A revision of the genus Navasoleon Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini)

Center for SyStematiC entomology, inC., Gainesville, FL Insecta MundIA Journal of World Insect Systematics 0619 A revision of the genus Navasoleon Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini) Lionel A. Stange Florida State Collection of Arthropods Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Robert B. Miller Florida State Collection of Arthropods Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Date of issue: April 27, 2018 0619 0619 1–25 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:13B1B3A8-D9A7-453B-A3A5B1EFF91FF927 2018 27 April Lionel A. Stange and Robert B. Miller A revision of the genus Navasoleon Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini) Insecta Mundi 0619: 1–25 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:13B1B3A8-D9A7-453B-A3A5-B1EFF91FF927 Published in 2018 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. P.O. Box 141874 Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USA http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/ Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. 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Nine species of Navasoleon (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini) are recognized in the present work with the description of seven new species: N. amazonas Stange, N. brasiliensis Miller, N. egeri Stange, N. lithophilus Miller, N. lotti Stange, N. tarsalis Miller, and N. venezolanus Stange. Navasoleon bosqui (Navás) is designated a nomen dubium. A key to the species is provided as well as to the genera of Nemoleontini with closing pretarsal claws. The larvae of two species are described and keyed with biological notes. Biological data presented in Miller and Stange (1985), erroneously attributed to N. bolivianus (Banks), has now been corrected to N. lithophilus. Included in this treatise are 71 color photographs including photos of male and female terminalia, male genitalia, and two species of larvae. Key words. Biology, Zoogeography, keys to adults, larvae of Navasoleon, key to genera with closing tarsal claws, pretarsal claws. Resumen. Se reconocen nueve especies de Navasoleon (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini) con las descripciones de seven especies nuevas: N. amazonas Stange, N. brasiliensis Miller, N. egeri Stange, N. lithophilus Miller, N. lotti Stange, N. tarsalis Miller, y N. venezolanus Stange. Se designa a Navasoleon bosqui (Navás) como nomen dubium. Se presenta una clave para las nueve especies y para las larvas además para los generos de Nemoleontini con uñas prensiles. Se provee una diagnosis para las especies además de datos sobre distribución geográfica. Se describen las larvas de dos especies con observaciones biologícas. Datos biológicos en el trabajo de Miller and Stange (1985), erroneamenta asignado como N. bolivianus (Banks), ahora corrigido a N. lithophilus. Se incluye 71 fotos de color, incluyendo fotos de las terminalias de los machos y hembras, las genitalias de los machos, y las larvas de dos especies. Palabras clave. La biología, Zoogeografía, claves para los adultos, larvas de Navasoleon, clave para los géneros con uñas prensiles, uñas prensiles. Introduction The genus Navasoleon Banks differs from all other new world groups of antlions by having the foreleg elongate, usually much longer than the hindleg and midleg. The pretarsal claws can close against the setal brush on the ventral surface of the distal tarsomere. This South American genus is unusual as the larvae live on bare rock (Miller and Stange 1985). The larvae are ascalaphid-like in appearance, with abdominal scolus-like processes and with the mandibular teeth placed distally. Nine rather uncommonly collected species are known and are classified in three species groups based on leg structure, wing venation and female terminalia. The species appear to have restricted distributions suggesting that more species will probably be found in other areas. Descriptions and keys to the species are provided as well as biological notes. Also, a key to the genera of Nemoleontini with folding pretarsal claws is provided. Materials and Methods Adult terminology is based on Stange (1970a) and larval terminology on Badano and Pantaleoni (2014). Larvae were preserved in 75 percent ethanol after treatment with KAAD larval fixative (solution made from kerosene, ethyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid and dioxane). A machinist’s caliper was used to 2 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller make measurements of adult wings and body length. Most photos of larvae were made from preserved specimens, which lack the natural coloration seen in live material. Photographs of adults and larvae were taken using an Auto Montage (Leica Z16 APO) zoom lens attached to a JVC 3-CCD digital camera (KY-F75U)), and montaged with syncroscopy Automontage software. Images of adult antlions were captured from pinned specimens. Male genitalia, after clearing in KOH and dissection, were photographed under ethanol submerged cover slips to prevent movement. After study and photographs, the genitalia were stored in microvials in glycerin associated with pinned specimens. Female terminalia, after clearing in KOH, were placed in petri dishes and covered with a microscope slide, where they were then photographed after correct positioning had been achieved. Preserved larvae were photographed under ethanol submerged microscope slides. Photographs were electronically enhanced and cleaned up using the Picasa program. Use of this program on terminalia was found to bring out visual contrast between tissues better than the use of chemical dyes. Measurements of the body and wing lengths are based on FSCA specimens, and were taken as accurately as possible given logistical challenges. Coloration characters provided are generally limited in extent in deference to the color photos, which provide much better detail than words. Six-dram plastic snap cap vials, ¾ internally lined with coarse dark blue craft paper, were used for field collecting and rearing because they provided a good gripping surface for the larvae. Papers could be slid out of the vials and attached to the wall of a Styrofoam cup emergence chamber after construction of the cocoon. Twenty-nine adult and two larval specimens studied are deposited in the following institutions: INPA Coleção Sistematica dea Entomologia, Instituto Nacional dea Pesquisas dea Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, R. Argentina. MCZC Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. MNHN Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Results Navasoleon Banks Navasoleon Banks 1943: 168. Type species. Gymnocnemia boliviana Banks, by original designation. Gender is masculine. Taxonomy. Miller and Stange 1985: 122. Further description. Stange 1963: 810; 1970: 11. Biology. Miller and Stange 1985: 120-126, 6 figures (larva, pupa, habitat). Catalog. Stange 1970: 231; 2004: 191. Distribution. South America. Description. Adult. Antenna long and slender, weakly clavate or filamentous; legs elongate, foreleg, in six species much longer than hindleg; tibial spurs absent; pretarsal claws capable of closing against ventral surface of distal tarsomere; black setae on ventral surface of distal tarsomere hooked apically on foreleg (except brasiliensis group) but usually not hooked on other legs; tarsomeres 1-4 with hair mat ventrally; femoral sense hair short, sometimes not distinguishable from other setae; foreleg tarsomere 1 and 2 combined length usually longer than distal tarsomere; forewing with anterior margin evenly curved toward apex, forewing radial sector arising at or beyond cubital fork; posterior fork of vein CuA at an oblique angle to hind margin; vein 2A widely separated from normal 3A before strong angle toward posterior margin; posterior fork of vein CuA reaches posterior border near or well beyond origin of radial sector; hindwing shorter than forewing, in repose apices of wings coincide; abdomen shorter than wings; male ectoproct without postventral lobe; male genitalia a gonarcus and two parameres with an oval sclerite structure sometimes present between parameres; female ectoproct with inconspicuous scraping Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 3Revision of NavasoleoN setae; posterior gonapophysis variably swollen and thumb-like, beset with many fine hair-like setae; lateral gonapophyses fused or not, with scraping setae; pregenital plate usually present. Larva (Fig. 65–69). Mandible with three teeth, which arise well anterior to midpoint of mandible; tooth 2 closer to 3 than to 1; head capsule with long, fine white hair laterally; body flattened with metathorax with 2 pairs of scolus-like processes that are much longer than wide; abdomen with scolus-like process on segments 1–7; hindpretarsal claws less than twice as long as mesothoracic pretarsal claws; spiracles not borne on tubercles; sternite 8 without odontoid process; sternite 9 with small stout setae posteriorly. Biology (after Miller and Stange 1985). The larvae of two species have been found and reared: Navasoleon lithophilus Miller in Peru and N. venezolanus Stange in Venezuela. Both live on smooth, clean rock surfaces where they are oriented head downward or are completely horizontal on the ceiling within meters of each other whereas nearby and apparently suitable rocks were devoid of larvae. Navasoleon lithophilus was misidentified as Navasoleon bolivianus (Banks) in Miller and Stange (1985). Zoogeography. The species are localized. Five species are known from only one locality whereas N. leptocerus (Navás) is known only from the contiguous states of La Rioja and Catamarca in Argentina and N. tarsalis Miller from the nearby states of Falcon and Guarico in Venezuela. N. brasiliensis Miller occurs in three fairly separated states of Brazil. The leptocerus group is widespread in South America occurring in Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Venezuela. Two species occur in Argentina, one in arid areas (N. leptocerus) and the other in cloud forests (N. lotti Stange). Two species occur in Venezuela, N. tarsalis and N. venezolanus Stange. Discussion. Species of Navasoleon are known only from South America where nine uncommon species are recognized. They are sorted into three species group based on adult morphology. The leptocerus group consists of five morphologically similar species. Two species of this group are known from larvae. The brasiliensis group differs notably from the leptocerus group in the relatively shorter foreleg, wing venation and female terminalia. The male genitalia of N. brasiliensis are unique in structure. These species are tentatively referred to Navasoleon but future discoveries of the larvae and genome analysis may not support this classification. The tarsalis group consists of one species with strange female terminalia and with different leg modifications. The midtibia is swollen and the tarsomeres of both the midleg and hindleg are weakly flattened. List of species *larva known brasiliensis group 1. Navasoleon amazonas Stange 2. Navasoleon brasiliensis Miller 3. Navasoleon egeri Stange tarsalis group 4. Navasoleon tarsalis Miller leptocerus group 5. Navasoleon bolivianus (Banks) 6. Navasoleon leptocerus (Navás) 7. Navasoleon lithophilus Miller* 8. Navasoleon lotti Stange 9. Navasoleon venezolanus Stange* Key to species of Navasoleon Banks 1. Forewing vein Cup+1A reaches hind margin of forewing well beyond radial sector (Fig. 38, 40,41); hindlegs and midlegs equal or subequal to length of forelegs; foreleg tarsomere 3 (Fig. 28) less than one half length of distal tarsomere; posterior gonapophysis paddle-like and greatly 4 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller expanded (Fig. 55), as wide as long; setae brush on foreleg distal tarsomere not hooked (Fig. 29); wings marked (except N. amazonas) (Brazil, French Guiana) .. (brasiliensis group) 2 — Forewing vein Cup+1A reaches hind margin of forewing at level of radial sector (Fig. 42–44); hindlegs shorter, and midlegs much shorter than forelegs; foreleg tarsomere 3 as long as distal tarsomere (Fig. 30); posterior gonapophysis much longer than broad; setal brush on foreleg distal tarsomeres hooked (Fig. 30); wings unmarked (Fig. 36) ........................4 2. Wings unmarked (Fig. 38); male (Fig. 47) with atypical gonarcus apparently partly separated in two broad halves, not arched ........................ Navasoleon amazonas Stange — Wings marked where Cup+1A meets hind margin of forewing at rhegma, and at distal portion of hypostigmatic cell (Fig. 40, 41); male (Fig. 48, 49) with arched gonarcus ................ 3 3. Dorsal thorax with pale broad medial stripe from mesoscutellum to metascutellum (Fig. 12); male genitalia (Fig. 48) without large ovoid sclerite between parameres (Brazil) ................................................Navasoleon brasiliensis Miller — Medial areas of mesoscutellum and metascutellum dark brown (Fig. 13); male genitalia with a large ovoid sclerite between paramere bases (Fig. 49) (French Guiana) .................. .....................................................Navasoleon egeri Stange 4. Midtibia swollen (Fig. 26); female terminalia with gonapophysis-like process extending from ventral margin of lateral gonapophysis (Fig. 62) .................................... ............................(tarsalis group) (Guyana) Navasoleon tarsalis Miller — Midtibia not swollen (Fig. 19–25, 27); female gonapophysis without gonapophysis-like process extending from lateral margin of lateral gonapophysis (Fig. 54–61) .. (leptocerus group) 5 5. Antenna filamentous (Fig. 37); pronotum with all setae no longer than those on clypeus (Fig. 14, 16); foreleg tarsomere 3 70% length of distal tarsomere or less; hindwing with six presectoral crossveins (Fig. 42, 44) ........................................................6 — Antenna clavate (Fig. 36) (antenna of N. bolivianus unknown); pronotum (Fig. 15–18) with many long setae, usually longer than the longest setae on the clypeus; foreleg tarsomere 3 equal to length of distal tarsomere (Fig. 28); hindwing with seven to nine presectoral crossveins (Fig. 39,43,46) ....................................................................7 6. Hindtibia with no setae longer than tibial diameter; pronotum mostly reddish brown with large submedial stripes (Fig. 14); third abdominal tergite darkened with central pale area; (Chaco and Subandean deserts of Argentina) ................ Navasoleon leptocerus (Navás) — Hindtibia with some setae longer than tibial diameter; pronotum (Fig. 16) nearly all pale yellow except lateral margins; third abdominal tergite pale without color pattern; (low cloud forests of northwestern Argentina) ...............................Navasoleon lotti Stange 7. Vertex markings (Fig. 6) with anterior dark brown nearly completely dark brown below antennae; anterior half of prothorax with median dark markings (Peru) Navasoleon lithophilus Miller — Vertex markings (Fig. 2, 9) with anterior area pale brown, without dark brown area below antennae; anterior half of prothorax all pale ...............................................8 8. Mesoscutellum and metascutellum all pale brown (Fig. 18) (Venezuela) .................... .............................................. Navasoleon venezolanus Stange — Mesoscutellum and metascutellum with median dark streaks (Fig. 11) (Bolivia) ............. ...............................................Navasoleon bolivianus (Banks) Key to known larvae of Navasoleon Banks 1. Head capsule (Fig. 65–67) with abundant white setae laterally, longer than antennae, extending apically to distal tooth; middle tooth a little longer than distal tooth; metathoracic scolus-like processes doubled, followed by double pair on abdominal segment I, followed by size decreasing single scolus-like process to abdominal segment 7; terminal abdominal segment with small brown setae, elsewhere without stout setae ............ Navasoleon lithophilus Miller Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 5Revision of NavasoleoN — Head capsule (Fig. 68–69) with lateral white setae shorter than antenna; mandible without dense white setae, middle tooth about as long as distal tooth; metathoracic scolus-like processes double followed by single pair scolus-like process on abdominal segment 1, which is smaller and more slender than next scolus-like process, followed by single scolus-like processes decreasing in length through abdominal segments 2-8 which has smallest scolus-like process; terminal abdominal segment with about ten well developed dark brown setae posteriorly, elsewhere with relatively stout setae ........................ Navasoleon venezolanus Stange brasiliensis group Description. Antenna weakly clavate (Fig. 36) (unknown in N. brasiliensis); posterior fork of CuP+1A ending at hindwing margin beyond level of radial sector which originates well distad of cubital fork; wings marked (except N. amazonas); midlegs and hindlegs as long or longer than forelegs, setae opposing pretarsal claws on forelegs not hooked (Fig. 29); midleg not swollen; midleg tarsomeres 1-4 not flattened ventrally; foreleg tarsomeres 2 and 3 (Fig. 28) less than one-half length of distal tarsomere; female gonapophysis without gonapophysis-like process extending from lateral margin of lateral gonapophysis; posterior gonapophysis greatly expanded (Fig. 55). Discussion. The three species comprising this group have the foreleg no longer than the hindleg and the ventral setae on the distal tarsomere are not hooked apically. Also, two species have dark spots on the forewing. The female posterior gonapophysis are greatly expanded. The highly modified male genitalia of N. amazonas are unique in the genus. The discovery of larvae and genome analysis of the species may remove this group from Navasoleon. Navasoleon amazonas Stange, new species Figures 1, 10, 19, 28, 29, 38, 47, 53 Type locality. Amazonas, Brazil. Description. Pronotum longer than wide; foreleg distal tarsomere shorter than basal four tarsomeres together; antenna nearly all black; forefemur nearly all black with femoral sense hair about three times longer than femur diameter, equal to midfemoral sense hair; forewing unmarked; forewing radial sector arises well before cubital fork; female posterior gonapophysis greatly swollen, about twice as long as wide. Holotype male. Length of body 15 mm., forewing length 23.5 mm., width 6 mm., hindwing length 23 mm., width 5 mm. Coloration: Face brownish with darker brown area at middle below antennae; antenna (Fig. 19) nearly all black except pale scape and pedicel; maxillary palpus dark brown, labial palpus pale brown; vertex (Fig. 10) mostly pale brown with dark brown area submedially at middle and anteriorly; pronotum (Fig. 10) mostly pale yellow anteriorly extending posteriorly as narrow pale band medially, pale brown laterally with large dark brown submedian area on posterior one-half; ;pteronotum nearly all dark brown; pterothoracic pleura (Fig. 19) mostly pale yellow with dark brown anteriorly; abdomen mostly dark brown with most pale brown areas on tergites 1–3; forefemur nearly all black; forewing (Fig. 38) unmarked; hindwing without hypostigmal dark brown spot. Chaetotaxy: Antenna densely covered with short pale setae; thoracic nota (Fig. 10) without setae except pronotum mostly laterally and prescutum; pterothoracic pleura (Fig. 19) without setae except few small dark ones ventrally; forefemoral sense hair about three times longer than femur diameter, equal to that of midfemur; distal tarsomere with many short, stout black setae along nearly entire distal surface; femora and tibia (Fig. 19) with dark setae shorter than femur diameter. Structure: Distal flagellomere slender; antenna weakly clavate, most flagellomeres before clava longer than wide; pronotum longer than wide; foreleg basitarsus shorter than distal tarsomere and pretarsal claws; forewing radial sector (Fig. 38) arises at or somewhat beyond cubital fork, 6 presectoral crossveins. Male genitalia (Fig. 47): With atypical gonarcus apparently partly separated in two broad halves, not arched, without mediuncus; parameres weakly sculptured, elongate, about 7 times longer than wide, broadly separated at gonarcus, converging posteriorly, produced anteriorly beyond gonarcus, separated by prominent ovoid sclerite posteriorly. 6 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller Female. About as described for male. Female terminalia (Fig. 53): With posterior gonapophysis swollen, especially basally, about twice as long as wide, with all setae shorter than gonapophyseal width; lateral gonapophysis elongate with scraping setae concentrated in transverse rows posteriorly; pregenital plate appears large (not clear from photo); ectoproct with only fine setae ventrally, spermathecal not visible in photo. Distribution. Brazil. Collection times. January and July. Material studied. Holotype male, 1 male paratype, 2 female paratypes. BRAZIL. Amazonas: AM 010 km 31 Embrapa, 23.I.1991, L. P. Albuquerque and J. E. Rinda, Arm Shannon C. Cacao, Isc. Fruta (2m, FSCA; INPA); Parque Nacional Jaú, O15427S, 613510W., 29.VII–08. VIII.2001, Henrisques and Vidal, Arm. malaise, campinarana baixa (1f, INPA); 26 km. N.E. Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 16.01.1989, malaise (1f, INPA). Discussion. The male genitalia (Fig. 47) of N. amazonas is distinctive and highly modified in comparison to other species of the genus. Also, the wings are unmarked in contrast to other species of the group. The femoral sense hair is intact only in the holotype. They appear broken in other specimens. Etymology. The name is based on the Brazilian state from which the holotype was collected. Navasoleon brasiliensis Miller, new species Figures 3, 12, 40, 48, 55, 56 Type locality. Virmond, Paraná, Brazil. Description. Forewing (Fig. 40) with large dark brown spot at coalescing of vein CuP+1A and posterior fork of CuA near posterior border; pronotum (Fig. 12) with many long setae, as long as, or longer than the longest setae on the clypeus; foreleg tarsomere 3 shorter than distal tarsomere. Holotype male. Length of body 15 mm., forewing length 21 mm., width 5 mm., hindwing length 21.5 mm., width 4 mm; wing span 44 mm. Coloration: Face (Fig. 3) pale brown with broad dark brown band below antennae and small dark brown area above antenna at middle; antennal scape and pedicel mostly dark brown; vertex (Fig. 12) with reduced dark brown markings, anterior vertex row most prominent; pronotum (Fig. 12) with broad pale yellow band at middle, broad dark brown band laterally; pterothoracic nota mostly dark brown with pale yellow scutelli; pterothoracic pleura mostly dark brown (Fig. 21); abdomen mostly dark brown but broad pale brown band on sternites; forefemora and midfemora and tibia brown with numerous small dark brown spots, rest of legs mostly pale brown; forewing (Fig. 40) with large dark brown spot at coalescing of vein CuP+1A and posterior fork of CuA near posterior border. Chaetotaxy: Maxillary and labial palpi with abundant black setae about as long as flagellomere diameter; thoracic nota (Fig. 21) without setae except pronotum mostly laterally and prescutum; pronotum (Fig. 11) with many long setae, as long as, or longer than the longest setae on the clypeus; pterothoracic pleura (Fig. 21) without setae except few small ones ventrally; forefemoral and midfemoral sense hairs short, about equal to femur diameter; femora and tibiae with short setae, shorter than femur diameter. Structure: Distal palpomere of labius slender (Fig. 3); flagellum missing; pronotum longer than wide; foreleg (Fig. 21) about same length as hindleg; foreleg tarsomere 3 shorter than distal tarsomere; midleg tarsomeres 1–4 longer than distal tarsomere; forewing (Fig. 40) about same length as hindwing, forewing radial sector arises well distad of cubital fork, with 8 presectoral crossveins; forewing costal cells above radial sector higher than wide. Male genitalia (Fig. 48): With gonarcus strongly arched, nearly uniform in width, with barely indicated mediuncus; parameres elongate, shallowly sculptured, about 5 times longer than wide, diverging posteriorly, nearly touching at anterior one-third. Female. About as described for male. Female terminalia (Fig. 55, 56): With small pregenital plate but medial tooth long; posterior gonapophysis strongly swollen, about as long as wide, with some setae Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 7Revision of NavasoleoN that are about as long as gonapophyseal width; lateral gonapophyses fused, large and transverse, with many narrow digging setae on most of surface; ectoproct with few small scattered setae; spermatheca at least 12 times longer than wide, broadly curved. Distribution. Brazil. Collection times. January and March. Material studied. Holotype male, 1 male paratype, 1 female paratype. BRAZIL. Paraná: Virmond (1m, FSCA). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara, Floresta da Tijuca, 13.I.1969, L. Stange (1m, FSCA) São Paulo, Ilha da Vitoriá, 16-27.III.1964 (1f, FSCA). Discussion. This is the second species known in the genus with markings on the forewing. The other species is N. egeri. The female posterior gonapophysis are the most swollen in the genus. The two paratypes are in bad condition. Etymology. This species is named after the country where the holotype was collected. Navasoleon egeri Stange, new species Figures 4, 13, 22, 36, 41, 49 Type locality. nr. Roura, French Guiana. Description. Antenna mostly dark brown with narrow pale brown apices on scape, pedicel and most flagellomeres; tarsomere 3 of foreleg shorter than distal tarsomere; tarsomeres 1–4 of midleg not flattened ventrally; forewing with large dark brown spot at coalescing veins CuP+1A and posterior fork of CuA. Holotype male. Length of body 20.5 mm., forewing length 21 mm., width 5.0 mm., hindwing length 20.5 mm., width 3.5 mm; wing span 42 mm. Coloration: Face (Fig. 4) pale brown ventrally with broad dark brown band below antennae, not reaching ocular rim but extending dorsally to fuse with large dark brown area above antenna; maxillary and labial palpi pale brown basally, dark brown on apical palpomeres; antenna (Fig. 36) mostly dark brown with narrow pale brown apices on scape, pedicel and most flagellomeres, mostly pale brown toward apex which is mostly dark brown vertex (Fig. 13) mostly dark brown to black, with narrow transverse pale brown stripe submedially near middle; pronotum (Fig. 13) nearly all dark brown medially and laterally; pteronotum dark brown laterally, pale brown sublaterally on prescutum, mesonotum, mesoscutellum; metanotum dark brown except anteriorly and medially; metascutellum dark brown; thoracic pleura (Fig. 22) mostly dark brown with scattered pale brown areas; coxae mostly pale brown with small darker brown areas; legs light brown with darker areas at base of set; forewing (Fig. 41) with small dark brown rhegmal mark and large dark brown spot at coalescing veins CuP+1A and posterior fork of CuA; abdominal tergites mostly dark brown except tergites 1–2, other tergites mostly pale brown area anteriorly. Chaetotaxy: Face and vertex with brown setae, labrum with pale setae; scattered dark brown setae on antennal scape, pedicel, and flagellomeres; pronotum with many long setae, as long as, or longer than, the longest setae on the clypeus; pterothoracic nota nearly without setae except laterally on prescutum; pterothoracic pleura without setae except ventrally; forefemoral sense about equal to femur diameter, midfemoral sense hair not distinguishable from surrounding white setae; femora and tibiae with short setae, mostly shorter than femur diameter, a few somewhat longer; ventral setae on distal tarsomere of foreleg longer than middle diameter of tarsomere, not hooked; ventral setae on other legs about equal in length to middle diameter of tarsomere. Structure: Distal palpomere of labius moderately swollen; antenna (Fig. 36) with most flagellomeres about 2 times longer than wide, weakly clavate; pronotum longer than wide; foreleg tarsomere 3 shorter than distal tarsomere; midleg tarsomeres 1–4 longer than distal tarsomere; forewing with costal cells broader than long basally, higher than wide near and beyond origin of radial sector, with 7 presectoral crossveins; forewing radial sector arises well beyond cubital fork; posterior fork of CuP+1A reaches hind margin well distal of radial sector (Fig. 41). Male genitalia (Fig. 49): With gonarcus nearly uniformly broadened, strongly arched, narrowed distally, no mediuncus; paramere strongly appressed to gonarcus, elongate, about 4 times longer than middle diameter, sculptured mainly in rows, strongly sclerotized on 14 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller protruding from the cocoon by its partially expanded abdomen, the end of which is firmly in the cocoon. The body protrudes from the cocoon at an angle of about 15 degrees down from the horizontal. The head, antennae, and legs are held for about an hour in the same position as when they were in the pupal skin. At the end of this interval the legs have hardened sufficiently to grasp the wall or cocoon, climb it, and finish expanding the abdomen and expanding the wings. Species in other studied genera were able to use the legs shortly after getting free of the pupal skin. Discussion. The larva is ascalaphid-like in structure with a weakly cordate head, ten pairs of scoluslike processes, hind pretarsal claws only somewhat larger than mesothoracic pretarsal claws, elongate mandible with teeth beyond middle and flattened appearance. The only other known Navasoleon larva, N. venezolanus, moves more frequently than does N. lithophilus and has one scolus–like process on abdominal segment one as opposed to the two found on N. lithophilus. Etymology. The species name, litho (Greek for rock) and philus (Greek for loving), is in recognition of the rock-loving nature of the larvae. Navasoleon lotti Stange, new species Figures 7, 16, 25, 44, 51, 61 Type locality. Horco Molle, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. Description. Antenna filamentous; foreleg tarsomere 3 about one-half length of distal tarsomere; hindtibia with some setae longer than tibial diameter. Holotype male. Length of body 14 mm., forewing length 20.5 mm., width 5 mm., hindwing length 20. mm., width 4.5 mm; wing span 42 mm. Coloration: Face (Fig. 7) nearly all pale brown with small irregular dark brown area between and below antennal sockets, extended onto vertex as short dark brown band; dark brown behind antennal sockets; palpi pale brown; antennal scape and pedicel dark brown dorsally, pale brown dorsally; flagellum nearly all pale brown except apical ten flagellomeres; vertex (Fig. 7, 16) with anterior row complete, narrow reddish brown band from eye to eye, slightly produced posteriorly at middle; middle vertex row consists of small, submedial dark brown spots; posterior row limited to brown triangular area at middle; elsewhere exist small dark brown areas; pronotum nearly all pale yellow except lateral margin at posterior two thirds which are slightly extended medially subbasally and basally; pteronota nearly all pale brown with dark brown areas mostly laterally; scutelli pale brown with small dark brown line laterally; thoracic pleura mostly pale brown with predominate dark brown area on mesopleuron ventrally; coxae and trochanter pale; femora and tibia pale brown with numerous dark brown spots at setal bases; tarsi pale brown; wings without dark brown marks. Chaetotaxy: Face and vertex dorsally with pale setae; antenna with pale brown setae on scape, pedicel and flagellomeres; pronotum with all setae shorter than those on clypeus; forefemoral sense hair about equal to that midfemur and about 2 times as long as femoral diameter; hindtibia with some setae longer than femur diameter; ventral setae on distal tarsomere of foreleg longer than middle diameter of tarsomere, apically hooked; ventral setae on other legs as long as middle diameter of tarsomere, not hooked; female ectoproct with short setae ventrally. Structure: Distal labial palpomere elongate, slender; antenna weakly clavate, with about 32 flagellomeres; most flagellomeres about twice as long as wide; foreleg tarsomere 3 longer than 4, tarsomere I about twice as long as distal tarsomere which is slightly bent subapically. Male genitalia (Fig. 51). With gonarcus narrow, moderately arched, narrowed apically; no mediuncus; parameres close together posteriorly and strongly sclerotized along mesal margin, less sclerotized along other margins; most of paramere strongly divergent laterally; sculpture not prominent. Female. About as described for male. Female terminalia (Fig. 61). With posterior gonapophysis swollen, elongate and narrowed apically about 5x longer than middle diameter; lateral gonapophyses elongate, separate, with many prominent scraping setae which are darkened apically; pregenital plate small with median tooth. Distribution. Argentina. Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 15Revision of NavasoleoN Collection times. November to January. Material studied. Holotype male, 2 male paratypes, 2 female paratypes. ARGENTINA. Tucuman: Horco Molle, San Miguel de Tucumán, 16.XII.1970, L. Stange (1m, FSCA); same data, 18.I.1973 (1f, FSCA); 19.XI.1970 (1f, FSCA). Discussion. All of the specimens were collected at a porch light. The filamentous antenna is distinct from all other Navasoleon except N. leptocerus. Etymology. This species is dedicated to Juan B. Lotti, formerly of Bertiolo, Italy and San Miguel de Tucumán, in recognition of his assistance in field work. Gender is masculine. Navasoleon venezolanus Stange, new species Figures 9, 18, 27, 30, 31, 32, 46, 52, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71 Type locality. Falcon, Venezuela. Description. Antenna weakly clavate; hindleg distal tarsomere, about equal in length to tarsomeres 3 and 4 together and about 1.5 times as long as pretarsal claws (Fig. 31). Holotype male. Length of body 16 mm., forewing length 20.5 mm., width 4.5 mm., hindwing length 20 mm., width 3.0 mm.; wing span 42 mm. Coloration: Face (Fig. 9) all pale yellow; palpi pale brown; antenna with flagellomeres mostly pale brown except some dark brown laterally; supra-antennal dark brown area triangular, restricted to median area; vertex (Fig. 9, 18) pale yellow except for small dark brown spot submedially at middle and V-shaped dark area above and slightly below antennal sockets; pronotum completely pale yellow except dark brown area laterally on posterior one-third; broad pale yellow band on middle of pterothoracic nota including scutelli; pterothoracic pleura (Fig. 30) mostly pale brown with dark brown ventrally; coxae and trochanters all pale brown; femur and tibia pale brown with many dark brown spots at setal bases; tarsus pale brown except dark brown apex of distal tarsomere; wings without markings; abdomen mostly pale brown. Chaetotaxy: Face without setae except short setae on labrum; vertex with short, decumbent black setae dorsally; pronotum (Fig. 18) with moderately long, erect, black setae; fore femoral sense hair about equal to that mid femur and about 2 times as long as femoral diameter; ventral setae on distal tarsomere of foreleg longer than middle diameter of tarsomere, apically hooked; ventral setae on other legs not hooked, longer than middle diameter of tarsomere. Structure: Distal palpomere slender, palpimacula near center; antenna long, weakly clavate, basal flagellomeres (Fig. 9) about 1.5 times longer than wide; pronotum (Fig. 18) about 1.5 times longer (measured at center) as wide; foreleg tarsomere 2 about equal in length to distal tarsomere which is bent subapically; hindleg distal tarsomere about equal in length to tarsomeres 3 and 4 together and about 1.5 times as long as pretarsal claws; forewing with vein CuP+1A touching posterior vein a little before origin of radial sector; costal cells all broader than high. Male genitalia (Fig. 52). With gonarcus broad, short, not arched; mediuncus absent; parameres nearly touching dorsally, then somewhat below diverge greatly laterally; sculpture evident Female. About as described for male. Female terminalia (Fig. 64). With posterior gonapophysis weakly swollen, about 4.5 times longer than middle diameter, with long setae especially apically which attain about ½ length of gonapophysis; lateral gonapophyses transverse, closely approximated, with numerous short scraping setae dorsally similar to ventral area of ectoproct and more elongate setae ventrally; pregenital plate about 4 times wider than long with small but prominent tooth at middle. Larva (Fig. 68, 69). Flattened with length about 12 mm (not including jaws). Coloration: Pale yellow colored with dark brown pigmentation as follows: all setal bases; dorsal 3 stemmata; entire first antennal segment; maxillary lobe; mandibular teeth apically and apical curved part of mandible; head capsule dorsally with dark brown on area anterior in epistomal suture; transverse bar near posterior margin of epistomal suture; submedian dark brown spot near middle, and small submedian, converging stripe at about posterior one-half; large spot at anterolateral margin extending mesally about one-half distance where mark points anteriorly; two lateral spots before spiracular tubercle; thorax and abdomen with 16 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller irregular dark speckling as in (Fig. 68, 69); all setae white with elevated dark bases except for a few dark ones on legs and brownish digging setae on sternite IX. Chaetotaxy: Long, white, weakly plumose hairs on lateral surface of head and all scoli, those laterally on head capsule shorter than antenna; mandible without abundant white setae on margins; elsewhere hairs abundant but short, plumose white setae dorsally and long fine plumose setae abundant ventrally; mandible with about 17 stout setae on elevated sockets from base to basal tooth, about three setae between tooth 1 and 2 and one seta between tooth 2 and 3; mandibles with abundant white, weakly plumose setae from near base to tooth 3; ocular tubercle with several small setae and with one prominent setae above stemmata; sternite 9 (Fig. 61) with stout black setae posteriorly, elsewhere with well-developed setae. Structure: Head almost quadrate, thickest near middle; posterior margin cordate; dorsum somewhat more convex than venter; labium strongly bilobed with broad emarginate at midline; ocular tubercle small, directed nearly laterally, broader than long; dorsal 3 stemmata smaller than others; antennal tubercle less than one-half length of ocular tubercle; antenna with about 19 segments, narrowing toward apex; scape swollen about three times longer than wide; all antennal segments longer than wide; antenna reaching far beyond end of ocular tubercle, about two times as long as basal width of jaw; labial palpus longer than basal width of mandible, first segment about three times longer than wide, longer than second but shorter than distal palpomere which is swollen with sensory orifice before middle; mandible falcate, about 1.5 times longer than head capsule, smoothly tapering to distal tooth just beyond which is strongly curved tip; three teeth located well beyond midpoint of mandible; middle tooth about as long as distal one and about 1.3 times longer than basal tooth; middle tooth usually closer to distal tooth than to basal tooth (Fig. 68); left mandible of one exceptional specimen with teeth nearly equidistant; ventral mandibular condyle bounded medially by a large curved arm of anterior end of subgenal ridge; postlabium bilobate, rounded anteriorly; broadly articulating with widely separated prelabial lobes; latter mostly straight, strongly curved along anterior margin in apical fifth; pronotum about 1.5 times broader than long, anterior margin gently curved at anterolateral margin, somewhat prolonged posteriorly; forepretarsal claws small, mesopretarsal claws somewhat larger and metapretarsal claws larger still but less than twice as long as mesothoracic claws; mesosthoracic spiracle borne on large cone-shape tubercle longer than wide; metathoracic scolus-like processes double followed by single scolus-like process on abdominal segment I, which is smaller and more slender than next scolus-like process, followed by single scolus-like process decreasing in length through abdominal segments 2–8; most scolus-like processes longer than wide except on segment 8 which is about as long as wide; spiracles not borne on tubercles; sternite 8 without odontoid processes. Distribution. Venezuela. Collection times. May and November. Material studied. Holotype male, 1 male paratype, 2 female paratypes. VENEZUELA. Falcon: 10 km north El Paují (Majoral Abajo), 15–24.V.1987, R. Miller and L. Stange, reared (2m, 1f, FSCA). Guárico: San Juan de los Morros, 24.XI.1955, Fernando Yepez (1f, FSCA). Biology. The larval biology and adult emergence of this species is basically like that of N. lithophilus except that, under laboratory conditions, Navasoleon venezolanus is changing feeding position frequently whereas N. lithophilus is remaining motionless for weeks at a time. Discussion. This species may be separated from others by where vein CuP+1A meets the hind margin of the forewing, the clavate antennae, lack of wing markings, and markings on the pronotum and head vertex. Etymology. This species is named for the country of origin. Pretarsal claws The ability of the pretarsal claws to close upon the ventral surface of the distal tarsomere which has a corresponding setal patch is still considered a significant generic character (Stange 1963) but with certain problems (Miller and Stange 1989). Pachyleon Stange is structurally similar to Dimarella Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 17Revision of NavasoleoN but the pretarsal claws cannot close upon the distal tarsomeres. If moved toward the tarsomere they spread apart whereas they don’t in Dimarella except for the species of the D. angusta group in which the pretarsal claws are spread apart to begin with so that when they approach the tarsomere they are on either side of the tarsomere upon closure. Michel and Akoudjin (2012: 34) include two species with folding claws with many species of Neuroleon Navas that lack them. They use tarsal setal characters as well as male genitalia and female terminalia to define Neuroleon. In the genus Eremoleon, one species, E. macer (Hagen), has the pretarsal claw weakly modified as folding claws. Folding pretarsal claws are present in about seventeen genera in the Myrmeleontidae. They are found in the Dendroleontini (Bankisus Navás, Bullanga Navás, Froggattisca Esben-Petersen, Parvoleon New, Tricholeon Kimmins), Nemoleontini (Brasileon Stange, Dimarella Banks, Elachyleon Esben-Petersen, Megistopus Rambur, Negrokus Navás, Neuroleon Navás, Paraglenurus van der Weele, Rovira Navás, Sericoleon EsbenPetersen, Thaumatoleon Esben-Petersen, Visca Navás), and Brachynemurini (Stangeleon Miller). Key to genera of New World Nemoleontini with pretarsal claws that close upon the distal tarsomere 1. Antennal fossa separated from ocular rim by more than greatest width of pedicel; mid leg shorter than foreleg which is shorter than hindleg; midtibia usually swollen much broader than hind tibia; subcostal area narrowed at origin of cubital fork to less than diameter of radial vein (except Dimarella riparia) (Subtribe Dimarellina) ..................................2 — Antennal fossa separated from ocular rim by less than greatest width of pedicel; midleg as long as or longer than foreleg or foreleg longer than hindleg; midtibia not swollen broader than hindtibia (except few species of Purenleon Stange and Navasoleon tarsalis (Fig. 26); subcostal area not narrowed to less than diameter of radial vein (Subtribe Nemoleontina) .........3 2. Tibial spurs present on all legs; posterior fork of vein CuA and CuP + 1A parallel with each other and hind margin for long distance; male ectoproct with elongate postventral lobe ........................................................Dimarella Banks — Tibial spurs absent at least on midleg and hindleg; posterior fork of vein CuA runs obliquely to hind margin; male ectoproct without postventral lobe (Brazil) .........Brasileon Stange 3. Tibial spurs absent .............................................Navasoleon Banks — Tibial spurs present ............................................................. 4 4. Tibiae with long setae, more than four times longer than diameter of tibia; foretibial spurs longer than basal three tarsomeres; hindfemur with sense hair; distal tarsomere somewhat flattened dorsoventrally with setal brush lacking along midline (Chile; coastal Peru) ..............................................Sericoleon Esben-Petersen — Tibiae with short setae, longest less than twice as long as tibial diameter; foretibial spurs shorter than basal two tarsomeres; hindfemur without sense hair; distal tarsomere not flattened and with setae on midline (Argentina) ...............................................5 5. Setal brush on distal tarsomere usually with apically hooked setae; hindleg tarsomere 2 usually over 4 × longer than wide, sometimes as long as basitarsus; female terminalia with posterior gonapophysis produced thumb-like; ectoproct without digging setae ......Elachyleon Esben-Petersen — Setal brush on distal tarsomere without hooked setae; hindleg tarsomere 2 at most 2.5 × longer than wide; female terminalia with posterior gonapophysis produced finger-like; ectoproct with short digging setae ............................................... Rovira Navás Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Weston Opitz and Dr. Renato Jose Pires Machado for their critical reviews of the manuscript. Appreciation is due to Dr. Elijah Talamas for arranging the figures. We thank the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, for their support of this project. 18 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller Literature Cited Badano, D., and R. A. Pantaleoni, 2014. The larvae of European Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera). Zootaxa 3762: 1–71. Banks, N. 1920. New neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64: 297–362. Banks, N. 1943. Neuroptera of northern South America. Part II. Myrmeleonidae. Boletín de Entomologia Venezolana 2: 161–173. Michel, B. M., and M. Akoudjin. 2012. Review of Neuroleon Navás of West Africa with descriptions of four new species (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Zootaxa 3519: 32–52. Miller, R., and L. A. Stange. 1985. Description of the antlion larva Navasoleon boliviana Banks with biological notes. Neuroptera International 3: 119–126. Miller, R. B., and L. A. Stange 1989. Revision of the genus Dimarella Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae. Insecta Mundi 3: 11-40. Navás, L. 1915. Neurópteros nuevos ó poco conocidos. (Series IV–VI). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona 3(12): 119–136. Navás, L. A. 1922. Insectos Sudamericanos. Cuarta (IV) series. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid 19: 255–267. Stange, L. A. 1963. The Dimarellini of Mexico (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) with the descriptions of two new species of Dimarella. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 6: 810–816. Stange, L. A. 1968. Catalogo de Neuroptera de Argentina y Uruguay. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 22: 5–88. Stange, L. A. 1970a. Revision of the ant-lion tribe Brachynemurini of North America. University of California Publications in Entomology 55: 1–192. Stange, L. A. 1970b. A generic revision and catalog of the Western Hemisphere Glenurini with the description of a new genus and species from Brazil. Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science 186: 1–28. Stange, L. A. 2004. A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 74: 1–565. Received December 4, 2017; accepted March 19, 2018. Review editor David Bowles. Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 19Revision of NavasoleoN Figures 1–9. Face of Navasoleon spp. 1) Navasoleon amazonas. 2) Navasoleon bolivianus. 3) Navasoleon brasiliensis. 4) Navasoleon egeri. 5) Navasoleon leptocerus. 6) Navasoleon lithophilus. 7) Navasoleon lotti. 8) Navasoleon tarsalis. 9) Navasoleon venezolanus. 20 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller Figures 10–18. Dorsal view, head and thorax, of Navasoleon spp. 10) Navasoleon amazonas. 11) Navasoleon bolivianus. 12) Navasoleon brasiliensis. 13) Navasoleon egeri. 14) Navasoleon leptocerus. 15) Navasoleon lithophilus. 16) Navasoleon lotti. 17) Navasoleon tarsalis. 18) Navasoleon venezolanus. Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 21Revision of NavasoleoN Figures 19–27. Lateral view, thorax, of Navasoleon spp. 19) Navasoleon amazonas. 20) Navasoleon bolivianus. 21) Navasoleon brasiliensis. 22) Navasoleon egeri. 23) Navasoleon leptocerus. 24) Navasoleon lithophilus. 25) Navasoleon lotti. 26) Navasoleon tarsalis 27) Navasoleon venezolanus. 22 • Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 Stange and Miller Figures 28–37. Legs and antennae of Navasoleon spp. 28) Foretarsus, Navasoleon amazonas. 29) Distal tarsomere of foreleg, Navasoleon amazonas. 30) Tarsus of foreleg, Navasoleon venezolanus. 31) Tarsus of hindleg, Navasoleon venezolanus. 32) Tarsus of midleg, Navasoleon venezolanus. 33) Fore tarsus, Navasoleon egeri. 34) Foreleg tarsus, Navasoleon tarsalis. 35) Fore leg tarsus, Navasoleon leptocerus. 36) Antenna, Navasoleon egeri. 37) Antenna, Navasoleon leptocerus. Insecta MundI 0619, April 2018 • 23Revision of NavasoleoN Figures 38–46. Wings of Navasoleon spp. 38) Navasoleon amazonas. 39) Navasoleon bolivianus. 40) Navasoleon brasiliensis. 41) Navasoleon egeri. 42) Navasoleon leptocerus. 43) Navasoleon lithophilus. 44) Navasoleon lotti. 45) Navasoleon tarsalis. 46) Navasoleon venezolanus. Figures 47–52. Male genitalia of Navasoleon spp. 47) Navasoleon amazonas. 48) Navasoleon brasiliensis. 49) Navasoleon egeri. 50) Navasoleon lithophilus. 51) Navasoleon lotti. 52) Navasoleon venezolanus.