (3): Apparently in the AMG; photographed in the original description (Pl. XXXVII, Figs. 10–11). Kinixys australis mababiensis Fitzsimons 1932:37 Holotype: TMP 14689 (formerly VLKE 1344; Anon 1958:128); no paratypes designated. Kinixys zombensis Hewitt 1931:469 Holotype: PEM 14961 (formerly AMG 121); photographed in the original description (Pl. XXXVIII, Fig. 17); no paratypes designated. Kinixys belliana zuluensis Hewitt 1931:471 Syntypes (number uncertain, at least 4): apparently in the NM and AMG according to the original description, although syntypes may include BNMH specimens. Broadley (1981a:211) reported that NM 1203 was the holotype (with photographs, p. 210, Fig. 10). Some syntypes photographed in the original description (Pl. XXXVIII, Fig. 18–19). Kinixys zombensis domerguei Vuillemin 1972:169 Holotype: MNHN 1993.0275 (formerly A.275); photographed in the original description, Pl. I, II, and III) and in Bour (2006f:46, Fig. 5). Malacochersus tornieri (Siebenrock 1903:443) Holotype: ZMB 11748, destroyed during World War II (Crumly 1984; Fritz et al. 1994:169); illustrated in the original description (Figs. 1–3). Testudo loveridgii Boulenger 1920:263 Syntypes (4): BMNH 1946.1.22.50-51 (formerly 1920.5.4.1-2) and MCZ 39956-57 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:202). Manouria emys (Schlegel & Müller 1845:34) Syntypes (6): MNHN 9422; RMNH 3808, 6005, 6030 (illustrated in Lidth de Jeude 1896:Pl. 5), 17967 (illustrated in Lidth de Jeude 1896:Pl. 5; and photographed in Hoogmoed et al. 2010:18), and one unlocated syntype (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:19); RMNH 3808 designated lectotype by Hoogmoed & Crumly (1984:251, and photographed therein, p. 253, Fig. 6, and in Bour 1998a:26). Manouria fusca Gray 1854:134 Holoype: BMNH 1947.3.4.57 (illustrated in Gray 1856:Pl. 4, and reproduced in Bour 1998a:27). Teleopus luxatus Le Conte 1854:187 Syntypes (number uncertain): Originally in the ANSP (Baur 1892), but no longer present (Malnate 1971). Manouria emys phayrei (Blyth 1853:639) Syntypes (2; Das et al. 1998:127; Das 2009:4): ZSI 813 (photographed in Kundu et al. 2018:8), and 15492 (Kundu et al. 2018:6). A skull illustrated in Anderson (1872; reproduced in Bour 1998a:29) was recorded as the ‘type’ (i.e., lectotype) by Anderson (see also Bour 1998a:28). Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869:169 Syntypes (2): One originally in the BMNH (skull illustrated in the original description, p. 170, Fig. 1), and reproduced in Bour 1998a:28), but later removed (Gray 1873:18; Bour 1998a:28); currently unlocated. That skull is also a paralectotype of M. e. phayrei (Bour 1998a:28). Second syntype is in the ZSI according to Bour (1998a:36), but not located. Testudo nutapundi Reimann & Nutaphand in Nutaphand 1979:193. Syntype (number uncertain): Not located (Bour 1998a:36); the specimen illustrated in the original description (p. 142, Figs. 105–106) was not considered to be the holotype by Obst (1983:250). Manouria impressa (Günther 1882:343) Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.5.7 (formerly 1882.4.20.1; illustrated in the original description, pp. 344–346, Figs. 1–3, and reproduced in Bour 1998a:29). Geoemyda latinuchalis Vaillant 1894:6 Holotype: MNHN 1892-266 (photographed in Bour 1998a:30). The type is in two parts, a carapace and a plastron; however, Bour (1998a:30) designated the shell as the lectotype (and the plastron as the paralectotype). Testudo pseudemys Boulenger 1903:144 Syntypes (4): BMNH 1946.1.22.61 (formerly 1893.10.9.1), 1946.1.22.55 (formerly 1903.4.13.15), 1947.3.5.6 (formerly 1903.4.13.6; illustrated in the original description, Pl. IX, btw. pp. 144–145, and reproduced in Bour 1998a:31), and another unidentified (Bour 1998a:31). BMNH 1947.3.5.6 designated lectotype by Bour (1998a:31); according to Bour (1998a:35), BMNH 1895.10.8.4 is the skull associated with the lectotype. Psammobates geometricus (Linnaeus 1758:199) Syntypes (number uncertain): UPSZTY 20 (formerly ZMUU 20), plus published material. Wallin (1977:77) showed that a Linnaean type specimen IVERSON 56 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press (UPSZTY 20) is actually a Geochelone elegans (Schoepff 1795); see also Baard (1991:8) and Wallin (2001:126). To avoid nomenclatural chaos, Hoogmoed & Crumly (1984:241, 254– 55) considered the figure in Piso (1658:105, Fig. 1; reproduced in Hoogmoed & Crumly 1984:p. 255, Fig. 7) as syntypical of P. geometricus, and designated it as lectotype. Bour (2005d:25) and Bour & Pauler (1987:23) photographed a specimen in the NRM, identified it as Mesoclemmys gibba, and considered it a paralectotype of P. geometricus. Testudo luteola Daudin 1801:277 Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXV, Fig. 3); possibly in the MNHN. Testudo strauchi Lidth de Jeude 1893:312 Holotype: RMNH 6011 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:20); illustrated in the original description (Pl. 9), and photographed in Hoogmoed & Crumly (1984:256). Psammobates oculifer (Kuhl 1820:77) Holotype: ZMB 223 (Fritz et al. 1994:169); destroyed during World War II (Crumly 1984). Emys kuhlii Gray 1831:73 Syntypes (number uncertain): Not located; possibly in the ZMB. Testudo semiserrata Smith 1939:Pl. 6 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.5.13 (formerly 1863.2.21.44; illustrated in the original description, Pl. 6), and NMSZ 1859.013.1729 (Herman et al. 1990:6, who listed it as the “holotype”). Psammobates tentorius (Bell 1828:420) Holotype: OUM 8570 (illustrated in Part 7, plate 1 in Bell 1835, reproduced as Plate IV in Sowerby & Lear 1872; Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:17). Testudo geometrica nigriventris Gray 1856:8 Syntypes (6): Not located. Chersinella tentoria albanica Hewitt 1933:266 Syntypes (4, according to the original description): apparently in the AMG or REM (photographed in the original description, Pl. XIV, Figs. 10–15). Chersinella tentoria tentoroides Hewitt 1933:268 Holotype: apparently in the AMG or PEM (photographed in the original description, Pl. XIV, Fig. 6); no paratypes designated. Chersinella tentoria piscatella Hewitt 1933:269 Holotype: apparently in the PEM (photographed in the original description; Pl. XIV, Fig. 17–18); paratype (1), apparently in the AMG. Chersinella tentoria subsulcata Hewitt 1933:270 Holotype: apparently in the AMG; paratypes (2), apparently in the AMG. Chersinella tentoria karuica Hewitt 1933:272 Syntypes (at least 9, according to the original description): apparently in the AMG (some types photographed in the original description; Pl. XIV, Fig. 19–25, and XV, Fig. 25–28). Chersinella tentoria duerdeni Hewitt 1933:279 Holotype: apparently in the AMG (photographed in the original description; Pl. XV, Fig. 29); no paratypes designated. Chersinella tentoria lativittata Hewitt 1933:281 Syntypes (2, according to the original description): apparently in the AMG (photographed in the original description; Pl. XV, Fig. 32–34). Chersinella tentoria karuella Hewitt 1933:283 Holotype: apparently in the AMG (photographed in the original description; Pl. XV, Fig. 35); no paratypes designated. Chersinella tentoria hexensis Hewitt 1933:286 Syntypes (4, according to the original description): apparently in the PEM (photographed in the original description, Pl. XV, Figs. 39–40). Psammobates tentorius trimeni Boulenger 1886:541 Syntypes (3): BMNH 1947.3.5.10-12. Psammobates tentorius verroxii Smith 1839:Pl. 8 Holotype: NMSZ 1859.13.1680 (formerly RSM; Herman et al. 1990:6); illustrated in the original description, Pl. 8). Testudo fiski Boulenger 1886:542 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.65 (formerly 1886.8.30.1). Testudo smithi Boulenger 1886:542 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.4.2 (formerly 1847.3.5.20). Testudo seimundi Boulenger 1903:216 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.58 (formerly 1903.4.27.1). Testudo boettgeri Siebenrock 1904:194 Holotype: SMF 3165 according to Mertens (1922:168); SMF 7793 according to Mertens (1967:52); no paratypes designated. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 57 Homopus bergeri Lindholm 1906:348 Holotype: MWNH 711 (photographed in Branch 2007:3). Testudo oscarboettgeri Lindholm 1929:295 Holotype: SMF 7793 according to Mertens (1967:52). Chersinella schonlandi Hewitt 1934:303 Holotype: apparently originally in the AMG (photographed in the original description, Pl. XVI, Fig. 46); paratypes (3), apparently originally in the AMG, but MCZ 42222-24 listed as paratypes by Barbour & Loveridge (1946:91). Chersinella fiski cronwrighti Hewitt 1934:317 Holotype: apparently originally in the PEM (photographed in the original description, Pl. XVI. Fig. 58); no paratypes designated. Chersinella fiski orangensis Hewitt 1934:319 Holotype: apparently originally in the AMG (photographed in the original description, Pl. XVI, Fig. 59–60); no paratypes designated. Chersinella fiski colesbergensis Hewitt 1934:321 Holotype: apparently originally in the PEM (photographed in the original description, Pl. XVI, Fig. 61); no paratypes designated. Chersinella fiski grica Hewitt 1934:323 Syntypes (2): apparently originally in the AMG (photographed in the original description, Pl.XVI, Fig. 63, and XVII, Fig. 67). Chersinella fiski gricoides Hewitt 1934:326 Syntypes (2): apparently originally in the AMG (photographed in the original description, Pl. XVII, Fig. 72–75). Chersinella verroxii amasensis Hewitt 1934:333 Syntypes (3): two apparently originally in the AMG and one in the PEM. Psammobates depressa FitzSimons 1938:154 Holotype: TMP 17821; paratypes (2), TMP 17822. Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827:395 Syntypes (2): OUM 1092 (illustrated in Fig. 2 in the original description; photographed in Bour 1981:139–140) and 8528 (apparently illustrated in Fig. 1 in the original description; photographed in Bour 1981:139)(Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:15); OUM 1092 designated lectotype by Bour (1979:153). Pyxis madagascariensis Lesson 1831:120 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MNHM. Pyxis arachnoides brygooi (Vuillemin & Domergue 1972:193) Holotype: MNHN A.277 (photographed in the original description, p. 196, Pl. I, Fig. 2, and p. 199, Pl. IV, Fig. 4, and in Bour 1981:140–41); no paratypes designated. Pyxis arachnoides oblonga Gray 1869:173 Holotype: BMNH 1861.3.20.31; photographed in Bour (1982b:29). Pyxis arachnoides matzi Bour 1979:143 Holotype: MNHN 1978.24 (photographed in Bour 1981:140-41); syntypes (10), MNHN 682, 1945.1-2, 1978.21, 1978.25 (with 25A) 1978.26, 1978.2929, 1981-227, 1992, and 9581 (with 81A). Pyxis planicauda (Grandidier 1867:233) Holotype: MNHN 9373 (illustrated in Vaillant & Grandidier 1910:Pl. 4 and reproduced in Bour 2005c:24; photographed in Bour 2005c:23 and Bour 1981:140–141). NWM 23479 erroneously considered a cotype (e.g., Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:8; Tiedemann et al. 1994:13) according to Bour (2005c:22). Testudo morondavensis Vuillemin 1972:17 Holotype: MNHN A.276 (photographed in the original description, Pl. 1, and in Bour 2005c:26). Stigmochelys pardalis (Bell 1828:420) Holotype: Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. XXV); probably originally in the OUM, but apparently lost, since not listed in Nowak-Kemp & Fritz (2010). Testudo biguttata Cuvier 1829:10 Holotype: MNHN 9368. Testudo bipunctata Gray 1830:4 Holotype: MNHN 9368 (see also Testudo biguttata). Testudo pardalis babcocki Loveridge 1935:4 Holotype: MCZ 40003 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:202); paratypes (27 according to the original description, 13 in the MCZ and 14 in the BMNH), FMNH 73482 (Marx 1958:451); and MCZ 7990, 18156-58, 18160, 30001-02, 31984-85, and 40004-05 (Barbour & Loveridge 1946:202). The BMNH catalogue lists no paratypes. Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758:198 Holotype: Not designated; Iconotype: the color figure in Plate 204 in Edwards (1751; see Bour 1987a:111) according to Loveridge & Williams (1957:264– 265) and Bour (1987a:111); reproduced in Bour (1987a:111, Fig. 1), Bour (2001:18, Fig. IVERSON 64 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Gymnopus lineatus Duméril & Bibron 1835:491 Holotype: MNHN 6968 (Bour et al. 1995:82). Chitra vandykei McCord & Pritchard 2003:39 Holotype: CRI (PCHP) 7059 (photographed in the original description, Fig. 11); possibly lost, Scott Thomson pers. comm.); paratypes (3), CRI (PCHP) 4896-97, and 5050. Dogania subplana (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809:11) Holotype: MNHN A.5182 (Bour et al. 1995:79; illustrated in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809:Pl. 5, Fig. 1, and Cuvier 1824: Pl. 13). Trionyx frenatus Gray 1856:67 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.6.4-5 (formerly 1853.5.3.8 and 1852.9.13.49). Dogania guentheri Gray 1862:265 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.6.6 (formerly 1860.3.19.1025). Trionyx dillwynii Gray 1873:306 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.12 (formerly 1872.2.19.60). Trionyx vertebralis Strauch 1890:113 Holotype: ZIN 5391. Trionyx pecki Bartlett 1895:30 Holotype: Not located; possibly SMK. Nilssonia formosa Gray 1869:217 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.11 (formerly 1868.4.3.143). Trionyx peguensis Gray 1870:99 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.10 (formerly 1868.4.3.142). Trionyx grayii Theobald 1875:176 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.6.9 (formerly 1881.7.8.3). Nilssonia gangetica (Cuvier 1825:186, 203) Syntypes (4): MNHN 4148, 9387, 1887-838, and A5226 (Bour et al. 1995:79); MNHN 9387 designated lectotype by Bour et al. (1995:79). Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830:19 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the BMNH. Trionyx gangeticus mahanaddicus Annandale 1912:262 Holotype: ZSI 17014 (Das et al. 1998:128; Kundu et al. 2018:21; photographed therein, p. 23). Emended without discussion to mahanadicus by Das et al. (1998) and Kundu et al. (2018). Nilssonia hurum (Gray 1830:18) Holotype: BMNH, apparently lost; type figured in Gray (1835; Pl. 66), and reproduced in Webb (1980:65) and Plate 66 designated “type” by Webb (1980:65). Trionyx ocellatus Gray 1830:Pl. 78 Syntypes (number uncertain): BMNH, but apparently lost; specimen figured in the original description (Pl. 78) designated as “type” by Webb (1980:63). Trionyx sewaare Gray 1872:336 Syntypes (apparently 2): BMNH 1973.1051–52; specimen illustrated in Hardwicke (1835:Pl. 36) designated “type” by Webb (1980:67). Trionyx bellii Gray 1872:337 Holotype: Not located; possibly OUM. Trionyx buchanani Theobald 1874:78 Holotype: ZSI 1090 (Das et al. 1998:128; Kundu et al. 2018:24, photographed therein, p. 26). Trionyx hurum sivalensis t Lydekker 1889:9 Holotype: ZSI E.163; illustrated in Lydekker (1885: Pl. XXVII, Fig. 3). NHM(P) R601 is a cast of the holotype. Nilssonia leithii (Gray 1872:334) Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.4.15 (formerly 1869.8.28.10) and 1947.3.6.7 (formerly 1870.7.11.1). Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830:19 Holotype: Not located. Aspilus gataghol Gray 1872:339 Holotype: BMNH, apparently lost; specimen illustrated in Gray (1835:Pl. 65) designated as “type” by Webb (1980:64). Trionyx sulcifrons Annandale 1915:341 Holotype: ZSI 17973 (Das et al. 1998:128; Kundu et al. 2018:24, photographed therein, p. 32). Annandale (1915:343) reported two additional specimens (one photographed in Annandale 1915:Pl. XXXIII) in the Nagpur Museum (Das et al. 1998:128), presumably paratypes. Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson 1875:284) Syntypes (2): ZSI 664 and 1898 (Das et al. 1998:128; Kundu et al. 2018:27, photographed therein, p. 29). Palea steindachneri (Siebenrock 1906:579) Holotype: NMW 20373 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:8; Tiedemann et al. 1994:12; illustrated in the original description, p. 579); paratypes (2), NMW 23480:1–2 (Tiedemann & Häupl 1980:8; Tiedemann et al. 1994:13). Aspidonectes californiana Rivers 1889:233 Holotype: UCMZ according to the original TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 65 description, but now apparently lost (Webb 1975b:771; Webb 1978:47–48; RodríguezRobles et al. 2003:66). Pelochelys bibroni (Owen 1853:185, 207) Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.13 and 1947.3.4.5 (formerly RCSM 954–959 and 1093–94, all skeletal parts of same specimen); destroyed during World War II (Webb 1995:301). AMS 3425, 3426, and 131315 (single specimen, in parts) designated as neotype by Webb (1995:302, photographed therein). Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864:90 Holotype: BMNH 1947.3.6.21–22 (body and skull of the same specimen; formerly 1860.4.19.1444 ;Webb 1995:308; Das 2009:3). Pelochelys cumingii Gray 1864:90 Syntypes (2): BMNH 1946.1.22.13 and 1947.3.4.5. Pelochelys poljakowii Strauch 1890:118 Syntypes (2): ZIN 7896–97; illustrated in the original description (Pl. IV, Figs. 1–3). Chitra minort Jaekel 1911:80 Syntypes (2): ZMB (= MNB or MB) unnumbered; illustrated in the original description (Pl. XV, Figs. 3–4). See Karl (1987:40) and McCord & Pritchard (2003:55–56). Pelochelys signifera Webb 2003:100 Holotype: BMNH 1921.11.11.4 (photographed in Webb 1995:304, and in the original description, p. 101, Fig. 1). Pelodiscus axenaria (Zhou, Zhang, & Fang 1991:382) Holotype: None located; illustrated in the original description (Figs. 1–2). Pelodiscus huangshanensis Gong, Peng, Huang, & Nie, in Gong, Peng, Huang, Lin, Huang, Xu, Yang, & Nie 2021:140 Holotype: ANU 20210001 (photographed in the original description, p. 141, Fig. 2 and p. 142, Fig. 4); paratypes (6), ANU 20210002 (photographed in the original description, p. 142, Fig. 3), ANU 20210003, ANU 20210004 (photographed in the original description, p. 142, Fig. 4), ANU 20210005, CIB 116368, and SNHM 5414. Pelodiscus maackii (Brandt 1857:110) Holotype: Not located. Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997:13 Holotype: GXUA 95012. Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann 1835:189) Syntypes (3; Fritz et al. 1994:171): ZMB 38 and 39 (extant) and ZMB 37 (lost); ZMB 38 designated lectotype by Stuckas & Fritz (2011:336–37, and photographed and sampled genetically therein). The type of Testudo rostrata (Thunberg, 1787:179) in the UPSZTY (= UUZM) 128) is not Amyda cartilaginea as usually recorded (e.g., Wermuth & Mertens, 1977:107), but rather Pelodiscus sinensis (Webb 1985:84; see also Deraniyagala 1961). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was petitioned (Case 2693; Webb, 1990) to suppress the earlier name and conserve Wiegmann’s name; conservation of the latter was mandated by ICZN Opinion 1659 (in 1991). Testudo rostrata Thunberg 1787:179 Holotype: UPSZTY 128 (formerly UUZM 128 and UUZM 2); Thunberg (1828:49), Lönnberg (1896), Webb (1985, 1990), and Wallin (2001). See comment under Pelodiscus sinensis. Testudo semimembranacea Herman 1804:219 Holotype: Not located; possibly ZMUS. Trionyx japonica Temminck & Schlegel 1838:139 Syntypes (number uncertain): only two locatable; RMNH 3259 and 3264 (Hoogmoed et al. 2010:22; illustrated in the original description; Pl. VII, Figs. 1–2, and Pl. V, Fig. 7); RMNH 3264 photographed in Hoogmoed et al. (2010:22). Trionyx tuberculatus Cantor 1842:482 Syntypes (3): BMNH 1946.1.22.87-89. Tyrse perocellata Gray 1844:48 Syntypes (3): BMNH 1946.1.22.87-89 (same as Trionyx tuberculatus). Trionyx schlegelii Brandt 1857:111 Holotype: Not located; possibly BMNH. Landemania irrorata Gray 1869:216 Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.9 (formerly 1862.11.1.299). Gymnopus simonii David 1875:214 Holotype: MNHN 835; Bour et al. (1995:88). Psilognathus laevis Heude 1880:24 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. II). Temnognathus mordax Heude 1880:26 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. III). Gomphopelta officinae Heude 1880:27 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. IV). IVERSON 66 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press Coelognathus novemcostatus Heude 1880:29 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. V). Tortisternum novemcostatum Heude 1880:31 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. VI). Ceramopelta latirostris Heude 1880:33 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. VII). Coptopelta septemcostata Heude 1880:35 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. VIII). Cincisternum bicinctum Heude 1880:37 Syntypes: (number uncertain): Not located; illustrated in the original description (Pl. IX). Trionyx cartilaginous newtoni Ferreira 1897:114 Holotype: Not located; possibly MUHNAC. Amyda schlegelii haseri Pavlov 1932:27 Holotype: TNZ unnumbered. Amyda schlegelii licenti Pavlov 1932:28 Holotype: TNZ 14. Amyda schlegelii laoshanica Pavlov 1933:3 Holotype: TNZ 638. Pelodiscus variegatus Farkas, Ziegler, Pham, Ong, & Fritz 2019:72 Holotype: IEBR (Hanoi) 4480 (photographed in the original description, p. 73, Fig. 1); paratypes (14), AMNH 30125 (photographed in the original description, p. 80, Fig. 4d; HNHM 2018.111.1 (photographed in the original description, p. 76, Fig. 3a), and 2018.112.1; MTD 42534, 42834 (photographed in the original description, p. 74, Fig. 2b, d), and 44045 (photographed in the original description, p. 74, Fig. 2a, c); NMW 30221:1-6; VUM AQT001-HTVN2018 (photographed in the original description, p. 76, Fig. 3b, and p. 80, Fig. 4a); ZFMK 101820. Rafetus euphraticus (Olivier in Daudin 1801:305) Holotype: Not located, but Plate 41 in Daudin (1801): designated as the holotype (iconotype) by Bour et al. (1995:85, where Pl. 41 is reproduced as Fig. 3). Testudo rafcht Olivier 1807:328 Holotype: Not located, but Plate 41 in Daudin (1801): designated as the holotype (iconotype) by Bour et al. (1995:85, where Pl. 41 is reproduced). Rafetus swinhoei (Gray 1873:157) Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.22.9 (formerly 1873.7.30.125) and its skull, which is numbered separately as BMNH 1947.3.6.13; Farkas & Fritz (1998). Yuen leprosus Heude 1880:20 Holotype: Not located; paratype (apparently 1), not located. Types possibly in the MZMC (Pritchard 2012:61). Yuen maculatus Heude 1880:22 Holotype: Not located; paratype (1 according to original description, apparently the individual illustrated in the original description, Pl. 1), not located. Types possibly in the MZMC (Pritchard 2012:61). Yuen elegans Heude 1880:23 Syntypes (2 according to original description): Not located; possibly in the MZMC (Pritchard 2012:61). Yuen viridis Heude 1880:23 Holotype: Not located; no paratypes designated; possibly in the MZMC (Pritchard 2012:61). Yuen pallens Heude 1880:23 Holotype: Not located; possibly in the MZMC (Pritchard 2012:61). Pelochelys taihuensist Yhang 1984:71 Holotype: Not located. Trionyx liupanit Tao 1986:23 Holotype: Not located. Rafetus leloii Ha 2000:104 Holotype: RHK 01-1967 (sampled genetically in Le et al. 2010): paratypes (2), RHK 02-1967 and 03-1993; Farkas & Webb (2003). Rafetus vietnamensis Le, Le, Tran, Phan, Phan, Tran, Pham, Nguyen, Nong, Phan, Dinh, Truong, & Ha 2010:950 Holotype: RHK (illustrated in the original description, p. 951, Fig. 1; same as holotype of Rafetus leloii); sampled genetically in the original description; paratypes (2), RHK unnumbered. Trionyx triunguis (Forskål 1775:ix) Holotype: Not located; apparently lost, according to R. G. Webb (pers. comm. to John Iverson). Trionyx egyptiacus Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire 1809:366 Syntypes (3): MNHN 4147, A.5186, and A.5227; MNHN 4147 designated lectotype by Bour et al. (1995:77). Pls. I–II in the original description presumably are among the types. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 67 Trionyx labiatus Bell 1835:unnumbered Holotype: OUM unnumbered; illustrated in the original description (Part IV, Pls. 2–4); apparently lost; not listed by Nowak-Kemp & Fritz (2010). Trionyx mortoni Hallowell 1844:120 Holotype: Not located; possibly ANSP, but not listed in Malnate (1971). Aspidonectes aspilus Cope 1860:295 Holotype: Not located; possibly ANSP or USNM; apparently lost; not listed in Cochran (1961), Malnate (1971), or Reynolds et al. (2007). Fordia africana Gray 1869:219a Syntypes (2): BMNH 1947.3.5.42 (formerly 1862.9.2.33; skull catalogued separately as 1947.3.6.12) and 1947.3.5.70 (formerly 1862.9.2.34). Trionyx triunguis rudolfianus Deraniyagala 1948:30 Holotype: UPSZTY 2821 (formerly UUZM 2821); paratypes (6), originally in the Colombo Museum in Sri Lanka. References Agassiz, L. (1857) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. First Monograph. Vol. I. Part I. Essay on Classification. Part II. North American Testudinata. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, pp. 1–452. Akkari, N., Ganske, A.-S., Komericki, A. & Metscher, B. (2018) New avatars for myriapods: Complete 3D morphology of type specimens transcends conventional species description (Myriapoda, Chilopoda). PLoS ONE, 13(7), e0200158. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200158 Anderson, J. (1872) On Manouria and Scapia, two genera of landtortoises. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1872, 132–144. Anderson, J. (1875) Description of some new Asiatic mammals and Chelonia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4)16, 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937508681848 Andersson, L.G. 1900) Catalogue of Linnean type-specimens of reptilia. Bihang till Kongl. Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar Band 26, 1(4), 3–29. Annandale, N. (1913) The tortoises of Chota Nagpur. 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(1982a) Contribution à la connaisance des tortues terrestres des Seychelles: définition du genre endémique et description d’une espèce nouvelle probablement originaire des îles granitiques et au bord de l’extinction. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 295, 117–122. Bour, R. (1982b) Etude systematique du genre endemigue malgache Pyxis Bell, 1827 (Reptilia, Chelonii) (Note complémentaire). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 51, 28– 31. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1982.10513 Bour, R. (1983) Trois populations endémiques du genre Pelusios (Reptilia, Chelonii, Pelomedusidae) aux îles Seychelles; relations avec les espèces africaines et malgaches. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (4)5A, 343–382. Bour, R. (1984) L’identité de Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812 (Reptilia, Chelonii). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4 Sér., 6, section A(1), 159–175. Bour, R. 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AMS = Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ANGSSR = see GNM. ANSP = Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. ANU = Anhui Normal University Museum AUM = Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn, Alabama, USA. AZM = Australian Zoological Museum (Private), Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia. BEG = Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA. BMNH = see NHMUK. BSNM = Boston Society of Natural History (currently Boston Museum of Science), Boston, Massachusetts, USA BYU = Brigham Young University, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Provo, Utah, USA. CAS = California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA. CAS-SU = California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University Collection, San Francisco, California, USA. CHM = Charleston Museum, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. CIB = Chengdu Institute of Biology (formerly Sichuan Biological Research Institute, SBRI), Chengdu, Sichuan, China CJM = C. J. Maran, personal collection. CM = Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. CNAR = Colección Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México. DBULPGC = Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Las Palmas, Gran Canaria. EBD = Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain. EBRG = Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande, Museo, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela. ESK = Department of Earth Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan. FGS = see USNM. FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA. FU = Fudan University, Department of Biology, Shanghai, China. GNM = Georgian National Museum (formerly Georgian State Museum [GSM] and Georgian Institute of Paleobiology [ANGSSR, IPANG, and IPGAS]), Tbilisi (Tiflis), Georgia. GSI = Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, India. GSM = see GNM. GSSR = see GNM. GXUA = Guangxi Agricultural University, Nanning, Guangxi, China. HUJ = Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Zoological Museum, Jerusalem, Israel. IAVH = Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Colombia. IBH = Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. IEBR = Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam. IGF = Institute of Geology, Firenze (now Museo di Storia Naturale, Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze), Florence, Italy. INM = Instituto Nacional de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina. INHS = Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA. IPANG = see GNM. IPGAS = see GNM. IRSNB = Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles (Brussels), Belgium. IVPP = Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Academia Sinica), Beijing, China. KM = Kimberley Museum (now McGregor Museum), Kimberley, South Africa. KU = University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. KUZ = Department of Zoology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. KZM = Königsberger Zoologischen Museums, University of Königsberg, Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia). LACM = Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA. LM = Leverian Museum (private, dispersed), London, England, United Kingdom. LSUM = Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. MACN = Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina. MAF = see NRM and UPSZTY. MAGNT = see MTN. MB = see ZMB. MBLSSC = Museum of the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China (now National Research Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 83 MDG = see NRM and UPSZTY. MGA = see NRM and UPSZTY. MHD = Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. MRHA = Museo Regional de Historia de Aguascalientes MHNL = Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Lyon (now Musée des Confluences), Lyon, France. MHNRJ = Museo de Historia Natural, Rio de Janeiro. MHNT = Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de la Ville de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. MLUH = Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen (formerly Institut für Zoologie and Geiseltal Museum), Halle (Saale), Germany. MMK = McGregor Museum, Kimberley, Cape Province, South Africa. MMNHN = Metropolitan Museum of Natural History (now Nanjing Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Academia Sinica), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. MNB = see ZMB. MNG = Museums der Natur Gotha, Gotha, Germany. MNHN = Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Reptiles), Paris, France. MNHN(P) = Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paleontology), Paris, France. MNHNC = Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile. MNHW = Muzeum Przyrodnicze Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego (Museum of Natural History, University of Wroclaw), Wrocław (Breslau), Poland. MNM = Museum für Naturkunde, Magdeburg, Germany. MNUL = Museum für Natur und Umwelt, Lübecker Museen, Lübeck, Germany. MPEG = Museu Paraense “Emilio Goeldi”, Belém, Pará, Brazil. MRAC = Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Koninklijk Museum voor Midden Afrika), Tervuren, Belgium MRHA = Museo Regional de Historia de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico. MSNG = Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria” di Genova, Genoa, Italy. MSNM = Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano (Milan), Italy. MSNVE = Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, Venice, Italy. MSW = Menagerie zu Schönbrunn (now Tiergarten Schönbrunn), Wien (Vienna), Austria. MTD (= MTKD) = Museum für Tierkunde, Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Dresden, Germany. MUHNAC = Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa (formerly Museu Bocage and Secção Zoológica do Museu de Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal. MVZ = Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California at Berkeley, California, USA. MWNH (= MW) = Museum Wiesbaden Naturhistorische Landessammlung, Wiesbaden, Germany. MZB = Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (now Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia), Bogor, Java, Indonesia. MZFC-HE = Colección de Herpetología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México. MZP = Museo Zoologica (Instituto di Zoologia Comparativo e Genetico), Università di Padova, Italy. MZT = Zoological Museum, Tartu (now University of Tartu Natural History Museum), Tartu, Estonia. MZUF = Museo di Storia Naturale, Museo Zoologico “La Specola”, Université di Firenze, Florence, Italy. MZUS = Musée Zoologique de la Ville de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. MZUSP = Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. NCSM = North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. NHM(P) = Natural History Museum (Paleontology) (formerly British Museum), London, England, United Kingdom. NHMUK = Natural History Museum (formerly British Museum (Natural History), London, England, United Kingdom. NHRM = See NRM. NM = Natal Museum (now KwaZulu-Natal Museum), Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. NMB = National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. NMBA = Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerlan NMNZ = Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand. NMP = see NM. NMP6V = Národní Muzeum (National Museum), Prague, Czech Republic. NMSZ = National Museums of Scotland (formerly Royal Scottish Museum, RSM), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. NMW = Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Vienna), Austria. NRM = Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History) (formerly included Museum Adolphi Friderici [MAF], Museum Gustavi Adolphi [MGA], and Museum De Geer [MDG]), Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Stockholm, Sweden. NTM = Northern Territory Museum (now Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory), Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. NTM(P) = Nanjing Turtle Museum (Private), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. NTUM = National Taiwan University Museums, Institute of Zoology, Taipei, Taiwan. NU, NUH, and NVUH = VNUH. NZMC = National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (formerly Fan Memorial Institute of Biology), Beijing, China. OUM = Oxford University Museum, Oxford, England, United Kingdom. PCHP(CRI) = Peter C.H. Pritchard Collection, Chelonian Research Institute, Oviedo, Florida, USA. PEM = Port Elizabeth Museum, Bayworld, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. IVERSON 84 • Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press PIK = Pedagogical Institute of Khovd, Khovd University, Mongolia. PNGM = Papua New Guinea National Museum, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. PUM = Panjab University, Museum of Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Chandigarh, Punjab, India. QM = Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. RCSM = Royal College of Surgeons Museum, Hunterian Museum, London, England, United Kingdom. RGMC = see MRAC. RHK = Rua Hoan Kiem (= Hoan Kiem softshell turtle), stuffed specimen at Ngoc Son Temple [Hung Ky Temple], Hoan Kiem Lake, Hanoi, Vietnam. RMNH = Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (now Naturalis–Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum), Leiden, Netherlands. RNM = Ratnapura National Museum, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. RSM = see NMSZ. SBRI = see CIB. SIZ = Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xian, Shaanxi, China. SM(BCB) = Strecker Museum (now Mayborn Museum), Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA. SMF = Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt, Germany. SMK = Sarawak Natural History Museum (now Muzium Sejarah Semulajadi), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. SMNS = Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany. SNHM = Shanghai Natural History Museum, Jing’an, Shanghai, China. SYS = Biological Museum of Sun Yat-Sen University (Zhongshan University), Guangzhou (Canton), China. TCU = Texas Christian University Collection, Fort Worth, Texas, USA. TCWC = Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. THNHM = Natural History Museum, Pathum Thani, Thailand. TM = see TMP. TMM = Texas Memorial Museum (now University of Texas Biodiversity Collection), Austin, Texas, USA. TMP = Transvaal Museum of Natural History (now Ditsong National Museum of Natural History), Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa. TNHC = Texas Natural History Collections, Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA. TNZ = Tianjin Natural History Museum (formerly Musée Hoang-ho Pai-ho), Tianjin, China. TT = The Tortoise Trust (Private), London, England, United Kingdom. TU = Tulane University Museum of Natural History, Belle Chasse, Louisiana, USA. UAHC = University of Alabama Herpetological Collection, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA. UCM = University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History, Boulder, Colorado, USA. UCMZ = University of California Museum of Zoology (now Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), Berkeley, California, USA. UF = University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA. UIMNH = University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, Urbana, Illinois, USA. UKZM = University of Karachi, Dept. of Zoology Museum (formerly Kurrachee Museum), Karachi, Pakistan. UMMP = University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. UMMZ = University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. UMZ = University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom. UPSZTY = Uppsala Zoologiska Typsamling (Uppsala Zoological Type Collection), Museum of Evolution (formerly Uppsala University Zoological Museum, UUZM) (includes former Museum Adolphi Friderici [MAF], Museum Gustavi Adolphi [MGA], and Museum De Geer [MDG]), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. USNM = United States National Museum (now National Museum of Natural History) (includes former Florida Geological Service, FGS), Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA. UU = University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. UUZM = see UPSZTY. UWZM = University of Wisconsin Zoological Museum, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. VNUH = Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam. VUM = Vinh University Museum, Vinh, Vietnam. WAM = Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. YPM = Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. YU = Yunnan University, Dept. of Biology, Kunming, Yunnan, China. ZFMK = Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. ZIL = see ZIN. ZIN = Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. ZIUS = Zoologiska Institutionen, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, Sweden. ZMB = Zoologischen Museum Berlin (now Museum für Naturkunde Berlin [MNB] and Paläontologisches Museum Berlin [MB]), Leibniz-Institut für Evolutionsund Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany. ZMH = Zoological Museum Hamburg (Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. ZMMU = Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. ZMUG = Zoologisches Museum, Johann-FriedrichBlumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany TURTLE TYPE SPECIMENS Megataxa 007 (1) © 2022 Magnolia Press • 85 (herpetology collection transferred to Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig [ZFMK] in 1977). ZMUL = Zoologiska Museet, Lunds Universitet (Biological Museum of Lund University), Lund, Sweden. ZMUP = see MZP. ZMUU = see UPSZTY. ZSI = Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata (Calcutta), West Bengal, India. ZSM = Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Munich), Germany.