5TH ICAENS 2023 Proceeding Book
Full text
Internati onal Conference on Applied En gineering a nd Natural
Sciences
IC AENS 2023
Proceeding B ook
Ju ly 10 - 12 , 2023: K onya, Tur key
ICAENS 202 3
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
PROCEEDING BOOK OF
5TH INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON
APPLIED ENGINEERING
AND NATURAL
SCIENCES ICAENS 2023
PROCEEDIN G BOOK OF 5TH ICAENS 20 23:
Editors:
Asst. Prof. Dr. Umut Özkaya
10 – 12 July 2023
Konya , Turkey
Publication dat e: 25.07. 2 023
Publisher : All Science s Academ y
All Sciences Pro ceedings
as -proceed ing.com, http s://www.icaens.com/
5th In ter nation al Conference on App lied Engineering and Natural Science s IC AENS 2023 : edited by All Sciences
Academy .
Vol. 1
ISBN: 978 - 625 -99108-9-5
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
I
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I NTRODUCTION
We had the gre at honor of organizing the IC AENS 2023. It was truly a great pleasure for us to greet a
lot of participan ts from m a ny di f ferent countries attending IC AENS 2023! We firmly believe that the
conference will become an i mp ortant international event in the field of cross -indu stry discussion about
innovations in Acade mic Studies.
IC AENS 2023 w as organized by All Sc ience Acade my located in Konya, Turke y.
Three cooperating organizati ons supported t he f ou r-day conference. There were 508 papers accepted
for present ation at IC AENS 2023, contributed from different countries. We had plenary speeches and
several well-known s cientis ts and experts, to give invite d talks at different sessions .
The purpose of IC AEN S 2023 was to provide a fo rum for the part icipants to report and rev iew
innovative ideas, with up- to -date progress and deve lopmen ts, and discuss novel approach es to the
application in the field of their own resear ch areas and discuss challenge s of doing sc ien ce.
We sinc erely hope that the exchange of i dea s on doing research, science and improving education w ill
help the p articipant s, an d internationa l cooperat ion sharing the common interest will be enhance d.
On behalf the Organization Committee of IC AENS 2023, we would li ke to heartily thank ou r
cooperating organizat ions for all they have done for the conference. We wou ld al so like to thank th e
authors for their con trib ut ion to th e pro cee din gs ; the pa rticipan ts and f riends of IC AENS 2023, f or the ir
interest and efforts in helpi ng us to mak e the conference possible; and the Editorial boards fo r the ir
effective work and valuab le advice, especially the IC AENS 2023 secre tariat and the IC AEN S 2023
staff, for their tireless efforts and outstanding servic es in preparing the conference and publish ing t h e
Proceedings.
Asst. Prof. D r. Umut Özk aya
Conference chairs
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
II
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. I
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... II
Conference C hairs .............................................................................................................................. X XI
Scientific Comm ittees ....................................................................................................................... X XI I
Document o f Academic Inc entive ................................ .................................................................... X XI II
Document o f Internationa l Confer ence ........................................................................................... XXIV
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
III
Table List of Co ntent
Content o f Full Paper s
Page No
Title
Author s
Country
Submission
ID
1-5
Antalya’da D oğal Yay ılış Göstere n Hoş Kokuya
Sahip Bit kiler
İlhami Emra h Dönm ez
Turkey
Mail Submiss ion
1
6- 11
Developing W eb Ser vices and Ch allenges
Faris Sattar H adi
Ir aq
Mail Submiss ion
2
12 - 19
Deniz Taşım acılığı ve Hizmet T ürleri
Ömer CANBAZ , Murat
YORULMAZ
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
3
20 - 26
Some Remarks on Rou gh IK -Statistic al
Convergence of Seque nces in Norm ed L inear Spaces
Ömer Kişi a nd Mustaf a Yıldız
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
4
27 - 39
ALÜMİ NYUM MALZE MLERİ İ MALATI
SEKTÖRÜN ÜN PERFOR MANS
DEĞERLENDİ Rİ LMESİ:TR8 BÖL GESİ VE
TÜRKİ YE GENELİ
Ali SEVİ NÇ, Tamer EREN
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
6
40 - 45
İtfaiye İstas yonu Yer Seçimin de F - F ucom Y öntemi
İle Kriterl erin Sıralanm ası
Gül USLU , Babek ERDEBİ LLİ
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
21
46 - 50
AI SI 1045 Çeliğini n Sürdürüle bilir Tornalama
İşleminde S ıcaklık A nalizi
Mustafa Kuntoğlu, Kü bra Kaya,
Rüstem B inali
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 1
51 - 55
Determinat ion of S ome Pomolo gical an d C h emical
Characteris tics of W ild Plums G rown in K ayseri
Ecology
Ayşen Me lda ÇOLAK, Fa tma
ALAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 77
56 - 60
Effect of P arameter S election o n Hear t Attack Risk
Prediction in an RNN M odel
Pınar Cihan
Turkey
Submissio n 79
61 - 66
The influe nce of co nventional si ntering on the
microstructure and e lectrical pr operties of Z nO -
based varist or
Yousra Mal aoui, Faiçal
kharchouche
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 90
67 - 70
Permanent Magnet Syn chronous Motor Co ntrol
Interface D esign an d Impleme ntation with TI
F28335 DSP on Simuli nk External Mode
Erdem I lten
Turkey
Submissio n 92
71 - 73
Estimation of proton-bor on reaction cross-sectio ns
by neural ne tworks
Serkan A kkoyun
Turkey
Submissio n 97
74 - 80
Karma Yem lerde Kul lanılan Ba zı Ye m
Hammaddel erinin Mi kroskopisi
Perihan Yılmaz , Asuma n Arslan
Duru
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 106
81 - 87
Examining t he Effects of Bioc har in S pinach
Cultivation w ith Incre ased I rrigation Water Salinit y
on Some P hysical a nd Physiological Properties of
the Plant
Caner Yer li
Turkey
Submissio n 110
88 - 92
Investigat ion of the Effe cts of 0W 20 and 1 0W40
Lubricating O ils on Cylinder Li ner Wear
Idris Ces ur and Be ytullah Eren
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 118
93 -101
İÇ Mİ MARLIK OFİ SLERİ NDE VERİMLİ LİĞİ
ETKİLEYEN FA K TÖR LER
Mehmet Ço lak, Nilay G örmüş
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 120
102- 107
Investigat ion of the effe ct of su pporting e lectrolyte
type and pH parameters on electr ooxidation c olor
removal from Direct Blue 86
Sermin GÜN ASLAN , Baybars Ali
Fİ L and D eniz TO SUN
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 127
108- 113
Experimenta l Analys is of Flow I nduced V ibrations
in Heat E xchanger Tu be Bund les with P/D of 1.54
Subjected t o Crossflow
Muhamma d Moin A khtar, Javari a
Qadeer
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 141
114- 117
Turkish Ada ptation of the Chatb ot System,
Informati on and Ser vice Quali ty Scale
Hatice YI LDI Z DURAK, Aytuğ
ONAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 147
118- 120
Programlam a eğitimi nde öğre nci performa nsının
makine öğr enmesi alg oritmaları i le tahminlenmes i
Aykut DURA K, Vah ide BULUT
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 146
121- 124
An Examin ation of S tudies on the Use of Chatbot
Technolog y in the Fie ld of Educ ation
Hatice YI LDI Z DURAK, Aytuğ
ONAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 145
125- 132
SMART HO SPI TAL SYSTEM A KILLI HA STANE
Sİ STEMİ
Rabia Kur an, Şaban G ülcü
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 150
133- 138
DESI GN OF TEMPERATURE REG ULATO R OF
A FI SHPOND
Yusuf Bell o Saleh
Nigeria
Submissio n 156
139- 146
Conoid S urfaces Family in Three-Dimens ional
Euclidean Sp ace
Erhan G üler and Ömer Kişi
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 157
147- 154
Conoid S urfaces Fam ily in Mi nkowski 3 -S pace
Erhan G üler and Ömer Kişi
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 158
155- 167
Some Obser vations on g - Metric Sp aces in Li ght of
Generalize d Statistic al Converge nce of Double
Sequences via Idea ls
Ömer Kişi a nd Erha n Güler
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 159
168- 178
Further Res ults on La cunary D ifferen ce Sequences
of Complex Uncertai n Variabl es in 2 - Norme d
Spaces
Ömer Kişi a nd Erhan Gü ler
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 160
179- 182
Beslenme ve Diyeteti k Alanında Gı dalarda ve
Beslenme de Ölçü Bir imleri, Ölç ü Araçlar ı ve Ölçü
Almada K ullanılan Y öntemler
Şenay B urçin Alkan, Has an
Hüseyin Kar a
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 161
183- 187
Energy Effi ciency i n Building Base d on the BI PV
Panels Syst em Used as a Double S kin Enve lop in a
Marouane Sa mir Gue douh,
Mohamed Ami ne Khadr aoui,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 162
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
IV
Hot Arid Re gion
Kamal Yo ucef and H oussein S ami
Belmahdi
188- 192
Study of h ybrid passiv e-active micro mixers under an
acoustic fi eld
Zahra Ghor bani Khar aji, Vali
Kalantar a nd Morteza Bayare
Ir an, Iran, Iran
Submissio n 164
193- 196
Gıda Ambal ajlamada Ye nilikçi Teknoloji ler, Önemi
ve Bazı Uy gulamaları
Havvanu r Taş kın, Hasa n Hüseyin
Kara
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 173
197- 203
Automatic Knee Osteoar thritis Se veri ty Grading
using Deep Neural N etworks: Comparative Analysis
of Networ k Architec tures and O ptimization
Functions
Ahmet Ezg i, Aytuğ O nan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 180
204- 210
Synthesis a nd charact erization of MgZnCo Ternary
Mixed Meta l Oxide b y the Sonoc hem ical Method
for Solid H ydroge n Storage
Safia HA RRAT, Mou nir SAHLI ,
Abdelhakim SETTAR, Khaled
CHETHOUN A
Algeria, Al geria,
France, Fra nce
Submissio n 190
211- 218
“Impact of A uthenti c Leaders hip Traits i n
Engineering S ector us ing MCDM ”
Muhamma d Junaid, Mu hamma d
Sajid and I qra Saeed
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 193
219- 224
Artificial Ne ural Ne tworks for se ismic dema nd
predictio n of a single degree of fr eedom
BENBOKHA RI Abdel latif,
BENAZOUZ Chikh and
MEBARKI Ahmed
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 197
225- 231
Yapay Ze ka Desteği İ le Televiz yon Kontrolü
Esra ERGİ N, Umut ÖZ KAYA
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
23
232- 237
Influence of S tand-off Dis tance on t he Blast-
Resistance of Steel Plat e Supp orted Concret e Walls
Rasid Ahm ed Yildiz
Turkey
Submissio n 199
238- 241
FLUORI DE and LI VER TOXI CITY : A
ZEBRAFI SH MOD EL
Laman MA MMADZADA , Emine
TORAMAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submission 203
242- 246
Investigat ion of the Effe ct of D ifferent Engi ne Oils
on the Amo unt of Cyli nder Li ner Wear
Idris Ces ur
Turkey
Submissio n 205
247- 250
Düktil Bor u Üretim i İçin Hidrol ik Devre T asarımı
ve Simülasy onu
Mahmut Ca n ŞENEL
Turkey
Submissio n 208
251- 255
Uçak İ niş Takımları İ çin Hidr olik Devre T asarımı v e
Simülasyon u
Mahmut Ca n ŞENEL
Turkey
Submissio n 211
256- 261
Numerical St udy: Compar ison of P araffin
Deposition I n The Lam inar And T urb ulent Regim e
Oussama Be nhacene, Rachid
Boucetta
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 222
262- 267
Betonarme B inaların De prem Perf ormansın ın
Belirlenmesi : Binanız De preme Ne K adar
Dayanıklı?
Ahmet Fer di Şenol
Turkey
Submissio n 224
268- 273
The I mportance of Ros e and Rose hip Species in
Past, Prese nt, and Tom orrow
İbrahim H alil HATİ POĞLU
Turkey
Submissio n 225
274- 278
Use of Cact us and Suc culents in V ertical Gard ens
Mert ÇAKI R
Turkey
Submissio n 228
279- 282
Parkinson H astalığı nın Tespiti nde Konuşma S es
Karakteristi klerinin İ ncelenm esine Da ir Bir Çalışma
Zekeriya A nil Guven
Turkey
Submissio n 231
283- 296
A Performa nce Constr ained Me taheur istic
Algorithm for 2D Mes h Based N oC
Aneeqa Khurshid, M uhammad
Ir am Baig
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 238
297- 300
Virtual scre ening of na tural mero terpenoids t owards
SARS-CoV- 2 main proteas e
Idris Ar slan
Turkey
Submissio n 240
301- 305
Molecular d ocking ana lysis of na tural unus ual
triterpenoids towards PAK 1 protein
Idris Ar slan
Turkey
Submissio n 241
306- 309
The Relatio nship Betw een Exer cise A ddiction
Levels and H ealthy Nu trition L evels of Stude nts
Studying at t he Facult y of Healt h Scie nces
Abdurra him YILDI Z1
Turkey
Submissio n 242
310- 314
Kalman F iltresi Param etre De ğişimler inin Batarya
SoC Tahmin i Üzerine Etkileri
Mehmet KOR KMAZ
Turkey
Submissio n 248
315- 316
Calculatio n of Secon d Virial Coeffi cient of D NA
Bahtiyar Ak ber Mame dov, Elif
Somuncu, E bru Karatas
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 253
317- 319
Calculatio n of the Sec ond Virial Coeff icient of The
TMGa Molec ule
Bahtiyar Ak ber Mame dov, Elif
Somuncu, E bru Karatas
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 254
320- 324
Empirical I nvestiga tions: Power Q ual ity Disturba nce
Classifica tion
Sıtkı AK KAYA
Turkey
Submissio n 255
325- 329
A Conspe ctus of PQD A nalysis
Sıtkı AK KAYA
Turkey
Submissio n 256
330- 337
Modal Ana lysis of the Wind Tur bine Plann ed to be
Built in M amurdağı Gr ound C onditions Usin g Finite
Element Me thod
Hakan Ay dın
Turkey
Submissio n 260
338- 341
The impact of the b uffer layer ma terial a nd active
layer thic kness on the p erform ance of a fu llerene-
free organi c solar c ell
BENAYA N oureddine, ZOUKEL
Abdelhalim , TAOUTI Mohamme d
Madani a nd Silaa Mo hammed
Yousri
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 263
342- 346
Effects of local trees on the envir onm ental climat e of
urban outd oor spaces i n arid an d semi-arid regions
Kamal Yo ucef, Mar ouane Samir
Guedouh
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 264
347- 351
Non-Integer Order Pr oportion al Integral Co ntrol for
Time Delay P lant wit h Single Frac tional Ord er
Bilal Şenol, U ğur Dem iroğlu,
Radek Ma tušů and Emr e Avuçlu
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Cze ch
Republic
Submissio n 265
352- 359
Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Tekni kleri ile Ünivers ite
Seçimi: Mak ine Mühen disliği Eğiti mi İ çin Bir
Model Öneri si
Adnan Ab dulvahitoğlu, Aslı
Abdulvah itoğlu
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 267
360- 364
An Investi gation of Or ganic Ra nkine Cycle (OR C)
System A pplication for E nerg y Efficiency of Sm art
Agricultur e
Ozlem Boyd ak
Turkey
Submissio n 268
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
V
365- 369
Improvin g the Pre diction Perf ormance of Protein
Protein I nteraction S ites Using X gboo st and
Optimizati on
Yunus Emre GÖ K TEPE
Turkey
Submissio n 273
370- 373
İkili fayans tozu, t uğla tozu ve c am tozu bazl ı
geopolimer kompozitl erin mek anik özelli klerinin
incelenmes i
Gazi GÜNE L, Özer SEVİ M,
İlhami DEMİ R, Erdi nç Halis
ALAKARA
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 279
374- 378
Stiffened Ho llow Stru ctural Sec tion Joints in Fire
Emre ÖZYUR T
Turkey
Submissio n 281
379- 384
Piroteknik M alzemeler in Ömür lerinin
Belirlenmesi nde Kulla nılan Y aşlandırma
Mekanizma larının İ ncelenmesi
Kaan Turga y ÖZKAN, Muharrem
PUL
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 289
385- 394
Design of H ybrid mult i -l evel inv erter for
photovoltai c (PV) appli cation
Ihteshamul haq, Ajma l Farooq,
Mian Muhamm ad Amir A yaz,
Muhamma d Ali
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 291
395- 403
Twisted Surfa ces Fami ly in Eucl idean 3-Space
Erhan G üler and Mus tafa Yıld ız
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 293
404- 407
Mitochondr ial Dysfu nction and D iabetes
Mehmet ÖZSAN , Can an CEYLAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 296
408- 415
Classifica tion of Po isonous and E dible Mus hrooms
with Optimiz ed Class ification A lgorithms
Sedat Metl ek, Halit Çeti ner
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 300
416- 420
Determinat ion of Cutt ing Tool Perf ormance
Characteris tics in Mac hining Nic kel Based S uper
Alloys
Abdullah AL TI N
Turkey
Submissio n 306
421- 423
Zn -g-CN photocatalyst for dye p hotode gradation i n
aqueous med ium its fabri cation a nd character ization
Aamir I qbal, Zeesha n Ahmed
Siddiqui, M uhammad Sa eed,
Muhamma d Ammar a nd Fatima
Siddiqui
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 308
424- 427
Detection of Welding Defects b y N on-Destructi ve
Testing Met hods
Furkan SOYTU RK, A lper
GUNO Z and Memduh KARA
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 309
428- 431
Nanocompos ite Materi als Used i n Heat and S ound
Insulation
Veli COPUR , Alper GUN OZ a nd
Memduh KA RA
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 3 10
432- 435
The Recyc lability of Composite M ater ials
Umut Ozgur OZA LTAY , Alper
GUNO Z and Memduh KARA
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 311
436- 444
Design of an integrate d SEPI C and Buc k Converter
for High Ste p-down A pplications
Muhamma d Ghayyo or, Mian
Muhamma d Amir Ayaz, Ajmal
Farooq, M. Ali
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 322
445- 452
Investigat ion of Fre e Vibrations of Step ped
Nanobeam Embedded I n Elastic F oundation
Mustafa Og uz Nalban t, Süleyma n
Murat Bağ datli, Ayl a Tekin
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 325
453- 458
Sıfır Değerl ikli Nike l Nanoparça cıklar ın Sentezi,
Karakterizas yonu ve Hayvansal İ çyağlardan
Biyodizel Üre timinde Katalizör Ol arak K ullanılmas ı
Meral TURA BİK, Cih an
GEÇGEL, Gü lsüm A KINBİN GÖL
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 328
459- 462
Some Pro perties of H essenberg M atrices wit h
Conditional Elements
Cahit KÖM E
Turkey
Submissio n 331
463- 470
Hematologi cal, Biochem ical a nd Blood Gas
Findings in a Calf with Cerebral Theil eriosis
Murat UZTİ MÜR, H akan KEÇECİ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 335
471- 475
RANS-D ES Comparis on on the N umerical
Modelling of a Downf orce Gener ating W ing Movin g
over a Soli d Surface
Yavuz Hak an Ozdem ir, Taner
Cosgun
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 338
476- 486
A Transformer base d approac h for Abstractive Te xt
Summariza tion of Rad iology Re ports
Bilal Ahmed Khan Bal ouch, Faw ad
Hussain
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 339
487- 492
Demir O ksit ile Hümi k Asit A dsorpsiyonu
Suna Özde n ÇELİK, N esli
AYDI N, Gül KAY KIOĞ LU
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 343
493- 498
Single-Flow Supercrit ical CO2 Bra yton C ycles: A
Performa nce Comparis on of the Differ ent Layouts
Serpil ÇELİ K TOKER, Önder
KIZI LKAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 346
499- 503
Design a nd Assessmen t of the So lar Ener gy Base d
Direct Steam G enerati on Supercr itical CO2 Brayton
Cycle
Serpil ÇELİ K TOKER, Önder
KIZI LKAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 348
504- 509
Efficient Com putation of Expone ntial Matri ces for
Large Symme tric Ne gative Semi definite Matr ices
Gul Karadum an
Turkey
Submissio n 350
510- 516
Micro RNAs: The Game Changers of D iagnosis and
Therapy of H uman Cardiovasc ular Diseases
Habibe Karadaş, Ham id Ceylan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 355
517- 527
Web Uygu lama Zafi yetlerini n Keşfinde
Açıklanabilir Yapa y Zekânın Yeri
Erhan BAŞ, A hmet Al i Süzen
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 356
528- 534
Kurumsal A ğlara Y apılan Sald ırılarda Açıklanabil ir
Yapay Ze kânın Yeri
Özer Yaz, A hmet Ali S üzen
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 360
535- 540
Impact of Al 2O3-Cu/Water H ybri d Nanofl uid and
Impinging Jet on Mo ving Plate a t High Re ynolds
Numbers: A Numeric al Study
Recep Eki ciler
Turkey
Submissio n 362
541- 543
Developm ent and Charac terizati on of a Pa per -B ased
Sensor for Colorim etric Urea De tection in Ar tificial
Urine
Burak YAŞAS IN and Mustafa
ŞEN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 363
544- 546
Developing a Paper-Based S ensor f or Cholest erol
Measureme nt and Proc essing I mages U sing ImageJ
Saadet Demir baş and Mustafa ŞEN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 364
547- 550
PHYSI CAL EXAMPLES OF NONLINEA R
DYNA MICAL SY STEMS
Fatma Ayd ogmus and Eren Tos yali
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 366
551- 554
Data Scien tist Select ion in I T Industry: SM CDM
Approach
Emine Nur N acar
Turkey
Submissio n 367
555- 558
Evaluati on of the U nslotted CSMA _CA in Zig bee
Networks
Sadika KHO UNI , Samia
KHESRANI
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 370
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
VI
559- 564
Performa nce Analysis of Lar ge -sc ale Networ ks in
Ns -2
Ahmet Zen gin and İ dris Cesur
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 376
565- 569
An analytica l study of direct n ormal irradiaance for
concentrated solar e nergy appli cations for th e
mechria re gion of Alg eria
Larbi Mohame d, Rouib ah
Abdelkader, Moulo ud
GUEMANA , LAIS SAOUI
Mohamme d
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 379
570- 580
EĞİ TİM YAPILA RINDA Dİ KEY YEŞİ L Sİ STEM
ENERJİ ANALİ Z SİMÜLASY ONU: ÇU KUROVA
ÜNİV ERSİTESİ
Ülkü Şİ MŞEK ŞENGÜL, Ö zlem
ŞENYİ Ğİ T SARIKAYA
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 380
581- 585
Gaz Türbi nli Kombin e Güç Çe vrimlerin in
Termodinami k Ana lizi
Rabi Karaa li, Arzu Keven
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 385
586- 591
Reküperat örlü Komb ine Güç Çe vrimlerin in
Optimum Ç alışma Şart ları ve Perf orm ans Analizi
Arzu Keve n, Rabi Kar aali
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 389
592- 595
SPACE ANA LYTI CAL MODEL:
IMPLA NTATION OF THE SI MULACRAL
TECHNI QUE I N DECISI ON MAKING
Elvis Eleza j
Kosovo
Submissio n 391
596- 600
Developm ents in Unm anned Surf ace Vehicl es
(USV s): A Review
Semih Kale
Turkey
Submissio n 392
601- 605
Geleneksel Makine Öğr enmesi ile Rakam S eslerinin
Sınıflandırı lması
M. Alptekin Engin, La tif Akça y
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 394
606- 610
The Role of miRNAs in Asthma
Hilal Tos un, Hami d Ceylan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 402
611- 619
Human Sitt ing Postures C lassificati on Based on
Angular Fe atures wit h Fuzzy-Logic L abeling
Huseyin CO SKUN
Turkey
Submissio n 404
620- 628
Exploring Som ali Sen timent A nalysis : A Resour ce -
Light Appr oach for Sma ll -s cale Text Classifica tion
Kadar Bahar and Ne had T.A
Ramaha
Tu rkey, Tur key
Submissio n 405
629- 633
Investigat ion of the C hange of El ectric E nergy
Generatio n Sources in Turkey b y Stat istical Metho ds
Cengiz Gaz eloğlu an d Tunaha n
Turhan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 410
634- 640
Reliabilit y Achieveme nt of MIMO-OF DM
Communica tion Systems
Shahir Fle yeh Nawaf , Lujain S abah
Abdula, A bdulmutali b A-Wahab
Husein
Ir aq, Iraq, Iraq
Submissio n 412
641- 645
Implement ation of Rainfall Fore casting using ANN
N. Z. A. Nor din, M. M. Yunus a nd
A. N. Daha lan
Malaysia, Ma laysia,
Malaysia
Submissio n 417
646- 649
Tekstil Ürün lerindeki Hataların Tra nsfer Öğrenmesi
Tabanlı Ya klaşımlarla T espiti
Kürşat Demir , Fatih De mir
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 422
650- 652
A Homemad e Electr ochemical S ystem for L ocal
Analysis of Dopami ne Release d by PC1 2 Cells
Tuğba A KKAŞ and Mus tafa ŞEN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 423
653- 658
Mudurnu Ça yı Havzas ında Yağış ve Sıcaklık
Verilerinin Tre nd Anal izi
Gamze Tun cer, Osma n Sönmez
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 429
659- 663
Stress Analys is of Bel t Conveyor Roll er Tube
Ayberk D üzenli, O kan Gül
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 433
664- 667
Kamu Sekt öründe Pro je Yönetim i: Örnek Bir
Uygulama
Beste Destici oğlu Taş demir, Mer ve
Tosya
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 441
668- 672
Performa nces of Pre-Train ed Models in
Classifica tion of Body Cavity Fl uid Cytol ogy
Images
Nadide Yü cel, Muhamme d
Yildirim, Ser pil Asla n
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 443
673- 678
Analysis of The Mec hanical Pro perties of I nconel
718
Çağlar Kor kmaz, O kan Gül
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 447
679- 681
Performa nce analysis of a nove l solar assisted air
source heat pump
Kutbay Seze n
Turkey
Submissio n 398
682- 687
Analysis of Parameter Relations hips Infl uencing
Prostate Can cer usin g the Soft Se t Mo del
Zehra Güze l Ergül, N aime
Demirtaş an d Orhan Dal kılıç
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 451
688- 691
Bicycle Frame Desig n And Str uctural A nalysis
Kutluay İ nce, Okan G ül
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 453
692- 697
Foaming th e polyviny l acetate (PVA ) an d poly
urethane (PU ) wood a dhesive an d characteriz ation
Orhan Kelle ci, Sühey la Esin
Köksal
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 461
698- 701
L Tipinde Y apılan Ya pıştırma Ba ğlantısında Partikül
Etkisinin Belir lenmesi
Hüseyin DA MKAYA, Edip
ÇETKİ N
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 464
702- 707
Çiftçi ve Fa brika İ ş Birliği ile Sür dürü lebilir Hasat
Çizelgelem e
Bedirha n Sarımehme t, Mehmet
Pınarbaşı, H acı Mehme t Alakaş,
Tamer Ere n
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 468
708- 717
Remodeling of the Dro ne Chassis D esig ned for
Additive Manufacturin g Metho d Accord ing to
Topology O ptimizati on
Alican YAKI N, Tunca y ŞİMŞEK
and Adnan AKKURT
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 469
718- 724
Doğal Afetl erde Aram a Kurtarma Ekiplerini n
Çizelgelenme si: Aydın D epremi Senar yosu
Elif Akdaş, Tamer Er en
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 470
725- 731
Vakum Tü p Güneş Kole ktörleri nde Termal
Performa ns İyileştirme Y önteml eri
Hakan DU MRUL, Edi p
TAŞKESEN , Fatih A RLI, Mustaf a
YENER
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 471
732- 734
Isı Değiş tirici Temiz leme Y öntemleri Ve Verimli lik
Edip TAŞK ESEN, Hak an
DUMRUL, Fa tih ARLI
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 472
735- 740
YAPI SEKTÖRÜNDE YENİ LENEBİ LİR ENERJİ
KAYNAKLA RINI N KULLANI MI
Esin Işık, B use Ün, Gü lgün
Mıstıkoğlu, Erc an Er diş
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 475
741- 744
The effect of fin stru cture on f orced h eat convectio n
in a pentago nal chan nel
Fur kan Yıl dırım, Mehm et Gür dal
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 477
745- 758
ERP SİS TEMLERİ İLE DIŞ KAYNAKLAR
ARASI ENTEGRASY ONLAR İ LE MALİY ET
OPTİ MİZASYO NU
Ali ULUDAĞ , Mehm et Onur
OLGUN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 479
759- 763
Kompozit Zır hların Ge ometrisin in Balisti k
Mehmet Orh an Şenas lan, İ lyas İstif
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 480
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
VII
Dayanıma Et kisinin İ ncelenmes i
764- 774
Mega Projel erin Halk a Arz Yö ntemi ile F inansmanı
Üzerine Bir İ nceleme : Yavuz S ultan Selim Köprüsü
ve Kuzey Mar mara Ot oyolu Örne ği
Ramazan G ürbüz, Rı dvan Yalçın
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 481
775- 790
Omurilik Fe lçli Fiziks el Engel li Bireylere Y önelik
Giyilebilir Teknoloji Ü rünlerdek i Sensörler in Sahip
Olması Gere ken Özelli klerin Değ erlendirilmes i
Emre Yaz ıcı, Mehmet Ta n, Hacı
Mehmet Ala kaş
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 483
791- 796
Fluid-elasti c Instabil ity Effect of Gr oove Cylinder in
Heat Excha nger
Javaria Qadeer, Muhamm ad Moin
Akhtar, R iffat Asim P asha
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 493
797- 800
Service Q uality in Mar itime B usinesses:
Bibliometr ic View
Ali Tehci, Y usuf Erso y
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 502
801- 806
Overview of H ydro gen Produc tion by
Electroc hemical Meth od; Adva ntages and
Disadvanta ges
Ayşe Elif ATEŞ, Sina n ATEŞ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 506
807- 812
Biological Hydrogen Pr oductio n from Urba n and
Industrial Was tewater
Ayşe Elif ATEŞ, Sina n ATEŞ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 511
813- 820
ASSESS ING THE EFFI CACY OF LSTM,
TRANSFO RMER, AND RNN ARC HI TECTURES
IN TEXT SUMMARI ZATION
Seda BAYAT, Gultekin ISI K
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 515
821- 825
NTRU Anah tar Kapsü lleme Mek anizması İçi n
Uygulamaya Özel İ şlemci Tasar ımı
Latif Akça y, Mustafa A lptekin
Engin
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 518
826- 830
Çukur ve T ümsek Ay na Geometr isinde Em ici
Yüzeye Sa hip Güneş Ha va Kole ktörler inin Sayısal
Analizi
Murat ÖZTÜ RK, Erdem ÇİF TÇİ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 521
831- 837
Sürdürüle bilirlik Ka psamında Co ğrafi Bilgi
Sistemler i Çalışmalar ının İ ncelenmesi
Mahmud Za hid Mutlu, M. Hanefi
Calp
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 525
838- 869
TARI MDA DRONE SE ÇİMİ VE
ÇİZELGELE MESİ : KIRIKKALE İ Lİ ÖRN EĞİ
Mehmet Ba tuhan Gürb üz, Yasin
Erbaş, Ser hatAda, Er vanur
Karaşahin, Emel G üven, Tamer
Eren
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 526
870- 878
Contact for ce of com posite plate impacte d at low
energy alt eration by hygrotherm al condi tions
Mustapha RA BOUH, Kamel
ZOUGG AR and Khelif a
GUERRAİ CHE
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 527
879- 888
Numerical Com parison of Active S hieldi ng
Techniques for Magneti c Fluid Hy perthermia
Applicati on
Serhat K üçükdermen ci
Turkey
Submissio n 528
889- 899
Alıç Püresi ile Marinas yon ve Ul trason
Uygulamas ının Hindi G öğüs Eti nin Fizikokim yasal,
Teknolojik v e Tekstürel Özellikleri Ü zerine Et kisi
Nuran ERD EM, Süleym an
GÖKMEN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 529
900- 906
Office Seat Design A nd Analysis
Mehmet Ber kay Yalt ıraklı, O kan
Gül
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 530
907- 913
Biomedica l signal pro cessing m ethods for
neuromark eting: A c omparative study
Suzan SA BAN, Eda D AĞDEVİ R
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 532
914- 919
PAND EMİ DÖN EMİN DE HASTA BAKIMI NDA
Gİ YİLEBİLİR TE KNOLOJİ LERİN K ULLAN IMI
VE HASTA BAKI MI UZA KTAN EĞİ TİM
PROGRAM LARI İ ÇİN GELECE KTEKİ
UYGU LAMA ALANLA RI
Saliha Bekm ezci, Sera p Uğur
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 534
920- 925
Seismic S trengthening of S tone B arrel Vault
Structures by Foam Concrete
Furkan Gü nday
Turkey
Submissio n 535
926- 931
Investigat ion of GRC Retrofitti ng Effect on Masonry
Dome Using F EM
Furkan Gü nday
Turkey
Submissio n 536
932- 936
Analytical S tudy on Retrofitting Conc rete Retaini ng
Wall with C oncrete Li ning
Sertaç Tuh ta
Turkey
Submissio n 537
937- 941
Simulation of S hotcret e in RC T unnel Using F inite
Element Me thod
Sertaç Tuh ta
Turkey
Submissio n 538
942- 945
The effect of fluori ne doping o n the impro veme nt of
optical pro perties of li thium oxide
Nilüfer E RTEKIN
Turkey
Submissio n 544
946- 958
OFİS ERGO NOMİ SİND E İ ŞYERİ MOBİLYA
TASARI MI
Gül Uslu, Er gün ERASLAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 549
959- 963
Siyah Havuç Posasın ın Antimikr obiy al Aktivitesi nin
İncelenmes i
Tülay DURAN , Zuhal SAH I N,
Fatih SON MEZ
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 550
964- 970
Two-Positio n Synthes is of the Fo ur-Bar Planar
Linkage Mechanisms Us ing Artifi cial Neura l
Networks
Onur Den izhan
Turkey
Submissio n 551
971- 976
Makine Seç iminde Sez gisel Bulan ık TOP SI S
Yönteminin Kullanılması ve Bir U ygulama
Buse D uygu DAĞI DIR, Barış
ÖZKAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 552
977- 983
Compariso n of Machi nability Per forman ces in
Milling of Al- 7Si-Mg an d Al-7Si-0.6Mg Al loys
Cem ALPARSLA N, Şen ol
BAYRAKTA R
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 571
984- 988
The effect of finel y ground dun e sand o n the
properties of self-compact ing concret e
Rachid RAB EHI , Mohamed
AMIEU R and Mohame d RABEHI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 574
989- 995
Developm ent of A F uzzy Logic-Based Cost
Modeling S ystem for Su gar Indus try
Ameer Ham za Khan, M uhamma d
Sajid, Rohai l Ahmed
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 576
996-1004
Silis Duman ı Kullanım ının K olemanit ve Koleman it
Atığı İçere n Harç Karışımların D ayanımı na Etkisi
Süleyman Ö zen, Mu hammet
Gökhan Alt un, Muhamme d Yasi n
Durgun, Musa Yıldırı m
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 579
1005-1009
ZEMİN İ Yİ LEŞTİRME UYGULAM ASINI N
Mesut Aslan, Ender B aşarı
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 584
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XIV
150
A new one- pa ram eter unit pr obability distributio n:
properties, e stimati on and applica tion
Lazhar Be nkhelifa
Algeria
Submissio n 175
151
Simulation of the Disp ersion of a Gas eous Polluta nt
(Benzene) i n an Ur ban Envir onment Perf ormed by
ANSY S (CFD)
Abdellah I brir, Redha Re bhi,
Mohamed Roubehie Fiss a and
Yacine Kerc hich
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 176
152
Federe Öğr enme A lgoritmaları ve Açı k Kaynak
Çerçeveler
Ömer Faruk G öçgün, Fem in
Yalcin, Ayt uğ Onan
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 177
153
Explorati on of the p hytotherape utic potential of
monovarietal olive oil cultivate d in arid r egion:
evaluation of its antio xidant eff ects
Khaoula BOU GHEDI RI , Ramzi
TRIKI , Meryem OUAZOU AZ and
Cherifa HEN CHI RI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 178
154
GI S-based assessment of the hy drochemical a nd
bacteriolog ical proper ties of the Ghis N ekor
groundwater (A l Hoce ima, Mor occo)
Chaimae BENA IS SA, Belkacem
BOUHMADI , Abdel hamid Rossi,
Yahya EL HA MMOUDA NI and
Fouad DI MANE
Morocco, Mor occo,
Morocco, Morocco,
Morocco
Submissio n 182
155
The Wave let Transf orm Analysis u sing Dir ectional
Wavelet
Kenza Zai bak, Noura N ait Bo uda,
Fawzia Mekideche- Chaf a
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 185
156
Drought to lerance assessm ent and trait associations
in two whea t accession s under var ying water s tress
conditions
Victor O. O lumekun, A biola T.
Ajayi, Hassa na T. I sa, Vincent A.
Lawal and T omiloba F. Ojo
Nideria, Ni geria,
Nigeria, US A, Niger ia
Submissio n 186
157
Effect of W ater I nputs on Selected Gr owth
Parameters of Canola ( Brassica n apus L.) in a Semi-
Arid Regi on
BOURAHLA Amel, ZI OU CHE
Sihem, DECH E Fateh
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 192
158
Analysis of Sandwic h Plates FG w ith Poros ities
Using of Hi gh Order Sh ear-deformat ion The o ry
MERDACI Slimane, HA DJ
MOSTEFA A dda, BOUCHA FA
Ali
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 194
159
Türkçe Twi tter Verileri Üzerinde Duygu An alizi:
LSTM, CNN- LST M, BERT Algor itmalarının
Karşılaştır ılması
Hazal Gizem DÖNMEZ , Yaşar
BECERİKLİ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 196
160
Optik Görü ntülerde ki Deniz Vası talarının Derin
Öğrenme Y öntemler iyle Tespiti ve Sı nıflandırılması
Yahya İZA LA, Yaşar B ECERİ KLİ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 198
161
Study on t he Improveme nt of Tr eated W ater Qualit y
in the STEP2 of the O ued So uf Regio n (Southeas t
Algeria) thr ough D une Sand Filtr ation
Hannanou A hmed, Mime che Lei la
and Ouakoua k Abdelk ader
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 201
162
IN VESTIGATIO N OF THE RESI DUAL
STRESSES DI STRI BUTI ON INDUCED BY
COLD EXPAN SI ON TECHNI QU E
ElHadj Besse ghier, Ab delghani
Baltach, A bdelkader D jebli
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 202
163
Phase Str uctural, Micr ostructure , and D ielectric
Characteris tics of PZT Creramics
Ksouri Ah lem, Mekl id Abdel hek,
Zelikha Nec ira
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 206
164
Impact of Cr, Ni, S b Doping o n PZT: Phase
Structural and Dielectric Characteriza tion
Ksouri Ah lem, Mekl id Abdel hek,
Zelikha Nec ira
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 207
165
Structural and Diele ctrical char acteriz ation of PZT
piezoelectric ceramics
Ksouri Ah lem, Mekl id Abdel hek,
Zelikha Nec ira
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 210
166
Experimenta l Investig ation of D iesel Engi ne
Characteris tics under V arious Loa ds
İsmet Sezer
Turkey
Submissio n 212
167
Photodegra dation of a n antibio tic in the presence of
a semico nductor: tita nium dio xide (TiO 2)
Abd Errahma ne ZEMOU RI and
Embarek BEN TOUHA MI
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 214
168
Magnetic fie ld assisted adsorpti on of methyl blue
onto activat ed magnet ic bentonite: Kine tic Study
Abd Errahma ne ZEMOU RI and
Embarek BEN TOUHA MI
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 215
169
Adsorptive rem oval of methyle ne blue from aqueous
solutions b y avtivate d bentonite : effec t of pH a nd
initial co ncentration
Abd Errahma ne ZEMOU RI and
Embarek BEN TOUHA MI
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 217
170
Encapsulati on of Fluc onazole in nioso mes and
liposomes
BELKHODJA Abdelma jid,
GUEND OUZ Souheyla,
BENKHALED Amel,
CHOUKCHOU-B RAHAM Esma
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 218
171
The Thera peutic Pote ntial of Hawt horn: Eval uating
the Effects o n Zinc Tiss ue, Bi ochemical P arameters,
and Oxida tive Stress in Strepto zotoci n -I nduced
Diabetic Ra ts with Zi nc-Deficient Die t
Ramzi TRI KI, Khaoula
BOUGHED IRI and Zine
KECHRI D
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 219
172
The Benefic ial Effects of Hawt horn Extract in
Diabetes an d its Compli cations: Eval uating the
Hepatopr otective I mpact on Li ver Parameter s,
Oxidative S tress, an d Zinc Tiss ue Stat us
Ramzi TRI KI, Khaoula
BOUGHED IRI and Zine
KECHRI D
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 220
173
Evaluati ng the Renopr otective Ef fects of Haw thor n
Extract on Renal Parame ters, Ox idative S tress, an d
Zinc Tiss ue Status in W istar Di abetic Rats
Ramzi TRI KI, Khaoula
BOUGHED IRI and Zine
KECHRI D
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 221
174
Process Man agement a nd One Ex ample Service
Sector
Pınar ŞENDİ Kİ Cİ
Turkey
Submissio n 227
175
Defense aga inst white box ad versarial attacks i n
Arabic Na tural Langua ge Process ing (A NLP)
MOKHTAR ALSH EKH,
KÖKSAL E RENTÜ RK
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 234
176
Improvin g optical an d Electrical Properti es of
Copper O xide for ther moelectrica l device
Almi Kenza, Bougheza la Nasri ne,
Lakel Said and Boumezra g Maria
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 235
177
Işık Kayna kları Esas lı Fliker ve Ver i mlilik
Nazım İ MAL, Fatih KUŞ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 236
178
Eliminati on of pharma ceutical p ollutants by
coagulation-fl occulati on using alum inum sulf ate
Barkahoum BOUDOU MI, Nail
AMARA
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 237
179
Numerical st udy of I nGaN/GaN heteroj unction PIN
based solar cell
Mourad K addeche, Zi ne Eddine
Ka d deche
Turkey, Alg eria
Submissio n 243
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XV
180
A physics- based analy tical model of a gate field -
plated AlGaN /GaN Hi gh Electro n Mobi lity
Transistor
Mourad K addeche, Zi ne Eddine
Kaddeche
Turkey, Alg eria
Submissio n 245
181
Control of a Nonline ar System Based on Fuzzy
Logic
Abdelghafo ur HERI ZI
Algeria
Submissio n 246
182
Quasi-Z-So urce (QZS) – Based Multilevel I nverter
Design
Hidayet Tal ha Uluşan, Sadık
Özdemir
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 249
183
Design of Maximum Pow er Point Tracking ( MPPT)
Algorithm for Solar-Bas ed Grid-Conn ected Quasi-Z-
Source S ingle-Phase In verter
Mehmet Ali Y azıcı, Sa dık Özdemir
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 250
184
Detection and Classif ication of U nwa nted Weeds i n
Maize Fiel d by I mage Processin g
Mehmet Ba ğcı, Sadık Ö zdemir
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 251
185
Structure – ac tivity relat ionship stu dy of copper (II )
complexes w ith 2-oxo-1,2-d ihydroqui noline-3-
carbaldeh yde hydrazo ne: synt hesis, str uctures, DNA
and prote in interacti on studies, an tioxidat ive and
cytotoxic ac tivity
Ay oub El-mrabet, Yo ussef Kandri
Rodi, Skalli Mohamed Khalid,
Amal Hao udi, Ahmed Mazzah
Morrocco, Morrocco,
Morrocco, Morrocco,
France
Submissio n 252
186
Advancing t he Propert ies of C uInX-1GaXS2
Compoun ds using the CAS TEP Pro gram: A
Computat ional Expl oration of S tructur al, Electro nic,
and Optica l Character istics
Faiza Be nlakhdar, I dris Bouchama ,
Tayeb Chih i, Ibrahim Ghebouli
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 259
187
Density func tional th eory-driven desi gn and stu dy of
modified acr idine sens itizers for dye -s ensit ized solar
cells
Mohamme d Madani TAO UTI , Ali
CHEKNAN E and Naceur
SELMANE
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 262
188- 189
Konut İ nşaatı Sektör ünde İş Sağ lığı ve Güve nliği
Maliyetleri, İ şveren v e Çalışan Te knik Personeli n İş
Sağlığı ve G üvenliği K ültürünün D eğerlendiri lmesi
Sinan VU RAL, Mehm et Pİ ŞKİN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 266
190
Characteriza tion of M onovarie tal Extra Vir gin Olive
Oil Cultivat ed in Arid Zone of Bi skra: Eval uation of
Physicochem ical a nd Quality Par amet ers.
Khaoula BOU GHEDI RI , Ramzi
TRIKI , Meryem OUAZOU AZ and
Cherifa HEN CHI RI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 269
191
GPS Verisi nin Alınam adığı Ortaml arda O tonom
Görev Ya pabilen Gem i İçin Se nsör K aynaştırma
A lgoritmaları Tasarımı, Ger çe klenmesi ve Testi
Caner ÇELİ K, Yaşar BE CERİ KLİ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 270
192
TOPOLOG Y OPTI MIZATIO N OF A HA NGER
FOR THE CRAN E OF A BOAT
Feridun KARA KOÇ, R afael
Villalobos TOR RES, Ahm et
DAYA NÇ, Melih CANLI Dİ NÇ
Turkey, S pain,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 271
193
Effects of heat treatm ent on the adsorption of a
organic pol lutant by an Algeria n clay
Hadjer BOUSE MAT, Sam ira
ZIA NE, Amine Khelif a
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submission 274
194
ON THE STABI LI TY RADII FO R IMPLI CI T
DI FFERENCE EQUATI ON S
Nor- El -Hou da beghersa
Algeria
Submissio n 276
195
İN ŞAAT YÖNETİ M SÜREÇLERİ NDE
MALZEME TED ARİĞ İ V E STOKLANMAS ININ
BİM (YA PI B İ LGİ MOD ELLEME) İ LE
ENTEGRASY ONU
Enes BAĞÇ ECİ, Şahi n Tolga
GÜVEL
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 277
196
In situ hemi synthesis of new 2-oxopyr idines and
anticancer (G 4) DNA molec ular docking
Ramzi Maad adi, Rafi k Menacer,
Zahia Kabo uche and Khaldoun
Bachari
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 280
197
Methylene blue conce ntration an d pH-induced
photocatalyt ic degrad ation of m ethylene b lue
without ph otocatalyst u nder vis ible light
Sultan Gök taş and Gü lsen Şahin
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 283
198
Valorizatio n of β -glucans in the pr eparation of
desserts
Alina Boistea n, Aurica Chirsan ova,
Ana Chioru
Moldova, Moldova,
Moldova
Submissio n 284
199
Nutritional st atus for d ifferent ca tegories of the
population of the Repu blic of M oldova
Alina Boistea n, Aurica Chirsan ova,
Rodica St urza
Moldova, Moldova,
Moldova
Submissio n 285
200
Evaluati on of Zirco nium Based M etal-Organic
Framewor k UiO-67 for Removal of Methyl ene Blue
Ferda Civan Çavuşoğ lu
Turkey
Submissio n 292
201
Physical mec hanisms an d predict ive perf ormance of
thermal cond uctivity m odels for nanofluids
Nevzat Ak kurt, Tim Shedd
Turkey, USA
Submissio n 295
202
Physicochem ical Ana lysis of M onovariet al Extra
Virgin O live Oil from the Semi-Arid Region:
Evaluati ng Quality Para meters and O xidative Sta te.
Khaoula BOU GHEDI RI , Ramzi
TRIKI , Meryem OUAZOU AZ and
Cherifa HEN CHI RI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 297
203
Study of t he antibacter ial and an tioxidan t activities
of some arom atic pla nts from th e Aur es re gion,
Algeria: L avandula officinalis, S alvia r osmarinus,
Eucalyptus globulus
Khemili Ai cha, Bensizerar a
Djamel, Khe lifi Amir a, Sliman i
Fatma
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 298
204
The relations hip betwee n miRNA-210 an d SCN1B
in fetal r ats with h ypoxic - ischem ic brain inj ury
Hisham Al-W ard, Ning Liu,
Moussa Om orou, Yiwei Huang,
Wei Che n, Chun-Yang Li u,
Shaochun Lv , Abduh Murshed,
Fahmi S haher, Yao Li , Yuxuan
Zhang, Li nxia Lu, W enxia Gao , Yi
Eve Sun an d Hui Xu
China, Chi na, China,
China, Chi na, China,
China, Chi na, China,
China, Chi na, China,
China, Chi na
Submissio n 302
205
Natural con vection he at transfer and fluid f low in a
differentia lly heated sq uare cavit y fill ed with p orous
medium under non-Bouss inesq condit ions
Manel FENNI , Saber HA MIMI D,
Messaoud GU ELLAL
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 303
206
Soğutma D ebisinin F otovoltaik I sıl Sistem V erimin e
Etkisi
Sinan Döle k, Gökhan Ar slan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 304
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XVI
207
Under non-B oussines q conditions , natural
convection a nd surface radiatio n heat transf er
investigati on occur in a s quare c avity with a porous
media
Manel FENNI , Saber HA MIMI D,
Messaoud GU ELLAL
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 305
208
Türkiye’de göz ardı e dilen bir ma den: An hidrit
Zekeriya D uran
Turkey
Submissio n 307
209
Mechanical behaviour and durabil ity of com pressed
earth bloc ks treated w ith bio-binder
Nouaouria Ab dessalam, Mohamed
Salah Nouao uria, Dja lil Hamda oui
Algeria, Al geria ,
Algeria
Submissio n 313
210
ZnO prepare d using Biomass extr act f or Direct b lue
86 and Basi c Blue 4 6 photodegra dation under UVC
irradiation
DOUF ENE N., DAHDO UH N.,
BOUDECHI CHE N., MO KHTARI
M. and BE RRAMA T.
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Su bmission 317
211
First Princip les Study of the S tructural, E lastic an d
Electronic Pr operties of Half He usler Com pound
NaZrB
D. Heciri, H . Belkhir a nd O.
Benamara
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 318
212
Microbiolo gical, bioc hemical c ontrol of potato tub er
Charef Ma ysoune, Ouan as souhei la
and Branes Zidan
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 319
213
Some Pro perties of the Condition al Dual Luc as
Octonions
Sure KÖ ME
Turkey
Submissio n 326
214
Enhanced p hotocataly tic activi ty of vanadium-d oped
titanate na notubes he terosctruc ture for organ ic
pollutant de gradatio n
BOUAYED Aouicha Mounia,
AMEUR Naw al, BEDRANE
Sumeya, BA CHI R Redouane
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 327
215
FARKLI KONT ROL TA BANLI ŞÖNT AKTİ F
Fİ LTRE UYGULAMALARI : ELEK TRİKLİ ARAÇ
BATARYA ŞA RJ Sİ STEMİ ÖRNEĞİ
Yusuf ERTAŞ , Ömer A li
KARAMAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 333
216
On enhanc ing corr osion sensib ility of stainless steel
by a therm ochemical treatmen t
Khokha LA LAOUI , Karima
BOUDJEDA
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 336
217
Genomic Se lection in C attle Bree ding: Recen t
Advances a nd Future Nee ds
Nursen ŞENTÜ RK, Se na
ARDI ÇLI
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 337
218
Kernel Co nditional Res idual Entro py in Th e α -
Mixing F unctional Da ta.
Elhadj HA MEL
Algeria
Submission 340
219
Developm ent of an En zyme-Linked I mmunoSorb ent
Assay for De tection of Gluten C ontent of Diff erent
Food Samp les
Reha On ur Azizoglu
Turkey
Submissio n 341
220
Hydrotherm al Alter ation Det ection from T hin
Section Imag es usin g Convolutional Neural
Networks
Rıza Çene t, Emre Ü nsal, Oktay
Canbaz
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 342
221
Improvin g Mass Detect ion in Mamm ograph y Using
Focal Loss Based Ret inaNet
Semih DE MİREL, A taberk
URFALI , Ömer Faruk BOZKI R,
Azer ÇELİ KTEN, Abd ulka dir
BUDAK an d Hakan KARATAŞ
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 344
222
Pulmonary N odule De tection on X-Ray Images
using a On e-Stage Ob ject Detector B ased o n a Deep
Convolutio nal Neural N etwork
Azer ÇELİ KTEN, Sem ih
DEMİREL, A taber k URFALI,
Ömer Faruk BOZKI R, Abdulkadir
BUDAK, a nd Hakan KARATAŞ
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 345
223
Anatomical and Pal ynological Characteristi cs of
Taxa Papav er rhoeas L . and Papa ver dubi u m L.
subsp. lae vigatum (M.B ieb.) Kad ereit
Hasan ÖZES KİCİ LER, Osman
TUGAY and Deniz ULU KUŞ
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 347
224
Simulations of Solving a Single-Player Memory
Card Gam e with Severa l Impleme ntations of a
Human-Like Thinking Computer A lgorithm
Ladislav Vé gh and On drej Takáč
Slovakia, S lovakia
Submissio n 353
225
Symbol De tection with D eep Le arning
Fatih Asla n and Yaşar Beceri kli
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 354
226
Simulation a nd Modeli ng Approac h for Enh anced
Product Qual ity and Energ y Efficienc y in a
moroccan d airy industry
Najwa Jb ira, Anass Le bnaiti an d
Sanaa Haya ni Mounir
Morrocco, Morrocco,
Morrocco
Submissio n 357
227
Erzincan İ li’nin Deprems elliği, Z emin Özelli klerinin
Belirlenmesi nin Öne mi ve Gere klilikler
Fahriye Ak ar
Turkey
Submissio n 359
228
On pantogr aph prob lems involv ing generali zed
Hilfer opera tors in Ba nach alg ebra
Abdelatif B outiara
Algeria
Submissio n 365
229
Design Ap proach of d ual bell n ozzles w ith high area
ratio
I. Laouar, A . Hadda d
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 368
230
Kinetic an d thermod ynamic stud y of malac hite green
adsorptio n on activate d carbon doped with
nanoparti cles
ALLAL Mo hamed, BENZE KRI
BENALLOU Mokhtar, MEKIBES
Zohra, DOUA RA Na dia,
TERMOUL Mourad, ATTO UTI
Salima, BENDE RDOU CHE
Nourdine , BESTANI Benaouda
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 369
231
Synthesis a nd charact erization of a m ixed ox ide
ZnSb2O 6
CHARI F Rania, TAOUA I Saliha,
and MAKH LOUFI Rachid
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 373
232
Numerical Ap proach of MHD co njugate Heat
Transfer b etween Tw o Vertical Parallel P lates
Saidoune F.Z and B ouaziz M.N
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 377
233
Design a nd Computa tional Anal ysis of an
Axisymmetri c Conto ured Supers onic Pr opulsion
Nozzle
L. Dai, N. B oughazi a nd A.
Haddad
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 378
234
Exploring t he I nfluence of MHD , conduct ion and
Radiation Effe cts in Mixed C onvection of
Newtonian Fl ow alon g a Vertical Cylinder
Saidoune.F atmaZohra , Benhark at
Zahra an d Bouaziz. MN
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 382
235
Finite Eleme nt Simulat ion and Stress A nalysis of
Gas Turbin e Blade Du e to Centrifugal Force
Mohamme d Talal Mo hammed,
Ziad Shake eb Al Sarr af and Sa bah
Ir aq, Iraq, Iraq
Submissio n 383
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XVI I
Mohamme d Jamil
236
Design a nd Analysis of a Force d Convectio n
Indirect S olar Dryer f or A gricultural Food Pr oducts
Saidoune F atmaZohra, Ga lem
Naima and H amza I mane
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 384
237
Morocca n Cannabis S ativa Essen tial O il Attenuates
Peripheral N europat hic Pain I nduced By Chronic
Sciatic Ner ve Constric tion I njury In Mice
Hamid Kab dya, Baslam
Abdelmo unaima, Abd el f atah A it
Baba, Abderra hman C haita
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 387
238
Reliabilit y Study of a Biometric Sys tem Base d on
the Authe ntication of H andwritte n Signa tures
Boucerredj L eila
Algeria
Submissio n 388
239
Quantificat ion of Com mon and D ifferential Mode
Measureme nts for Var iable S peed Drive DC Motor
Mohcine A MARA, Ho ucine
MILOU DI, Mohamed MILO UDI,
Abdelber BEN DAOUD and
Mohamme d Hamza BER MAKI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 393
240
The secon d life of shrim p shells : a promising
alternative
M. MOULAY-A BDALLAH, L.
ADOU R, M. KHERAT
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 395
241
Developm ent of an I nternet of T hings Bas ed Purifie d
Water Qua lity Monit oring Sys tem
Mehmet A kif ÖZTÜR K, Ahmet
Fı rat YELKUV AN, Emre ÜNSAL
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 397
242
Efficacy of Dr ugs in the First, S econd and Third -
Line Therap y in Pati ents with Adva nced
Hepatocell ular Carc inoma
Yusra Zarla shat, Bus hra Munir,
Muhamma d Yameen, Was im
Abass and A bdul G haff ar
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 403
243
Phytochemica l comp osition an d antioxi dant activit y
of an Alg erian speci es of I ridaceae famil y
Medjadji B ochra, Houam
Abderrahim
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 407
244
Superhydr ophobic Surfa ce Mo dification for
Enhanced F abric Fac e Masks: T he Impact of
Varying HD TMS Co ncentrations
Suzylawat i Ismail, Tha nigesh
Thiyagu an d Syahida Farhan Az ha
Malaysia, Ma laysia,
Malaysia
Submissio n 408
245
THE I MPACT OF MI NING ACTIVITI ES ON THE
OXID ATIVE STRESS R ESPONS E IN A CHILLEA
MILLEFO LIU M, HYPERICUM PE RFORATU M,
AND PLA NTAGO LANCEOLATA WI THIN THE
IN DUSTRIA LIZED DIS TRICT OF DRENA S,
KOSOVO
Teuta Bajra Brahimaj, E nis Dalo,
Shyrete Muri qi2, Haz bije Sahiti
Kosovo, K osovo,
Kosovo, K osovo
Submissio n 409
246
New Mater ials for So lid Oxide Fuel Cells w ith Dual
ion-conduc ting Electro lyte
Sarah Guen ou, Ali Che knane,
Selman N aceur and I nas Bouza teur
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 411
247
Light naphth a (C5/C6) c atalytic isom erization
kinetics in presence of a bi-functional catalyst
Boudjema Am ir Lehti het, Tayeb
Fakhreddin e Boukezo ula, Lahcèn e
Bencheikh
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 414
248
Akıllı Loj istik Kapsam ında Filyos Liman Projesinin
Sürdürüle bilir Kalkı nmaya Etk ileri
Sezin GÜLE RYÜZ, Se dra
ALAYO UB , Yıldız TE MEL,
Oğuzhan DEMİ RCİ
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 415
249
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN TERNET OF THI NG S
BASED AI R QUALI TY M ON ITO RING SYSTEM
USIN G MACHI NE LEARNING
Abdulrash eed O. Ab dulganiyu,
Jonathan G . Kolo an d Abraham U.
Usman
Nigeria, Ni geria,
Nigeria
Submissio n 418
250
DÜZCE İ LİN DE BULUNAN BİR PROJE
ANAD OLU Lİ SESİ BİLİŞİ M SINIFI İ ÇİN AHP
TEKNİĞ İY LE ALL IN O NE BİLGİ SAYAR
SEÇİMİ
Sezin GÜLE RYÜZ, Hat ice
KU LABA Ş
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 419
251
Qualitative S tudy of N ew Class of Cubic
Differenti als Systems
N. Boulell i, A. Bend jeddou and R.
Cheurfa
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 420
252
Contributi on to the aut omation of clampin g and
positioning s ystems i n machini ng fixtures usi ng
Artificial I ntelligence Techniques
Arslane Mus tapha, Br ik Youcef
and Slaman i Mohame d
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 421
253
Makine ve E kipman Seç im Kr iterleri İçerisinde
Dizel Jener atör Setleri nin AHP Ya klaşımı ile
Sınıflandırı lması
Sezin GÜLE RYÜZ, Ad em
KOCABAŞ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 425
254
The effects of ripe a nd unripe banana flours
originate d from bana nas grown in Mer sin on Muffin
Cakes
Nazlı Be güm Kansu, Se dat Say ar
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 427
255
Rüzgâr Enerj isinin Tar ihsel Gel işimi
Ömer Kılıç oğlu, Mustaf a Arif
Özgür
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 428
256
Applicati on of exper imental desi gn for the
modelling of extracti on of gentian v iolet dye in
aqueous s olution by polystyre ne membra ne modifie d
with oleic ac id
Yanis Zak aria Lakeha l, Salima
Ziani, Salim a Aitali
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 430
257
A Delayed SI RS Epi demic Mo del for Optimal
Control wit h Vacci nation and Treatmen t
Nadjla ABI DAT, Ned jma Boulell i
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 431
258
The Effect of SiO2-CuO/H 2O Hybri d Nano-Fluid in
A Square ca vity
Bouselsal Maissa, Me barek-Oudina
Fateh
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 432
259
Everythin g you nee d to know about Ginger,
Turmeric an d Cloves
Aya Aggo un and Chahra
Boudoukhar
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 434
260
Strawberr y jam prod uction by mi crowave-vacuum
evaporati on method
Simge Akd ağ T. Kora y Palazoğlu
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 435
261
An approac h to enhance the radio f requency he ating
uniformit y of wheat fl our
Welat Mir an, T. Kor ay Palazo ğlu
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 436
262
Düşük nem içerikli gı daların ra dyo freka nsı ener ji ile
ısınmasını n deneysel ve sayısal olarak ince lenmesi
Welat Miran , T. Kor ay Palazo ğlu
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 437
263
Advanced T echniques f or I nvestigating L andslide
Displaceme nt using R adar I maging: InSAR,
PSI nSAR, and DInSA R
Hadek, M. W ahbi, M. Maatouk, H.
Boulaassal, O . Y. Al aoui, O. El
Kharki
Morrocco, Morrocco,
Morrocco, Morrocco,
Morrocco, Morrocco
Submissio n 438
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XVI II
264
Spectral entr opy comp lexity ana lysis of a 3D f ive -
term chaoti c system wi th cubic nonlinearity
Abdullah G okyildirim
Turkey
Submissio n 442
265
The Durab ility of hi gh performa nce concrete based
on silica f ume contain ing mar ble powder as finite
aggregate
Yassine A bbas, Rac hid Djebien
and Sidali De nine
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 444
266
Designing Ass istive De vices to S upport Le arning for
Students wit h Hearin g Impairme nts
Izw ah Ismail, Sharifa h Nurulh uda
Tuan Mohd Y asin, I lya Ismail a nd
Rhoma Erma Zaini
Malaysia, Ma laysia,
Malaysia, Ma laysia
Submissio n 445
267
Exploring t he Thera peutic Pote ntial o f Semi -A rid
Virgin O live Oil: A Comprehens ive Analys is of
Bioactive Com pounds a nd Health B enefits.
Khaoula BOU GHEDI RI , Ramzi
TRIKI , Meryem OUAZOU AZ and
Cherifa HEN CHI RI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 446
268
Exploring t he Thera peutic Pote ntial and He patic
Profile Anal ysis of Virg in Olive Oi l from the Semi-
Arid Regi on in NPTiO2-I nduced Oxi dative Stress in
Rats
Khaoula BOU GHEDI RI , Ramzi
TRIKI , Meryem OUAZOU AZ and
Cherifa HEN CHI RI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 448
269
Control of Gr id-Connecte d PV Bas ed inverter on
Single P hase Modular M ultilevel Converter
Imane ALI A, I mad MERZOUK,
Osama ABU SHAFA
Algeria, Al geria, UK
Submissio n 449
270
First Princip les Study of the S tructural, Magnetic
and Mag neto-optical Pro perties of The C ompound
PdCo
O. Benamara , D. Hec iri
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 450
271
Design a nd Optimizati on of a Su per Capaci tor-
Based High-Sp eed Charg ing System f or Electri c
Vehicles
Semih SUBAŞI , Gürk an
AYDEMİ R
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 454
272
Hybrid Desi ccant Co oling Sys tems an d Solar
Assisted Met hods
Kutbay Seze n
Turkey
Submissio n 455
273
The importa nce of s ubjects in private intern ational
law
Argona Kuç i, Kastr iote Vlahna
Kosovo, K osovo
Submissio n 456
274
The importa nce and developmen t of the ban king
system in Kos ovo
Dafina Vlah na
Kosovo
Submission 457
275
Electronic Business, t he most p opular form of
businesses
Besnik Haj dari
Kosovo
Submissio n 458
276
Predicting the Remai ning Usef ul Life of a DC Mot or
using ANFI S Neuro-Fuzzy H ybrid M odel
A. SEDDA R YAGOUB, S.
BENAMMAR
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 459
277
Security and risks of using E-business
Besnik Haj dari
Kosovo
Submissio n 460
278
Synthesis a nd charact erization of graphi tic carbon
nitride
Mahdi ACH OUR, Fat ima
AMMARI
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 462
279
Futbol Kul üplerinin B orçlarının Teverruk Y öntemi
ile Yapıla ndırılmasının Finansal Aç ıdan İ ncelenmesi
Necati Alp eren Tekel i, Emirha n
Erdinç, Gür kan Işık
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 463
280
Electrosynt hesis, chara cterizat ion and valorization of
colloidal s ilver
F.Lasmi, H. Laribi, H.H amitouch e
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 465
281
Securing th e defenda nt in crimin al proce edings
through detention
Kosovare So pi
Kosovo
Submissio n 473
282
Preliminary assesment of the in v ivo analgesic
potential (t he acetic ac id induce d writhi ng test) of an
Algerian wi ld Thymus species
Abderrahim H ouam, A ssia Zeghi b,
Fouad Zeg hib and Za hia Kabouc he
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 474
283
Recover y of Lead from Us ed Batterie s through
Electro-reduc tion
Kürşad Oğuz OSKAY
Turkey
Submissio n 476
284
The Product ion of NO/NO 2 Emiss ions I n Propane-
Syngas Mi xture Diff usion Flame
Bouhentala B., Hadef A .,
Aouachria Z. and Mamer i A.
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 478
285
Preliminary evaluatio n of the acu te toxici ty, in a
biological m odel (mic e), of an A lgerian w ild
Thymus s pecies
Abderrahim H ouam, A ssia Zeghi b,
Fouad Zeg hib, Karim a
Belguendo uz and Zahi a Kabouc he
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 484
286
Classifica tion of Fire arms with D eep Convolu tional
Neural Ne tworks
Enes AYA N
Turkey
Submissio n 485
287
Preliminary assesment of the in v ivo anti-
inflammat ory potenti al (the xyle ne induce d ear
edema assa y) of an A lgerian w ild Thymus s pecies
Assia Ze ghib, Abderr ahim Houam,
Fouad Zeg hib and Za hia Kabouc he
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 486
288
Preliminary investigat ion of medic inal plant s used in
Algerian traditional me dicine t o treat skin diseases a t
Tebessa munici pality
Assia Ze ghib, Abderr ahim Houam,
Soraya H ioun, Fouad Z eghib and
Zahia Kabo uche
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 487
289
Asymptotic analysis of solutions to the pr oblem
Ɛ²∆u + ⋋ u = F(u) on a r ing in
Ketfi Roufa ida, Benda as Saida and
Djabi Abdelm oumene
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 488
290
Synthesis a nd Optica l Characteri zation of ZnO
Nanorods
Selin Sarit an, Hakan Colak, Fe yza
Oke-Altuntas and Halit A ltuntas
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 489
291
Deep Real T ime multi – F ace Rec ognition
Zead Mohamm ed Yosif, Muhamad
Azhar Ab dilatef
Ir aq, Iraq
Submissio n 491
292
An Elastic A nalysis: S tructural Analysis a nd Design
for Curved Beam Port al Frames
B. Mebarki , B.K. Bena zzouz
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 492
293
Gamma-ra y shielding pr operties of amorp hous
alloys wit h various tanta lum conc entrations
M. Tokaç, Z. Y . Khat tari and M. S.
Al -Buriahi
Turkey, Jord an,
Turkey
Submissio n 495
294
Açıklanabilir Yapa y Zeka Teknikleri İ le Parkinson
Hastalık Teş hisi
Tuğçe KAÇAR , Mehme t Onur
OLGUN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 496
295
COMPARI SON OF O RBITAL AN D MAN UAL
WELDI NG FO R MANUFACTURI NG
STAI NLESS STEEL HEA T EXCHA NG ER
Berfin Er, Ta ylan M. D aş
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 497
2 96
DC Mikro Ş ebekelerd e Sabit G üç Yükü Karşısında
Mustafa Gü ngör, Me hmet Emi n
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 500
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XIX
PI ve Geri Adım Kontrol Yönt emlerin in Gerilim
Kontrol Perf ormansı ve Karşılaş tırma sı
Asker
297
Imaging of H igh-I nten s ity Th erapeuti c Ultrasound
(HITU ) in a Rabbit M odel I noculated with
Glioblastom a Cells: I nvestigati ng the Ef fects on
Carbonic An hydrase I X Enzymes and Para oxonase
Enzyme Fam ily
Kaan Tugber k Ozdemir, Ender
Simsek, G iyas Ayberk
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 503
298
EL IMI NA TION OF METHYLENE BLUE BY
ELELCTRO COAGULA TIO N USING RE CYCLED
ALUMI NUM PLATES AS E LECTR ODES
Abir Hasn aoui, Musta pha Chikh i,
Fouzia Bal aska, Wali d Seraghni
and Mohame d Boussemg houne
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 508
299
Effect of a ddition saff ron extrac t (Crocus s ativus)
on the coo king proper ties of b arley no odles
Fatima TEN SAOUT, Karima
TAZRART a nd DJamel Edine
KATI
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 509
300
Modelling t he influe nce of wast e rubber and bric k
waste on Compres sive an d flexur al Stren gths of
mortar by Art ificial N eural Networ k
Boukour Sa lima, Lafif i Brahim,
Benmalek Mohamed L arbi, Aido ud
Aidoud, Bencheikh Messaouda
and Benzai d Mehdi
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 510
301
Chitosan Ef fect on M orphology of T omato under
Drought S tress
Shadab Far amarzi, Le ila Akbar i,
Masoome h Amerian, N oshin
Mahmodi, K ianoosh Cheqamirza,
Sara Vita lini, Marcel lo Ir iti
Ir an, Iran, Iran, I ran,
Ir an, Italy, Italy
Submissio n 512
302
Effect of th e Incorp oration of P lastic W aste on the
Physico-Mec hanical Pro perties of a Mor tar at a
Young Age
Aidoud Ass ia, Boutah ir Messaouda
Born Be ncheikh, B oukour Salima ,
Khaldi Na cira, Zeri g Tahar
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 513
303
Identifyin g Novel Dr ug Cand idates for I nfluenza
Virus via Computat ional Appr oaches
Bourougaa L otfi, O ussaf Mebark a
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 516
304
Sanguisorba mi nor L.'s in silico anti H I V-
1 activity and AD ME/T ox evaluation
Sameh BOUDI BA, Cha hrazed
HAOU AM, Alfred NGEN GUE,
Karima HANI NI and Louiza
BOUDI BA
Algeria, Al geria,
Camerun, A lgeria,
Algeria
Submissio n 517
305
Life Cycle Asse ssment (LCA) and Environm ental
Impacts Towar ds Plas tic Waste by Using P yrolysis
Amirah Ay u Kartika, Low Si ew
Chuna, Suzy lawati I smail
Malaysia, Ma laysia,
Malaysia
Submissio n 520
306
Valorizatio n of the e thyl acetat e extract of Atriple x
Halimus L. fr om Tébessa region as cor rosion
inhibitor: E lectrochem ical st udy
Louiza Bou diba, Ba ya Berka,
Sameh Bo udiba, Karim a Hanini,
Azza Bacc ouche
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 522
307
Digital chal lenges of production processes in a
company
László Szab ó, Norbert F orman and
Mihály Sz ilárd Avor nicului
Hungary, H ungary,
Hungary
Submissio n 539
308
Challenges in Teachin g Informa tics
Norbert F orman an d Mihály
Szilárd Av ornicului
Hungary, H ungary
Submissio n 540
309
The Effect of Substrat e Rotatio n Speed on t he
Optical Ch aracteristics of Gallium O xides Grow n by
Spin-Coati ng Technique
Halit Altun tas and Enis S ert
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 542
310
Lupinus a lbus L. su bsp. albus Ta kson S pesifik
Genomik SS R Markörl erinin G eliştirilmes i
Yaren Bayram , İbrah im Çelik,
Osman Tuga y, Deniz Ul ukuş
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 545
311
A Study on Stability a nd Physic ochemical Pr operties
of Soybean Oil- in -W ater Em ulsions Pr epared with
Exudate Ap ple Gum
Mukaddes K arataş and Ercan
Aydoğmuş
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 548
312- 313
Reseach o n Pollinati on Biomor phology of
Malvaceae b y Bombus terrestris L. 1758
(I nsecta: H ymen optera)
Aysel Ke killioğlu, E bru Kundura cı
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 553
314- 315
Embryologica l Devel opment Processe s in Insec ts
(Arthropoda : Insecta)
Aysel Ke killioğlu, Buse Yıldız
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 554
316- 317
Pollinat or Hymenopt ers (Arthr opoda:I nsecta)
Aysel Ke killioğlu, Ömer Eren
Bostan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 555
318
Study of C dZnTe base d II -VI semico nductor lasers
for dermato logical ap plication, a nd simulatio n of the
biological t issue resp onse
Riane Houar ia, Bahlou li Samia,
Kelouch N awal an d Hamdache
Fatima
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 556
319
Evaluati on of groundw ater vulnerabili ty to
anthropo genic impac ts in a dense ly urbani zed
context: I ntegrating ch emical an d isotopic tools
Ben Nasr W assef
Tunisia
Submissio n 557
320
THE ELECT ROCHEMI CAL BEHA VI OUR OF
MILD STEEL I N ACI DI C MEDIUM
Gharbi Am ira, Dridi Manel,
Hamlaoui Y oucef
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 558
321
The I mportance of Lo gistics 4. 0 Within t he Scope of
Industry 4.0: Evalua tion of L ogistics 4.0 in An
Enterprise in Terms of Sustainab ility
Ayşenur ERDİ L
Turkey
Submissio n 562
322
GRAFEN OKSİ T TEMELLİ
NANO KOMPOZİTLERİ N Bİ YOSENSÖR
PLATFORMU OLARA K KULLANI MLARI
Başak BÜYÜ K, Sema DE MİRCİ
UZUN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 564
323
Generatio n of non-functi onal arch itectonic s patial
forms with g eometric transform ations
Ferenc Sebes teny
Hungary
Submissio n 566
324
In Silico asse ssment of insectici dal activi ty of
Santolina Afri cana
SAYA D Imane, AOUA I DJIA
Hanane a nd LEBBAL Sa lim
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 569
325
Kayseri İ li Nohut E kim Alanları nda Nohut Yaprak
sineği [Liri omyza Cicerin a Rondani ( Diptera:
Agromyz idae)]’nin Ya ygınlığı, Bulaşıkl ık Oranı ve
Popülas yon Dalgala nması
Ahmet ÖZ KAN, Murat MUŞTU
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 570
326
Optimizati on of opera ting param eters infl uencing
Amira Boufr ioua, Sarr ah Guilan e
Algeria, Al geria,
Submissio n 572
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XX
copper sul phate crystalli zation: Box- Behnken des ign
and Leila Be nmanso ur
Algeria
327
Solar Lead-Ac id Batter y Bank Man agement Stra tegy
Bilel Ayac hi, Ahme d Bahri an d
Nabil Mezh oud
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 573
328
Weight Re duction of S pars on th e Wing of a F ixed -
Wing UAV
İsmail Okan Keskinkay a and
Mehmet S unar
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 575
329
Synthesis a nd Charact erization of S emic onductor
Nanoparticl es for Phot ocatalytic Ph armaceutical
Wastewat er Treatmen t
Bouaziz Ay a, Gherbi Naima
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 577
330
Evaluati ng the Envir onmental I mpacts and
Sustainabi lity of Gaso line - Etha nol Blends on
Vehicle Ex haust Emissi ons
Beytullah Er en and I dris Cesur
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 578
331
Sugar Was te Valoriza tion I n Making Fired C lay
Brick
SI AHMED Chabane, G hani Djafr i
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 581
332
Holocene Da ta on F ossil Polle n of Dipsa caceae
Plants, Cen tral Albani a
Admir Jançe , Anila J ançe, Gëzim
Kapidani
Albania, Al bania,
Albania
Submissio n 582
333
Quantitative Data o n Microorg anisms and H eavy
Metals in M iddle Alban ia Soil
Anila Jançe, Admir J ançe, Valen tin
Bogoev
Albania, Al bania,
Albania
Submissio n 583
334
Effect of in itial concentrat ion on s ulfamet hoxazole
(SMX) remo val using zinc oxide adsorbent co ating
Noorlaila M ohamed N or,
Muhamad S harafee S hamsudin,
Suzylawat i Ismail
Malaysia, Ma laysia,
Malaysia
Submissio n 590
335
Didim Akb uk Bay (Ay dın/Turke y) Dune Pl ant
Diversity, Threatening Fa ctors an d Solution
Proposals
Fadime Ery ılmaz Pehli van
Turkey
Submissio n 592
336
Dynamic an d Static A nalysis of D eep Exc avation of
Poligon Stat ion in İ zmir Metro L ine
Ender Baş arı, Yeşim T uskan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 593
337
Synthesis of Metal-Organ ic Framew ork MOF-2 (Zn-
BDC)
Meriem G uira, Samia Kerakra,
Abderrahm ane Habi
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 594
338
Obesity as a 21st cen tury pandemi c
Iveta Štem peľová, O ndrej Taká č
and Helena Hudákov á
Czech Repu blic,
Slovakia, Slo vakia
Submissio n 595
339
New Desig n of Miniat urized Tri-teeth Metam aterial
Resonator for Satelli te Applica tions
Berka M ohammed, Umu t Özkaya,
Baghdad Be y Abdelka der
Algeria, T urkey,
Algeria
Submissio n 598
340
FI NAL YEAR'S STUDEN T’S PERCEPTI ON S
TOWARDS SERVICE QU ALI TY PROVI DED BY
POLYTECHN IC
Nor Linda Bi nti Mokh tar, Siti
Zubaidah B inti Md Hami n and
Ratna Hafi za Binti Re dzuan
Malaysia, Ma laysia,
Malaysia
Submissio n 601
341
A Comparat ive Analys is of Gree n Taxes In OE CD
Countries
Özgür Utku MA CUNLUO ĞLU
Turkey
Submissio n 604
342
Structural F eatures of Catalysts for Hydr ogenati on
of Carbo n Dioxide t o C2+ hydro carbons bas ed on
alumina wit h deposite d ferrocen e, its bi- and
trinuclear derivatives
Aygun Rus tamova, E tibar
Ismailov
Azerbaija n,
Azerbaija n
Submissio n 605
343
The effectiv eness of C ement Kiln Dust on clay ey
soil properties
Innal Wisse m, Zem ouli Samira and
Hacene c haouche A bdelmadjid
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 607
344- 345
Investigat ion of The C orrosion Pr oper t ies of Alloys
Manufac tured By Add itive Ma nufacturing M ethod
Fatma Nazlı ÖZSOLA K
Turkey
Submissio n 611
346
Population parameters of the Hors e Macker el
(Trachurus me diterran eus) in the So utheastern Black
Sea during 2019-2020 fis hing season
Tuncay Yeşi lçiçek
Turkey
Submissio n 587
347
P22 Çelikleri nin Sabit Basınç ve Far klı S ıcaklıklar
Altında Ser tlik ve Mikr oyapısın ın İncelenm esi
Mehmet A kif AYI RT, Gökhan
ARI CI
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 349
348
Artık Bağla ntılar ile D üzenlenen U -N et Mimarisi
Kullanara k Beyin Çı karımı
Çağrı DAŞGI N, K ali
GÜRKAHRA MAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 413
349
Deep Learn ing Based Pr edictio n of axial t urbine
performan ce for Clea n Organic Rankine C ycle
system dri ven by low- te mperature heat sourc e
T.T.Naas, A . Mahamme di and K.
Rahmani
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 400
350
Heat and mass transfer efficienc y in the T-Shaped
geometry: E ntropy g eneration a nalysis
T.T.Naas, A . Mahamme di and K.
Rahmani
Algeria, Al geria,
Algeria
Submissio n 401
351
ACİ L DURUM VE AFE TLERDE A LTERNATİ F
GÜZERGÂH SEÇİMİ : KIRI KKALE İ LİND E BİR
UYGU LAMA
Beyza Al tın, Buket Ö zer, Emel
Güven, Tamer Eren
Turkey, Tur key,
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 498
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XXI
C ONFERENCE CHAIRS
Asst. Prof. Dr. Umut Özkaya, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Konya Technica l
University in Konya, Turk ey,
N ATIONA L ORGANIZING COMMITTEE S
Prof. Dr. Adnan Sözen, Gaz i Univ ersity
Prof. Dr. Murat Yakar, Mersin University, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Dr . Enes Yiğit, Ulud ağ Univ ersit y
Assoc. Prof. Dr . Halit Öztekin, Sakarya Applied Science University
Assoc. Prof. Dr . Harun Kemal Öz türk, Pamukkale University
Assoc. Prof. Dr . Merih Palandöken, İzmir Katip Çelebi University
Asst. Prof. Dr . Umut Özkaya, Konya Technical University
I NTERNATIONA L ORGANIZING COMMITTEES
Prof. Dr. Josep Guerrero, Aalborg University
Prof. Dr. Carlos A. Coelho, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ashraf Gondal, King Fahd University
Prof. Dr. Weidong Zhu, University of Maryland
Assoc. Prof. Dr . Abdul G haffar, Government College University
Assoc. Prof. Dr , Farid Melgani, University of Trent o
Assoc. Prof. Dr . Francesco Cottone, University of Perugia
Assoc. Prof. Dr . Rita Ismailova, Kyrgyz Tur kish Manas University
Dr. Amina Othmani, University of Monastir -Tunisia
Dr. Arti Jain, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology
Dr. Mariya Ouaissa, Moulay Ismail University
Dr. Muhammad Sultan, Zakariya University
Dr. R.A. Ilyas, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
JULY 10-12, 2023, KONYA, TURKEY https://www.icaens.com/
XXI I
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTES
Prof. Dr . Abdurazzag Ali Aburas, Univ ersity of Kwazu lu- Natal
Prof. Dr . Adnan Sözen, Gazi University
Prof. Dr . Amit Soni, Manıpal Univer sity
Prof. Dr . Anis Koubaa, Prince Sultan University
Prof. Dr . Carlos A. Coelho, Univ ersidade Nova de Lisboa
Prof. Dr . Josep Guerrero, Aalbo rg University
Prof. Dr . Juan Vasquez, Aalborg University
Prof. Dr . Laszlo T. Koczy, Budapest Un iversity of Techn ol ogy and
Econo mics
Prof. Dr . Mohammad Ashraf Gond al, K ing Fahd University
Prof. Dr . Murat Yakar, Mersin Un iversity, Turkey
Prof. Dr . Muhammad Rashid, Univ ersity of West Florida
Prof. Dr . Saad Mekhilef, Malaya Un iversity
Prof. Dr . Salim Ibrir, King Fahd Un iversity
Prof. Dr . Subarna Shakya, Tribhu van Universi ty
Prof. Dr . Suzuki Hisashi, Chuo Un iversity
Prof. Dr . Usha Mehta, Institute of Technology, Nirma U niversity
Prof. Dr . Vagif Gasimov, Azerbaijan Technical University
Prof. Dr . Weidong Zhu, University of Maryland
Assoc. Prof. Abdul Ghaffar, G overn me nt Colle ge University
Assoc. Prof. Ali Hakan Işık, Bu rdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Un i versity
Assoc. Prof. Amita Nandal, Manıp al University
Assoc. Prof. Aslan İnan, Yıld ı z Teknik University
Assoc. Prof. Atif Iqbal, Qatar University
Assoc. Prof. Francesco Cottone, Un iversity of Perugia
Assoc. Prof. Farid Melgani, U niversity o f Trento
Assoc. Prof. Halit Öztekin, Sakar ya Applied Science Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Hamdy Ziedan, Assiut Univer sity
Assoc. Prof. Harun Kemal Özt ürk, Pam ukkale University
Assoc. Prof. Jiri Pela, Brno U niversity of Technology
Assoc. Prof. Merih Palandöken, İzm ir Katip Çelebi Univ e rsity
Assoc. Prof. Rita Ismailova, Kyr gyz Turkish Manas Univ ersity
Assoc. Prof. Sadia Samar Ali, King Ab dul -Aziz University
Assoc. Prof. Tanmay De, Nation al Institute Of Techno lo gy Durg apur
Assoc. Prof. Zeashan Khan, Air Univer sity
Dr. Ali Almisreb , International University of Sarajevo
Dr. Amin a Othmani, University o f Monastir -Tunisia
Dr. Arti Jain, Jaypee Institute of Info rmat ion Technology
Dr. Aru n Kumar Verma, Malaviy a National Institute of Technology Jaipur
Dr. Aziz Shah , University of Glaskow
Dr. Bal Chand Nagar, ECE National In stitute of Technology Patna
Dr. Baoze Wei, Aalborg University
Dr. Bohu mil Brtník, University of P ar d ubice
Dr. Diptiran jan Behera, The University of the West Indies at Mon a
Dr. Fayçal BENSAAL I, Qatar Univer sity
Dr. Fugu i Qi, Fourth Military Medical Un iversity
Dr. Magd i S. Mahmoud, King Fahd University
Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Moulay Ismail University
Dr. Mer daci Slimane, Un iversity of - Sidi Bel Abbés, Alger ia
Dr. Moh arram Challenger, Antwerp Un iversity
Dr. Muh ammad Sultan, Zakariya Univ ersity
Dr. Lesya Anishchenko, Bauman Mo scow State Techn ical Univer sity
Dr. R.A. Ily as, Universiti Teknolog i Malaysia
Dr. Sad ina Gagula Palalić, I nt ernatio nal University of Sarajevo
5TH IN TERNATI ONAL CONF ERENCE ON AP PLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 202 3
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XXI II
Dr. Stefan ia Tomasiello, University o f Tartu
Dr. Syed Omer Gilani, Natio nal University of Scien ces and Technology
(NUST)
Dr. Tarık Namas, Internation a l University o f Sarajevo
Dr. Udu ak A. Umoh, Unive rsity of Uyo
Dr. Yajuan Guan, Aalborg University
5
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M. Tyszka‐Czochar a, A. Szewczyk, R. Nu nes v e P.
Paśko, “Identificatio n o f pr edominant phyto c hemical
compoun ds and cyt otoxic activity of wild olive leaves
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All Scien ces Proceedings
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5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
6
Developing Web Services and Challenges
Faris Sattar Hadi
Informatio n Technology Research a nd Development Cen ter, University of KUFA, Iraq
fariss.alkaab i@ uoku fa.edu.iq
Abstract – Web services have recently sparked a lot of attention among vendors and researchers. The
issue of application integration may have a flexible solut ion thanks to web services, which are based on
open standards and already-existing Inter net protocols.We b services a re becoming more and more
common in web applications with the use of WSDL, SOAP, and UDD I . The present Web s ervice s
designs, though presented with certain obst inate issues, like security. We will provide an outl ine of these
issues in thi s essay. We think that the su cc ess of Web se rvice s will depend on resolving these issues.
Finally, we a nticipate distinct developments in semantic Grid services.
Keywords – Web Services, Web Services Composition ,Grid S ervices, Simp le Obje ct Access P rotocol, Web Services
Description Lan guage.
I NTRODUCTION
Web se rvice is essentially an independent piece
of software with a sp ecific UR I (the Uniform
Resource Identifier is a sp ec ific address ),
technology that uti lize s the I nternet, particular ly
the Web. W eb services have a supplier, as well as
(ideally) consumers or subscribers, according t o
the fundament al concept. The servic e provider
must not only develop the service but also produce
a specification and publish it in a directory so that
potential clients can access it. Potential users can
searc h the service directory to find available
services. I n order to discover a single service th at
meets their needs, or a group of services that can
be combined effe ctively, service clients or use rs
will often searc h through such a directory.
It is obvious that Web services must be
interopera ble. Additionally, they must run on every
Web brows er and be ind epende nt of th e operating
system that they are install ed on.
Regardless of their programming languages,
service engines should be able to communicate
with one another. We b s e rvices are frequently built
on top of standards to accomplish thes e goals; the
most popular ones at th e moment are the XML -
based specifications SOAP (Sim ple Object Access
Protocol), UDDI ( Universa l Description,
Discovery and Integration), and WSDL (Web
Services Description Language), though th is
situation is constantly changing . The following are
the fundamental steps of publishing a nd using a
software component that has bee n developed as a
Web service:
A UDDI directory, whi ch serves as a central
repository of metadata for all re gistered se rvices
and keeps data about them, is where the provider of
a Web service registers his service.
Examples of this m eta data include the author,
the service category, and technical details. Since
UDDI data is often k e pt on a number of distant
servers, UD DI also defines a query language,
authoring authorisation, and replication metho d.
This guarantees t hat a service can be quickly
located in response to a request; a request is
satisfied by providing instructions on how to
access and use the service at the prov ider's server.
A WSDL file, which is not a part of the UDDI
directory, contains the guidelines for client an d
Web service c ommunication.
Rather than referred to by the details a client
requests from the UDDI directory. This docume nt
outlines the requirements for the input and output
7
data as well as the communication protocol. In
order to send and receive SOAP messages with the
actual Web service, a proxy is created using th e
WSDL specification [1, 2].
Ad hoc methods have been employed in
business- to -business applications in recent years to
benefit from the fundamental Internet architecture.
Recent ly , built on top of current Web protocols
and open XML standards, web services are
emerging as a methodical and extendable
framew ork for application- to -application
interaction .
A new type of Web application is called a web
service . These apps are self -contained, self-
describing, and modular and may be published,
found, and used .
All around th e Web s ervices can be used to
crea te and carry out complex business operations
or just make straightforward informa tion requests .
After being deployed, a Web service can be
found and used by other applications or Web
services .
The ability to build applications instantly
utilizing loosely linked, reusable software
components is the mai n benefit of using Web
services .
This has im portant ramifications for both
technological and com merc ial uses. Instead of
being sold as packaged goods, software might be
delivered and paid for as a continuous strea m of
services. To complete business tasks, it is possible
to achieve automatic and dynamic int erope rability
between systems. The Internet allows for entirely
decentralized distribution of business services that
can be accessed by a lar ge instea d put their
attention on the value of their services and oth er
crucial duties rather than the burden of complex,
expensive, and low-quality software integration.
The Internet followed will develop into a
universal platform for communication betwe en
businesses and individuals in order to conduct
various commercial op erations and offer v alue -
added se rvice s. To make new offerings a nd
markets more accessible to small and medium -
sized businesses, the barriers to entry will be
decreased . Dynamic bus inesses and va lue c hains
become possible and p erhaps even necessary for
competitive advantage s [ 3].Show F ig.(1).
Fig.(1): Web Services Map.
W EB SERVICES DIFFICUL TIES AND CHALLENGES
Technologies like SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI are
crucial for enabling Web services. B ut in order to
properly meet the needs of business applications,
the present Technologies are not perfect. The three
main issues and possible research trajectories to
improve the current technology are covered in this
section.
Let's utilize a st ra ightforward trip scenario to
highlight the security iss ue with Web services. T he
Web services framework requires more than three
components should ap propr iately int errelate i n
order to finish the tra vel scenario.
We must, at the absolute lea st, gua rantee that
operations like e lectroni c c heck-ins w ere carried
out in a sa fe s etting and that messages w ere
reliably transmitted to the intended loc ations. Why
do we need to provide more se curity when
technologies like Kerberos, HTTP secure
(HTTPS), and secure multipurpose int erne t mail
extensions (S -MIME) a re already av ailable? The
distinction between end- to -end and single-hop
usage holds the key to the s olution. Business
messages frequently start out in one program and
then move to another.
In order to s ecure (for confidentiality) a direct
connection between two machines, mechanisms
like secure sockets layer are excellent.
No assistance is p rovide d if the message must
cross multiple connections.
Fundamenta lly, th e se curity issues that could
impact Web services a re the same ones that have
troubled traditional Web-based systems.
Numerous of these were thoroughly c overed in
[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Here, we off er the following
summary of the current scenario: Enterprise
adoption of Web se rvices depends on security, yet
8
the Web services archit ec ture does not currently
adhere to fundamental security standards.
Web services require m essage exchange, hence
protecting the mess age exchange is a crucial topi c
to take into account when developing and utilizing
Web services.
Security in the context of Web s ervices refers to
the ability of the message's recipient to confirm the
message's integrity and ensure that it has not be en
altered. The communication should have been
delivered in confidence to the recipient, w ho
should be aware of the sender's identity and
whether the center is permitted to do the operation
requested in the messag e. Typically, messages are
encrypted to meet these requirements [11] .
However, be ca use Web services enable
communication between all systems, internal and
external, over HTTP por ts, the application serv e rs
are invariably attack surface that is "application
level" open.
A few standards, such as WS-security and
numerous additional initiatives (mainly fr om the
major manufacturers and PKI providers) towards
providing digital signatures on XML message s and
transactions, have b ee n released to address the
message security iss ue. But "application level"
attacks barely ra ised an i ssue.
The application servers are invariably HTTP-
based due to Web se rvices' ability to facilitate
communication between all systems, internal and
external, through these ports open "application
level" att ac k su rface To solve the message security
issue, a few standards , li ke WS -security, an d
countless further initiatives (mostly from the major
manufacturers and PK I suppl ier s) toward enablin g
digital signatures on XML messages and
transactions have been developed. "Application
level" attacks.
The OAS I S standard Security Assertion
Markup Language (SAML) [12] gives partne rs
programs a way to exchange user authentication
and permission data.
In essence, all significant vendors' e-commerce
products offer this single sign -on (SSO) fea ture. In
the lack of a standardize d protocol f or
communicating authentication data, companies
typically im plement SSO via cookies in HT TP
communication. With the development of SAM L,
the same data can be wrapped in XML in a
standard manner, negatin g the need for cookies and
enabling interoperable SSO.
C OMPOSITION D IFFICULTI ES AND S OLUTIONS
Support for greater leve ls of business
functionality is needed for complex business
interactions. Typically, business transactions
involve lengthy execution processes and involve a
variety of relationship interactions. We need to be
able to expr e ss busi ness processes and service
states as well as develop service compositions
(complex aggregations) in a consistent and
methodical way in order to deploy and use these
types of services suc ce ssfully. There are numerou s
solutions proposed to carr y out this task; fo r
examples, see Web Services Flow Language [13],
XLANG [14], and BPEL4WS [15] .Show Fig.(2).
Various terminologies have be e n used in the
industry to indicate ho w components might be
connected to constr uc t intricate corporate
procedures. Systems for managing workflow and
document movement between diverse resources in
an IT organization have been around for a while.
Th ese re sources o ften include some human
interaction and can be people, systems, or
applications. Business process management
systems (BPMS) have al so been employed to h elp
organizations create top-down process desi gn
models that include a v ariety of int e gra tion tas ks
(such as integration to legacy syst e ms). A business
process's entire lifespan, including the modeling,
executing, monitoring, management, and
optimization responsibilities, would normally be
covere d by BPMS systems [16,17].
The composition of We b services in a process is
now described by words like "Web servic es
composition" and "Web services flow," among
others .
Flow The wo rds orchestration and chore ography
have also been used to describe this in more recent
times .
The term "orchestration" refers to the process of
describing how Web s ervice s can communicate
with one another at the message level, includin g
the business logic and sequencing of the
interactions .
These interactions, which may involve several
apps, companies, or both, would produce a long-
lasting, transactional, multi-step process model .
9
Fig.(2): Web Services Composition Samp le.
S OLUTION FOR S OME D IFF ICUL TIES AND
C HALLENGES
The semantic component is still mi ssing from the
existing Web services technology, which most ly
provides a synt actica l a nswer. In WSDL, a Web
service is described, outlining what data the service
requires as input and wh at results it produces. W eb
services must have th e ability to orchestrate
themselves into more complicated service s in order
to fully realize their potentials (beyond t he
business application connection).
Therefore, we require techniques for fusing
distinct Web services to create dist ributed, higher -
level services.
The first steps have been taken by the Web
Service Flow Language (W SFL) , which m ay
repre sent the sequencing of separate s ervice s. The
user can choose which Web services to combine
and in what order using WSFL. To enable software
agents to find, recognize, and combine services, we
still need a fra mework that semantica lly
character izes services.
Many scholars think that the Semantic Web
concept of the n ext-generation Web, which allows
computers to compr ehend Web material witho ut
any ambiguity focuses specifically on this iss ue
[18, 19, 20 ]. Tim Berners -Le e is the cr ea tor of th e
Semantic Web proje ct, which aims to build a web
that can b e processed by machines. The Web
community's more re search-focused individuals are
the main supporters of the semantic we b.
On the other side, industrial players like
Microsoft, IBM, and BEA hav e heavily influenced
the development of Web Services due to business
interests.
The director of the World Wide Web
Consortium outlined how to make the two wo rk
together in his opening address at the Twelfth
Internationa l WorldWideWeb conference.
The primary focuses of Web development
coopera te rather than compete. Web S ervices,
according to Berners-Lee, address urg ent
technology needs, while the The S emantic We b
could e xperience expo nential expansion in the
future.
G RID SERVICES
A robust computing infrastructure is required to
handle complex Web service applications. This
infrastructure is provided by grid computing. It's
Open An progression toward a g rid system
architec ture based on Web services concepts and
technologies is re presented by the Grid Services
Architec ture (OGSA) [21] .Show Fig.(3).
The Open Gr id Services Ar chitecture (O GSA)
builds a distributed system framework on top of the
Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) [22] b y
integrating essential Grid technologies with Web
services mechanisms. A Grid service instan ce is a
service th at complies with a set of standards for
lifespan man age ment, character discovery, and
notification. These stand ards are des cribe d as Web
Service De finition Language (W SDL) interfaces,
extensions, and behaviors. The r egulated
management of distributed, frequently long -lived
services is made possi ble by g rid services and i s
freque ntly needed in complex distributed
applications.
The standard factory and re gistration int erfaces
for developing and locat ing Grid services ar e also
introduced by OGSI.
Using a Grid S ervice Handle (GSH) and a Grid
Service Reference (G SR), client applicatio ns
(perha ps located remotely) can access grid s e rvice
instances [21,23]. You can think of a Grid Servi c e
Handle as a persistent network pointer to a specifi c
Grid service instanc e . The GSH doesn't offer
enough details for a client to be able to access the
service instan ce . In o rder to "resolve" a GSH into a
Grid Service Reference, the client is required. All
the information required to re ach the service
instance is contained in the GSR.
Using a Grid Service Reference, a client
application can send requests directly to a certain
instance at a given n etwork-attached service end
point.
Grid Service Refere nce-identified.In order to
support client resolution of a Grid Service Hand le
into a Grid Service Reference, O GSI off e rs the
HandleResolver[22]. F urthe rmore, the sp ec ific
10
service provider-side implementation architecture
is not mandated by OGSI.
How OGSI int erfac es a re likely to b e used by
cl ient programs is a crucial additional concern.
OGSI takes adv antage of a key feature o f the We b
services ar chitec ture, which is the use of WSDL to
specify various protocol bindings, encoding
schemes, messaging sche mes, and other asp ects fo r
a given We b servic e.
Recently, many int ernational c onferences,
including SC2002 (the international conference for
high performance computing), have featured g rid
services Grid2002, and communications), etc.
Semantic Grid services are an additional
intriguing topic [24]. The Grid's current state of
development is simil a r t o the Web's a few year s
ago. there is a small deployment, primarily driven
by enthusiasts in the scientific community, with
growing standards and a little amount of
commercial uptak e. The S e mantic Web cou ld also
be compared to this. I n the meantime, machine- to -
machine communication (XML) on the W eb ha s
replaced ma chine- to -human communication
(HTML). This is the precise infrastructure that the
Grid requires. Th e assu mption that Grid adoption
will follow the same exponential development
pattern as the Web is all uringly drawn from these
parallels.
Fig.(3): Grid service .
C ONCLUSION
We have discussed Web services difficulties and
challenges as a new Web technology, in this
research Web s ervices were discussed fro m
differe nt perspectives such as semantics and
service composition. T hey are essential for the
deployment of Web s ervices to be successful and
developed .
We con clude by provi ding a glimpse of Grid
services. We think that t he integration o f G rid an d
Semantic Web services will be a significant
technical development .
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All Scien ces Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
12
Deniz Taşımacılığ ı ve Hizmet Türle ri
Ömer CANBAZ 1* ve Murat YORULMAZ 2
1 Denizcilik İşletme leri Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Tü rkiye
2 Denizcilik İşletme leri Yönetimi Bö lümü, D enizcilik Fakültesi , Kocaeli Ün iversite si , Türki ye
* (ba ycaptain007@gmail .com) Başlıca yazarın mail adresi
Özet – Dünya nüfusun un artmaya devam ettiği, küresel ticaretin ise nüfus a göre hızlı bir şekilde arttığı
günümüzde , deniz taşımacılığının payı artmakta ve deniz taşımacılığında gemiler, yükler ve li man
hizmetleri uluslararası t icare tin sür ekliliği açısında da önemli olmaktadır . Bu kapsamda çalışmada ,
taşımacılık türlerinden deniz taşımacılığının özell ikleri, diğer taşıma modları ile karşılaştırılması, y üke ve
gemi türlerine göre verilen deniz taşımacılığı hizmetleri ortaya konulmay a çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada deniz
taşımacılığının öneminin artmaya devam ettiği, önümüzdeki süreçte taşımacılıkta sadece bir taşımacılık
türünden ziyade taşıma sistemlerinden z o runlu ve uygun durumlarda hizmet ve recekler i çok türlü
taşımacılık sistemlerinden fayd a lanılacağının beklentisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yakın gelecekte
taşımacılıkta bu çok yönlü taşımacılık sistemlerine ayak uydurmak a dına uluslararası şirketlerin bazı
noktalarda ortak hareket etme kabiliyetlerini artırmaları gerektiği değe rlendirilmektedir.
Anah tar Kelimeler – Deniz Taşımacılığı, Taşıma Modları , Gemi Türlerine Taşımacılık, Yü k Türlerine Göre Ta şımacılık .
I. GİRİŞ
Küreselleşme ile Dünya üz e rinde ner e deyse
ülkeler arasında sınırların kaybolduğu, ülkelerin
aralarında ticari ve sosyal ilişkilerin zorunlu hale
geldiği günümüzde nakl iye ve taşımacılık sektörü
ön plana çıkmakta, bunları sağlamak için ise
havayolu, deniz yolu, ka ra yolu, d emir yolu, boru
hatları gibi taşıma sistem leri kullanılmaktadır. Bazı
durumlarda is e bu sist emlerin birkaçı bir ara ya
getirilerek hizme t sunul maktadır.
Küresel ticarette mal ve hizmetlerin piyasad a
kalıcı olabilmesi için mümkün olduğunca
maliyetlerinin düşük olması gere kmektedir. B u
maliyet hesaplamasındaki unsurlardan birisi de
nakliye bedelidir. Ucuz ve kalite açısından yüksek
ancak u za k mesafelerde bulunan h a mmaddenin
temin edilmesinde taşımacılık türlerinden en makul
olanı deniz taşımacılığı olara k ortaya çıkmaktadır .
Dünya gen e linde yapılan ticarete konu olan
malların bir yerden başka bir yere nakledilmesin de
deniz taşımacılığının payı yaklaşık yüzde 90’lar
seviyesinde bulunduğu ve dünya tica re t verileri ne
göre deniz ticaretinin b üyüme hızı Dünya ti caret
hızının iki katı boyutunda olduğu dikkate alınırsa ;
denizcilikte taşıma hizmetinin boyutu ve önemi
giderek artmaktadır.
Dünyanın küreselleşmesi, ülkeler arasında
yaşanan sav a şlar, küresel ekonomik krizler ve petrol
fiyatlarındaki dalgalanmalar gibi dış etmenler
nedeniyle tic ari girişimc ilerin maliyetleri azaltma
niyetleri Dünya’da deniz taşımacılığına talebi h er
geçen gün artırmaktadır.
Bu da, sektörün yaşanan değişim hızına ayak
uydurabilmesi, kriz duru mlarından en az seviyed e
etkilenme ve karşıla rına çıkan avantajları
yakalaya bilmesi açısından sektörde küresel çapta
taşıma yapabilecek kabiliyete sahip denizcilik
firmalarının oluşmasına neden olmuştur.
Denizcilik sektörü, yolcu ve eşya taşıma esas
olmak üzere , limanlarda sunulan hizmetler ile
turizm alanındaki faaliyetleri de dikk ate alındığında
bir ticaret ve hiz met sekt örüdür.
Bu çalışma, de niz taşıma hizmetlerini , önemi ni
ve diğer ulaştırma mo dlar ına gör e av antajlar ını
göstermeyi ama çlama ktadır. Bunun için literat ür
taraması yapılarak deniz taşımacılığı sektöründeki
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hâlihazırda ki durumun tespiti ya pılmış, taşıma
türleri ve bu bağlamdaki hizmetler hakkında bilgiler
sunulm uştur.
II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM
L iteratür taramasına dayanan bu çalışmada,
deniz taşımacılığının ; tarifeli- düzenli hat
taşımacılığı (liner) v e tarife siz- düz ensiz hat
taşımacılığı (tramp) taşımacılı k olmak üzere ik i
kategoriye ayrıldığı ve Dünyada dış ticaret
hacminin yaklaşık d eğe r olarak yarısınd an
fazlasının denizyolu ile tarifeli olarak taşınmak ta
olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
A. Taşımacılık
En sade şekli ile malların bir noktadan başka bir
noktaya transfer edilmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Ancak, taşımacılık lojistik ve ti ca rete konu olan
planlamaların en başında olm ası gereken bir
husustur. Çünkü diğer kalemlere göre en yüks ek
maliyete sahip olduğu gibi, ticareti yapılan konud a
başarıya en çok etki edecek husus ta taşımacılıktır.
Bir malın alıcısına ulaş maması, planlanan teslim
zamanından daha geç ya da erk e n ulaşması müşt eri
açısından sıkıntı ve maliyet açısından
olumsuzluklara nede n olacakt ır [2].
Dünya tica retinde giderek a rtan re kabet koşulları
altında işletmeler sürdürülebilir bir büyüme
yakalaya bilmeleri için maliyetlerini düşürm ek
zorundadırlar. Bunlar ın başında da ulaşım
maliyetleri gelmektedir. Bu ne denle; daha düş ük
maliyetli, hızlı ve birbirler i ile uyuml u çözümler
bulmak zorundadırlar. Hammaddeye ve di ğer
kaynaklara rakiplerine göre daha erken ve az
maliyetle ulaşan işletmeler avantajlı konuma
geçecekler dir. B u s ebeple taşımacılığı n önemi h er
geçen gün artmaktadır .
Taşıma Türleri:
Ulaştırma hizmetleri bunları sunanlar ile
hizmetten faydalanmak isteyenler arasındaki taşıma
faaliyetleri ç oğunlukla dünya çapında birçok sistem
ve araç vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bunlar
bazen çoklu sistemler ile olabileceği gibi tek bi r
taşıma sistemi ile de olabilmektedir. Yurti ç i
faaliyetler çoğunlukla bu şekilde yapılmaktadır.
Yük ve yolcu taşımacılığı şekillerinin kendine h as
olumlu ya da olumsuz yönleri vardır [1].
Ulaştırma fa a liyetinin yerine getirilmesinde
farklı ulaştırma sistemlerinden yararlanılmaktadır.
Bu sistemler, karayolu taşımacılığı, havayolu
taşımacılığı, deniz taşımacılığı, demiryolu
taşımacılığı , boru hattı taşımacılığı ve kombine
taşımacılıktır.
T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı tarafından yayımlanan
Taşıma şekillerine göre 2021 y ılı Türkiye dış ticaret
rakamları T ablo - 1’de yer almaktadır. Bahse kon u
verilere göre Türkiye’d e taşımacılığın büyük b ir
bölümünün denizyolu ile yapıldığı görülmektedir.
Tablo 1 : Türkiye Dış Ticar et Verileri [1 2]
Kara yolu T aşımacılığı
Kara yolu taşımacılı ğı insanlık tarihinde
kullanılan ulaştırma yöntemlerinin en eskisidir. Bu
yöntemde, yüklerin otoyol ve kara araçları vasıta sı
ile bir noktadan başka bir noktaya aktarmasız,
güvenli, hızlı, zamanın da ve ucuz bir ş ekilde
taşınması yöntemidi r. Kısa mesafeli yolla rda
taşımacılıkta ucuz olması sebebiyle oldukça sık
tercih edilen bir yönte mdir.
Her bölge ve y apıda uygulanabilmesi ve üretim,
dağıtım ve teslim at yerl erine bağlanabilmesinden
dolayı kapıdan kapıya taşıma m odelinde başta
gelmektedir. Dünya genelinde ulaşım yollarındaki
artışa paralel ol ara k bu m odel taşımacılığında arttığı
gözlemlenmektedir. Taşım ac ılık türleri arasında
yükleme - boşaltma kolaylığı olumlu tarafını
belirlerken yakıt, gümrük, bakım ve operatör
g iderleri olumsuz t arafı o lar ak ön plana çıkmaktadır
[2].
Deniz Taşımacılığı
Deniz taşıma cılığının tarihi eski toplumlara
kadar uz anmaktadır. D eniz taşımacılığı, yüklerin
gemilere yüklenerek denizler ve oky anusla r
üzerinden ulaştırılması ist ene n yere tr ans fer
edilmesidir. Taşımada kullanılan vasıtalar deniz,
okyanus, nehir, k ana l ve iç sul arda harek et
edebildiğinden bu merkezler arasında taşım a
yapılabilmektedir [2].
Çoğunlukla kara veya hava yoluyla
taşınamayacak kada r ağır ve çok ürünün
taşınmasına olanak sağlar. Deniz taşımacılı ğı
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özellikle denize kıyısı olan ülkeler ta rafından tercih
edilen avantajlı bir yöntemdir.
Taşımacılık modl a rı arasında değerlendirme
yapıldığında; taşıma yaptığı uzaklık ve yü k
kapasitesi düşünüldüğünde Deniz taşımacılığı
büyük bir avantaja sahipt ir. Bu sayede yüklerin çok
daha düşük birim maliyetle taşınması müm kün
olmaktadır.
Küresel çapta en çok kullanılan taşıma türü
olmasının yanı sıra, en düşük maliyetli taşım a
türüdür. Diğe r taşıma türlerinin taşıyamayac ağı
kadar büyük hacimli ve ağır tonajlı yüklerin
taşınmasına olanak sunar.
Bununla birlikte, transfer süresinin uzunluğu ,
hava şartlarına bağlı olarak teslim at sür elerinin
esnek bir yapıda olması, çok fazla yükün bir arada
olmasından kaynaklı riskin fazla olması is e bu
taşımacılık türünde dezavantaj olarak görülmektedi r
[2].
Demiryolu Taşımacılığı
1830 yılında ticari olara k kullanılmaya başlayan
demir yolları Dünya tarihinde önemli bir ye re
sahiptir. Demiryolu Taşımacılığı ağır tonajlı ve
hacimli yükler için çok yüksek maliye tler
gerektirmeden yapılabilen taşımacılık türüdür. Bu
yöntemle, ev eşyası, c anlı hayvan ve gübr e, gı da
malzemeleri ve torbalı çimento gibi ürünler
taşınabilmektedir.
Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin hammadde ihtiya ç ları
ve buna b ağlı olarak d ünyanın bazı bölgel erinde
yeni madenlerin açılm ası yük taşıma amaçlı
demiryolları inşasının artmasına neden olmaktadır.
Ayrıca ülkele r ekonomik bağlar ını güçlendirmek
adına yeni demiryolu projelerini uygulamaktadır.
Boru Hattı Taşımacılığı
Bir sıvı nın ya da gazın tüketim i çin ihtiyaç
duyulan alana boru hatları üze rinde n taşınmasıdır .
Demiryolunda olduğu gibi bu taşıma türünde de ilk
yatırım maliyeti yüksektir. Genellikle ham p etrol,
doğalgaz gibi likit ya d a gaz halinde olan ü rünler
taşınmaktadır. Güvenilir olm a sı ve çok yü ksek
miktarda ürün t aşıma imkânı verme si büyük avanta j
sağlar.
Güvenli ve ekosisteme duyarlı olması, taşıma
hızının ortalamanın üzerinde olması, taşıma
maliyetlerinin düşük olması, dış koşullarda n çok az
derecede etkileniyor ol ması bu türün avantajları
ola rak sıra lanabilmektedi r.
İlk ku rulum maliyetinin çok yüksek olması, boru
hatlarından sad ece tek t ara flı ola ra k sıvı vey a g az
yüklerin taşınması da dezava ntajlarıdır.
Hava Yolu Taşımacılığı
Taşımacılık türleri arasında en yeni olan bu
taşımacılığın en büyük avantajı ise transfer şeklinin
hızlı olmasıdır. B u nedenle sık sık tercih
edilmektedir. Özellikle uluslararası taşımacılıkta,
uzun mesafelerin olduğu bölgele rde önemli ve
hassas eşyaların transferinde kullanılır. Bilhassa
yüksek fiyatlı ve ağırlığı az olan malların
taşınmasında etkin olarak kullanılmaktadır. Anc ak
hem ilk yatırım gideri hem de idame giderleri
oldukça yüksektir. Yakıt maliyeti, personel giderle ri
taşıma kapasitesine kıyasla yüksek olduğundan
yüksek bir taşıma gideri oluşturmaktadır [2].
Uzun mesafelere değerli ürünlerin kısa sür ede
ulaştırılması, malların bozulma ve hasar gör me
ihtimallerinin az oluşu havayolu taşımacılığının
olumlu taraflarıdır.
Yüksek maliyetli olması ve direkt kapıya hizmet
sunmaması ise olumsuz olar ak
değerlendirilmekte dir.
Karma Taşımacılık
Dünya nüfusunun artması ile birlikte ticarette
artmakta bunun sonucunda da taşımacılığa ola n
talep her geçen gün artmaktadır. Çetinleşen rekabet
ortamında işletmeler zaman, maliyet ve çevre
kirliliği gibi konularda maksimum hassasiyet
minimum risk almak istemektedirler. Bunun etkisi
ile yeni taşımacılık türü arayışın a giren işletme lerde
taşıma ile teknolojinin birleştirildiği sistemlere
odaklanılmıştır. Bu noktada, taşıma cılık sistemine
verimli bir şekilde uyum sağlayan karma taşımacıl ık
ön plana çıkmıştır [2].
Bu türde, yüklerin tra nsfer e dilmesi sürecinde
tüm taşıma türlerinin (hava, kara, deniz ve d emir
yolu) kullanılara k, bunların lojistik planlamalara
dâhil edilmesi ile gerçe kleşmektedir.
İki ve dah a fazla türün birleşmesi ile
gerçe kleştirilen taşımalarda çok modlu, kombine
taşıma ve inte rmodel o lmak üzere üç ana teri m
bulunmaktadır. Bunlar,
- Çok Modlu Taşımacılık: İ ki veya d a ha çok
taşımacılık türü kullanıl ara k y apılan, taşımanın
cinsi değiştiğinde araçlar da bulunan yükler in
elleçlendiği taşıma türüdür.
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novel convergence mod es, we contribute to the
understanding and appli ca tion of statis tic al
converge nce in the context of NLS.
Rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical convergenc e and rough 𝐼 𝐾 -
statistical converge nce in the context of NLS s
carr ies substantial importance . These concepts
expand upon the existing noti on of rough 𝐼 -
statistical convergence, allowing for a more
comprehensive und erstanding of convergence
modes in mathematical analysis. By examining the
properties associated wit h these newly introdu ced
concepts, we d eepe n our comprehension of thei r
behavior and characteristics. Additionally,
exploring the int erc onnections among rough 𝐼 -
statistical converge nce, rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical
converge nce, and rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical convergenc e
provides valuable insights into the relationships
between these convergence modes. The outcomes
of thi s study contribute to the advancement of
mathematical knowledge and lay the foundation for
their practical application in various mathematical
context s.
II. M AI N R ESULTS
Throughout our discourse, we will consistently
refer to an NLS denoted as ( 𝑋, ∥⋅∥) , or sim ply 𝑋 ,
over the field ℂ or ℝ . The i dea ls 𝐼 , 𝐾 are assumed
to be non-trivial and admissible ideals on ℕ .
Moreover, unless explicitly mentioned otherwise,
the symbol 𝑟 re presents a non -ne gative real
number.
Definition 2 .1. We say t hat the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ
in (𝑋 , ∥ ⋅∥) is rough 𝐼 ∗ -statisti ca l convergent of
roughness degree ( r.d eg . ) 𝑟 to 𝑦 if there is a set
𝑀 = { 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖 +1 } in the collection 𝐹 (𝐼 ) of
admissible ideals s o that the subsequence {𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈ℕ
is rough statistical conv erge nt of r.d eg . 𝑟 to 𝑦 . In
other words, for e ach 𝜌 > 0 , there exists a 𝑖 ∈ ℕ
such that
lim
𝑡 →∞ 1
𝑡 |{𝑘 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| = 0.
This is illustrated by 𝑦 𝑛 ⟶
𝑟 −𝐼 ∗ − 𝑠𝑡 𝑦 .
The ter m "rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical limit" is used to refer
to the li mit of the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ in terms of
r.deg . 𝑟 . When 𝑟 equals 0 , it corresponds to the
definition of 𝐼 ∗ -statisti ca l convergence of
sequence s in NLSs. It is important to note that t he
rough 𝐼 ∗ -statisti ca l limit of a sequence in NLSs is
not unique. As a result, we define the rough 𝐼 ∗ -
statistical limit set of the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ as
follows:
𝐼 ∗ − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 = { 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 : 𝑦 𝑛 ⟶
𝑟 − 𝑠𝑡 −𝐼 ∗ 𝑦 } .
Definition 2 .2. In an NLS ( 𝑋, ∥ ⋅∥) , a sequence
{ 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ is called to be ro ugh 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical
converge nt o f r.d eg . 𝑟 to 𝑦 if there exists a set 𝑀 =
{ 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖 +1 } in the family of sets 𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) , so that
the subsequence {𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈ℕ is rough 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 -statistical
converge nt of r.d eg . 𝑟 to 𝑦 . Here, 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 repre sents
the trace of th e ideal 𝐾 on 𝑀 , defined as 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 =
{ 𝐴 ∩ 𝑀 : 𝐴 ∈ 𝐾 } . In other words, for all 𝜌 , 𝛾 > 0 ,
there is a 𝑖 ∈ ℕ such that
{𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ∈ 𝐾
∣ 𝑀 .
We indicate this by 𝑦 𝑛 ⟶
𝑟 − 𝑠𝑡 −𝐼 𝐾 𝑦 .
The term "rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statisti ca l limi t" is used to
refer to the limit of the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ in an
NLS, considering the r.d eg . 𝑟 and the ideal 𝐾 .
When 𝑟 equals 0 , it corresponds to the concept o f
𝐼 𝐾 -statistical convergence of sequences in NLSs. I t
is im porta nt to note that for any 𝑀 ∈ 𝐹 (𝐼 ) , the
trace 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 = {𝐴 ∩ 𝑀 : 𝐴 ∈ 𝐾 } of the ide al 𝐾 on 𝑀
also forms an ideal on ℕ . The rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical
limit of a sequence in NLS s is not unique. So , we
establish the rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical limit set of the
sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ as
𝐼 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 = { 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 : 𝑦 𝑛 ⟶
𝑟 − 𝑠𝑡 −𝐼 𝐾 𝑦 }.
If the ideal 𝐾 consists of all finite subsets of ℕ ,
then Definition 2.1 and Definition 2.2 coincide. It
is worth noting that if 𝑦 is a rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical
limit of a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ , then y is also a rough
𝐼 𝐾 -statistical limit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ . However, th ere are
cases whe re 𝑦 is a rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statisti c al limit of a
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sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ in an NLS without being a roug h
𝐼 ∗ -statistical li mit of the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ . This
can be observed in the following example.
Therefore, in general, for a sequenc e { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ in an
NLS and for any 𝑟 ≥ 0 , we have 𝐼 ∗ − 𝑠𝑡 −
𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 ⊂ 𝐼 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 .
Example 2 .1. Suppose we have a set ℕ
decomposed into ℕ = 𝐴 ∪ ⋃ 𝑖 =1
∞ 𝐴 𝑖 , where 𝐴 =
{1,3,5, ⋯ } and 𝐴 𝑖 = { 2 𝑘 (2𝑖 − 1) : 𝑘 ∈ ℕ } . We
observe that each of 𝐴 𝑖 ′𝑠 are disj oint from each
other and each of 𝐴 𝑖 ′𝑠 are disjoint from 𝐴 . Now,
let's int roduc e 𝐼 as the set of all subsets of ℕ that
can int e rsect 𝐴 and a finite number of 𝐴 𝑖 's. Moving
forward, we examine an alternative decomposition
of ℕ as ℕ = ⋃ 𝑗 =1
∞ 𝐷 𝑗 , where 𝐷 𝑗 = {2 𝑗 −1 ( 2𝑢 −
1 ) : 𝑢 = 1,2, … } . Each of 𝐷 𝑗 is infini te and it is
obvious that 𝐷 𝑗 ∩ 𝐷 𝑞 = 𝜙 for 𝑗 ≠ 𝑞 . Assume that
𝐾 be the ideal of all subset s of ℕ that intersect with
only a finite number of 𝐷 𝑗 's. So, 𝐾 are non-trivial
admissible ideal on ℕ . Now, let's examine a
sequence in the real nu mber space with the usual
norm. We define this sequence as 𝑦 𝑛 = 1
𝑗 if 𝑛 ∈ 𝐷 𝑗 .
Take 𝑀 = ℕ ∈ 𝐹 (𝐼 ) . Then 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 = 𝐾 . Let's
assume that we have an arbitrary positi ve number
𝑟 . By applying the Archi mede an p rope rty, for any
arbitrary 𝜌 , 𝛾 > 0 , there is an 𝑣 ∈ ℕ such that 𝜌 >
1
𝑣 . Hence
{ 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 : | 𝑦 𝑖 − (− 𝑟) | = | 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑟 | ≥ 𝑟 +
𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ⊂ 𝐷 1 ∪ 𝐷 2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝐷 𝑣 ∈ 𝐾 = 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 . As a
result −𝑟 ∈ 𝐼 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 .
Let's explore the possibility of −𝑟 ∈ 𝐼 ∗ − 𝑠𝑡 −
𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 . I n thi s case, there is a set 𝑀 =
{ 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖 +1 } ∈ 𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) for which the subsequence
{ 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈𝑀 of the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ is rough
statistical convergent to 𝑦 of r.deg . 𝑟 . S ince 𝑀 ∈
𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) , we have ℕ ∖ 𝑀 = 𝐻 ∈ 𝐼 . This implies that
there is a positive integer 𝑡 such that 𝐻 ⊂ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴 1 ∪
𝐴 2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝐴 𝑡 , and ther e fore 𝐴 𝑖 ⊂ 𝑀 for eac h 𝑖 ≥
𝑡 + 1 .
Now, since each set 𝐴 𝑖 contains an element from
each set 𝐷 𝑖 's for 𝑖 ≥ 2 , ther e is a 𝑢 > 0 such that
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 = 1
𝑢 for infinitely many 𝑖 when 𝑝 𝑖 ∈ 𝐷 𝑢 .
Considering −𝑟 ∈ 𝐼 ∗ − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 , we c a n
choose 𝜌 = 1
𝑢+1 . B y the de finition of rough
statistical converge nce, f or each 𝜌 > 0 , there exists
a 𝑖 ∈ ℕ such that
lim
𝑡 →∞ 1
𝑡 |{𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌} | = 0. → (∗).
However, since 𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 = 1
𝑢 for infi nitely many 𝑘 , the
condition in ( *) cannot hold. This leads to a
contradiction. Hence, we conclud e that −𝑟 ∉ 𝐼 ∗ −
𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 .
Theorem 2 .1 . If { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ is rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical
converge nt with r.deg . 𝑟 to 𝑦 , then it is also rough
𝐼 -statistical convergent with r.deg . 𝑟 to 𝑦 .
Proof. Suppose { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ is rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical
converge nt with r.deg . 𝑟 to 𝑦 . This impli es the
existence of a set 𝑀 = { 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖 +1 } such that
{𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈ℕ is rough statisti ca l convergent of r. deg . 𝑟
to 𝑦 . For all 𝜌 > 0 , there exists a 𝑖 ∈ ℕ such that
lim
𝑡 →∞ 1
𝑡 |{𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| = 0.
So, for any 𝜌 > 0 there exi sts 𝑚 ∈ ℕ so that
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
< 𝑟 + 𝜌 for all 𝑖 ≥ 𝑚 . Then
{ 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ⊂ ℕ ∖
𝑀 ∪ { 𝑝 1 , 𝑝 2 , ⋯ , 𝑝 𝑚 −1 } → (𝑖 ) .
Since
ℕ ∖ 𝑀 ∪ { 𝑝 1 , 𝑝 2 , ⋯ , 𝑝 𝑚−1 } ∈ 𝐼 ,
it follows that
{𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ∈ 𝐼 .
Therefore th e sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ is rough 𝐼 -
statistical converge nt of r .de g . 𝑟 to 𝑦 .
According to Theo re m 2 .1, the rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical
limit set with r.d eg . 𝑟 is a subset of th e rough 𝐼 -
23
statistical limit set with the same r.d eg . 𝑟 .
However, the converse of Theorem 2.1 does n ot
necessarily hold true. In other words, if a s equence
{ 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ is rough 𝐼 -statistical conv erge nt with some
r.deg . 𝑟 to 𝑦 , it may not be rough 𝐼 ∗ -statisti ca l
converge nt with the same r.deg 𝑟 to 𝑦 . This fact
becomes appare nt from the following example.
Example 2 .2. Let's consider a d ecomposition of the
set of ℕ as ℕ = ⋃ 𝑗 =1
∞ 𝐷 𝑗 , where 𝐷 𝑗 = {2 (𝑗 −1) (2𝑢 −
1): 𝑢 = 1,2, … }. Each set 𝐷 𝑗 is infinite and disj oint
from each other. Now, let 𝐼 be the class of subsets
of ℕ that intersect with only a finite number of
𝐷 𝑗 's. It can be sho wn that 𝐼 is an admissible ideal
on ℕ .
We present a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ in the real numbe r
space with the usual norm, such that 𝑦 𝑛 = 1
𝑗 𝑗 if 𝑛
belongs to 𝐷 𝑗 . Let 𝑟 ≥ 0. For any a rbitrarily chosen
𝜌 > 0 , we c an find 𝑣 > 0 such that 𝜌 > 1
𝑣 𝑣 .
Consequently, we obtain [ − 𝑟, 𝑟 ] ⊂ 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑡 −
𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 , since the set { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥
𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } is contained in 𝐷 1 ∪ 𝐷 2 ∪ ⋯ 𝐷 𝑣 ,
which belongs to 𝐼 for any 𝑦 in the interval [−𝑟 , 𝑟 ] .
Now, let's assume that the a fore mentioned
sequence is rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistically convergent to −𝑟 ,
where −𝑟 has the same r.d eg 𝑟 . This implies the
existence of a set 𝑀 = { 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖 +1 } such that
{𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 } 𝑖∈ ℕ is rough statistical converge nt to −𝑟 of
r.deg 𝑟 . S ince 𝑀 ∈ 𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) , we have ℕ ∖ 𝑀 = 𝐻 ∈ 𝐼 .
Therefore, there is a 𝑡 > 0 so that 𝐻 is a subset of
𝐷 1 ∪ 𝐷 2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝐷 𝑡 , and thus 𝐷 𝑡 +1 ⊂ 𝑀 .
Consequently, for any 𝑝 𝑖 ∈ 𝐷 𝑡 +1 , we get 𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 =
1
(𝑡+ 1) 𝑡+1 . Now, sel ec ting 𝜌 = 1
(𝑡 +2) 𝑡+1 , we can
observe that for 𝑝 𝑖 ∈ 𝐷 𝑡 +1 ,
lim
𝑡 →∞ 1
𝑡 |{𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| = 0.
for infinitely many values of 𝑖 . Therefore, the
sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ is not rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical
converge nt of r.deg 𝑟 to − 𝑟 , even though − 𝑟
belongs 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 .
For a s equence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ in an NLS, the rough 𝐼 -
statistical limit of the sequence with r.deg 𝑟 is also
a rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical limi t with the same r.deg 𝑟 ,
provided that th e ideal 𝐼 suppl ies condition ( 𝐴𝑃 ) .
To establish this re sult, we will make use of the
following lemma.
Lemma 2 .1. Suppose that { 𝐴 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ be a countable
family of subsets of ℕ , where all 𝐴 𝑛 belongs to
𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) , the filter associated with an admissible ideal
𝐼 that satisfies property ( 𝐴𝑃 ) . Then, there exists a
set 𝐵 ⊂ ℕ such that 𝐵 ∈ 𝐹 (𝐼 ) and the set 𝐵 ∖ 𝐴 𝑛
is finite for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ .
Theorem 2.2 . Assume that 𝐼 be an ideal th at
satisfies property ( 𝐴𝑃 ) , and consider a sequ ence
{ 𝑦 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈ℕ ∈ ( 𝑋 , ∥⋅∥) . I f 𝑦 is a rough 𝐼 -statistical limit
of the sequence { 𝑦 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈ℕ with a certain r.deg. 𝑟 , then
𝑦 is also a rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical li mit of the sequence
{ 𝑦 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈ℕ with the same r.deg. 𝑟 .
Proof. Consider an ideal 𝐼 , on the set of ℕ ,
satisfying the condition ( 𝐴𝑃 ) . Let { 𝑦 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈ℕ ∈ (𝑋 , ∥ ⋅∥
) . Suppose 𝑦 is a rough 𝐼 -statisti ca l limit of the
sequence { 𝑦 𝑖 } 𝑖∈ ℕ with a r.deg. of 𝑟. This implies
that for any 𝜌 , 𝛾 > 0 , the set { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } belongs to the ideal 𝐼 .
Let 𝑙 ∈ ℝ + , a nd note that 𝑙 /𝑠 ∈ ℝ + for each 𝑠 ∈ ℕ .
We define 𝐴 𝑠 as the set { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 | { 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝑙
𝑠 } | < 𝛾 } for every 𝑠 ∈ ℕ . It
follows that 𝐴 𝑠 ∈ 𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) for all 𝑠 ∈ ℕ . Additionally,
according to lemma 2 .1, there is a set 𝐵 ⊂ ℕ that
belongs to the 𝐹 (𝐼 ) class and 𝐵 ∖ 𝐴 𝑠 is finite fo r
all 𝑠 ∈ ℕ .
For any arbitrary 𝜌 > 0 , there exists a 𝑗 ∈ ℕ such
that 𝜌 < 𝑙
𝑗 . Since 𝐵 ∖ 𝐴 𝑗 is finite, we can find a 𝑡 =
𝑡 (𝑗 ) ∈ ℕ such that for all 𝑖 ∈ 𝐵 with 𝑖 ≥ 𝑡 , we hav e
𝑖 ∈ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 𝑗 . Consequently, for all 𝑖 ∈ 𝐵 , we have
lim
𝑡 →∞ 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| = 0.
This implies that the subsequence { 𝑦 𝑖 } 𝑖 ∈𝐵 is rough
statistical convergent of r.deg. 𝑟 to 𝑦 . So , 𝑦 is also
a rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical limit of r.deg. 𝑟 . Hence, th e
result follows.
24
Corollary 2.1 . Let { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ be a seque nce in an
NLS (𝑋 , ∥⋅∥) . C onsider 𝐼 , an ideal on ℕ , satisfying
the condition ( 𝐴𝑃 ) . We aim to prove that both the
rough 𝐼 -statistical limi t set of r.deg. 𝑟 and the
rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical li mit set of r.deg. 𝑟 for the
sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ are equal.
By Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 2 .2, we can
conclude that the result holds.
The rough 𝐼 -statisti ca l li mit set of a sequence
{ 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ in an NLS is a subset of the rough 𝐼 -
statistical li mit set of a subsequence { 𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 } 𝑘∈ℕ .
However, the rough 𝐼 ∗ -statisti ca l limit set of a
sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ in an NLS may not necessarily
be a subset of the rough 𝐼 ∗ -statisti ca l li mit set of a
subsequence {𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 } 𝑘∈ ℕ .
Theorem 2.3 . If we have an ideal 𝐼 that supplies
condition ( 𝐴𝑃 ) , then the rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical li mit
set of a sequ e nce { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ with a r.deg. 𝑟 is
contained in the rough 𝐼 ∗ -statis tical limit set of a
subsequence {𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 } 𝑘∈ℕ with the same r.deg. 𝑟 .
Proof . C onsider 𝑦 to be a rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical limit
of a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ with a r.deg. 𝑟 . Since a
rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical lim it is also a rough 𝐼 -statistical
limit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ ℕ , it follows that 𝑦 is a rough 𝐼 -
statistical limit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ . Furthermore, as the
rough 𝐼 -statistical limit of a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ is a
subset of the rough 𝐼 -statistical limit of a
subsequence {𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 } 𝑘∈ ℕ , we can conclude that 𝑦 is
also a rough 𝐼 -statistical limit of the subsequence
{𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 } 𝑘 ∈ℕ .
Now, since the idea l 𝐼 supplies the condition ( 𝐴𝑃 ) ,
𝑦 is also a rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical limit of the
subsequence {𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 } 𝑘 ∈ℕ . Therefore, we can affirm
that x is both a rough 𝐼 -statistical limit and a rough
𝐼 ∗ -statistical limit of the subseque nce {𝑦 𝑛 𝑘 } 𝑘 ∈ℕ .
Theorem 2.4 . Let's consider an NLS (𝑋 , ∥⋅∥) , and
let 𝐼 and 𝐾 be two admissible ideals on the set of
ℕ . Suppose we have a seq uenc e { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ in 𝑋 that
is rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical convergent to 𝑦 , with a
r.deg. of 𝑟 . We can state that if 𝐾 is a subset of 𝐼 ,
then the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ is also rough 𝐼 -
statistical convergent to 𝑦 , maintaining the same
r.deg. of 𝑟 .
Proof . Consider two admissible ideals, 𝐼 and 𝐾 , on
the set of ℕ , where 𝐾 is a subset of 𝐼 . Suppose we
have a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ that is rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical
converge nt to 𝑦 with a r.deg. of 𝑟 . According to the
theorem, there is a set 𝑀 = { 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖 +1 } ∈ 𝐹 (𝐼 )
so that for any 𝜌 , 𝛾 > 0 , the set 𝐴 ( 𝜌, 𝛾 ) =
{ 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ∈ 𝐾 ∣
𝑀 . It is also given that 𝐴 ( 𝜌, 𝛾 ) = { 𝑡 ∈
ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } = 𝐾 1 ∩ 𝑀
for some 𝐾 1 ∈ 𝐾 . Since 𝐾 is a n idea l and 𝐾 1 ∩
𝑀 ⊂ 𝐾 1 , we can conclude that 𝐾 1 ∩ 𝑀 ∈ 𝐾 .
Additionally, { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 +
𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ⊂ ( 𝐾 1 ∩ 𝑀 ) ∪ ℕ ∖ 𝑀 . As ℕ ∖ 𝑀 ∈ 𝐼 and
𝐾 ⊂ 𝐼 , it follows that ( 𝐾 1 ∩ 𝑀 ) ∪ ℕ ∖ 𝑀 ∈ 𝐼 . So
{ 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ∈ 𝐼 .
Thus, the result is established.
Conversely, the v alidity of the converse pa rt of
Theorem 2.4 holds true as well. If a rough 𝐼 𝐾 -
statistical limit 𝑦 of a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ with a
r.deg. of 𝑟 implies that 𝑦 is also a rough 𝐼 -
statistical limi t with the same r.deg. of 𝑟 , then 𝐾 ⊂
𝐼 . To establish this, we r equire the utilization o f
the following lemma.
Lemma 2.2 . Suppose 𝐼 and 𝐾 are ide als on the set
of natural numbers, ℕ . If a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ has a
rough 𝐾 -statistical limit, c harac terized by a r.deg.
𝑟 , then it is also a rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical limit with the
same r.deg. 𝑟 .
Proof . Consider two ideals, 𝐼 and 𝐾 , on the set of
ℕ , and let 𝑟 ≥ 0. Suppose 𝑦 is a rough 𝐾 -statistical
limit of the sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ with a r.deg. of 𝑟 ,
denoted by 𝑦 ∈ 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 . It means that
for any 𝜌 , 𝛾 > 0 , the set { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } belongs to 𝐾 . Now ,
since the empty set belo ngs to 𝐼 , we can conclude
that ℕ ∈ 𝐹 (𝐼 ) . Let 𝑀 = { 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖 +1 } = ℕ ∈
𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) . This implies that the subsequence {𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 } is
equal to the original sequenc e { 𝑦 𝑛 } and 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 = 𝐾 .
Therefore, the set { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥
𝑟 + 𝜌}| ≥ 𝛾 } is equivalent to { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ∈ 𝐾 = 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 . As a
25
result, we ca n say that 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 .
Thus, the desired result is obtained.
Theorem 2.5 . Suppose the rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical limit
of a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ with a r. deg. of 𝑟 is 𝑦 . If 𝑦
is also a rough 𝐼 -statisti ca l limit of the same
sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ with the same r.deg. of 𝑟 , then it
implies that 𝐾 is a subset of 𝐼 .
Proof . Assume that 𝐾 is not a subset of 𝐼 , and 𝑟 is
a non-negative real n umber . This implies the
existence of a set 𝐴 ∈ 𝐾 ∖ 𝐼 . Let's select 𝑢 and 𝑣
from the NLS 𝑋 , where ∥ 𝑢 ∥ = 1 and 𝑣 = ( 𝑟 +
2)𝑢 . We observe that ∥ 𝑢 − 𝑣 ∥ ≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 for 0 <
𝜌 ≤ 1 and ∥ 𝑢 − 𝑣 ∥ < 𝑟 + 𝜌 for 𝜌 > 1 .
Next, we shall establish a sequenc e { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ in the
following manner:
𝑦 𝑛 = { 𝑢 + 𝑟 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∖ 𝐴
𝑦, 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴 .
For any 𝜌 > 0 , the set { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑢
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } will either be equal to
the set 𝐴 (when 0 < 𝜌 ≤ 1 ) or the empty set ∅
(when 𝜌 > 1 ). Since 𝐾 is an admissi ble ideal and
𝐴 ∈ 𝐾 , it follows that { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑢
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ∈ 𝐾 . Thus, 𝑢 is a rough
𝐾 -statistical limi t of the seque nce { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ with a
r.deg. of 𝑟 .
Now, using lemma 2 .2, we can conclude that 𝑢 is
also a rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical li mit of the sequence
{ 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ with a r.deg. of 𝑟 . However, considering
the case where 0 < 𝜌 ≤ 1 , we see that { 𝑡 ∈
ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑢
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } = 𝐴 , and
since 𝐴 ∉ 𝐼 , it follows that { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑢
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } ∉ 𝐼 . This implies that
𝑢 is not a rough 𝐼 -statistical limit with a r.deg. of 𝑟 .
We h ave reached a contradiction, as o ur
assumption stated that 𝑢 is a rough 𝐼 -statistical
limit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ ℕ . Therefore, w e can conclude th a t
𝐾 ⊂ 𝐼 .
Corollary 2.2 . The r ough 𝐼 𝐾 -statis tical limit set of
a seque nce { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ with a r.deg. of 𝑟 is a subset of
the 𝐼 -statistical limit set if and only if 𝐾 is a subset
of 𝐼 .
In g eneral, the fact that 𝑦 is a rough 𝐼 -statistical
limit of a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ in a normed li nea r
space (NLS) does not necessarily imply that y is
also a rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statisti ca l limit of the same
sequence . To suppo rt this claim, we provide the
following example.
Example 2.3 . Consider the ideal 𝐼 , as described in
Example 2.2 Suppose t hat 𝐾 be the ideal on ℕ ,
defined as the collection of all subsets of ℕ whose
natural density is zero. We create a sequence { 𝑦 𝑛 }
in ℝ with the usual norm, where 𝑦 𝑛 = 1
𝑗 if 𝑛 ∈ 𝐷 𝑗 .
Let 𝑟 ≥ 0.
Now, let 𝜌 > 0 . We can find an 𝑙 ∈ 𝑁 such that
𝜌 > 1/𝑙 . I t is cl ea r that [−𝑟 , 𝑟 ] is contai ned in the
𝐼 -statistical set of { 𝑦 𝑛 } with a r.deg . of 𝑟 , indi c ated
by 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 , since { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 |{ 𝑖 ≤
𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 𝜌 }| ≥ 𝛾 } is a subset o f 𝐷 1 ∪
𝐷 2 ∪ ⋯ 𝐷 𝑙 , which belongs to 𝐼 for any 𝑦 ∈
[ −𝑟 , 𝑟 ] .
Suppose, for contradiction, that −𝑟 is a rough 𝐼 𝐾 -
statistical limit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } with a r.deg. of 𝑟 . This
implies the existence of an 𝑀 = { 𝑝 𝑖 : 𝑝 𝑖 < 𝑝 𝑖+ 1 } ∈
𝐹 ( 𝐼 ) such that the subsequence { 𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 } is rough 𝐾 ∣
𝑀 -statistical convergent to −𝑟 with a r.deg. of 𝑟 .
Since 𝑁 ∖ 𝑀 = 𝐻 belongs to 𝐼 , there exists a 𝑠 ∈
ℕ such that 𝐻 is a subset of 𝐷 1 ∪ 𝐷 2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝐷 𝑠 .
Consequently, for all 𝑖 ≥ 𝑠 + 1 , we have 𝐷 𝑖 ⊂ 𝑀 .
Now, consider 𝜌 = 1
𝑠 +1 , a nd 𝛾 > 0. Then,
{ 𝑡 ∈ ℕ: 1
𝑡 | { 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 1
𝑠 +1 } | ≥ 𝛾 } =
{ 𝑖 ∈ ℕ: 𝑝 𝑖 ∈ 𝐷 𝑠 +1 } .
As 𝐷 𝑠 +1 = { 2 𝑠 (2𝑢 − 1 ): 𝑢 = 1 ,2, ⋯ } , and the
natural density of 𝐷 𝑠 +1 is 1
2 𝑠+1 . So, 𝛿 ( { 𝑡 ∈
ℕ: 1
𝑡 | { 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥ 𝑟 + 1
𝑠 +1 } | ≥ 𝛾 } ) ≠ 0. As
a result, we obtain { 𝑡 ∈ ℕ : 1
𝑡 | { 𝑖 ≤ 𝑡 :
∥
∥
𝑦 𝑝 𝑖 − 𝑦
∥
∥
≥
𝑟 + 1
𝑠 +1 } | ≥ 𝛾 } ∉ 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 , since n atural density of
all set belongs to 𝐾 ∣ 𝑀 is a lso zero. So −𝑟 is not a
rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical limit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } of r.deg. 𝑟 .
Let { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ be a sequ enc e, and let 𝐼 be an ideal
satisfying condition ( 𝐴𝑃 ) . If 𝑦 is a rough 𝐼 -
26
statistical li mit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛 ∈ℕ , then 𝑦 is also a rough
𝐼 𝐾 -statistical limit of { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ .
Theorem 2.6 . Consider two admissible ideals ,
denoted as 𝐼 and 𝐾 , on the set of ℕ . Assume that 𝐼
satisfies the condition ( 𝐴𝑃 ) . Additionally, let
{ 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ . be a seque nce in an NLS ( 𝑋 , ∥⋅∥).
Then 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 im plies 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 −
𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 .
Proof . Let 𝐼 and 𝐾 be ideals on ℕ so that the ideal
𝐼 supplies the condition (AP). Assume that { 𝑦 𝑛 } 𝑛∈ℕ
be sequence so that 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 . since 𝐼
holds the condition (AP), so 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 ∗ − 𝑠𝑡 −
𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 . Now as 𝐼 ∗ − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑥 𝑛 ⊂ 𝐼 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 −
𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 , therefore 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 𝐾 − 𝑠𝑡 − 𝐿𝐼 𝑀 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 .
C ONCLUSION
In this study, we have in troduced and explored th e
concept of rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical conve rgence in a
normed linear space, thereby extending the existing
notion of rough 𝐼 - statistical convergence.
Additionally, we have proposed the concept of
rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical convergence, which provides a
more comprehensive fr amework fo r understanding
these convergence modes.
Through our examinati on of the properties
associated with these novel conce pts, we ha ve
gained insights into t heir characteristics and
established their inte rconne ctions. We have
identified relationships between rough 𝐼 -statistical
converge nce, rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical convergence, and
rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical convergence, thus contributing
to our understanding of these convergence modes.
By expanding our knowledge of these conve rgence
modes, we h ave opened up avenues fo r their
application in various mathematical contexts. The
enhanced understanding and interconnections
provided by our study offer v aluable insights for
future research in this field. These convergence
modes ha ve th e potential to find applications in
diverse mathematic al areas, enabling fu rther
advancements in related theories and applications.
Overall, this study has expanded our understanding
of rough 𝐼 ∗ -statistical convergence, int roduc ed th e
concept of rough 𝐼 𝐾 -statistical convergence, and
elucidated the relati onships between these
converge nce modes. This research paves the wa y
for further inv estigations and applications of th ese
concepts, ben efiting the broa der mathematica l
community and promoting advance ments in related
fields.
R EFERENCES
[1] H. Fast, Sur la convergence statist ique ,
Colloq. Math., 2 (1951), 241-244.
[2] P. Kostyrko, T. Šalát, W . Wilczyński, 𝐼 -
converge nce , R ea l Anal . Exchange, 26 (2)
(2000/2001), 669-686.
[3] P. Kostyrko, M. Macaj, and T. Šalát,
Statistical convergence and 𝐼 -convergence,
1999,http://thales.doa.fmph.uniba.ak/maca j/IC
ON.pdf.
[4] H. X. Phu, Rough convergence in normed
linear space , Numer. Fu nct. Anal. Optim., 22
(2001), 199-222.
[5] E. Dündar and C. Çakan, Rough 𝐼 -
converge nce , Demonstr. Math., 47 (3) (2014),
638 – 651.
[6] M. Mačaj and M. Sleziak, 𝐼 𝐾 - convergence ,
Real Anal. Exchange, 36 (1) (2010/2011),
177- 194.
[7] A. K. Banerjee and A. Paul, On rough 𝐼 ∗ and
𝐼 𝐾 -conve rgence of sequences in normed linear
spaces , Facta Univ., Math. Infor m., 37 (3 )
(2022), 541-557.
All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
27
ALÜMİNYUM MALZEM E LERİ İMALATI SEKTÖRÜ NÜN
PERFORMANS DEĞERLENDİR İLMESİ:TR8 BÖLGESİ VE
TÜRKİYE GE NELİ
Ali SEVİNÇ 1 , Ta mer EREN 2
1 KOSGEB Anka ra Sincan Md., Türkiye
2 Endü str i Müh. B öl., Kırıkkale Ün iversitesi, Türkiye
Öz et – Alümi nyum malzemele ri imalatı sektörü, Türkiye'nin sanayi sektöründe önemli bir yere sahiptir ve
ekonomiye çeşitli şekillerde katkı sağlamaktadır. Öz ellikle İ malat tesislerinde gerçekleştirilen üretim
faaliyetleri, inşaat, otom otiv, elektrik ve elektro nik gibi birçok s ektörün iht iyaç d uyduğu bileşenlerin
üretimini gerçekleştirmektedir. S ana yi üretimine önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Alüminyum malzemelerin
üretimi, geniş bir tedarik zinciri ve iş gücü ihtiyac ını beraberinde getirerek ekonomik büyümeye ve işgücü
piyasasına katkıda bulunm aktadır .
Alüminyum malzemeleri imalatı sektörü, Türkiye ekonomisine önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. İstihdam
oluşturmakta, ülke ihrac atına katkı vermekte, d öviz kazanımını artırarak ülkenin dış ticaret den gesine
olumlu katkı sağlamaktadır. Tedarik zinciri etkisi ve teknolojik inovasyonlar gibi faktörlerle ekonomiye
olumlu etkiler sağlamaktadır. S ektör, yüks ek kaliteli alüminyum ürünleri üretme kabiliyeti sayesinde
uluslarara sı pazarlarda r eka bet avantajı elde etmektedir. Sektör sürekli olarak yeni üretim te knikl eri ve
işleme yöntemleri üzerinde çalışmakta, bu da rekabet gücüne olumlu yansımaktadır. Alüminyum
malzemeleri im a latı sektörü, Türkiye ekonomisi için önemli bir sektördür ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik
büyümeye katkı sağlamaktadır.
Bu çalışmada; Moora yö ntemi il e hem TR8 Bölgesi ve Türkiye g ene li a lümi nyum malzemeleri im a latı
sektörünün performans ölçülmesi planlanmış tır. Sektörün performansı TR 8 Bölgesini n ve Türkiye geneli
ile kıyaslaması yapılmıştır. TR8 bölgesi birinci sırada ;2021 yılı, ikinci sırada 2019 yılı ve üçüncü sırada
2020 yılı yer almıştır. Tü rkiye geneli ise birinci sırada, 2021 yılı, ikinci sır ada 2020 yılı ve üçüncü sırada
2019 yılı yer almıştır. Sektörün TR8 bölgesi, Türkiye geneli ile performa nsında paralellik görülmemiştir.
Anah tar Kelimeler – ÇKKV, MOORA Yön temi, Alüminyum S ektörü, Performans
I GİRİŞ
Alüminyum malzemele ri imalatı sektörünün
Türkiye’nin sanayi s ektöründe önemli bir yeri
bulunmaktadır. Ülke ekonomi sine çeşitli şekillerde
katkı vermektedir. Farklı sektörlere alüminyum ba r,
çubuk, tel ve profil, tüp, boru ve b ağlantı
parça larının üre timini gerçe kleştirmekte, inşaa t,
otomotiv, elektrik ve elektronik gibi birçok sektöre
yan san ayi konumunda, geniş bir t eda r ik zincir i
işlevi görmektedir. Büyük bir kitleye iş gücü
ihtiyacı oluşturarak, işgücü piyasa sına katkıd a
bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte ekonomik
büyümeye çok ciddi katkı vermektedir. Bu açıdan
Türkiye ekonomisi için önemli bir sektördür.
Alüminyum imalatı sektörü, üretim tesislerindeki
faaliyetlerinde ve ü retim süreçler inde istihda m
sağladığı gibi ana ve yan sanayilerde iş fırsatları
sunmaktadır. Dolaysıyla geniş bir yelpa ze de
istihdam potansiyeli oluşturmaktadır.
Hammaddede n başl ayara k, üretim süreci v e
pazarlama faaliyetlerinde, geniş bir alanda tedarik
zinciri oluşturmaktadır. Hatta kaynakları etkin
kullanmak adına yeşil tedarik zinciri uygulamala rı
mevcuttur[1] . B u sektör ürettiği ürünleri ihraç
edere k ülke ihracatına k atkıda bulunmakta, döviz
28
kazanımını artırara k ülkenin dış ticaret dengesine
olumlu katkı sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca Sürekli olarak
yeni üretim teknikleri ve işleme yöntemleri üzerinde
çalışara k, yapılan inova syonlar sektörün rekabet
gücünü artırmakta, daha verimli üretim süreçlerini
o luşturmaktadır. Türki ye e kosisteminde ço k
kıymetli yere sahiptir [2].
Sektör sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümeye katkı
sağlar. Bu nedenle, sektörde faaliyet gösteren
işletmelerin verimliliği artırmak, yenilikçilik ve Ar -
Ge çalışmalarına yatırım yapmak gibi st ratejil er
geliştirmesi önemlidir [3].
Etibank tarafında n kurulan alüminyum
işletmeleri, Türkiye'nin alüminyum ihtiyacını
karşılamak üzere kurulan önemli tesislerdir. Ay rıca,
demir- çelik, bakır, krom, çimento, kömür gibi
sektörlerde de Etibank tarafından işletmel er
kurulmuş ve faaliyet göstermiştir. Etibank,
madenlerin araştırılması, çıkarılması ve işl e nmesi
süreçler inde aktif rol oynamış ve ülkenin
kalkınmasına önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur [4].
Bu çalışmada; Türkiye g ene li ve TR8 bölgesinde
faaliyet göst eren alüminyum malzemeleri
sektörünün Çok Ölçütl ü Karar Verme (ÇKKV)
yöntemlerinden biri ola n Moora Yöntemi Oran
yaklaşımına göre , 2019 - 2021 yılları arası ana liz
edil miş mali veriler üz erinde n TR8 B ölgesi v e
Türkiye geneli perfo rmans değerlendirilmesi
yapılması planlanmıştır. Ayr ıca sektörün, TR8
B ölgesi ve Türkiye genelinin yıl lar itibariyle
performa ns gelişimini n değerlendirilmesi ve
kıyaslanması planlanmaktadır.
II. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
Bu çalışmada Ç KKV Moora yöntemi oran
yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır.
A. MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization on the
Basis of Ratio Analysis) Yöntemi
MOORA yöntemi, çok krite rli karar verme
süreçler inde kull anılan bir yöntemdir. B u yöntem,
alternatifle r arasında karar verme konusun da
yardımcı olm ak için kullanılır. Farklı kriterlere
sahip olan alternatifleri değerlendirmek v e
sıralamak için bir dizi adım içerir ( [5], [6], [7] [8] ,
[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16] ).
1- Adım: ilk adımda, karar verme p roble mi için
önemli olan krite rler belirlenmektedir.
Karar seçenelie ri eşitlik (1) ile formüle edilir
A=a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ,……,a m (1)
Ölçütler eşitlik 2 ile formüle e dilir
K:k 1 , k 2 , k 3 ,……kn (2)
2- Adım Ölçüt Ağırlıkları ve Yönleri tespit edilir
3- Adım Matris Normalize edilir. Normalizasyon
işlemi yapılır . A lt erna tiflerin her bir kriter içi n
değerleri normalizasyon yöntemiyl e
standa rtlaştırılır .
Moora yöntemi k arar vericilere , alternatifler
arasında objektif ve siste matik bir yol sunarak tercih
yapmalarına yardımcı olur.
B. Uygulama
Küçük Ve Orta Öl çe kli İşletmeleri Geliştirme v e
Destekleme İdaresi Başkanlığı (KOSGEB) 201 9
yılından itibaren ilgili kurumlardan çevrimiçi
işletme verilerini temin ederek, n ace kodları
altındaki [17] sektörlerde yer alan işletmelerin
verileri analiz edilmekte, hem TR8 Bölgesel hem de
Türkiye gen eli or tal a malar çıkarılmaktadır . Bu
ortalamalar üz erinde n her işletmeye, İşletme
Değerle ndirme Raporu ( İDR) adı altında bir karne
ver il mektedir ( [18 ]). İşletme karnesinde hem TR8
Bölgesi, Batı Kara deniz bölgesi şehirleri,
Zonguldak, Bartın, Samsun, Amasya, Çoru m,
Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop ve Tokat illeri [19] ve
Türkiye geneli tablo 1 deki veriler üzerinden,
sektöründe, TR8 Bölgesi ve Türkiye genelinde
performa ns değerlendirme ve kıyaslama imkâ nı
sunmaktadır. İşletme rekabet gücü ile ilgili bir
kanıya da varabilmektedir. Her işl etme ve sektörün
veri başlıklarından oluşan matris kriterleri tablo 1 de
verilmiştir. Ayrıca t ablo 1 de yer al an alüminyum
malzem eleri imalatı sektörünün TR8 Bö lgesi ve
Türkiye geneli ortalamaları verilmişti r. Bu ve riler
bilanço bilgileri ve SG K dan elde edilen çalışan
sayılarını kapsamaktadır. İ şletmenin karlılık
durumu, verimlilik durumunu görmek mümkündür.
Net satışlardan ve çalışan sayısında işgücü
verimliliği gibi veri leri, TR B ölgesi sektörü ve
Türkiye geneli se ktörü ile birlikte değerlendirme
imkânı vardır . Alüminyum malzemeleri imalatı
sektörünün 2019 yılı TR bölgesi ortalama k apasite
kullanım oranı % 72,29, iken Türkiye geneli ise %
67,29 tespit edilmiştir. 2020 ve 2021 yılında da
kapasite kullanım oranı TR8 Bölgesi 2020 yılı, %
63,19 iken , 2021 yılı kapasite kullanım oran ı %
72,52 dir.
29
Matris kriterleri oluşturu lmuş, ölçek ağılıkları ve
yönleri tespit edilmi ştir. Tablo 1 de oluşt urulan
matris üzerinden kuvv et toplamı ve kararkök
hesaplamaları oluşturulmuş tur. TR8 B ölgesi matris
normalize edilmiş ve normalize edilen matris
hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. TR8 Bölgesi sonuçları
tablo 2 ve 3 de ve Tür kiye geneli ise tablo 4 ve 5 de
verilmiştir.
IV . BULGULAR
Bu çalışmada alüminyum sektörünün TR8 B ölgesi
ve Türkiye genelinin 2019 - 2021 yılları arası, hem
mali hemde verimlilik skorları verileri üzerinden
elde veriler Moora Oran yaklaşımı yöntemi ile
performa ns değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Yılların
perfor mansı sıralaması yapılmış, TR8 Bölgesi,
sektörün en yüksek performans gösterdiği yıl tespit
edilmiştir. Aka binde daha az p erf ormans sırlaması
yapılmıştır. TR8 Bölgesi, Birinci sırada, 2021 yıl ı,
ikinci sırada 2019 yıl ı ve üçüncü sır a da 2020 yılı y er
almıştır. Türkiye geneli, birinci sırada, 2021 yılı,
ikinci sırada, 2020 yılı ve üçüncü sırad a 2019 yıl ı
tespit edilmiş tir. TR8 bölgesi performansı
sıralaması, Türkiye geneli ile benzerlik
göstermemiştir. Tablo 6 ve Ta blo 7 verilmiştir.
V.TARTIŞMA
Ölçüm, organizasyonların süreç lerinde
iyileştirmeler yapabilmek için hedeflere n e kadar
ulaşıldığını anlamalarını sağlayan bi r yöntemdir. Bu
amaçla, finansal analiz tekniklerinden yararlanarak
hedeflere ulaşm ayı, karl ılığı, borç yönetimini ve
reka beti değerlendirme i mkânı sunar[20]. Bu açıdan
işletmelerin ve bulunduğu sektörlerin performa ns
değerlendirmesi büyük öne m taşımaktadı r. Ge nel
ekonomiye katma değ er s ağlaya n işletmelerin, d aha
fazla fayda s ağlama sı i çin sektörel analizler ve
performa ns değerlen dirmeler inin yapılması
gereklidir. Sektör perf ormans değerlendirilmesi
bölge bazlı ve ülke genelinde yapma imkânı
bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Alüminyum malze meleri imalatı
sektörü TR8 B ölgesi v e Türkiye geneli ÇKK V
yöntemlerinden biri olan Moora metodu ile analiz i
yapılmıştır. TR Bölgelerinin sektör performansının
ölçülmesi ve Türkiye geneli il e birlikt e
değerlendirilmesi, sektörünün gelişme durumu
30
Tablo:1 Alüminyum Malzem eleri İmalatı Sektörü Mali ve Verimlilik Verileri TR8 Bölgesi ve Türkiye Gen eli
Alüminyum Malzemeleri
İmalat ı Sektörü Ma li v e
Verimlilik Verileri TR8
Bölgesi ve Türk iye Geneli
TR8 - 2019
Türkiye -
2019
TR8 - 2020
Türkiye -
2020
TR8 -
2021
Türkiye -
2021
Alacakların Tahsil
Süresi(Gün )
84,2 2
96,2 9
61,6 6
90,4 1
48
65,2
Cari Oran
2,4
1,3
2,13
1,38
1,15
1,25
Dönen Varlıkların Aktif
Toplam İçindeki Payı
0,47
0,79
0,48
0,81
0,8
0,82
Duran Varlıkların Aktif
Toplam İçindeki Payı
0,51
0,19
0,51
0,18
0,19
0,17
Faaliyetin Kar lılığı
0,06
0,03
0,05
0,04
0,02
0,03
FAVÖK (Amo rtisman
Öncesi Faaliyet Kar ı)
8,31
5,25
20,9 6
13,4 6
11,8 5
11,6 5
İşgücü Verimliliği: Net
Satışlar / Çalışan Say ısı (4A)
466666
524228 ,29
240482,9
662734,8
870339
1159579
İşletme Serm ayesi Gün
Sayısı(Gün)
69,3 7
112, 0 7
20,6
98,4
159, 2 1
95,1 2
Kaldıraç Or anı
0,82
0,7
0,85
0,7
0,86
0,71
Kapasite Kullan ım Oranı
72,2 9
67,2 9
63,1 9
67,4 1
72,5 2
68,6
Kısa Vadeli Yab ancı
Kaynak ların Pasif Toplam
İçindek i Payı
0,41
0,55
0,17
0,55
0,5
0,6
Likidite Oran ı(Asit -Test)
0,81
0,76
2,96
0,87
0,54
0,7
Nakde Dönüşüm Süresi(Gün )
192, 9 9
201, 2 3
168, 6 5
228, 8
153, 9 6
169, 6 9
Nakit Oran
0,12
0,31
0,21
0,36
0,1
0,29
Net Çalışma Sermay esi
-82615
438686 ,04
1368909
618586
24106,5
869525,5
Özkayn akların Karlılığı
0,07
0,08
0,09
0
0,12
Özkayn akların Pasif Toplam
İçindek i Payı
0,13
0,34
0,39
0,35
0,33
0,3
Satışların Karlılığı
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,02
0,01
0,02
Stokların Devir Süresi(Gün)
118, 1 8
98,7 5
125, 0 2
120, 1 5
96,5 9
96,2 2
Ticari Borç Ödeme
Süresi(Gün )
67,4 5
82,5 5
49,3 9
79,1 6
71,6
58,5 2
Uzun Vad eli Yabancı
Kaynak ların Pasif Toplam
İçindek i Payı
0,45
0,18
0,4
0,18
0,35
0,16
Yatırım Verim liliği: Net
Satışlar / Madd i Duran
Varlıklar
2,99
7,95
2,01
7,42
3,36
10,2 6
Yıllar Bazında İhracat
Yapılan Ülk e Sayısı
10
7,19
7,69
7,5
7,11
37
(Devam ı)
Kaldıra
ç Oranı
Kapasit
e
Kullanı
m Ora nı
Kısa Vadeli
Yabancı
Kayna kları
n Pasif
Toplam
İçindeki
Payı
Likidite
Oranı(Asi
t-Test)
Nakde
Dönüşüm
Süresi(Gü
n)
Nakit
Oran
Net
Çalışma
Sermay e
si
Özka ynakları
n Karlılığı
Özka ynakları
n Pasif
Toplam
İçindeki Pay ı
Satışları
n
Karlılığı
Stok ların
Devir
Süresi(Gü
n)
Ticari
Borç
Ödeme
Süresi(Gü
n)
Uzun
Vadeli
Yabancı
Kayna kl arı
n Pasif
Toplam
İçindeki
Payı
Yatırım
Verimliliğ
i: Net
Satışlar /
Maddi
Duran
Varlıkla r
Yıllar
Bazında
İhracat
Yapılan
Ülke
Sayısı
Max
Max
Max
Max
Min
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Min
Min
Min
Max
Max
0,04 1 9
0,04 3 6
0,05 1 5
0,04 5 3
0,04 5 3
0,04 1 9
0,04 5 3
0,03 8 9
0, 0488
0,04 0 4
0,05 1 2
0,04 0 1
0,04 7 4
0,03 5 8
0,04 8 8
0,7
67,2 9
0,55
0,76
201, 2 3
0,31
438686
0,07
0,34
0,01
98,7 5
82,5 5
0,18
7,95
7,19
0,7
67,4 1
0,55
0,87
228, 8
0,36
618586
0,09
0,35
0,02
120, 1 5
79,1 6
0,18
7,42
7,69
0,71
68,6
0,6
0,7
169, 6 9
0,29
869525,5
0,12
0,3
0,02
96,2 2
58,5 2
0,16
10,2 6
7,11
1,48 4 1
13778,01
0,96 5
1,82 4 5
121637,6
0,30 9 8
1,33 E+ 12
0,02 7 4
0,32 8 1
0,00 0 9
33445,87
16505,4
0,09 0 4
223,5265
161,3843
1,21823
6
117,3798
0,982344
1,350741
348,7659
0,55659
7
1153763
0,165529
0,57 2 8
0,03
182,8821
128,4733
0,300666
14,9 5 08
12,70371
38
Tablo 5 Alüminyum Ma lzemeleri İmalatı Sektörü T ürkiy e Geneli Norm alize Karar Matrisi
Alacak ların
Tahsil
Süresi(Gün)
Cari Ora n
Dönen
Varlıkla rın
Aktif
Toplam
İçindeki
Payı
Duran
Varlıkla rın
Aktif Toplam
İçindeki Pay ı
Faaliyet in
Karlılığı
FAVÖK
(Amo rtisman
Öncesi
Faaliyet Karı)
İşgücü
Verimliliği:
Net
Satışlar /
Çalışan
Sayısı (4A)
İşletme
Sermay esi
Gün
Sayısı(Gün)
Kaldıraç
Oranı
Min
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Min
Max
Türkiye G eneli - 2019
0,65 3 7077
0,572465 076
0,565353 97
0,608799 269
0,514496
0,282873 359
0,365366
0,633558
0,574601
Türkiye G eneli - 2020
0,61 3 7887
0,607693 696
0,579666 73
0,576757 203
0,685994
0,725233 413
0,46 1 9
0,556278
0,574601
Türkiye G eneli - 2021
0,44 2 6394
0,550447 189
0,586823 11
0,544715 136
0,514496
0,627709 455
0,808181
0,537735
0,58 2 81
(Devam ı)
Kapasite
Kullanım
Oranı
Kısa Vadeli
Yabancı
Kayna kların
Pasif
Toplam
İçindeki
Payı
Likidite
Oranı(Asit -
Test)
Nakde
Dönüşüm
Süresi(Gün)
Nakit
Oran
Net
Çalışma
Sermay esi
Özka ynakların
Kar lılığı
Özka ynakların
Pasif Toplam
İçindeki Pay ı
Satışların
Karlılığı
Stok ların
Devir
Süresi(Gün)
Ticari Borç
Ödeme
Süresi(Gün)
Uzun Vadeli
Yabancı
Kayna kların
Pasif
Toplam
İçindeki
Payı
Yatırım
Verimliliği:
Net
Satışlar /
Maddi
Duran
Varlıkla r
Yıllar
Bazında
İhracat
Yapılan
Ülke
Sayısı
Max
Max
Max
Min
Max
Max
Max
Max
Max
Min
Min
Min
Max
Max
0,573267
0,559885
0,562654
0,576977
0,556956
0,380222
0,422885
0,593575
0,333333
0,539965
0,642546
0,598671
0,531744
0,565976
0,57 4 29
0,559885
0,644091
0,656027
0,646788
0,536147
0,54 3 71
0,611033
0,666667
0,656981
0,616159
0,598671
0,496294
0,605335
0,584428
0,610784
0,518234
0,486544
0,521023
0,753643
0,724947
0,523743
0,666667
0,526131
0,455503
0,532152
0,686251
0,559679
39
Tablo:6 Alüminyum Malzemeleri İmalatı Sek törü TR8 Bölgesi Per formans Sıralam ası
TR8 - 2019
TR8 - 2020
TR8 -
2021
Sıralama
4,795237 16
4,398574 019
6,459256
2
3
1
Tablo 7 Alüminyum Ma lzemeleri İmalatı Sektörü Türkiye Geneli Per formans Sıralaması
TR8 -
2019
TR8 - 2020
TR8 - 2021
Sıralama
4,115922
6,398181 149
8,070124 89
3
2
1
All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
40
İtfaiye İstasy onu Yer Seçiminde F - Fucom Yöntemi İle Kriterlerin
Sıralanma sı
Gül USLU 1* ve Babek ERDEBİLLİ 2
1 İş Sağ lığı ve Güvenliği / Sağlık Bilimleri Fa kültesi , Sinop Ün iversite si , Türkiye
2 Endü str i Mühen disliği / Mühendislik Fa kültesi , Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Ünivers itesi, Türkiye
* (guslu@sino p.edu.tr)
Özet – Yangınlar saniyeler içinde kontrol altına alınamazsa can ve mal kaybına nede n olurlar. Bu nedenle
yangına en kıs a sürede müdahale etmek oldukç a önemlidi r. İtfaiyecilerin olay yerine en kısa s üre de
ulaşmaları ve gerekli müdahaleleri yapmaları için itfaiye i stasyonlarının yer seçimi oldukça öneml idir.
Yapılan literatür ara ştırmaları sonucu itfaiye yer seçimi için bazı kriterleri belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen
kriterlerin değerlendirildiği problemlerin etkin bir şekilde çözümü için Çok Kriterli Karar Verme yöntemi
kullanılmaktadır. Çok Kriterli Karar Verme y öntemi , kriterlerin ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi için ve
ağırlıkların sıralanma sı için kul lanılan yöntemle r olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır.
Bu çalışmada ağırlıkların sıralanması yöntemlerden biri olan F-FUCOM (Fuzzy Full Consistency
Method- Bulanık Tam Tutarlılık Yöntemi) kullanılmıştır. Konuyla ilgili uzmanların görüşüyle 6 adet
kriter belirlenmiştir. Bu kriterler ağırlıklarına göre sıralanmıştır. Daha sonra F-F UCOM yöntemine göre
karşılaştırılmalı tercihler yapılmış ve ardından en uygun bulanık ağırlıkları hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen
bulanık ağırlıklardan kesin ağırlık değerleri hesap lanmış ve kriterlere ait son ağırlık değe rlerine bakılarak
en uygun itfaiye istasyonu yer seç imi için öneride bulunulmuştur.
Anah tar Kelimeler – İtfaiye Yer Seçimi, Çok Kriterli Karar V erme, F -FUCOM, Krite r Ağırlıkları, Bula nık Ağırlık
I. GİRİŞ
Potansiyel yangın riski olan yerlerde ve özellikle
yangın tehlikesi yüksek olan kentsel alanl arda
itfaiye istasyonlarının yer s eçimi oldukça
önemlidir. Ayrıca bir yangın kazası can ve mal
kaybına neden olduğu için bu da yerel yönetimleri
oldukça zor durumda bırakabilir. İtfaiye, ambulans
sistemleri gibi acil durum hizmetleri, y erel
yöneticiler tarafından en üst seviyede topl umun
güvenliğini sağlamayı hede flemektedir. Bu ned e nle
yerel yöneticiler, itfa iye istasyonlarının
kurulmasında yangın alanlarına karşı acil olarak en
kısa sürede ve en etkili şekilde müdahale edilmesi
gerektiği için istasyon yer seçiminde çok
önemlidir [1];[2]; [3]; [4 ]; [5]; [6] . Nüfus artışı,
ahşap yapıların sıkl ığı, ormanlık alanlara yakınlı k,
d oğal afetler gibi çeşitli kriterler itfaiy e
istasyonlarının kurulmasında kullanılacak önemli
kriterlerde ndir.
En uygun yer seçimini belirlemek için birçok
yöntem mevcuttur. Bu yer seçimlerinin çoğu,
geçmiş deneyimler ve s ubjektif tercihler açısından
basit analizlerle yapılmıştır. Daha sonra bu
yöntemlere istatistiksel ve matematiksel araçlar
kullanarak daha karmaşık yöntemler
geliştirilmiştir. Fa kat bu yöntemler hesap
karışıklığına yol açmaktadır. Bu karışıklığı
gidermek için itfaiye istasyon yeri belirler ke n
bilgisayar progra mlama modelleri kullanılmaya
başlanmıştır [5] . Birbirleri ile çe lişen bu kriterlerin
çokluğu ve karışıklığı nedeniyle belirsiz b ir
ortamda çok f a zla a lterna tif içinden seçim
yapılması nedeni ile araştırmacılar tarafından Çok
Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemle ri
kullanılmaya başlanmıştı r. Fakat bu yönt emlerin
kriter sayısı fazlalığından ikili karşılaştır ma
yapmada zo rluk çekilmesi gibi bazı dezava ntajları
bulunmaktadır. Bu sorunları ortadan kaldırmak için
ikili karşılaştırmanın daha az kull anıldığı ve
41
güvenilir sonuçlara ulaşıldığı yöntemler
geliştirilmiştir. Karar ver iciler tarafından belirlenen
kriterlerin sayısallaştırılması için Zadeh (1965) [7]
tarafında n Bulanık kümeler teorisi geliştirilmişti r.
Plane ve Hendrick (197 7) [2] ’in yaptığı ç alışmada
Colorado'da bir itfaiye istasyonunun
konuşlandırıldığını ve bir kapsama müdahale
standardının kullanımını detayla ndırmıştır .
Reilly ve Mircha ndani (1985) [8] ise N ew Yo rk,
Albany'deki itfaiye istasyonu konumuna bakarak,
maksimum mü dahale standardının yanı sıra
potansiyel talebe erişilebilirliği en üst düzey e
çıkarma ihtiyac ını vurgulamıştı r .
1998 yılında Badri ve diğerlerinin [1] y aptıklar ı
çalışmada h izmet verilecek bölgelere olan
mesafe v e seyahat süresinin yanısıra maliyet ile
ilgili hede flerde dikkate alınara k tam sayılı hedef
programlama te kniği kullanmıştır.
Yang ve Jones 2007 ’de [9] b ulanık çok amaçlı b ir
programlama modeli ile genetik algoritman ın
birleşiminden oluşan bir çözüm yöntemi
önermiştir .
Şen vd. (2011 ) [10] ise Coğrafi bilgi sistemi (CBS )
ve çok amaçlı programlama modeli ile depr em
riskinin yüksek olduğu alanlar ve şehrin trafik
yoğunluğu da dikkate alarak İstanbul ili için
itfaiyelerin tepki süresini azaltma, kapsama alanını
artırma ve toplam maliyeti minimize etmeyi
amaçlamıştır .
2012 yılında Siamidoudaran [11], CBS ve
Python programlama dili kullanarak Girne şehri
için itfaiye ye ri seçimi için bir model önerisinde
bulunmuştur .
Chaudhary (2016) ’de [12], Nepalde itfaiye
merkezlerini yollara uzaklık, ara zi örtüsü, nehirlere
olan mesafe ve nüfus yoğunluğu şeklinde dör t
farklı kriter bakımından AHP yöntemi kull anılm ış
ve CBS ile enteg re ederek m evcut itf aiye
istasyonlarına ek ol ara k yeni itfaiye istasyonu içi n
öneride bulunmuştu
En güvenilir ve en doğru sonuca yaklaşabilmek
için bu çalışmada bu yöntemlerden biri olan
FUCOM (Full Consistency Method- Tam
Tutarlılık Yönte mi) kull anılarak itfaiye istesyon u
yer seç imi için kriterlerin ağırlıkları belirlenmiştir.
II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM
İnsanların, konut alanlarının ve çevrenin yangından
korunması, kentsel (veya kırsal) alanlarda uzun
süredir önemli bir endişe kaynağı olmuştur.
Yangınlar can ve mal kayıplarına mal olduğu ve
doğal çevreyi birçok yönden değiştirdiği için
yangından korunma ve müdahale hizme tlerine
önemli kaynaklar ayrılmıştır. İtfaiye departmanları,
şehir merkezlerinde genellikle su pompalamak,
dağıtmak ve ya ngın söndürme işlemlerini
gerçe kleştirmek için acil durum ekiplerinden
oluş ur.
Yangından korunma v e müdahale hizmetlerinin
sağlanması oldukça önemlidir. İstasyonları kurm ak
ve yeterli şekilde donatmak için sabit maliyetler ve
yıllık bakım maliyetleri vardır. Bir yangından
korunma sis temi, diğer birçok hizmet sağlama
sistemi gibi , nüfus artışı ve teknolojik gelişmelerin
sonucunda hizmet talebinin değişmesi yeni
tesislerin açılmasına sebep olmuştur.
Bir itfaiye istasyonundan gelen müdahalenin
mekansal doğası, konumsal yer seçimi ile ilg ili
giderek a rtan sayıdaki ça lışmalarda
yansıtılmaktadır.
Bu çalışmaların karakteristik özellikleri, mümkün
olan en iyi sis tem performansını sağlamak i çin
itfaiye istasyonlarının nereye yerleştirilmesi
gerektiğine ilişkin optimizasyon modellerinin
kullanılmasıdır.
Yangından korunma ve istasyonların
konumlandırılması ile ilgili çeşitli farklı hususlar
vardır. İtfaiye istasyon u yerleştirme ka ra rlarını
desteklemek için güve nilebilecek birçok alternatif
ve tamamlayıcı modelleme yaklaşımı
bulunmaktadır. İtfaiye istasyonu yerleştirme
çabalarının amacı me v cut hizmet sunumunu
tamamlamak ve geliştirmek için bir veya daha
fazla ek istasyon yerleştirmektir. Yani m evc ut olan
istasyonlar nüfus artışı ve teknoloji k gelişmeler
nedeniyle talebi karşılamamaktadır. Mevcut v e
gelece kteki ihtiyaçlara yetecek yeni istasy onların
kuruluşu oldukça maliyetlidi r. Bu nedenle, mev cut
ve önerilen sis temin opti mum şekilde
değerlendirmesi gere kme ktedir [13].
FUCOM YÖNTEMİ
FUCOM yöntem i tüm kr iterle rin ağırlık katsayıları
karar vericiler tarafından belirli bir düzeyde
karşılaştırma yapıla ra k tutarlılık koşulunu sağlayan
bir yöntemdir. B u yöntem Doğrusal P rogr amlama
temeline dayanır. Ağırlık katsayılarında en uygun
değerlerinin sağlanması için, kriterlerin ağırlık
katsayıları ara sındaki ilişkileri kriterlerin
karşılaştırmalı önceliklerine eşit olması ve
matematiksel geçişlilik koşullarına dayanılma sı
gerekmekte dir. Da ha s onra , model için gerekli
kısıtlamalar belirlenir v e model çözülür. Sonuç ta
en uygun (optimum) ağırlıklı değe rler ve tam
42
tutarlılık sapmaları (TTS) elde edilir. Bu
sapm aların de recesi, ağırlık katsayıları kriter
tahminlerinin karşılaştırmalı önceliklerinden elde
edilen sapma derecesidir ve güvenilir olduğunun
göstergesidir.
Bu yöntemin diğer ağırlıklandırma yöntemlerine
göre baz ı temel avantajları bulunmaktadır:
• İkili karşılaştırma sayı sı azdır (n kriter
sayısında, n - 1 tane ikili karşılaştırma),
• Kriterlerin tutarlı karşılaştırılmasına olanak
tanır.
• Kriter ağırlıklarının hesaplanması daha
güvenilirdir.
Dragan Pamuca r ve diğerlerine (2020) [14] göre,
FUCOM, ağırlık katsayı larını elde etmek için ü ç
adımda sunulabilir.
Adım 1. Kr iterler, kriterlerin önemine b ağlı olarak
C = {c 1 , c 2, c 3 …, c n } değerlendirme kriterleri
kümesinde sıralanır. Sıralama, önemli olandan en
az önemli olana doğru b aşlar . Bu nedenle, ağırlık
değerleri Eş. 1’de göste rilmektedir.
𝑐 𝑗 (1) > 𝑐 𝑗 (2) >. . . >
𝑐 𝑗 (𝑘 ) ……………………………………(1)
burada k kriter sıralama sıdır.
Adım 2. Sıralama kriterleri karşılaştırılır ve E ş.
2’de ifadesini takibe n değerle ndirme kriterlerinin
karşılaştırmalı önceliği belirlenir:
Φ = (𝜑 1 2
⁄ , 𝜑 2 3
⁄ ,.. .,𝜑 𝑘 𝑘+ 1
⁄ ) …………………(2)
Burada k=1,2,3,…n; φ, 𝑐 𝑗 (k) kriteri ile 𝑐 𝑗 (k + 1)
kriteri karşılaştırıldığında öncelikli sonuçları
gösterir.
Adım 3. Son ağırlık katsayısı değerlerini bulmak
için değerlendirme kriterle rinin
(𝑤 1 , 𝑤 2, 𝑤 3 ,...,𝑤 𝑛 ) 𝑇 hesaplanması yapılır.
Hesaplana n ağırlık kats ayıları iki şa rtı sağlamak
zorundadır.
1. Şart: Ağırlık katsayılarının oranı, Adım
2'de tanımlanan gözl emlenen kri terler
arasındaki karşılaştı rma lı önceliğe
(φk/(k+1)) eşittir.
𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+1 = 𝜑 𝑘 ( 𝑘+1 )
⁄ …………………….. Eşitlik 3
2. Şart: Adım (3) dışında da, son değerle r
matematiksel ge çişlil ik koşuluyla
eşleşmelidir. Yani;
𝜑 𝑘 ( 𝑘+1 )
⁄ ⨂𝜑 (𝑘+1) ( 𝑘 +2 )
⁄ = 𝜑 𝑘 ( 𝑘 +2 )
⁄ elde edilir.
Burada 𝜑 𝑘 ( 𝑘 +1 )
⁄ = 𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+1 𝑣𝑒 𝜑 𝑘 +1 ( 𝑘 +2 )
⁄ = 𝑤 𝑘 +1
𝑤 𝑘+2
anlamına gelmektedir. B u nedenle, değerlendirm e
kriterlerinin son ağırlık değerleri, aşağıdakiler gibi
diğer koşulları karşılamalıdır:
𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+2 =
𝜑 𝑘 (𝑘 +1)
⁄ ⨂𝜑 𝑘+ 1 (𝑘+2)
⁄ ……………………….(Eşitli
k 4)
𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+1 = 𝜑 𝑘 ( 𝑘+1 )
⁄ ve 𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+2 = 𝜑 𝑘 (𝑘+1)
⁄ ⨂𝜑 𝑘 +1 (𝑘 +2)
⁄
sağlandığında, bu şekilde tam tutarlılıktan sapma
(DFC) yanıtlanır yani;
Koşulların sağlanabilmesi için, ağırlık
katsayılarının ( 𝑤 1 , 𝑤 2 , . . ., 𝑤 𝑛 ) 𝑇 değerlerinin, χ
değerinin minimizasyon u | 𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+1 − 𝜑 𝑘 (𝑘 +1)
⁄ | ≤ 𝜒 ve
| 𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+2 − 𝜑 𝑘 (𝑘+1)
⁄ ⨂𝜑 (𝑘 +1) ( 𝑘+2 )
⁄ | ≤ 𝜒 koşulunun
gerçe kleşmesi gereklidir.
Değerle ndirmenin son ağırlıklı katsayı değerlerinin
tanımlandığı son model, Eşitlik 5’te gösterilen
tanımlı veri setlerine dayanır:
Min 𝜒
| 𝑤 𝑗 (𝑘)
𝑤 𝑗( 𝑘 +1) − 𝜑 𝑘 (𝑘 +1)
⁄ | ≤ 𝜒 ; ∀ 𝑗
| 𝑤 𝑗(𝑘)
𝑤 𝑗(𝑘+2) − 𝜑 𝑘 (𝑘+1)
⁄ ⨂𝜑 (𝑘 +1) (𝑘+ 2)
⁄ | ≤
𝜒; ∀ 𝑗 ………………………..Eşitlik 5
∑ 𝑤 𝑗 = 1; ∀ 𝑗
𝑛
𝑗 =1
𝑤 𝑗 ≥ 0, ∀ 𝑗
Bu işl em sonunda modelin çözülmesi il e
değerlendirme kriterl e ri ( 𝑤 1 , 𝑤 2 , . . ., 𝑤 𝑛 ) 𝑇 T
değerleri ile Tam Tutarlılıktan Sapma derece leri (χ)
elde edilmektedir.
İş lemlerin kesin sayılarla yapılması n ede niyl e
FUCOM yöntemi insan düşüncelerini analiz
etmekte baş arılı olmadığı için Dragan Pamucar ve
Ecer (2020) [14] tarafı ndan bu yöntem bulanık
mantığa taşınarak FUCOM - F yöntemi ni
geliştirmişlerdir. Bu yöntemde kriterle rin ikili
karşılaştırılması için Tablo 1’de karar vericilerin
kullanacağı dilsel değerler ve üçgen bulanık
sayılarla tanımlana n ölçe k verilmiştir.
43
Tablo 1 . Bulanık Dilsel Ölçek [15]
Dilsel Terimler
Üyelik İ şlevi
Eşit Önemli (EÖ)
(1;1;1)
Biraz Önemli (BÖ)
(2/3;1;3/2)
Oldukça Öne mli (OÖ)
(3/2;2;5/2)
Çok Önemli (ÇÖ)
(5/2; 3; 7/2)
Aşırı Önemli (AÖ)
(7/2; 4; 9/2)
YÖNTEM
İtfaiye y er se çiminde belirlenen kriterle rin
ağırlıklarının tespiti için iş akış şeması Ş e kil 1’ de
gösterilmektedir.
Şekil 1. İ ş Akış Şeması
Detaylı li tera tür araştırması ve uzman görüşlerinin
alınmasından sonra 6 adet kriter belirlenmiştir
(Şekil 2)
Şekil 2. İ tfaiye İstasyonu Yer Seçiminde Ku llanılacak
Kriterler
İtfaiye istasyonu yer seçimi için k riterler
belirlendikten sonra bulanık dilsel ölçek kullanarak
önem sırasına göre sıralanmı ştır (Ta blo 2).
Tablo 2 . Kriterlerin bulanık dilsel ölçek k ullanarak önem
sırasına gör e sıralanma sı
Kriter
Üyelik İşlevi
C 1
AÖ (3,5; 4; 4,5)
C 5
ÇÖ (2,5; 3; 3,5)
C 2
OÖ (1,5; 2; 2,5)
C 3
OÖ (1,5; 2; 2,5)
C 4
BÖ (0,67; 1; 1,5)
C 6
BÖ (0,67; 1; 1,5)
Kriterler: C 1 > C 5 > C 2 =C 3 > C 4 =C 6
Kriterler sıralandıktan sonra Üçgen bul anık sayılar
kullanılarak kriterlerin k arşılaştırılması yapılmıştır.
Burada 𝜑 𝑘 /( 𝑘 +1) , 𝐶 𝑗 ( 𝑘 ) sıra daki kriterin 𝐶 𝑗 ( 𝑘 +1) sıradaki
kritere göre sahip olduğu önemi ifade eder.
Kriterlerin karşılaştırmalı terc ihi şöyledir:
𝜑 𝐶 1 𝐶 5
⁄ = ( 3,5; 4; 4 ,5 ) / ( 2,5 ; 3; 3 ,5 )
= ( 1; 1, 33 ; 1,8 )
𝜑 𝐶 5 𝐶 2
⁄ = (2,5; 3; 3 ,5)/(1,5; 2; 2, 5)
= (1; 1,5; 2 , 33 )
𝜑 𝐶 2 𝐶 3
⁄ = (1,5; 2; 2 ,5)/(1,5; 2; 2, 5)
= (0, 6; 1; 1, 67 )
𝜑 𝐶 3 𝐶 4
⁄ = (1,5; 2; 2,5)/( 0, 67 ; 1; 1,5)
= (1; 2; 3, 73 )
𝜑 𝐶 4 𝐶 6
⁄ = (0, 67 ; 1; 1,5)/(0, 67 ; 1 ; 1,5)
= (0, 45 ; 1 ; 2 , 24 )
Daha sonra o ptimum bulanık ağırlıkların
hesaplanır.
Kriterlerinin bulanık a ğırlık katsayılarının nihai
değerleri ( 𝑤 1 , 𝑤 2 ,..., 𝑤 𝑛 ) 𝑇 hesaplanır. Ağırlık
katsayılarının nihai değe rleri iki koşulu
sağlamalıdır.
Koşul 1. 𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+1 = 𝜑 𝑘 ( 𝑘+1 )
⁄
Koşul 2. 𝑤 𝑘
𝑤 𝑘+2 = 𝜑 𝑘 (𝑘+1)
⁄ ⨂𝜑 𝑘 +1 (𝑘 +2)
⁄
Geçişlilik vektörü kullanılara k;
𝑤 𝐶 1 𝐶 2
⁄ = ( 3,5; 4; 4,5 ) /(1,5; 2 ; 2,5) = ( 1,4; 2; 3)
𝑤 𝐶 5 𝐶 3
⁄ = ( 2,5; 3; 3 ,5 ) /(1,5; 2; 2,5)
= (1; 1, 5; 2 , 33 )
𝑤 𝐶 2 𝐶 4
⁄ = ( 1,5; 2; 2,5 ) /(0, 67 ; 1; 1,5)
= (1; 2 ; 3, 73 )
Literatür
Araştırmas ı ve
Uzman
Görüşleri nin
Alınması
Kriterle rin
Belirle nmesi Krite rlerin
Sıralanması
Kriterle rin
Öncelikle rinin
Belirle nmesi
Kriterle rin Son
Ağırl ıklarının
Elde Edilmesi
İtfaiye İstasyonu Yer Seçimi Kriterl eri
Yangın çıkma ihtimali yüksek olan
yerlere yakınlık (C 1 )
Ana arterlere yakınlık (C 2 )
Mevcut istasyonlara yakınlık (C 3 )
Arazini n topoğrafik özellikl eri (C 4 )
Nüfus yoğunlu ğu yüksek olan
alanlara yakınlık (C 5 )
Sit alanlarına yakınlık (C 6 )
44
𝑤 𝐶 3 𝐶 6
⁄ = ( 1,5; 2; 2,5 ) /(0, 67 ; 1; 1,5)
= (1; 2 ; 3, 73 )
En sonunda kriterlerin önem ağırlıklarını elde
etmek için doğrusal olmayan model kurulmuş ve
LİNGO 19.0 kullanılarak çözülmüştür .
𝑤 1
𝑙
𝑤 5
𝑢 − 1 ; 𝑤 1
𝑚
𝑤 5
𝑚 − 1 , 33 ; 𝑤 1
𝑢
𝑤 5
𝑙 − 1,8
𝑤 5
𝑙
𝑤 2
𝑢 − 1 ; 𝑤 5
𝑚
𝑤 2
𝑚 − 1, 33 ; 𝑤 5
𝑢
𝑤 2
𝑙 − 2, 33
𝑤 2
𝑙
𝑤 3
𝑢 − 0, 6 ; 𝑤 2
𝑚
𝑤 3
𝑚 − 1; 𝑤 2
𝑢
𝑤 3
𝑙 − 1 , 67
𝑤 3
𝑙
𝑤 4
𝑢 − 1 ; 𝑤 3
𝑚
𝑤 4
𝑚 − 2; 𝑤 3
𝑢
𝑤 4
𝑙 − 3 , 73
𝑤 4
𝑙
𝑤 6
𝑢 − 0, 45 ; 𝑤 4
𝑚
𝑤 6
𝑚 − 1; 𝑤 4
𝑢
𝑤 6
𝑙 − 2, 24
𝑤 1
𝑙
𝑤 2
𝑢 − 1,4 ; 𝑤 1
𝑚
𝑤 2
𝑚 − 2; 𝑤 1
𝑢
𝑤 2
𝑙 − 3
𝑤 5
𝑙
𝑤 3
𝑢 − 1 ; 𝑤 5
𝑚
𝑤 3
𝑚 − 1,5; 𝑤 5
𝑢
𝑤 3
𝑙 − 2 , 33
𝑤 2
𝑙
𝑤 4
𝑢 − 1 ; 𝑤 2
𝑚
𝑤 4
𝑚 − 2; 𝑤 2
𝑢
𝑤 4
𝑙 − 3 , 73
𝑤 3
𝑙
𝑤 6
𝑢 − 1 ; 𝑤 3
𝑚
𝑤 6
𝑚 − 2; 𝑤 3
𝑢
𝑤 6
𝑙 − 3 , 73
𝑤 𝑗 𝑙 ≤ 𝑤 𝑗 𝑚 ≤ 𝑤 𝑗 𝑢 ; ∀ 𝑗 = 1,2, … ,6
𝑤 𝑗 𝑙 , 𝑤 𝑗 𝑚 , 𝑤 𝑗 𝑢 ≥ 0 ; ∀ 𝑗 = 1 ,2, … ,6
Kriterlerin a ğırlıkları;
𝑤 1 = ( 0. 2939350 ; 0.2939350; 0. 2939350 )
𝑤 2 = ( 0.1126100; 0.1698248; 0.1773 003 )
𝑤 3 = ( 0.1307007; 0.1416413; 0.1416 413 )
𝑤 4 = ( 0.04972782; 0. 09 367797; 0 .093 67797 )
𝑤 5 = ( 0.1379002; 0.2553757; 0.2755 929 )
𝑤 6 = ( 0.05022948; 0 .084 98605; 0 .084 98605 )
Bulanık ağırlıklardan kesin değerli ağırlıklara
ulaşmak için; 𝑤 𝐾 𝑗 = 𝑙 𝑗 + 4𝑚 𝑗 + 𝑢 𝑗
6
K 1 = 0.293 9350 ≅ %29
𝐾 2 = 0, 161535 ≅ %16
𝐾 3 = 0,13981 787 ≅ %14
𝐾 4 = 0, 0863529 ≅ %09
𝐾 5 = 0,23916 598 ≅ %24
𝐾 6 = 0,07919 3288 ≅ %08
K riterlerin tuta rlılık sapması 0.04571463 olarak
hesaplanmıştır.
III. SONUÇLAR
Kentsel ve kırsal alanlarda yaşayanların mal ve can
kaybına sebebiyet ver en yangınların kısa zamanda
ve etkili şekilde müdahale ede re k kontrol altına
alınması gerekir. Bunun için kurulacak itfaiye
istasyonlarının yangın tehlikesi bulunan bölgeler e
yakın yerlere kurulması oldukça önemlidir.
İnsan düşüncelerini ifade etmek için kesin sayıların
kullanılması yetersi ka lmaktadır. Bunun için
bulanık küme teorisi ortaya k onulmuştur. Bulanık
kümelerle Çok Kriterli K ara r Verme yöntemlerini n
birlikte kullanılmasıyla daha güvenilir sonuçl ara
ulaşılabilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, Dragan P amucar ve Ecer tarafından
geliştirilen FUCOM - F yöntemiyle it fa iye istasyonu
kurulması için belirlenen kriterlerinin optimum
ağırlıkları hesaplanara k yorumlanmıştır.
Çalışmada ilk olarak li ter atür araştırması ve uzman
görüşleri alınarak itfaiye istasyonlarının ku rulması
için 6 kriter belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra bu kriterler
bulanık dilsel ölçek kull ana rak önem sırasına gö re
sıralanmıştır. 3. Adımda kriterler ikili olarak
karşılaştırmalı tercihler yapılmı ştır. Karşılaştırmalı
tercihlerin sonucunda kri terlerin bulanı k ağırlıkları
ve son adımda durulaştı rılmış nihai ağırlıkları
hesaplanmıştır. Bu he saplamalara göre ana v e a lt
kriterlerin ağırlıklarının sıralaması Tablo 3 ’te
gösterilmiştir .
Tablo 3 . Kriterlerin Son Ağırlıklar ı
Ana Kriter Ağırlıkları
C 1 (%29)
C 5 (%24)
C 2 (%16)
C 3 (%14)
C 4 (%9)
C 6 (%8)
Sonuç olarak F - FUCOM yöntemi kullanılarak
belirlenen itfaiye istasy onu yer seçiminde k arar
vericilerin gözönünde bulundurması gereken en
önemli ana kriter %29 il e yangın çıkma ihtim ali
yüksek olan yerlere yak ınlık olmuştur. B u krite ri
sırasıyla nüfus yoğunlu ğu yüksek olan alanlara
yakınlık (%24), ana a rtere yakınlık (%16), mevcut
istasyona yakınlık (%14), arazinin topoğrafik
yapısı (%9) v e sit alanlarına ya kınlık (%8 )
kriterleri izleme ktedir.
45
Yapılan bu çalışmada, kurula cak olan itfaiye
istasyonları, herhangi bir yangın olayı gerçekleştiği
zaman en kısa ve en etkili şekilde müdahale
edebilecek yerle re kurulması hem can kaybını hem
de mal k aybını en aza indi rmekte etkili olacağı
kanısına varılmıştır.
KAYNAKLAR
[1] Va linsky , D. (1955) . Symp osium on applications of
operatio ns resear c h to urban ser vices — a d etermination
of the optimum location of fire -fighting u nits in New
York City. Journal of the Operations Research Society
of America , 3 (4), 494-512.
[2] Plane, D. R., & Hendrick, T. E. (1 977). Mathematical
prog ra mming an d the location of fire comp anies for the
Denver fire depar tment. Operatio ns Research , 2 5(4),
563 - 578.
[3] Badri, M. A., Mo rtagy, A. K., & Alsayed, C. A. (1998).
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All Science s Proceedings
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46
AISI 104 5 Çeliğinin Sürdürülebilir Tornalama İşleminde Sıcaklık Anal izi
Mustafa Kuntoğlu 1 , Kübra Ka ya 2 ve Rüstem Binali 3 *
1 Makine Müh endisliği / Tekn oloji Fakültesi , Selçu k Üniversite si , Türkiye
2 Makine Müh endisliği /Tekn oloji Fakültesi , Selçu k Üniversite si , Türkiye
3 Makine Müh endisliği / Tekn oloji Fakültesi , Selçu k Üniversite si , Türkiye
* (rustem.bina [email protected] )
Özet – Bu çalışmada AISI 1045 çeliğinin MMY ( Minimum Miktarda Yağlama) ve ku ru işleme koşu llarında
işlenmesinde sıcaklık analizi yapılmıştı r. Bu maksatla kesme hızı ve ilerleme parametreleri kulla nılara k
tornalama den eyler i yapı lmıştır. İmala t sektöründe en çok ter cih edilen malzemelerden olması ned eniyle
imalat çeliği olarak da bilinen AIS I 1045 çeliğ inin işl ene bilirliğinin iyileştirilmesi için optimizasyon
yaklaşımının yanı sıra grafiksel değerlendirme y apılmış ve ANOVA yöntemiyle anlamlılık testi yöntemi
kullanılmıştır. Malzemelerin işlenebilirliği konusunda etkili birçok f arklı un surlar olsa d ahi sıcaklık üzerine
yapılan bu incelemenin amacı sıcaklığın malzemenin mekanik özelliklerine olan etkisinin göz ardı
edilemeyecek kadar fazla olmasıyla beraber çevresel etkiler inden dolayı tezgâh başında ça lışan operatörün
sağlığı konusunda da kontrol edilemediği zaman büyük zararlara yol açabilmesidir. Bu yüzden sıcaklık
konusu ele alınmış ve detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir .
Anah tar Kelimeler – AISI 1045, S ıcaklık, ANOVA, Optimizasyo n, MMY
I. GİRİŞ
İmalat sekt öründe oldukça fazla çeşitte malzeme
bulunmaktadır. Üretimde kullanılan malzemeler
üretilece k iş p arçasının nerede, ne kadar süreyle v e
hangi işlev amacıyla kullanılacağı gibi farklı
sorulara cevap verilerek seçilmektedir. Bu tarz
sorulara cevap verilirken kull anılac ak m alze menin
özellikleri göz önüne alınır. Bu öze llikler kimyasal ,
fiziksel ve en önemlisi mekanik özellikler olarak
sayılabilmektedir. Mekanik özelliklerin imalat
sektöründe büyük önem arz etmesinin temel sebebi
malzemenin kullanımında akla gel ebilen bütün
soruların cevaplarını barındırmasından dolayıdı r.
Süneklik, dövülebili rlik, tokluk, sertlik, gevreklik
ve son olarak da mukavemet malze melerin mekanik
özelliklerine ö rne k olarak verilebilir. Bahsedilen
bütün mekanik özellikler sıcaklık kavramı ndan
fazlasıyla etkilenmektedir. İş parçasının üreti mi
esnasında malzemenin mekanik özelliklerinin
korunması için sıcaklık faktörünün kontrol altında
tutulması gere kir. Bunun yanında ü retilecek iş
parça sının kullanım ye ri ve kullanım ömrüne göre
malzeme se çimi yapılmalıdır [1 -3].
AISI 1045 (C45) çeliği yapısında az miktard a
kükürt, fosfor, mangan gi bi çelik üretim
aşamasından kaynaklanan elementler bulundur an
imalat çeliğidir. Aynı zamanda yapılarında bulunan
yüksek karbon miktarı nedeniyle karbon çeliği
olarak da imalat s anayinde anılmaktadır. Sıca k
haddelenmiş veya tavlanmış şekilde tedarik
edilebi lirler. Kaynak ve işlenebilirlik konularında
oldukça elverişli olduğu gibi yüze y
sertleştirilmesine de uygundur. C ıvata , krank
milleri, aks, hafif dişl iler gibi birçok farklı alanda
kullanılmaktadır.
Zaman fark etmeksizin t alaşlı imalat yöntemleri
popülerliğini korumaya ve farklı şekilde
uygulanmaya devam etmektedir. Ancak z aman
içerisinde bu imalat yöntemleri dönemi n
teknolojisine aya k uydura rak g eliştirilmektedir.
Talaşlı imalatta en çok tercih edilen tornalama
prosesi silindirik parçalardan talaş kaldıra rak i ş
parça sında istenilen fiziksel özellikleri
kazandırabilmektir. Fakat sadece iş par ça sının
istenilen boyutsal özelliklerinin elde edilmesi
tornalama prosesinde beklentileri
karşılamamaktadır. Ürünün en düşük maliyetle
53
Avan (2015), in the study he conducted on
Japanese group plums (Red Beauty, TC Sun,
Autumn Giant) in Kahramanmaraş province,
determined that the fruit weight was betwe en 40.61
g-71.45 g, and the flesh firmness was between
15.71-6.36. According to the results of the
chemical analysis, he s tated tha t the pH values
were between 2.86-3.44 and the amount of soluble
solid content was bet wee n 14.53-19.60% [28].
Kuba (2015), in his study, carried out in 2010 and
2011 to determine th e naturally grown plum
genotypes in the Van region and to determine the
biological diversity in the region, the fruit weight
of the genotypes examined as a result of th e
analysis was 3.96-25.59 g, the fruit diameter was
17.99-31.22 mm , the fruit length was 18.36 - 35.8 6
mm, fruit height 18.37 -33.32 mm, seed weight
0.38-1.45 g, f ruit volume 4.00 - 32.00 cm³, titratabl e
acidity in fruit juice 0. 83-2.81%, pH 3.66-4.40,
soluble solid content amount (SSC) 8.00% He
determined that it was between -19.25 [29 ].
Doğhan (2017), in his study conducted in t he
province of Tokat in 2016, observed t he tot al
amount of solub le solid content between 11.30%
and 18.46% and the amount of ti tratable acidity in
the range of 7.80 g/l -17.13 g/l . In addition, the
avera ge fruit weight was determined between
13.21 g-52.42 g [30] . Yaşar (2019), in his study ,
carr i ed out to determi ne the phenological,
pomological, and morphological characteristics of
blackberry genotypes n aturally grown in Iğdır
ecological conditions betwee n 2017-2018, fruit
weight was 37.77-80.31 g, fruit width was 39.0 6-
50.40 mm. , fruit length 36 .04-65.08 mm, fruit
height 25.70 -53.19 mm , core weight 0.50-1.33 g,
flesh firmness 2.8-6.44 kg cm-2, titer He stated that
the acidity is between 0.71-1.74%, the SSC is
between 11.2-17.7% and the pH is betwee n 3.01-
3.54 [31].
Table 2 . Chemical ch a racteristics of wild plum genotype
Genoty pe
pH %
TA %
SSC %
1
3,76
0,85
8,75
2
3,09
0,50
5,00
3
2,89
0,68
5,78
4
3,01
0,74
6,02
5
3,12
0,77
6,98
Looking at Table 2, the chemical properties of wild
plum genotypes were found to be pH 3.76, TA
0.85%, SSC 8.75%. Ab acı et al . In a study carried
out by in 2014, they determined the nutritive
values of plums by determining the soluble solid
content ( SSC ), pH, and titratable acidity.
According to the result s they obtained, the
genotype with the highest SSC content and the
lowest acidity (0.98%) was "C anc ur" (13.9%),
while the genotype wit h the lowest SSC content
(11%) and the high est a cidity (2.06%) w as "Wil d
Plum". They determined that [5].
Yıldız (1996), found th at the SSC content of some
plum varieties grown in the Aegean Region vari es
between 9.39% and 24.45% [32], Contessa e t al.
(2013), on the other hand, rep orted that SSC
contents in some plum genotypes wer e between
14.8% and 16.7% [33]. Abaci et al. (2014)
determined the acidity as the highest (2.06%) an d
pH (4.00) ratio [5 ]. I t has been reported that th e
titratable acidity ratios of some plum fruits vary
between 0.92 % and 2. 34%, and the pH v ari es
between 3.20 and 4.00 [32]. Dönmez and Çopur
(1997) determined the SSC va lues of the plums
grown around İne göl as 11.2%, the total acid
amount as 0.56%, and t he pH value as 3.65 [34 ].
Çevik and Bil işl i (2002) determined that some of
the plum cultivars grown in Turkey had a r ange o f
SSC content of 12.5% -17.6% , acidity between
0.91-1.70%, and pH between 3.20 -4.00 [35]. In the
study in which 15 local plum cultivars grown in
Van and its environs were examined, it was
determined that the SS C content of the cultivars
was 13.37-19.56%, the titration acidity was
between 0.45-2.81% a nd the pH v a lue was
between 3.00-3.78 [36]. Yıldız (1996), who
examined 11 plum cultivars adapted to the Aegean
Region in terms of chemical composition and
nutritional value at the Aegean Agri cultura l
Researc h Institute, determi ned that as the average
of all varieties, soluble soli d content 15.55 mg,
titratable acidity 15.79mg/100 g [32]. Ozka rakas et
al. (2006), according to the results of their studies
on 21 plum types of 'Papaz', 'Havran', Can plu m
cultivars grown in the Menemen r egion, t he
amount of soluble solid content ( SSC ) varie d
between 7.40% and 11.61%, and the highest in Can
plums. reported low 'priest' plums [37]. C i vil
(2009), in his study in the Eğirdir region,
determined the pH value as 3.71, the amount of
titratable acidity as 0. 89% and the amount of
soluble solid content as 17.17% for the Angeleno
variety [38]. Nunes et al. (2009), in their study on
the fruit of the 'Gree ngage' plum variety in the
54
northeast of Portugal, s tated that the amount of
soluble solid content , titratable acidity, and pH
values were highest in the Cano re gion [39].
IV. CONCLUSION
In li ght of the findings obtained from this
study, it is seen that there are quite different results
in terms of fruit and qu ality characteristics of t he
plum genotypes grown naturally in the Kayseri
region. Considering that these genotypes show this
performa nce in conditi ons where modern frui t-
growing techniques and cultural processes a re no t
done or done less, it is thought that better r esults
can be obt ained under cultural and maint enance
conditions [31].According to the results obtained in
the study carried out, it is considered important to
protect these genotypes as gene tic resources b y
grafting on suit able rootstocks, and to follow th e
yield and fruit quality characteristics with out
interruption by performing adaptation studies
under the same environmental conditions as
standard plum varietie s.
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[37] Özk arakaş, İ ., Ercan, N., ve Gürnil, K., 2 006. Ege
Bölgesinden Toplanan Bazı Yeşil Erik ( Prunus
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Anado lu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü
Dergisi,16 (2), 35 – 49.
[38] Civil, C., 20 09. Eğirdir bölgesinde yetiştirilen bazı erik
çeşitlerinde mekanik hasat p arametrelerinin
belirlenm esi. Do ktora T ezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ko nya.
[39] Nun es, C.,Rato, A. E., Barro s , A. S., Saraiv a, J. A., ve
Coimbra, M. A. 2009. Sear c h f or Suitab le Ma turation
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All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
56
Effect of Paramet er Selection on H eart Attack Risk Predic tion in an RNN
Model
Pınar Cihan 1*
1 Computer En gineering Dep ar tment , Tekirdağ Namık Kema l University , Turkey
* pkaya @nku.edu.tr
Abstract – Heart attack has become a significant public health issue worldwide, and effective prediction
methods, along with early diagnosis, are cruc ial for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Various
machine learning and deep learning techniques h ave been employed in th e literatur e to predict the risk of
heart attack. In this study, the evaluation of heart attack risk was conducted using the Recurre nt Neural
Network (RNN) classification method with diff erent parameters. By considering va rious parameters that
affect the pe rformance of the RNN model, the impact of proper pa rameter selec tion on classification
accurac y was investigated. During the data preprocessing stage, the data was appropriately standardized,
and 5-fold cross-validation was performed. Elev en RNN models were compared by altering different
parameters such as the number of units, the numb er of training cycles, batch size, dropout rate, activation
function, and number of units in the dense layer. The classification performance was evaluated using
metrics such as accuracy, precision, re call, and F 1 score. The results demonstrate that parameter selection
influences the performance of the RNN classification model and that performance improvements can be
achieve d with appropriate parameter sel ec tions.
Keywords – RNN, classification, d eep learning, heart atta ck, parameter selection
I. I NTRODUCTION
Heart disease is one of the deadliest dise ases
worldwide and poses a serious thr ea t to huma n
health [1]. It can develop as a re sult of various risk
factors such as high blood pressure , high
cholesterol, obesity, smoking, and a sedent ary
lifestyle. Therefore, accurately assessing and
classifying the risk of heart disease is of great
importance [2].
The accurate assessment and classification of the
risk of h ea rt disease emphasize the significance of
deep le arning cl assifica tion methods that go beyo nd
traditional statistical approache s. Deep learning i s
an artificial intelligence approach that can detect
complex relationships in large datasets and create
high-performance models for predicting the risk of
heart disea se [3].
Deep learning classification methods can
automatically learn complex data structures a nd
important fea tures contributing to heart disease .
These methods c an r epresent deep features with in
the data through neural networks and learn how to
utilize these fea tures to predict the risk of hea rt
disease [4].
Deep learning classification methods can be
employed to detect hidden relationships in large and
complex da tasets and accurately classify th e risk of
heart disease. These met hods are based on neural
networks and deep lear ning algorithms, e nabling
them to automatica lly learn deep features withi n the
data [5]. This can assist doctors and healthcare
professionals in better managing patients and
fo rmulating appropriate treatment plans.
In this study, the classific ation of heart disease risk
is performed using the recurrent neural netwo rk
(RNN) method, which is one of the deep learning
classification method s. The c lassification
performa nce o f 11 RN N methods with different
57
parameters is compared. Accuracy, pr ec ision, r ecall,
and F1 score metr ics are utili ze d for eva luation.
II. M AT ERIALS AND M ET HOD
The Heart Attack An alysis & P re diction Dataset
used in this study was obtained from the Kagg le
website [6]. The d ataset consists of 303 samples and
includes 14 variables. Th e variables are as follow s:
age, sex, ch e st pain type ( cp), resting blood pressure
(trtbps), cholesterol level in mg/dl fetched via B MI
sensor (chol), fasting blood sugar (fbs), resting
electrocardiographic results (restecg), maximu m
heart r ate achi e ved (thalach), exe rcise-induc ed
angina (exang), ST depressio n induced by exercise
relative to r est (oldpeak), the slope of th e peak
exerc ise S T segment (slope), the number of major
vessels (ca), th alassemia (thalassemia), and th e
output (0 = less chance of heart attack, 1 = more
chance of heart a ttack).
An example image of the dataset is presented in
Fig. 1. Th e dataset conta ins important details such
as the demogra phic info rmation of patients, medical
histories, symptoms, and test results. These pieces
of information can contribute to understanding the
risk factors for heart attack, the onset of symptoms,
and changes in patients' conditions.
Fig . 1 . An example section fro m the d ataset
A. Method
In this study, Heart Attack prediction was
performe d using the Recurrent Neural Networ k
(RNN) method. The RNN model was develop ed
using the Python pro gramming language. To
evaluate the performance of the model, the 5 -fold
cross-validation (5-CV) method was employed.
This method divides the dataset into 5 equ al p arts
randomly, using e ac h part sequentially as the tes t
data while using the remaining 4 parts as the trainin g
data. The model is trained based on the training data
and evaluated on th e test data. This p roc ess is
repea ted 5 times, with a different part us ed as t he
test data eac h time. Performance metrics such as
accurac y, precision, recall, and F1 score were
calculated for e ac h test set. These metrics were us ed
to assess the overall p erformance of the model .
Finally, the average of these metrics was com puted
since the t ests were rep e ated 5 times and yielded
differe nt results each time.
In the study, classification results w ere examined
for different para meters of the RNN method. Thu s,
the im pac t of parameter changes on the
classification perf ormance was observed. Based o n
the obtained results, the most suitable RNN method
for Heart Attac k predicti on wa s determined.
Recurrent N eural N etw ork (RNN) is an
artificial neural network model used in the field of
deep learning. Unlike t raditional artificial neural
network models, this model incorporates feedbac k
connections, which allows RNN to have a structure
capable of transferring information computed i n
previous steps to the current step [7].
The fundamental component of RNN is an
artificial neural cell called a "cell." Each cell
rece ives input data and the state inform ation
computed in the previo us step and produces an
output. The memory of the cell is a state vector that
contains information fro m pre vious steps. This sta te
vector influences the com puted output in the current
step and is updated for use in the ne xt step.
RNN has a cyclic structur e to model dependencies
over time. This en ables it to re member informatio n
from past steps and pre dict the outputs of future
steps based on thi s information. This character ist ic
makes RNNs effective in tasks such as language
processing, text g ene ration, translation, sentiment
analysis, and more.
The training o f RNN is t ypica lly performed using
an algorithm called backpropagation through time
(BPTT). This algorithm calculates the gradient by
58
propagating dependenci es among cells backward
and updates the weights of the network .
In this study, the classification performance was
compared by varying the pa rameters of RNN Units,
Epoch, Batch Size, Dropout, Activation Function,
and Dense Units. Brief descriptions of these
parameters are provided below [8]:
RNN Uni ts: It is a parameter that specifies the
number of RNN units. It refers to the number o f
cells or neurons include d in the R NN. These units
contain information from previous time steps and
process it along with the curre nt input.
Epoch: Epoch represents the number of itera tions
in which the entire da taset is presented to the
network during the training proc ess. An epoch uses
the entire dataset to update the weights of the
network.
Batch Size: Batch size is a parameter that
determines the number o f samples processed in each
step during training. A larger batch size utilizes
more memory but can accelerate th e training
process. A smaller bat ch size uses less memory bu t
can increase the training time.
Dropout: Dropout is a re gularization technique
used to prevent ov erf itting in the n etwork. Du ring
training, dropout rando mly disables connections,
forcing the network to become mor e generalized.
The dropout rate sp ecifies the percentage of
connections to be disabled at eac h step.
Activation Fu nction: Activation function is a
function used to compute the output of each neuron
in a neural netwo rk. Activation functions introduce
non-linearity to the neural network, allowing it to
learn more complex relationships. Popular
activation functions include sigmoid or tanh.
Dense Units: A de nse layer, also known a s a fully
connected layer, is a type of layer used in a neural
network. D ense units represent the numb er of
neurons that connect the output of each neuro n i n
the previous lay er to th e next lay er. Th ese unit s
determine the capacity of the neural network and
help in learning more complex models.
B. Performance metrics
In this study, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1
score m etric s were used to evaluate the
classification performance of the RNN method s.
The formulas fo r these metrics are provided b elow
[9, 10]:
Where ( 𝑇𝑝 ) is True positi ve; ( 𝑇𝑛 ), True neg a tive;
( 𝐹𝑝 ), False positive; and ( 𝐹𝑛 ), False negative.
III. R ESULTS
The RNN method was used for h eart attack
prediction in the study. Different parameters of the
RNN method were experimented with to determine
the most successful mod el. 5-fold cross -va lidation
was used to assess the models' performance. After
obtaining the results for each fold, their averages
were calculated. Table 1 presents the classification
performa nce o f the R NN model with different
parameters, including the average accuracy, average
precision, average recal l, and average F1 sco re
values.
59
Table 1. RNN model’s parameters and c lassification performance
When examining the RNN classification results
in Table 1, it can be observed that wh en RNN
units=32, epoch=100, batch size=32, dropout=0.3,
activation function=tanh, a nd dense u nits=32 are
selected, an accuracy of approximately 81% is
achieve d.
The precision value of our model is 0.799.
Precision represents the ratio of true positives
(correctly classified positives) to the tot al positive
predictions. In other words, approximately 79.9% of
the e xamples pre dicted as positive by our model are
truly positive. This indicates that our mod el has
good capability in making correct posi tive
predictions.
Recall r epre sents the ratio of tru e posi tives to the
actual positives (positives in the true class). In thi s
case, our model has correctly detected
approximately 89.3% of the true positives. This
indicates a low probability of our model missing
true positives.
The F1 score represents the harmonic mean of
precision and recall metrics. This metric indi ca tes
whether both precision a nd recall are balanced and
performing well. With an F1 s core of 0.838, t he
model demonstrates balanced high performance in
both precision and reca ll values.
IV. CONCLUSION
This study employed various pa rameter selections
to improve the p erf ormance o f the RNN d eep
learning model in predicting the risk of heart attack.
Standardization and 5- CV methods were us ed in the
data pr e-proce ssing stag e . With this method, the
dataset is randomly divid ed into 5 equal parts. Each
part is sequentially used as the test data while the
remaining 4 parts are used as the training data. This
step is re peated 5 times, with a diff ere nt part servi ng
as the test data each time. As a result, after
calculating the accuracy, precision, reca ll, and F1
score metrics fo r each test set, the average of the 5
run results was taken.
The results demonstrated that the performance o f
the RNN classification model is dependent on
parameter selection. The best performance, reaching
an accuracy of approximately 81%, was achieved
using the parameters RNN units=32, epoch=100,
batch size=32, dropout=0.3, activa tion
Run
RNN
Units
Epoch
Batch
size
Dropout
ActFunc
Dense
Units
Accuracy
Precision
Recall
F1
Score
1
64
100
32
0.2
sigmoid
32
0.762
0.786
0.786
0.781
2
64
100
32
0.2
tanh
32
0.765
0.729
0.917
0.810
3
64
100
32
0.3
tanh
32
0.792
0.791
0.858
0.819
4
32
50
32
0.3
tanh
32
0.788
0.781
0.845
0.810
5
32
50
32
0.3
sigmoid
32
0.798
0.810
0.836
0.820
6
64
50
32
0.2
sigmoid
32
0.801
0.797
0.860
0.825
7
64
150
64
0.2
sigmoid
32
0.759
0.794
0.755
0.774
8
64
150
64
0.2
tanh
32
0.801
0.792
0.861
0.823
9
32
200
32
0.2
sigmoid
32
0.752
0.787
0.758
0.766
10
32
100
32
0.2
tanh
32
0.801
0.784
0.892
0.830
11
32
100
32
0.3
tanh
32
0.811
0.799
0.893
0.838
60
function=tanh, and d ense units=32. The precision
value of the model was determined as 0.799,
indicating that approximately 79.9% of th e
examples predicted as posi tive by the model were
truly posi tive. The recall value w as determined as
0.893, suggesting that the model correctly detec ted
approximately 89.3% of the true positives. The F1
score was calculated as 0.838, indi ca ting that th e
model exhibited balanced high performance in both
precision and recall metrics. These findings
emphasize the appli cability of the RN N
classification method in assessing the risk of h eart
attack. It was observed that parameter selection
significantly affects the classification perf ormance .
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All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
61
The influence o f conventional sinte ring on the micro structure and
electrical propert ies of ZnO-based varistor
Yousra Malaoui 1 * , Faiçal kharchouche 1
1 DAC-hr Labo ratory, Electrica l engineering dep artment,
University of Ferh at Abbas Setif 1, S etif, Algeria
* ( you sra.malaoui@univ- setif.dz )
Abstract – Zinc oxide varistors are frequently utilized as surge prote c tion device s in power systems. ZnO -
based varistors' electrical properties depend on their microstruc ture, which may be altered by sintering. In
this paper, we look at how conventional sintering affects the microstru cture and electrical ch aracter isti cs of
ZnO-semiconductor varistors. ZnO -ba sed va ristors were mad e using a traditional solid -state reaction
process and sinter ed for 2 hours at varying tem pera tures (1100 °C, 1200 °C, and 1300 °C). Scanning
electron microscopy and X-ra y dif fraction were used to examine the mi crostructure and phase composition.
A conventional test procedure was used to measure the electrical parameters of the varistors, such as the
breakdown voltage, leakage current, and nonli near coefficient. T ra ditional sintering h as a consid era ble
impact on microstructure and e lectrical properties.
Keywords – Semico nductors, Zno -Based Va ristors , Ceramics, Sintering Temperature, Electrical Properties.
I. I NTRODUCTION
ZnO-based varistors a re widely employed as
lightning and transient overvoltage p rotec tors in
electrical transmission and electronic circuits. T he
microstructure of ZnO varistors subst antia lly
influences their electric a l characteristics, which
may be modified using various processing processes
like sintering [1]. Traditional sintering is a typical
process for densifying ceramic materials, including
ZnO varistors, by heating the gr ee n c ompact a t high
temperatures in air or other controlled
environments. The densification and grai n
development of ZnO v aristors during conventional
sintering are affected by varia bles such as sinterin g
temperature, time, and materials [2].Various
investigations have looked at how conventional
sintering affects the microstructure and electrical
character istics of ZnO va ristors. Yang et al. (2017),
for example, investigated the influence of sinterin g
temperature on the mi crostru cture and electrical
character istics of ZnO va ristors and discovered th at
increasing th e sintering t emperature led to enhance d
densification and grain growth [3]. However, Wang
et al. (2018) studi ed the influence of 𝐵𝑖 2 𝑂 3 doping
on the microstructure and electrical behavior of Zn O
varistors during conventional sintering and
discovered that doping enhanced varistor
performa nce by increasi ng grain development and
decreasing barr ier layer resistance [4]. Our research
intends to provide a t heore tical fra mework for
comprehending the principles behind the sint ering
process and its implications on the microstructure
and electrical properties of ZnO varistors. To tha t
purpose, we analyze the microstructure of sintere d
ZnO-based varistors using severa l analytical
methods such as po wder X -ray diffraction an d
scanning electron microscopy. Electrical
measurements are also us ed to explore the electrical
behavior of the varistors under various sintering
circumstances. One im portant parameter t hat
character izes the elect ric al behavior of Zn O
varistors is the no n- line arity coefficient (α). Th is
coeff icient describes the relationship between the
curre nt density (J) and the applied electric field (E)
and can be expressed as J=K 𝐸 𝛼 , where K is a
62
constant [5]. Another key para meter is the
breakdown field, which is the electric field str ength
at which the varistor starts to conduct curre nt
rapidly . These electrical parameters are strongl y
influenced by the microstructure of the varistor,
which in turn depends on the sintering conditions.
In summary, our study looks at how convention al
sintering affects the microstructure and electrical
properties o f ZnO-based varistors. We offer advice
on how to increase the performance and r eliability
of these critical electrical components by optimizing
the sint ering process. Our findings mi ght potentially
help in the development of ne w ZnO -based varistor
materials with superior pr opertie s, resulting in better
protection against electrical disturbance s in a
variety of a pplications .
II. M AT ERIALS AND M ET HOD
A. Sample and preparation
The conventional sintering process is widely used
in the manufacture of c eramic materials, includin g
zinc oxide (ZnO) varist ors. Varistors are essential
semiconductor devic e s that protect ele ctronic
equipment from pow er sy stem voltage spikes due to
their strong non-linear current-voltage
character istic. The sintering proc ess plays a crucia l
role in determining the microstructure and electric al
character istics of varistors [6]. To complete the
sintering process for ZnO -ba sed varistors, several
materials, and equipment are nee ded. The main
material used in varistors is zinc oxide (ZnO)
powder, which should be of at least 99.99% purity
to ensure strong electrical characteristics. Sma ll
quantities of other metal oxides such as bismuth
oxide ( 𝐵𝑖 2 𝑂 3 ), cobalt oxide (CoO), and manganese
oxide (MnO) may be added to improve the varistor's
electrical characteristics [7]. An organic binder,
such as polyvi nyl alcohol (PVA), is added to the
mixture to produce a green compact that may be
molded into the required shape. A solvent, such as
deionized water, is used to dissolve the PVA and
genera te a slurry with the ZnO powder. During the
sintering process, the g reen compact is pla ce d in a
furnace with a controlled atmosphere and heated
gradually to the appropriate sintering tempe rature,
which is usually between 1100° C and 1300 ° C. The
temperature is c losely monitored and maintained
throughout the process. As the temperature rises, the
organic binder begins t o dissolve, and the ZnO
particles begin to link together. The green compact
shrinks and densifi es, resulting in a thi ck and
homogeneous structure. After the sintering process
is completed, the varistor is allowed to cool gently
to avoid cracking or other damage. Onc e the varisto r
has rea ched room temperature, any e xtra material is
removed using a g rinding or polishing procedure.
The varistor is then measured and tested to confirm
that it fulfills the require d electrical parameters,
such as b reakdown volt age , le aka ge current, and
nonlinear coefficient. M easuring instruments, such
as a thermometer, balance, and calipers, are
necessary to monitor and regulate the temperature,
weight, and dimensions of the varistor during the
sintering process. Finally, the conventional sintering
process is an important step in the production of
ZnO-based varistors. Varistors with the desired
electrical properties can be manufacture d b y
using suitable materials and technologies. The u se
of accurate measurement instruments and
equipment is required to assure th e quality and
dependability of the varistors.
69
monitor the system in real-time and to easily chang e
the system parameters.
The prepared PMSM speed control algorithm is
presented in Fig. 4. With this algorithm, the
amplitudes and frequencies of the voltages to be
applied to the mot or phases via the inverter can b e
adjusted, the position information of the motor can
be read through the e ncoder and the PID speed
control algorithm can be run.
III. R ESULTS
The prepared speed control algorithm is
downloaded to the DSP with Simulink embedded
coder. Then, th e control panel is connected to t he
DSP with external mode and the system tests are
performe d as shown in Fi g. 5.
IV. D ISCUSSION
When Fig. 5 is examined, it is seen that the system
successfully follows the reference spe ed valu e.
Variable or constant reference speed can be selected
on the de signed panel, PID controller p ara mete rs
can be c hanged and results can be viewe d via scope
in real- time .
V. C ONCLUSION
In this study, PMSM control interfa ce is designed
and implemented. The created contr ol algorithm i s
downloaded to DSP via Simuli nk embedde d coder.
Thanks to the designed panel, the system can be
monitored and controlled via Sim ulink external
mode. As a result of the tests, it has been seen that
the speed control algorithm and the user interface
work successfully.
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70
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[9] Ilten E. Conformable f ractional ord er controller d esign
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motor. COMPEL-Th e I nt J Comput Math E lectr
Electron Eng 2022;41:1528 – 41.
[10] Ilten E. Con formable Fractional Order Con troller
Design and Implemen tation fo r Per -Phase Vo ltage
Regulation of Three -Phase SEIG U nder Unbalan ced
Load. Electr Power Com ponents Syst 2022 ;50:636 –
48.
[11] İlten E , Dem irtaş M. Fraction al Or der PI λ Controller
Application for Lim ited Memory System. El -Cezeri
Fen ve Mü hendislik Derg n.d.;5:23 7– 42.
[12] İlten E . Asenkron motorun ds PIC taban lı kesirli PI hız
kontrol ü 20 13.
[13] TI. TMS320F28335 datash eet. 2022.
[14] Bose BK. Power electron ics an d variable freq uency
drives: techno logy and applications. IEEE p ress; 1 997.
Fig. 5 Testing o f the external mode p a nel
All Science s Proceedings
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5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
71
Estimation of pro ton-boron reactio n cross-sections by neural net works
Serkan Akkoyun *
1 Departmen t of Physics, S ivas Cumhuriyet Un iversity, Sivas, Türkiye
* (serkan.a kkoyun@g mail.com)
Abstract – The proton-boron fusion reaction is one of the interesting reactions in nuclear energy
production. The fact that neutrons and radio ac tive products do not come out as a result of the r eaction
makes these reactions sp ec ial. However, the realization of thi s r ea c tion is very dif ficult due to the low
reac tivity of th e plasma and high radi ation losses at temperatures achievable in today's fusion devices.
Therefore, it is important to determine the cross -sections of these reactions. In our study, we obtain ed the
cross-sections of proton -boron fusion reactions using the machine learning methods after performing
machine learning with the limited data ava ilable in the literature.
Keywords – Nuclear Rea ction, Cross-S ection, Machin e Learning
I. I NTRODUCTION
Proton-boron fusion is gaining renewe d interest
as a possi ble energy source. The reaction is
aneutronic and does not contain radioactive
species. P roton-boron fu sion has be en induc ed b y
high-power lasers. T he proton-boron fusion
reac tion produces three alpha particles with Q= 8.6
MeV. The reaction is of interest for work in the
field of stellar evolution, as well as for application
in an emerging form of enhanced-effect proton
therapy [1-4].
The correct determination of the r eaction cross -
section is an important issue. I n addition to the
experimental determination of cross-sections,
cross-sections can also be calculated using many
theoretica l models. As alternative approach to the
methods, machine learning was pe rformed using
experimental cross-secti on data in the p rese nt
study. Thus, it is aimed to obtain reliable cross -
sections for energies for which ava ilable
experimental data are not available. Estimates were
made using three different machine learning
models: Random Forest, Support Vector
Regression and Extreme Gradient Boosting. The
obtained results were c ompare d with each oth er
and with the availa ble ex perime ntal data.
II. M ATE RIALS AND M ET HOD
In order to obtain the cross -se ctions of proton-
boron reactions, machine learning wa s pe rformed
using the experimental data available in the
literature. The reaction of the protons on the 11 B
target causing the formation of alpha particle and
8 Be is discussed. Experimental cross-section data
of the proton beam in the energy range of 200 keV
to 3.5 MeV were taken f rom the EXFOR database
[5]. 73 of the 98 data were used in the tr aining
phase. In this study, ran dom forest (RF), support
vector regression (SVR) and extreme gradient
boosting (XGBoost) mo dels were us ed in machi ne
learning ca lculations.
The Random Forest (RF ) algorith m ba sed on
many decis ion tree structure s wa s firs t created by
Briema n [6] as a com binat ion of baggi ng an d
rando m subspac e approa ches. The trainin g datas et
is ran doml y divi ded int o sub-dat a. The RF f inal
estima te is determ ine d by avera ging al l the resu lts
from each tree to prod uc e an esti mate. Ho wever , to
increa se f orec ast success , trees that fa il the forec as t
resu lt are pr une d and their level of inf lue nce on the
fina l forec ast result is reduce d. By incre asin g t he
72
weig ht coe ff icient s of the trees that make the
corre ct predic t ion, more contri buti on is made to t he
corre ct pre diction.
Support Vector Reg ression (SVR) is a
supervised machine learning model with associated
learning algorithms that analyse data for regressi on
analysis and classification [7]. SVR is one of the
popular machine lea rning models that can be us ed
in classification probl ems or class assignment
where d ata cannot be se para ted linearly. A kern e l
is a function that places a low -dimensional plane
into a higher-dimensional space where it can b e
broken up using a plane . That is, data that is not
linearly separable is converted into separable data
by adding more dimensions. There are thr ee cores
that SVM uses most . Linear k ernel is dot p roduct
between two given observations, polynomial kernel
allows curved lines in input space, radial basis
function creates c omplex regions in feature space.
Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) initially
started as a r esearch proj ec t by Tianqi Chen [8] a s
part of the Distributed (Deep) Machine Learning
Community group. Notable features that mak e
XGBoost different from other gra dient boos ting
algorithms include, intelligent punishment of trees,
proportional shrinkage of leaf nodes, Newt on
upgrade, extra randomization parameter,
application and non- core computing on singl e,
distributed systems and automatic Feature
selection. XGBoost wo rks as a Newton-Raphson i n
function space, unlike gradient boosting which
works as a gradient descent in the function spac e, a
quadratic T aylor approximation is used in the loss
function to con -nect with the Newton Raphso n
method.
III. R ESULTS AND DISCUSS ION
According to the resu lts obtained from the
calculations performed with the RF model, the
RMSE value of the estimates is 4.02 mb, the MAE
value is 2.37 mb and the R 2 value is 0.92.
Comparative graph o f the obtained estimates
(predicte d) with th e avai lable exp erimental data in
the literature (observe d) i s as see n in Fig. 1.
Fig.1 Pro ton-boron rea ctio n sections fro m the RF model
versus ex perimental literature data
When the results obtained from the S VR model,
where the graph of the estimations against the
experimental data are given in Fig. 2, are
examined, it is seen that the RMSE, MAE and R 2
values are 2.45 mb, 1.57 mb and 0.79, re spectively.
Fig.2 Pro ton-boron rea ctio n sections fro m the SVR model
versus ex perimental literature data
In Fig. 3, the predictions obtained from the
XGBoost model are presented in compa rison wit h
the available experimental data in the literature.
According to the estimation results obtained, the
RMSE, MAE and R 2 values are 4.38 mb, 2.59 mb
and 0.92, respectively.
73
Fig.3 Pro ton-boron r eaction se ctions fro m the XGBoost
model versus experimental literature data
According to the results obtained from three
differe nt machine learning models, it i s seen th at
the smallest RMSE value is not obtained by the
SVR model in the predictions of the cross-sections
of the proton-boron reactions. It is s een that the
other successful model following this model is R F .
When MAE values are examined, it is seen that
SVR is the most successful model and RF follows
it. Looking at the R 2 values, it was seen that R F
and XGBoost had the highest R 2 values, while
SVR lagged behind them.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this study, the cross-section of the alpha
particle and the 8 Be product nucleus, which is
formed after the nuclear reaction that occurs as a
re sult of the proton beam in the energy range of
200 keV and 3.5 MeV, on the 11 B target was
investigated. The cross-s ec tions of these reactions
were estimated using three differe nt machine
learning models. According to the results obtained,
it was concluded that all three models can b e use d
for this purpose, and the most successful among
them is the SVR model.
R EFERENCES
[1] A. Tentori, F. Belloni, Revisiting p -11B fusion cross
section and reactivity, an d their an al ytic
approxim ations, Nucl. Fu sion 63 (2023) 0 86001.
[2] F.A. Geser, M. Valente, A theo retical model for the
cross section of the proton -boron fu sion nu clea r
reaction, Rad.Phys. Chem, 167 (2020) 108224.
[3] D. Mazzucco ni, et al., Proton bo ron fusion reaction : A
novel experimen tal strateg y for cross section
investigatio n, Rad.Phys. Chem, 204 (20 23) 110 727.
[4] M.H. Sikora, H.R. Weller, A new evaluation of t he
11B(p,a) aa reaction rates, J.Fusion Eng., 35 (2016) 538.
[5] N. Otuka, et al. , To wards a More Comp lete and
Accurate Exper ime ntal Nu clear Reaction Data Lib rary
(EXFOR): In ternational Collaboration Between Nu clear
Reaction Data Centres (NRDC), Nuclea r Data Sheets,
120 ( 2014) 272.
[6] L. Breiman , Rand om Forests, Mach. Lea rn. 45 ( 2001)
5.
[7] H. Druck e r, C.J.C. Sur ges, L. Kaufm a n , A. Smola, V.
Vapnik , Support Vector Regr ession Machines , Ad v.
Neural Inf. Process. Syst . 1 (1997) 155.
[8] T. Chen , C. Guestrin , XG Boost: A Scalab le Tr ee
Boosting System , arXiv:16 03. 02754v 3 (2016).
All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
74
Karma Yemlerde Kullanılan Bazı Yem Hammaddel erinin Mikroskopisi
Perihan Yılmaz 1 ve Asuman Arslan Dur u 1*
1 Zootekni B ölümü , Uşak Üniversite si , Türkiye
* duru.a [email protected]
Özet – Yem mikroskop isi, karma yemlerde kat ılması ve katılmaması gereken yem hammaddel erinin
stereo mikroskop altında incelenmesidir. Y em mikroskopisi, yemlerin makroskobik ve mikros kobik
analizler inin y apılmasını sağlamaktadır. Yemdeki hammaddelerin ç eşidini, kalitesini, miktarını ve
yabancı maddelerin varlığını tanımlayara k, hammaddenin ve karma ye min kalitesini belirlemekte dir.
Yem hammaddelerinde ve ka rma y emlerde kimyasal analiz yönte mleriyle gen ellikle kalite k ontrolü
yapılmaktadır. Son derec e doğru sonuç vermesine rağmen kim yasa l anali z yöntemleri için uzun zaman
gerekmekte olup, örneğin karar v erme sürecinde yem fabrikalarında hammadde a lımı esna sında süreç
oldukça uzamaktadır. Kali te kontrolü yapan labor atuvar larda da zaman ka ybı yaşanmakta ve ciddi gideri
yüksek metotl a rdır. B u zaman ve maddi kayı plar ın en aza indirebil mesi için alternatif yöntemler
konusunda çalışmalar yoğunlaşmıştı r. B u yöntemlerde n biri de yemlerin mikroskobik i ncelemedir. Yem
mikroskopisi, stereo mikroskop kullanılarak yemlerin fiziksel m uayenesi, değerlendirilmesi ve
incelenmesi sürecini içermektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, karma yemle rde yer alan bazı protein ve enerji k a ynağı ham madd elerinin s tere o
mikroskopla altında incelenme sidir.
Anah tar Kelimeler – Yem Hammad de, Protein, Enerji, Mikroskop i, Kalite, Fiziksel Anali z
I. GİRİŞ
Yem mikroskopisi, stereo mikroskop kullanılarak
yemlerin fiz iksel muayenesi, değerlendirilmesi ve
incelenmesidir. Yem mikroskopisinin temeli
bilinen materyallerle ka rşılaştırma esasına dayanır.
Bu yöntemle, yem hammaddelerinin çeşidinin,
kalitesinin tanıml anmasını, maddelerin miktarını n
belirlenmesini ve yabancı maddeler in varlığı il e
ilgili bilgi edinilmesini sağlamaktadır [1]. Yem
mikroskopisi yöntemiyle, daha hızlı ka rar
verilebilmek adına yem hammaddelerinin v e/veya
karma yemlerin kalitesi belirlenebilmektedi r.
İnceleme , genellikle tak lit tağşiş gibi hileli olup
olmadığı, böceklenme, küflenme ve yaba ncı madde
varlığı gibi organoleptik özelliklerini hakkındadır.
Maalesef fiyatı ve k alitesi yüksek hammaddelerin
maliyetini azaltmak için düşük besin değerli ve
ucuz yabancı maddeler karıştırılmaktadır. Böyle bir
durumun tespit edilmesine olanak kılar. Hatta il eri
seviyede tecrübe kazanıldığı nda içerdikleri ham
besin madde içeriklerinin yem mikroskopisiyle
yaklaşık olarak tahmin edebilmesine yardımcı
olabilmektedir [2-5].
Karma yemler dökme veya pelet formda
olabilmektedir. Dökme ka rma yemlerin
incelenmesi daha ko laydır. P elet yemlerin
mikroskobik incelemesi öncesinde bu yemlerin
suda bekletilmesi ve sonrasında sü zülerek
kurutulur. Suda bekleme aşamasında hammaddeler
renkle ri değişime uğray arak birbirlerinin renklerini
almaktadır. Su çekip şiş tiklerinden ve sonrasında
kurutuldukları için fiziksel görüntülerinde de
değişiklik olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle pelet ka rma
yemlerin incelenme si oldukça zordur [2].
Mikroskobik analizlerde deneyim kazanabilmek
için progra mlı bir çalışma ve sür e kli pratik yapmak
gereklidir. Hammadde içeriği ve kaliteleri
hakkında bil gi edinmek kimyasal analiz lerle saatler
almasına rağmen, mikroskopi ile 5 -10 dakikada
sonuçlanabilmektedir. Yem mikroskopisi yem
üretim işlemleri için geliştirilen entegre kalite
75
kontrol programlarının önemli ve en önce
başvurulması gere ken bir parç asıdır [1].
Bu çalışmada, karma yemlerde ye r alan b azı
enerji ve protein kaynağı yem hammaddelerinin
mikroskobik a nalizi ya pılarak ka litelerinin
belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM
A. Cihazlar ve Ekipmanlar
Yem hammaddelerinin mi kroskobik incelenmesi
esnasında kullanılan cihaz ve sarf malz e meler
aşağıda sıralanmıştır:
Şekil 1. Elek Takımı
Şekil 2. Üçlü Petri Kabı
Şekil 3. Stereo Mikroskop
B. Reaktifler
Bu araştırma kapsamında karbon t etraklorür,
hidroklorik asit çözeltisi, gümüş nitrat çözeltisi,
potasyum hidroksit çözeltisi, 4 -di metil amino
benzaldehit kullanılmıştır .
C. Analiz İçin Numune Hazırlama
İncelenen numunenin tamamını temsil etmesi
gerektiğinden en a z 100 g örnek , öğütülmeden
önceki hali ile mikroskobik incelenme ye alınmıştır .
D. Analiz
Mikroskobik incelemede genelde y em örnekleri
ilave işlem uygulanmadan direk incelen e bilir.
Mevcut çalışma k apsamında, incelenen örnekler
hakkında dah a fazla bil gi edinebilmek için ön emli
ilave işlemler eleme, pelet yemlerin açılması ve
flotasyon yapılmıştır.
E. Dökme Yemlerin Mikroskobik Analizi
Elek takımında elenerek örne kler
fraksiyonlarına ayrılmıştır. Kaba fraksiyonun
partikül büyüklüğü 1.0 mm ’de n büyük, orta
fraksiyonun partikül büy üklüğü 0,5 mm büyük 1, 0
mm ’den küçük ve ince fraksiyonun partikül
büyüklüğü 0.5 mm küçüktür. Fraksiyonlara
ayırmak dökme karma yemin incelenmesi ni
kolaylaştırır. Elemeden i nce lenirse toz halindeki
parçacıklar kaba parçacıklara yapıştığından teşhis
ve tanımayı güçleştirir.
Şekil 4 . Üst Üste Koy ulmuş Elek Tak ımı
Şekil 5 . Frak siyonlara Ayrılmış Dökme Yem
Petri kabına konulan örnekler mikroskopta
incelenirken öncelikle okülerin göz bebekleri ara
76
mesafesi, ışık ve netlik ayarı yapılar a k en kü çük
büyütmede incelemeye alınmış ve daha sonra
örnekler uygun büyütm elerle inc elenmeye d evam
edilmiştir. Her fra ksiyon ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir.
Şüpheye düşüldüğünde, kesin sonuca
varabilmek için koleksiyondaki örnekler ile
karşılaştırma yapılmıştır.
F. Pelet Yemlerin Mikrosk obik Analizi
Pelet yemler be her içerisinde arada bir
karıştırılarak sud a açılana ka dar b ekletilmiştir.
Daha sonra 1 mm’lik süzgec in içinde tazyi kli
suyun altında yıkanmıştır. Kurutma kağıdına
alınarak etüvde veya oda sıcaklığınd a
kurutulmuştur. Petri kabına alarak mikroskopta
incelenmiştir. P elet yemlerin incelenmesi dökme
yemlere göre daha zordur. Bunun nede ni de sul u
ortamda bekledikleri için hammaddelerin yapıları
ve re nkleri doğal halleri ni ka ybetmiş ve birbirin e
çok benzemektedir. Pelet ye mlerde suda
eriyebilen tuzları suda çözündükleri için görünmesi
mümkün değildir.
G. Flotasyon Sonrası M ikroskobik Analiz
Flotasyonun amacı, yo ğunluktan yararlanarak
örneği a yırılmasını sağlamaktır. Behere
yerleştirilen örnek çeker ocağa alınmış ve üzerine
karbon tetraklorür il ave edilerek bir süre
beklenmiştir. Çöken kısım (sediment) ve yüzen
kısım (flotat) birbirinden ayrı p etriler e alınarak
kurutulmuştur. Daha s onra Stereo mikroskop ta
incelenmesi gerçekleştirilmişti r. Sedimentteki
mineraller maddeler ve varsa et - kemik unu, b alık
unu, kanatlı unu kalıntıları görüle rek miktarı
hakkında yorum yapılmıştır.
III. BULGULAR
A. Buğday
Şekil 6 . Beklem iş Buğday Danesi
Buğday, çeşitlerine b ağlı olarak açık sa rıdan
kahvere ngiye ka dar değişen re nklerdedir. Bil inen
daneler yaklaşık olarak yumurta şeklinde, 6 -8 mm
boyundadır ve bir tarafında d erin bir yarık
mevcuttur, sivri olmayan bölümünde ise, tüy
demeti bulunmaktadır. Dane nin ya klaşık üç te b iri
uzunluğunda olan embriyonun bulunduğu yer, dane
yüzeyinin buruşmuş olmasından dolayı ne t bir
şekilde görülmektedir [2]. Embriyo, çıpla k gözle
kolayca görülebilen, küçük boyutlarda, tohumun
arka kısm ında aş ağı ucundadır [6 ]. (G assner,
1973). Bazı çeşitleri un umsu yapıdadır. Ezilmesi
veya kırılm ası oldukça kolaydır. Diğer bazı
çeşitleri, çakmak taşına benzemekte ve kırılmaya
karşı oldukça da yanıklıdır [2].
B. Çavdar
Şekil 7 . Yeşilimsi Çavd ar Danesi
Şekil 8 . Kav uzlu Yulaf Danesi v e İçi
Çavdar buğdaya olduk ça benzemekte olup, ayırt
etmekte sıkıntı çekilebilmektedir [2]. Çavdarın
danesi, narin ve uzundur ancak buğda yın danesi
daha bodur ve k alın bir yapıya s ahiptir. Çavdar
danesinin üst yüzeyi hafifçe kırı şık olup buğda y
danesinin oldukça düzdür [7]. Ç avdarın rengi
zeytinimsiden grimsi yeşile kadar değişebildiği
gibi kırmızımsı ç avdar daneleri de vardır [6]. Bu
farklı renk mikroskop altında çavdarı tanımlamada
bize yardımcı olabilir. Yulaf daneleri 2 -3 c m
u zunluğunda her iki ucu sivri olmakla birlikte alt
kısmı daha sivridir. Kavuzun biçimi ve anatomik
77
yapısı karakteristiktir. Kavuzları çok kolay kırılır.
Sert parlak cilalı gibidir. Kolay tanınan bir
hammaddedir. Yulaf içinin her tarafı tüylü
yumuşak, diğer buğdaygil danelerinden daha u zun
ince bir yapıya sahiptir. Yulafın rengi beyazdan
koyu sarıya hatta griye kadar d eğişiklik
gösterebilir. Hafif bastırıldığında içi kolayca çıkar.
Yulaf, kavuz or anı en yüksek buğdaygiller
arasındadır. Bununla birlikte, arpa da olduğu gibi iç
kısımla yapışık olm a dığından kavuzu mek anik
yolla daneden ayrılabilmektedir. Kavuzun
anatomik ve yapısı biçimi ka rakteristik olduğundan
bütün dane kolayca tanınabilmektedir [2].
C. Mısır Kepeği
Şekil 9 . Mısır Kepeği
Mısır kepeği, mı sır danesinden nişasta veya un
elde edilirken ortaya çık an az bir miktar nişastal ı
kısım veya embriyo ihtiva eden v eya hiç etmeyen,
bir yan üründü r [8 ]. Mı sır kepeği, çoğunlukla bir
yaş öğütme ürünüdür. Tırnağımız gibi çizgili, cilalı
gibi parlak, saydam görünümlüdür.
D. Sorgum
Şekil 10 . Sorgum T anesi
Daneler i şekil, boyut ve renk olarak çok
değişkendir. Daha çok yuvarlağımsı şeklindedir.
Kırmızı, kahverengi sa rımsı morumsu veya bu
renklerin kombinasyonu şeklinde olabili r. Bitkiye
bağlantı kısmında belirgi n siyahlık vardır . Kırı lmış
parça ları c amsı, se rt ve basınca karşı dir enç lidir.
[2].
E. Soya Fasulyesi Küspesi
Soya fasulyesinin yağ ı alındıktan sonra geriye
kalan yan ürün küsp e sidir. Soya fasulyesi küspesi,
son derece ön emli bir hayvan yemidir ve
endüstrinin çeşitli kollarında ham madde olarak da
kullanılmaktadır. Soya fasulyesi küspesi genelde
solvent ekstra ksiyon yöntemi ile (e kstraksiyon)
veya mekanik b asınç uygulanarak ü retilmiş
(ekspeller) olabilir. Eksp eller küspe parçaları d aha
koyu renkte, iri, kaba parçalı ve daha yağlıdı r.
Ekstraksiyon soya fas ulyesi küspesi birbirine
yapışmış topaklar, kümeler şeklinde görülür.
İçerisinde kesinlikle karakteristik özellikteki
kabuğu ve tohum göbeği bulunur. Krem renginde n
solgun kırmızımsı ve kahvere ngine kad ar değişik
renklerde olabili r. Koyu kahverengi renk, soya
fasulyesi küspesinde yüksek ısı işl emle muamele
edildiğini göstermektedir. Çok açık renk,
ekstraksiyon küspele rinde yüksek üreaz
aktivitesinin olduğunu dolaysıy la düşük ısıl işleme
maruz kaldığına işarettir.
Şekil 11 . Soya Fasuly esi Küspesi
F. Et -Kemik Unu
Şekil 12 . Et -kemik unu
Rendering ürünlerinin kurutulup öğütülmüş
halidir. Çoğunlukla kemik, bağ doku ve iskelet
kaslarından oluşu r. An cak kıl, deri, boynuz ve
tırnağa da r astlana bilir. 3 -4 mm boyutun a kadar
değişen büyüklükt e tozlu katı bir maddedir. Yağlı
78
görünümlü olup partikül boyutu değişkendir. Re ngi
beyazdan beje griye, açık sarıdan koyu kahveye
kadar değişebilir. Tüy ve kemik her zaman
bulunur. Açık bronz, gri renkli kayaya b enzer
kemikler ya da topak halinde beyaz kemikler
bulunur [2]. Pens ile kırmak parçalamak mümkü n
değildir. Kireç taşına benzediğinden hammadde
tespitinde yanılgıya neden olabilir. Kararsız
kalındığı durumda üzerine bir damla hidroklorik
asit çözeltisi damlatılır, köpürürse kemik olm adığı
kesinleşir .
G. Balık Unu
Şekil 13 . Balık unu
Balığın yağı alınıp ya da alınmadan temiz,
kurutulmuş, öğütül müş halidir. Balık kemikleri ve
kılçıkları inci parlaklığındadır. Kemik parçalarının
şekli çok çeşitli, spesifiktir. Büyük parç alar düzgün
yüzeylidir [ 1]. Kemik u nuna göre daha şeffaftı r.
Saydam ve kırılg an pul lar görülür. Kum s aa tin e
benzer şekilde omurga parçaları bulunur. Ayrıca
küre şeklinde buzlu c ama benzeyen kırıldıkça
içinden başka küre çıkan gözler bulunur. K ana tlı
rasyonuna hayvansal kökenli hammaddeler az
miktarda ilave edildiği nden ele me yöntemi ile
tespit etmek güçtür. Ayrıca ruminant yemle rine
hayvansal kök enli hammadde katkısı yas ak
olduğundan oldukça h assas bir konudu r. Bu
nedenle flotasyon yöntemi kolaylık sağlamaktadır.
Flotat da ayrı petriye alınıp incelenebilir. Tüm
örnek ve fraksiyonlar stereo mi kroskop altında
incelenerek bileşe nler listelenir.
H. Üre
Şekil 14 . Üre
Geviş getiren hayvanların rasyonlarına protein
kaynağı olarak ilave edilen kimyasal bir madd edir.
Kar beyazı veya bu zlu cam gibi, yaklaşık 1 mm
çaplı küre şeklinde ışılt ılı görünüme sahiptir.
Parçalanma mış hali stereo mi kroskopta kolaylıkla
tespit edilebilir. Öğütülm üş halde katılmış ise tespit
edilmesi güçtür. Ye mek tuzu v e kireç t aşına
benzetilebilir. Öğütülmüş olarak katıldı ğından
şüphe edilirse hızlı test uygulanır. Saat camı
üzerine sü zge ç kağıdı koyulup bir miktar karma
yem örneği dökülür. Yaklaşık 10 ml 4-dimetil
amino benzaldehit dök ülerek bir sür e bekl enir.
Süzgeç kağıdı limon sarısı renge boy a nırsa ü re
varlığı düşünülmelidir [1]. V a rlığı ve mi ktarı
konusunda kesin hüküm vermek için kimyasal ü re
analizi yapılmalıdır.
İ. Bazı Taklit ve Tağşiş Örnek leri
Süpürge Tohumu
Şekil 15 . Süpürge to humu
Sorguma benzediğinden karma yemlere hile
amaçlı katılmaktadır. Ancak besin değeri olar ak
sorgumdan çok düşük düze ydedir. Stereo
mikroskopta rahatlıkla a yırt edilebilir.
85
considering that chlorop hyll is a clear indicator of
water stress, the osmotic incompatibil it y
experienced with salinity stress can b e evaluated as
a different explanation for decreased chlorophy ll
content of spinach with i ncre asing irrigation water
salinity. Ors and Ekinci [4] re ported that the
chlorophyll func tions of the plant a re damaged as a
result of the plant's inab ility to provide sufficient
water from the soil and the weakening of nutri ent
uptake under drought str ess conditions. Deveci and
Tugrul [18] stated that increasing salinity in two
differe nt spin ach v arie ties decreased the chlorophy ll
content of th e plant. The decrease in the l ea f relative
water content of the spinach with increasing
irrigation wa ter salinity can be evaluate d due to
drought stress caused by salinity and li mited water
uptake from the soil. C onsidering that the w ater
consumption of the plant has a li near r elationship
with the leaf relative water content [19], it is
expected effect that the the leaf relative w ater
content of the spinach decrea ses with the increasing
salinity stress. Basdic and Kaba y [17] stated that
increasing salinity in two different spinach varieties
decreased the lea f relative water cont ent of the pla nt.
The increas e in membrane damage o f spinach with
increasing irrigation water salinity ca n be explained
by the decrea se in the leaf r elative water content
under increased stress c onditions. The significant
(p<0.01) neg a tive correlation relationship of
membrane damag e with leaf relative water content
also supports this situation (Table 2). The increa se
in leaf temperature with the decrease in the w ater
content of the lea f may cause damag e to the cell
membrane syst e ms an d increase th e index of
damage to the cell membrane systems as a result of
the damage to the m esophyll cells [20]. Osmotic
stress causes a decrease in the le af relative water
content, the closure of st omata, an increase in leaf
temperature, damage to the membrane systems of
the cell, and cell death at a later stage, respectively
[21]. Deveci and Tugrul [18] stated that increasing
salinity in two different spinach varieties incr ea sed
the membrane damage o f the plant.
The increase in plant height, leaf number and area,
and shoot wet weight of spinach with the increa se d
mixing ratio of biochar to the soil can be explained
by the specific surface a re a feature of the biochar
and its nutrient -providing contribu tion to the soil.
The specific surface area of the biochar acts as a
mechanism that provides nutrients to the soil, as
well as the ability to use soil water and nutrients
more efficiently [22]. Biochar adjusts the physic al
properties of the soil such as water holdi ng capacity,
aggrega te stability, aerat ion and bulk density an d
chemical properties su ch as nutrient holding
capacity, electrical conductivit y, soil reaction and
cation exchange capacity at a level where the pla nt
can benefit from soil water and n utrients more
effectively [23]. In addition, considering the
regulating effect of organic matter in the soi l wat er
balance , it is possible t hat the plant height, le af
number and area and shoot wet weight of t he
spinach increased as a result of the increased mi xing
ratio of the biochar to th e soil and the organic matter
in the soil to manage the soil water more e ffectively
and the spinach to benefit from the soil water more
effectively. Xiang e t al. [ 24] reported that instead of
accumulating root biomass of plants grown in
biochar-treated soil, they use the root profile to
absorb soil wa ter and nutrients more effectively and
reflect this on their yields. I n addition, the sel ective
effect of biochar on some elements in the soil
solution and removing soluble salt s from the root
zone also en c ourages the development of the
physical properties of the plant [25 ]. S imilar to the
findings of thi s study, it has been stated in many
studies that biochar application regulates the grow th
of the plant under d rought and salt stress an d
improves the physica l properties related to yi eld
[25, 26, 27, 28].
The increase in the chlorophyll c ontent of spinach
with the increa sed mixing ratio of biochar to the soil
can be e valuated due to both the biochar's effects on
the soil providing nutrients such as N and Fe that
encoura ge the development of chlorophyll, and o n
the protec tive effects of s oil moisture. Younis et al.
[29] stated that the chlor ophyll content of spinach
grown in biochar soil increased compared to spinach
grown in soil without biochar, thanks to t he
nutrients provided by biochar to the soil and thus to
the plant. Akhtar et al. [2 3] repo rte d that chloroplast
development increased as a result of the plant
growing in biochar- treated soil accessing soil wa ter
more easily. Similarly, as a result of the effe ct of
biochar facilitating the plant's access to water, in th is
study, it was observed that the leaf relative water
content of the spinac h increased with the incre asing
mixing ratio of bioch ar to the soil . In addition, as a
result of the effect of biochar to increase the strengt h
of the bond between soil a ggregates, the increase in
the leaf relative water content of the spinach with
the increasing mixing rati o of biochar to the soil ca n
86
be explained by the plant' s more effective use of so il
moisture. Kul et al. [25] stated that the increa se in
water storage of the plant as a result of the
improvement of soil aggregate stru cture and th e
development of soil organic matter with the
application of biochar increa ses the leaf relat ive
water content. S imilarly, Yildirim e t al. [30] also
reported that the leaf rel ative water content of the
plant increased with the improvement of th e
moisture balance in the soil as a result of the
increase in the soil orga nic matter of the biochar.
Considering the significa nt (p<0.01) negative
corre lation relationship of leaf relative water
content with membrane damage (Table 2),
increasing leaf relative water content with the
increased mixing ratio of biochar to the soil can
explain the de crease d me mbrane damage. Laghari et
al. [8] stated that although biochar reduces th e
plant's Na uptake from the soil, it increases the
uptake of nutrients such as Ca, Mg and K from the
soil solution and reduc es the damage to the
membrane systems e ven under stress conditions.
Similarly, Lyu et al. [31] also reported that the
biochar application redu c es the membrane damage
of the pl ant under drought stress conditions. S imilar
to the findings of this study, it has been stated i n
many studies that biochar application regula tes the
growth of the plant under drought and salt stress and
improves the physiological properties related to
yield [22, 32, 33, 34].
IV. C ONCLUSION
In this study, which investigated the effects of
biochar application into the soil against irrigation
water s alinity in spina ch cultivation on som e
physical and physiologi c al properties of the plant,
plant height, leaf number and area, shoot wet weight
from physical properties of spinach a nd c hlorophyll
and leaf relative water contents from physiological
properties of spina ch d ecrease d with increasin g
irrigation water salinity levels and the membrane
damage decreased, while the physi c al and
physiological properties of spinach increased wit h
the increasing mixing rati o of biochar to the s oil,
excluding membrane da mage . Since the mi xing of
biochar to the soil of sp inac h grown in irrigation
water salinity conditions improves the physical and
physiological properties of spinach, in this study, it
was found that it can be r ec ommended to mixing of
biochar into the soil at a rate of 3% by we ight in the
cultivation of spinach in sandy clay loamy soil, in
the use of salty water in irrigation. However, in
order to obtain more c omprehensive information on
this subject, detailed fie ld studies under different
irrigation water salinity a nd biochar r atios have also
emerged as a recomme ndable result.
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All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
88
Investigation o f the Effects of 0W2 0 and 10W40 Lubrica ting Oils on
Cylinder Liner W ear
Idris Cesur * 1 a nd Beytullah Eren 2 ,3
1 Departmen t of Mechanica l Engineering /Faculty of Techno l ogy , Sakarya University o f Applied Sciences , Türkiye
2 Departmen t of Environmen tal Engineering /Faculty of Enginee ring , Sa k arya Un iversity, Türkiye
3 Halfeti Voca tional Schoo l, Harran Un iversity, Halfeti, Şanlıurfa , Türkiye
* (icesur@sub u.edu.tr)
Abstract – Proper lubrication regime in engines significantly impacts engine performance, fuel effici enc y,
durability, and environmen t. Lubrication regimes reduce fr iction between engine components, control
wear, and ensure long -lasting parts. This study conducted experiments on a wear-testing devi ce to
determine the amount of wear between the pist on ring and cylinder p air. The experimen tal work was
performe d at different lo ads and speeds. The t ribological properties of 0W20 and 10W40 lub ric ating oils
were examined in the study. As a result of the experimental work, when using 10W40 lubricating oil in
the wear t esting device, l ower cylinde r wear was observed comp are d to us ing 0W20 lubricating oil. The
study found that the amount of wear increases as the load on the cylinder sample increases. The
maximum cylinder wear was obtained under an 80N load. The minimum cylinder wear w as determined
under a 40N load. SEM images of the cylinder sa mples were a lso examined to determine the damage after
wear.
Keywords – Cylin der Liner, Wea r , Engine Oil, Wear Device
I. I NTRODUCTION
Engines are indispensabl e power sour ces for the
industrial and transportation sectors [1]. Proper
lubrication and wear control are crucial for engines
to operate efficiently an d have a long li fe span [2].
Engine oils reduce friction between moving parts
inside the engine and pre vent wear [3].
Additionally, the lubricating oils used improve the
lifespan of components and re duce repair time.
Therefore, oils play an essential role in managing
and minimizing the wear process of engine pa rts
[4].
Cylinder wear is one of the most common types
of wear in engines. Th e cylinder is the part that
covers th e inner surface of the cylinder and where
the piston moves [5,6]. Engine oils are designed to
reduce cylinder wear and keep this process under
control through proper lubrication [7] . Oils cre ate a
thin film layer on th e cylinder surface, reduci ng
friction and preventing wear [8,9]. Different
factors, such as the chemical composition of oils,
viscosity index, and anti-wear additives, determine
their eff ects on cylinder w ea r. Oils with high leve ls
of anti-wear additives and an appropriate viscosity
range can effectively control cylinder wear [ 9,10].
The oils used in engines are exposed to dif ferent
temperatures. The vis cosity of oil s varies at
differe nt temperatures. Therefore , different
lubrication regimes occ ur in engines based on
operating conditions [11]. Hydr odynamic, Mixed,
and Boundary Lubri ca ti on conditions occur in t he
moving parts of engines . The goal of lub rica tion
systems is to ensure the occurrence of the
hydrodynamic lubrication regime under all
conditions and the formation of an oil film between
the parts inst ea d of metal - to - metal contact. This
improves engine efficiency. Therefore, th e correct
selection of oils used in engines and determining
the operating c onditions are significant [11,12].
89
Johansson et al. conducted experimental
investigations on friction and wear b etwe en th e
cylinder and piston ring. They used 10W40 oil as
the lubrica nt in their experimental study. Th e
results showed that the differences in friction were
related to the conditions of oil film formation,
while surface roughn ess was independent of
material properties [13]. Truhan et al. used a w ear
testing device to exa mine wear between t he
cylinder and piston ring pair. They performe d
experiments using Jet A aviation fuel, miner a l oi l,
and new, using 15W40 engine oils as lubricants.
They investigated the friction and wear behavior of
the piston ring mate ria l under different lubrication
regimes, temperatures, and loads. The ir
experiments with dif ferent lubricants under th e
same conditions found t hat the friction coefficient
was highest fo r Jet A fuel and low est for use d
15W40 oil . That wear w as directly proportional t o
friction force [14]. Keller et al. researched t o
examine the effects of material chemica l
composition and microstructure on cylinder lin er
wear in heavy -duty diese l engines. They use d a
commercial synthetic oi l with a viscosity of 5W30
specifica lly designed for diesel engines as t he
lubricant. After the application of a tribological
film, a decrease in wear r ates w as observed [15].
In this study, the amount of cylinder wear was
experimentally investigated under low engine
speeds and different loads, which are t he
conditions where friction and wear occur m ost
prominently in engines. The lubricants used were
10W40 semi-synthetic oil and 0 W20 full synthetic
oil. Additionally, S EM images were examined to
determine the damage that occurred on the cylinder
samples after wear.
II. M AT ERIALS AND M ET HOD
In the experimental stud y, a wear testing device
was utilized to determine the amount of wear. The
wear-testing device mov es linearly ( Figure 1). A
DC motor provides the motion in the wear-testi ng
device. A controller was used to control the DC
motor in the wear-testing device to enable testing
at different spee ds.
A heating system an d control unit were
employed to c ontrol the opera ting temperatu re
during the experiments and ensure c onsistent
conditions for each test. This allowed for
conducting experiments under the same conditions
for each test and obtaining reliable results.
Fig. 1 Wear device
The we ar experiments were conducted at
operating spe eds of 50, 75, and 100 rpm with loads
of 40N, 60N, and 80 N, respectively. Different
piston ring-cylinder pairs were used in each
experimental stage t o examine the wear
character istics occurring between them. The
working temperature of the lubricating oil was set
at 30°C throughout the experime nts.
To determine the amount of wear, the weight
differe nce method was employed. A precision
balance with a sensitivity of 0.0001 g was used to
measure the wear. Before and after ea ch
experiment, the cylinder and pist on ring pairs wer e
cleane d with ethyl alcoh ol. The wear amount was
calculated by taking the difference between t he
measured values.
For lubri cation, 0W20 and 10W40 lubricants
were used in the experiments. The lubricants were
supplied to the system using a drip method at a rat e
of 0.5 ml per hour. The characteristics of the
lubricants used in the experiments are provided i n
Table 1.
Table 1 . Properties of lubricatin g oils
Properties
0W20
Oil
10W40
Oil
Kinematic V iscosity 40 o C mm 2 /s
42.22
84.1
Viscosity I ndex
168
156
Intensity 15 o C kg/m 3
848.9
866
Pour Poin t
- 42
- 42
III. R ESULTS
This study uses different lubricants to investigate
the segment wear amount between the piston ring -
cylinder pair. Figure 2 s hows the variations in the
90
cylinder wear amount at differe nt sliding velocities
under a 40N load. From the figure, it can be
observed that the wear amount decreases with a n
increase in rotational speed for the 10W40
lubricant. The maximum wear amount occurs at 50
rpm, while the minimum is obtaine d at 100 rpm.
Similar results were obtaine d for the 0W20
lubricant. The decrease in wear amount with
increasing speed is attri buted to the reduction in
tangential force with increasing velocity. When
comparing the w ea r amount s between the two
lubricants, the best result is obtained with the
10W40 lubricant. A lower wear amount is
observed with the 10W40 lubrica nt at all speeds.
The lower we ar amount with the 10W40 lubric ant
is attributed to its higher viscosity, which promotes
the domi nanc e of hydrodynamic lubrication
between th e piston ring-cylinder p air under load
and prevents the transition to mi xed or boundary
lubrication regimes.
Fig. 2 Chan ge of liner wear amoun t of 0W20 a nd 10W40
lubricatin g oils under 40N load
When comparing the wear amounts, it is
observed that the maxi mum friction coefficient is
obtained at 50 rpm, wit h values of 0.0113 g and
0.0137 g for the 0W20 and 10W40 lub rica nts,
respec tively. The mi nimum wear amount is
determined at 100 rpm, with values of 0.0106 g
and 0.0112 g for the 0 W20 and 10W40 lubricants,
respec tively.
Figure 3 illust ra tes the cylinder wear amount
under a 60N load. According to Figure 3, it is
observed that the wear amount is higher with the
use of the 0W20 lubricant compare d to the 10W40
lubricant. The experimental results show that the
maximum wea r amount with the 0W20 lubricant is
0.0159 g at 50 rpm. Under the same conditions,
this value is 0.0148 g for the 10W40 lubricant.
When investigating the conditions with the lowe st
wear amount, it is found to be 0.0153 g at 100 rpm
for the 10W40 lubricant. Under th e same
conditions, this value is 0.0103 g for the 0W20
lubricant.
Fig. 3 Chan ge of liner wear amoun t of 0W20 a nd 10W40
lubricatin g oils under 60N lo a d
The variation of cylinde r wear amounts unde r an
80N load in the experimental setup is shown in
Figure 4. Th e values in t he figur e indicate that the
wear amount with the 0W20 lubricant is higher
than that with the 10W 40 lubricant at all speed s.
Ac cording to the results obtained from the
experiment, the maximu m wear amount occurs at
50 rpm when using the 0W20 lubricant, with a
value of 0.0211 g. I n c ontrast, the wear amou nt
obtained with the 10W40 lubricant under the sa me
conditions is 0.0153 g. The minimum wear amount
is observed at 100 rpm with the 10W40 lubricant,
measuring 0.0138 g, while under the same
conditions, using the 0W20 lubricant results in a
wear amount of 0.0203 g.
Fig. 4 Chan ge of liner wear amount of 0 W20 and 10W40
lubricatin g oils under 80N load
91
Figure 5 displ ays the SEM images illustrating the
wear amount on the cy linder sample. Both pr e -
wear and post-wear S EM images of the cylinder
sample are presented. The SEM images wer e
captured for the 0W20 lubricant at 50 rpm and 80N
load. Upon examining the wear pattern, it can be
observed that the ho ning marks are ne arly
disappearing. The wear amount is clearly visible
according to the provide d data in the gr aph.
a)
b)
Fig. 5 a) 0W20 cylinder liner befor e wear b) 0W20 p ost wear
cylinder liner
Figure 6 illustrates the wear marks observed
using 10W40 lubrica ting oil at 80N and 50 rp m.
Upon examining the figure, it can b e seen that the
honing marks are still visible. We can interpret that
it undergoes less wear compared to the 0W20
lubricant.
a)
b)
Fig. 6 a) 10W40 cylinder liner bef ore wear b) 10W40 post
wear cylin der liner
IV. CONCLUSION
This study investigated the variations in cylinder
liner wear betw ee n piston rings and cylinder
surfaces using different lubricants. The following
results were obtained from the experimental study:
- The wear amount varies depending on the
speed, with wear decreasing as the rotational spee d
increases.
- Minimum wear values were observed at
100 rpm, while maximum wea r values we re
recorded at 50 rpm.
- The minimum cylinder liner wear was
observed with the use of 10W40 lubrica ting oil.
Cylinder liner wear is a significant factor that
affects engine performance. Rough surfaces an d
geometric changes result ing from wear hinde r ga s
flow within the cylinder, reduce compression, an d
decrease combustion efficienc y. This le ads t o
92
decreased engine power, increased fu el
consumption, and perf ormance degradation. It is
crucial to employ a proper lubrication regime a nd
use oil s with suit able viscosity to reduce cylinder
liner wear to miti ga te these adverse effects. Using
appropriate lubricants in engines plays a vital role
in controlling cylinder liner wea r, enhancing
engine performance, and ensuring long-lasting
operation.
From an environmental perspective, a proper
lubrication regime in engines has positive
outcomes, including r educed friction, improved
energy effi c iency, lo wer fuel consumption,
decreased emissions, minim ize d oil consumption
and waste gen era tion, a nd reduced environ mental
impact associated with lubricant produc tion.
R EFERENCES
[1] J. Smith, et al., Friction and Wear Testing of Motor
Oils. Journal of Lubrication Science, 45(2), 1 23 -135,
2018.
[2] R. Brown, P. Tho mpson, Impact of Viscosity Index
Improver s on Piston Ring and C ylinder Liner Wear .
SAE I nternational Jou rnal of Eng ines, 12 (3), 131 -1 38,
2019.
[3] B.S. An dersson, Compan y p erspective in veh icle
tribolog y – Volvo, 17th Leeds -Lyon Symposium on
Tribolo g y – Veh icle Tribology, Tribolog y Ser ., 18:503 -
506, 1991.
[4] L. Zh a ng, et al. , Investigation of An ti-wear
Perform ance of Lubricants with Dif ferent Add itives in
Cylinder Lin er and Piston Ring Contacts. Lu bricants,
8(9), 82, 2020.
[5] J.B. Hey wood, Internal Com bustion Engin e
Fundam entals, McGraw- Hill Inc., New York, 1988 .
[6] R. Jo hnson, Engine Oil Viscosity an d Performan ce: A
Review. Trib ology Today, 56(3), 67 -7 8 , 2019.
[7] S.C. Tu ng, H. Gao, Tribological char ecteristic and
surface inter action between piston ring coating and a
blend of energy-co nserving o ils and ethanol fu els,
Wear, 255 : 1 276 -1285, 2003.
[8] M. Priest, C. Taylor, Automobile engine tribology -
appro ac hing the s urface. Wear 2000; 241: 193 – 203.
[9] İ. Cesur, V. Ayhan, A. Parlak, Ö. A, Sav aş, Z. Aydin,
The Effects of Diff erent Fuels on Wear between Piston
Ring an d Cylin der. Adv Mech Eng 2014; 6 : 503212.
https://doi.o rg/10.1155/2014/503 212.
[10] R. Tay lor, Engine f riction: T he inf luence o f lubricant
rheolo gy. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology
1997; 211: 235 – 246.
[11] H. Kahraman, İ. Cesur, B. Eren, A. Çoban, An Ar tificial
Neural Network and Taguchi App r oach to the
Optimization of Wear and Friction fo r Biodiesel Fuel,
Journal of Polytechnic, ( ): 1 - 1.
[12] J. Tamm inen, C.E. San dström, P. Ander son, In fl uence
of load on tribo lo gical condition in piston ring and
cylinder liner contacts in medium -spe ed d iesel engine,
Tribolo g y In te rnational, 39: 1643 -16 5 2, 2006 .
[13] S. Johan sson, P.H. Nilsson, R. Ohlsson, B .G. Rosén ,
Exper imental friction evaluation of cylinder liner/piston
ring contact, Wear, 271: 625 -633, 2011 .
[14] J. T ruhan, J. Qu, P.J. Blau, The eff ect o f lubricating oil
cond ition on the frictio n and wear o f p iston ring and
cylinder liner mater ials in a recip rocating ben c h test.
Wear, 259 (7), 1048 – 1055, 2005.
[15] J. Keller, V. Frid ricz, P.H. Kapsa, S. Vidaller , J.F.
Huard, Influen ce of chemical comp osition and
microstru cture on wear o f h eavy -duty diesel eng ine
cylinder liners”, Wear, 263: 1158 -1164, 2007 .
All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
93
İÇ MİMARLIK OFİSLERİ NDE VERİMLİ LİĞİ ETKİLEYEN
FAKTÖRLER
Mehmet Çolak 1* ve Nilay Görmüş 1
1 Ağaçişleri End üstri Mühendisliği / Teknoloji F akültesi , Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Ün iversites i , Tü rkiye
* (cmehmet@ mu .edu.tr)
Özet – Bu çalışmanın amac ı iç mimarlık ofisinde verimlil iği etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir. Araştırma ile
ilgili; İç mimarlık ofislerin de çalışan kişi lere bilg isayar ortamında anket soruları sorulmuş ve bilgisayar
arac ılığıyla raporlanıp, veri an alizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kull anılan veriler bilgisayar
destekli Google docs veri taba nlı elde edilmiştir. Ç alışmada ilk olara k İ ç mimarların görev sorumlulukları
analizine yer verilmiştir. Sonraki aşamada ise İç mimarlık ve tasarım ofisinde verimliliği et kileye n faktörler
düzeyleri b elirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın son kısmında anket yönt emi ve veri analizi yardımı ile iç mimarlık
ofisin de verimlil iği etkileye n faktörler üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Elde e dilen bulgular, iç mimarlık ve
inşaat sektörünün verimlilik üzerine etkisinin olduğu sonucunu ortaya koy maktadır. Bu kapsa mda çalışma
sonuçları, ofis o rtamında verimliliği yükseltmeye yönelik ne gibi davranışlar ortay a koya ca ğı na yönelik
önemli bir faktör olduğunu göz önünde bulundurmaları gerektiğini ortaya ko ymaktadır.
Anah tar Kelimeler – İç Mimarlık Ofisi, Veri mlilik, Ofiste V erimlilik, Veri Analizi, İç Mimar
I. GİRİŞ
Geçmişten günümüze ge len süreçte İç Mimarlar
meslekleri icra edebilmeleri için yeter li ergonomiye
sahip koşullar ar amışlardır. Bir iç tas arımcının
yaratıcı düşünc eler i v e hayal ettiklerini ortaya
koyabilmesi için onlara uygun bir ofis ve sağlıklı bir
iş ortamı gere kmektedir. Bir İç Mimarın içindek i
cevheri ortaya çıkarabilmesi için aklında hiçbir sor u
işareti olmadan işine b aşlama lıdır. Aksi taktirde
oluşacak problemler İ ç Mimarın ofisteki
verimliliğini etkilemektedir . B u durum sahada
yapılmakta olan işlere doğrudan etki etmektedir.
Genel manada iç mimarlık, mi mari mekânlar
içerisinde, tüm kull anıcılar a kullanışlı, fo nksiyonel,
estetiksel, yapısal ölç üt kriterlerine göre en
optimum tasarımları sunabilmek için çözümler
üretebilen bir uğra şı alanı meslek dalıdır diyebili ri z.
İç mimar ise; sö z konusu mekânların
organizasyonuna yeni, e rgonomik ve ekonomi k
çözümler g etirmek i çin al ternatif tas arımlar y aparak
müşterilerine farklı olanaklar sağlaya bilendir.
Çoğumuz iç mi mar terimine aşinayız. Müşterilerin
evleri için mobilya, duvar kaplamaları ve renk
şemaları seçmelerine yar dımcı olmak için işe alınan,
sanatsal bir gözü olan biri hayal edilmektedir [1] .
Ofis ortamı ve verimlilik arasındaki ilişki uzun
yıllardan bu yana ortaya konulmuş bir araştırma
konusudur. Yapılan bu araştırmalar il e birçok
kurum, çalışanların verimlil iklerini arttırabilmek ve
çalışanlarını cezbederek ellerinde tutmak için yeni
tasarım ve teknikler dene mektedirler. Böylece
üretkenlik ve iş tatminini arttırmak için ofis
ortamının düzenlenmesinde çalışan ihtiyaçl arı
giderek daha çok dikkate alınmaktadır [2]0.
Bu araştırmayla, İç Mim arlık ofisinde ergonomik
verimliliği etkileye n faktörlerin tespit edilmesi, elde
edilen bulgul ar ile hipotezimiz olan: ‘ İç Mimarlık
ofislerinde ergonomi, verimliliği ne şekilde nasıl
etkiler ve İç Mimarlık ofislerinde verimliliği nasıl
arttırabiliriz? daha da nasıl geliştirile bil inir
cevabını bulabilmek için hazırlamış olduğum uz
anket soruları doğrultusunda çalışm a
tamamlanmıştır. Anket çalışmamız Türkiye’de
2022 yılında iç mimarlık alanında aktif faa liy et
94
gösteren basit tesadüfi yöntemle seçilen işletmeleri
kapsamaktadır. Çalışmamı zda iç mimarlık
sektörünü ter cih etmemizin sebebi olarak ergonomi
konusunun mimari tasarımlarda önemli bir faktör
olarak karşımıza çıkma sı dır.
II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM
Veri toplama aracı olar ak anket, bireylerden sözlü
veya y azılı olar ak bilg i almak için yapıl an b ir
araştırma tekniğidi r. B ireyde n ist e nen bilgiler
kendisi, çevresi v eya kur umuyla ilgili değişik türden
nicel ve nitel v erile ri ka psaya bilir. Bu bilgiler esas
itibariyle yüz yüze görüşe re k, posta il e yazılı olarak,
telefonla veya int ernet ortamında de ğişik f aktörle rle
uygulanarak elde e dilebil ir [3].
Araştırma ile il gili ampirik verilerin
toplanmasında anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Veri
toplama tekniğinin kullanılmasıyla araştırma
bulgularının daha güvenilir ve kapsamlı olacağı
savunulmaktadır. Anket t e kniğinin seçilmesinin
nedeni ise aynı meslek grubundan, çok miktarda
veriyi kısa zamanda kola yca ve ekonomik topl ama
olanağı oluşturmasıdır. Çalışma kapsamı evreni
olarak 2022 yılında iç mimarlık alanında aktif
faaliyet gösteren işletmeler basit tesadüfi yönteml e
seçilere k veriler toplanmıştır. Anket Türkiye geneli
toplam 26 işletmeden s adece işletme sorumlul arıyla
internet ortamından ileti şim kurularak yapılmıştır.
Anket içeriği olarak; demografik değişkenler ya ni
kişilerin yaş, gelir düzeyi, medeni durum u,
cinsiyeti, mesleğine ilişkin bilgileri içerir sorularla;
davranış değişkeni soruları olarak ta kişilerin ofiste
verimlik kavramını han gi etmenlere bağladığını
anlayabilmek aç ısından sorular yöneltilmiştir.
Çalışma kapsamında e vren, Türkiye'de ki ticaret
odaları veya ti ca ret ve sanayi odalarında ''Mesleki,
Bilimsel ve Teknik Faaliyetler'' grubunda
''74.10.01'' NACE kodu ve ''İç mimarların
faaliyetleri (iç dekorasyon dahil)'' adıyla faaliyet
gösteren iç mimarlık firmaları olara k ele alınmıştır.
Anket sorul a rı kısa ve anlaşılır olmakla birlikte
demografik değişkenlerl e birlikte toplam 32 adet
kadar soru yöneltilmi ştir. Anket ile İç Mimarlık ve
Tasarımcı ofisinde verimliliğe etki eden faktörlerin
belirlenmesi amaçlanmış ve elde edilen veriler
istatiksel olara k analiz edilerek t ablolar ş eklinde
aşağıda verilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.
III. BULGULAR
Katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine yönelik
elde edilen bulgular Şek il 1 -5 ’d e verilmiştir.
Şekil 1. An kete Katılanların C insiyet Dağılımı
Şekil 1’de görüldüğü gibi anketi cevaplaya n
katılımcıların %73,1’i kadın, %26,9’u ise kadındı r.
Söz konusu katılımcı işletmele rde kadın istihdamın
yüksek oranda çıkması kadına yönelik istihdam
bakımından sevindirici bir durumdur ve kadınlar
tarafında n tercih edilen bir meslek olduğ unu
gösterebilmektedir.
Şekil 2. An kete Katılanların Meden i Hali
Şekil 2’e göre anke ti cevaplaya nların %76,9’u
bekâr, %23,1’i evlidir. Mimarlık se ktöründe genç
dinamik çalışanların fazla olması bunun b ir
yansıması olabileceğidir.
Şekil 3. An kete Katılanlar ın Yaşa Göre Dağılımı
101
verimliliğini etkileyen güvenlik faktörleri olduğunu
belirtmişlerdir.
İşgücü verimliliğini e tkileyen kalite f aktörleri
önem sırasıyla aynı pr ojeyi yeniden yapmanın,
malzeme eksikliğinin, ekipman verimsizliğinin, ofis
donanımındaki ergonomik eksiklikl erinin olduğunu
belirtmiştir. İşyerinde çalışanların bekl entiler inin
karşılanmasında bu faktörler çok önem arz
etmektedir. Bu hususlar sağlandığı ölçüde çalışanlar
örgütün amaçlarını be nimseyerek verimli
çalışabilmektedirler.
KAYNAKLAR
[1] Ball, Victoria, K., (20 02). Opp ortunities I n Interior
Designand Decorating Careers, USA: McGr aw- Hill.J.
[2] J. O. E. Stallworth. . an d B. H. Kleiner . ( 1996). Recen t
Develop ments in Office d esign, Journal off Facilities,
14(1 /2 ), pp.34 -42.0 M.
[3] R. Arıkan . (2 018). Anket Yönetim i Üzerin e Bir
Değerlen dirme, Haliç Ün iv ersitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Dergisi, 1: 9 7- 159.
All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
102
Investigation o f the effect of supporting elec trolyte type and p H
parameters on el ectrooxidation col or removal from Direct Blue 86
Sermin GÜNASLAN * , Baybars Ali FİL 2 and De niz TOSUN 3
1 Institute o f Science/ E nvironmental Eng ineering Department , Bursa Uludağ University, Türkiye
2 Environmen tal Engineering Depa rtment, En gineering Faculty / B alıkesir University, Türkiye
3 Environmen tal Engineering Depa rtment, E ngineering Fa c ulty / Ba lıkesir University, Türkiye
* (gun [email protected] )
Abstract – In this study, color remov al and electrical consumption from Direct Blue 86 (DB86) dy estuff,
commonly used in the textil e indus try, were inve stigated using the electrooxidation method. A jacketed
glass reactor with a volume of 2000 mL was preferred for the electrooxidation process. Five ano de and
five c athode el ectrode s with dimensions of 70 x 100 mm were used. Ti/IrO 2 /RuO 2 was chosen as the
anode material, and stain less steel (plate type) ele ctrode s were preferred as the cathode. The effects of the
supporting electrolyte ty pe and pH parameters on color removal wer e investigated. NaCl, KCl, NaNO 3 ,
and Na 2 SO 4 were used as supporting electrolytes. Experiments were cond ucted at pH 3 , 5, 7, 9, and 11
with an applied current density of 0.325 mA/cm 2 . The results showed that KCl as the supporting
electrolyte provided the highest color removal efficiency with 99.76%. The opti mum pH value was found
to be pH 9. The minimu m energy consumpt ion was ca lculated as 3.39 kW-h /m 3 for pH 11. Based on the
obtained results, it was concluded that the electrooxidation method is effective in color r emoval and can
be preferred due to its ease of use and process con trol adva ntages.
Keywords – Direc t Blue 86, E l ectrooxidatio n, Color Removal, pH, Supp orting Electrloyte Type
I. I NTRODUCTION
Textile industries consume significant amounts
of water and employ a diverse range of synthetic
dyes to color textile fibers, leading to the relea se of
large volumes of was tew ater [1]. The textil e
industry is a massive water-consuming sector [2,
3]. Furthermore, due to c haracteristics as oxidative
chemicals, permanent color, low biodegradability,
and alkalinity, the waste water produced in th is
industrial sector is regarded as a relevant caus e of
pollution [4]. The textile industry is one of the
greatest gene ra tors of l iquid effluent pollutant s,
due to the high quantities of water us ed in the
dyeing processes. It is estimated that 280,000
tonnes of textile dyes are discha rged in such
industrial effluent every year worldwid e [5, 6] The
treatment of raw wastew ater s from the te xtile and
dyestuff industries is extremely challenging
because these wastewaters consist of v arious
structurally different dyes (e.g., a zo, direct,
disperse, reactive, etc.), metals (e.g., copper, lea d,
cadmium, mercury, nickel, cobalt, e tc.),
surfactants, solvents, sal ts, dye fixing a gents, and
intermediates [6, 7, 8]. T he presence of dyestuf f in
nature, especially due to it s toxic and carcinogenic
effects, is highly dangerous for living orga nisms.
Therefore, it is crucial to remove dyestuff from
wastewate r [9] . Various methods such as
adsorption [10], membra ne filtration [11], chemical
coagulation and fenton oxidation [12] , and
ozonation [13] a re utili ze d for the removal of
dyestuff from wastewat er. For the treatment of
organic c ontaminants, electroche mical techniques
are fr eque ntly touted as appealing options because
of their adaptability, si mplicity of use, efficiency,
and lower cost [14]. The electrode material is just
one of m any variables t hat affects how effective
the electroc hemical reaction is. Because of their
mechanical resilience, low cost, and effe ctive
103
scale-up in the electrochemical industry, metallic
oxide elec trodes with RuO 2 an d IrO 2 are frequentl y
employed in environmental electroc hemistry [15].
Ti/SnO 2 – IrO 2 , Ti/Sb – SnO 2 , Ti/SnO 2 – Sb 2 O 5 –
RuO 2 , Ti/Ta 2 O 5 – IrO 2 , Ti/R uO 2 – I rO 2 and Ti/TiO 2
– IrO 2 , boron doped diamond (BDD), carbon an d
graphite are some of the materials used in
electrooxidation pro ce sses in water treatment
studies [16]. Th e electro-oxidation efficiency i s
influenced by multiple factors including curren t
density, anode type, pH, and the type and
concentration of electrolyte (i.e., ionic compoun d)
employed in the process [17, 18].
More intense oxidizing conditions a re frequentl y
required for electroch emic al remediation, a nd
highly oxidi zing species as OH, C l 2 , and O 3 are
electro gen era ted. This c an be achi eve d by altering
the supporting electrolyte (NaCl) or the electrode
material (SnO 2 , PbO 2 , BDD) [19]. Ele ctroc hemical
processes like electroflotation, electrocoagulation,
and electrooxidation have received a lot of in terest
rece ntly. They are appealing because they require
less chemicals and are simpl e to use [16].
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the
effect of supporting electrolyte type and pH
parameters affecting color removal by
electrooxidation method from Direct Blue 86, one
of the dyestuffs comm only used in the textile
industry, and the elec tricity consumption of the
system.
II. M AT ERIALS AND M ET HOD
Tablo 1 . Features of DB86
DB
86
CAS
No.
Molecular Formula
Molecula
r Weight
1330-
38-7
C 32 H 14 CuN 8 Na 2 O 6 S 2
780.16
Figure 1 . Chemical structu re o f Direct Blue 86
A. Electrooxidation system installation
A jacketed glass reactor with a volume of 2000
mL was utilized in the electrooxidation proc ess.
The electrode plates h ad dim ensions of 70 x 100
mm, resulting in a total surface a re a of 3080 cm 2 .
The approximate wet su rface a rea of all the plates
was ca lculated to be 2464 cm 2 . F or the anode, a
Ti/IrO 2 /RuO 2 elec trode of DSA type was used,
while a stainless steel plate-type cathode was
chosen. In the r eactor vessel, a monopola r
configuration was establ ished by connecting five
anode electrodes and five ca thode electrodes i n
parallel, with a separation distance of 5 mm
between each electrode. Voltage and curre nt
measurements were performed using a digital
power supply unit of the brand "Control Un it
PE280." Mixing inside the reactor was a chieved
with a magnetic stirrer of the brand "Yellowline
MST." The system operated with a direct current
power sour ce , and the wastewa ter solution was
continuously mixed usi ng the magnetic stirrer.
Color deter mination was carried out using a
photometer of the brand "Lovibond." Parameters
such as pH, temperature, conductivity, current,
voltage, and color were examined.
B. Experimental Procedure
Experiment was conducted at a temp e rature of
25°C with a current density of 0.325 mA/cm 2 ,
stirring speed of 200 rpm, initial concentration of
250 mg/L, and a total experiment time o f 60
104
minutes. A 5 mL sample was taken from a 100 0
mL stock solution and transfe rred to plastic tubes.
In total, 8 samples were taken at specific time
intervals, including the beginning, the 5th minute,
the 10th minute, the 15th minute, the 20th mi nute,
the 30th mi nute, the 45th minute, and the 60 th
minute. The temperature, conductivity, and pH
values of each sample were checked, and a color
determination was m ade by transf err ing them int o
glass sample tubes and measuring 10 mL.
C. Calculation
When calculating the c olor removal efficiency;
Removal efficie ncy;
100 (%)
0
0 x
C
C C e
−
=
Wh ere; C o : Initial concentration, mg/L
C e : final concentration, mg/L
Energy consumption;
( )
3
kW h/ m V I t
−=
Where , V (Volt) is the potential differen c e, I
(ampere) is the c urrent intensity, t (hour) is the
time, and v (m 3 ) is the wastewa ter volume.
III. R ESULTS
3.1. Effect Of Supporting Electrolyte Type On
Color Removal
It was proposed that r aising the ionic strength o f
the trea ted water by adding supporting
electrolytes lea ds the double layer to compress
[20]. Experiments were conducted using different
supporting electrolytes, including NaCl, KCl,
NaNO 3 , and Na 2 SO 4 , at an initial concentration of
250 ppm, a c urrent density of 0.325 mA/cm 2 , a
temperature of 25°C, n a tural pH of wastewater,
and a stirring speed of 200 rpm. The c olor removal
efficie ncies for KCl, NaCl, Na NO 3 , a nd Na 2 SO 4
electrolytes were c alculated as 99.76 %, 98.73%,
80.57%, and 56.42%, re spectively, based on the
obtained results. I n their study, Li et a l. reported
achieving 100% efficiency in color removal fro m
Reactive Blue 19 dye using NaCl as the supporting
electrolyte, while obtaining 60% efficiency when
using Na 2 SO 4 [21]. In th eir study , Keyikoglu et al.
found that NaCl and KCl as supporting electrolytes
were more e fficie nt in color removal in
electroc hemical treatment compared to other
electrolytes [22].
Figure 2. E ffect of sup porting electrolyte type on color
remov al
3.2. Effect of Support Electrolyte Type on Energy
Consumption
Supporting electrolytes are primarily used to
give the soluti on a particular amount of
conductivity during electrochemica l reactions. The
solution's ohmic resistance decreases when
electrolytes are added to boost conductivity.
Reduced resistance between the electrodes allow s
for less electrical energy to be used [23].Through
decreasing the cell volt age, supporting electrolytes
have a direct impact on the rate of metal
dissolution and energy consumpti on [24, 25]. The
energy consumption va lues obtained from one -
hour experiments for each supporting electrolyte
are as follows: 3.39 kW -h/m 3 for KCl, 3.72 kW -
h/m 3 for 5 mM NaCl, 3.81 kW-h/m 3 for 5 mM
NaNO 3 , and 3.84 kW-h/m 3 for 5 mM Na 2 SO 4 .
According to the data, Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte has the
highest energy usage. As KCl is the most effective
electrolyte, it uses the least amount of energy.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
KCI NaCI NaNO₃ Na₂SO₄
%Color r em oval
%Color rem o val
105
Figure 3. Effect of support electrolyte type on energy
consum ption
3.3 . Effect o f pH on Color Removal
In order to examine the effect of pH on
decoloriza tion, it was carried out at a current
density of 0.325 mA/cm 2 , a stirring speed of 200
rpm, using 5 mM supporting electroly te
concentration, 250 mg/ L dyestuff con centra tion,
NACI supporting electrolyte and a temp era ture o f
25°C. As a result of the studies carried out for th e
pH parameter, the color re moval efficiencies for
pH 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 were calculated as 98.73%,
97.32%, 98.40%, 98.85% , and 90.69%,
respec tively.
Figure 4. Effect of pH on color removal
3.4. Effect of pH on Energy Consumption
One of th e important parameters in the
electrooxidation p roce ss is pH. The valu es
obtained from studies conducted to e xamine the
effect of initial pH are respective ly found as pH
11<3<5<9<7. Since no electrolyte is added to the
wastewater at it s na tural pH, the highes t
consumption is achieved at the natural p H.
Therefore, the use of supporting electrolyte is
crucial in electroc hemical treatment.
Figure 5 . Effect of pH on energy con su mption
IV. DISCUSSION
Synthetic dye wast e water containing hazardous
substances can pose a thre at to re c eiving
environments and the organisms inhabiting them,
necessitating their treatment and discharge into
rece iving bodi es aft er purification. Althoug h
conventional treatment methods are employed for
color removal of these substances, they ha ve
certain disadvantages such as excessive sludge
formation and high costs. Electroc hemical
treatment methods, particularly t he
electrooxidation process, are pref erre d due to the ir
operational ease and ability to ac hieve highe r
efficie ncy at lower costs , with minimal post-
process sludge genera tion. In this study, the
electrooxidation proces s was chosen among
various elect roc hemical methods. The effects of
differe nt supporting electrolytes and initial pH on
color removal from Direct Blue 86 dye were
investigated, and the opt imal operating conditions
were dete rmined for bot h parameters. Th e results
obtained indicated high efficiency and usability of
the electrochemical treat ment method. Determini ng
the electricity consumption of the system, which is
an important operational parameter in
electroc hemical tr eatment methods, is necessary
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
4
4,1
4,2
KCI NaCI NaNO₃ Na₂SO₄
kW -h/m 3
kW-h/m3
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
pH 3 pH 5 p H7 pH 9 pH 11
%Color r em oval
%Color rem o val
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
pH 3 pH 5 pH7 p H 9 pH 11
Energy Consumption
Energy Consu mption
106
for cost conside ra tions. Optimization of electricity
consumption is required for systems with hi gh
energy c onsumption.
V. CONCLUSION
It has been observed that the elec trochemical
oxidation proce ss is highly efficient in the removal
of color from Direct Blue 86 dye. Among the
process parameters, the type of supporting
electrolyte and initi a l pH value are importa nt
factors in electrochemic al treatment processes. In
this study, it was found that KCl and NaCl, amon g
differe nt types of suppor ting electrolytes, achieved
the highest efficiencies in color removal. The effect
of initial pH value on electrooxidation w as
determined by conducting experiments at pH 3. 5,
7, 9, and 11, and it was found that pH 9 was th e
most efficient pH. The energy consumption, which
is an important asp ec t of elec trochemical
treatment, was also examined, and it was observed
that the highest energy consumption occurred a t
the natural pH of the wastewater.
A CKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to the Wastewater Trea tment Laboratory
Of The Environmental Engineering Department at
Balıkesir University, where the experiments were
conducted.
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All Science s Proceedings
http://as-p r oceeding.com/
5 th Inter national C onference on Applied
Engineeri ng and N atural Scie nces
July 10-12, 2 023 : Kon ya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.com/
© 20 23 Published by All Sciences Proceedings
108
Experimental A nalysis of F low Ind uced Vibration s in Heat Excha nger
Tube Bundles with P/D of 1.54 Subjected to Cross flow
Muhammad Moin Akhtar * , Javaria Qa deer 2
1 Mechanica l Engineering Departmen t, University o f Engineering and Technology Ta xila , Pakistan
2 Mechanica l Engineering Departmen t, University o f Engineering and Technology Ta xila , Pakistan
* jammoin7 [email protected]
Abstract – This paper p resents an experimental analysis of flow -induced vibrations in a heat exchanger
tube bundle subjected to crossflow. The study focuses on the characterization a nd insights ga ined from the
investigation. The tube b undle configuration c onsists of plain tubes wi th a s ingle flexible tube, arr anged in
a squared pattern. The primary objective is to assess the flow -induced vibrati on behavior and identify any
potential instabilities within the system. To analyze the flow-indu ced vibrations, various p arameters we re
considered, in cluding the P/D ratio (tube pitch to tube diameter ratio), whi ch was found to be 1. 54. The
experiments w ere condu cted under differe nt flow v elocities, and the vibration responses of the tube bundle
were measured using suit able sensors. The r esults revea led that the third row of tubes in the bundle exhibited
the highest level of instabil ity compared to the other rows. This finding suggests that the positioning of the
tubes within the bundle significantly influence s the flow-induced vibra tions. The vibra tions were observed
to vary with the flow velocity, indicating a strong fluid -structure int e raction. It can be con cluded that the
squared arrange ment of tubes in the tube bundle, along with the specific P/ D ratio, contributes to th e flow-
induced vibration c haracteristics. Unde rstanding these e ffects is crucial for optimizing the de sign and
operation of heat exch a nger systems, as excessive vibrations can lead to mechanical failures and reduced
heat transfer efficie ncy.
Keywords – Flow-In duced Vibration s, Tube Bundles, Fluid - Structure In teraction , Squ ared Arrangement , Instability
I. I NTRODUCTION
Heat exchangers pl ay a crucial role in a wide range
of industries and applications, highlighting their
significance in v arious thermal systems. These
devices are designed to efficie ntly transfer heat
between two or more fluids, ensuring the proper
functioning of proc esses that rely on temperature
regulation or he at recovery. Heat exchangers are
utilized in power generation plants, where they
facilitate the conversion of thermal energy into
electricity, as well as in industrial processes, such as
oil refining, chemical production, and food
processing, where precise temperature control is
essential. Additionally, he at exchangers a re integral
components in heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems, enabling the transfer
of heat between indoor and outdoor environments to
maintain comfortable and controlled conditions. By
facilitating the efficient exchange of thermal energy,
heat exch a ngers not o nly contribute to energy
conserva tion but also enhance th e overall
performa nce, reliability, and sustai nability of
diverse thermal syste ms[ 1][14] .
Flow-induced vibra tions in heat excha nger tube
bundles subjected to crossflow have been a
significant concern in the field of heat transfer and
fluid dynamics. Heat exchangers play a crucial rol e
in various industries, including power generation,
chemical processing, and HV AC sys tems, where
efficie nt heat transf er is essential fo r opti mal
performa nce. Ho we ver, t he interac tion between th e
fluid flow and the tube bundle structure can lead t o
109
undesirable vibrations, which can affect the
reliability, efficiency, and lifespan of heat
exchangers[2].
Flow-induced vibrations occ ur due to the dynamic
interaction between the flowing fluid and the
structural components of the heat exchanger. This
interaction can induc e various vibration mod es,
including axial, transverse, and torsional vibra tions,
resulting in mechanical stresses and fatigue failure
[3][15]. The phenomenon of fluid-structure
interaction in he a t exchanger tube bundles is
complex and depends on multiple factors such as
flow velocity, tube geometry, bundle arrangement,
and fluid properties. The configuration of the tube
bundle, including the arrangement and spacing of
the tubes, plays a critical role in determining the
flow-induced vibration characteristics. Th e P/D
ratio, which rep re sents t he ratio of tube pitch to tube
diameter, influences the flow patterns and flow-
induced forces acting on the tubes. Additionally, the
arra ngement of the tub es in the bundle, such as th e
commonly used squared arrangement, affects th e
flow distribution and the resulting vibration
behavior [4].
Understanding the flow -induce d vibrations in
heat exchang er tube bundles is crucial for ensuri ng
safe and reliable operation. Excessive vibrations can
lead to fatigue failure, tube wear, reduced heat
transfer efficiency, and increased mainten a nce
costs. Ther e fore, experimental analysis is essent ial
to character ize the vibrati on behavior and identify
potential instabilities within the system. Flow-
induced vibrations in he at exchanger tube bundl es
subjected to crossflow have bee n extensivel y
studied due to their significant implications for the
performa nce and reliability of heat excha ngers. The
literature en c ompasses various aspe cts of flow-
induced vibrations, including their characterization,
mechanisms, and mitigation strategies [5].
Researc hers have conducted numerous
experimental investigations to understand the
vibration behavior o f heat exchanger tub e bundles.
Studies by Smi th et al. (2010) and Johnson and
Jackson (2013) focused on characterizing t he
vibration amplit udes and frequencies und er
differe nt flow conditions. They found that flo w
velocity, tube bundle geometry, and fluid p roperties
significantly influence the vibration response
[6][16]. One critical aspect of flow-induce d
vibrations is fluid-structure interaction. The work of
Patel et al. (2012) and Chen et al. (2015) delved int o
the dynamic interaction between the fluid flow and
the structural components of the tube bundle. They
highlighted the importan ce of considering the tube
arra ngement, tube support conditions, and damping
effects in understanding the vibration
mechanisms[7][13].
Fluid elastic instability, a phenomenon where
fluid force s induce self -e xcited vibrations in the
tubes, has also be en a subject of investigation.
Studies by Wei et al. (2014) and Park et al. (2018)
explored the e ffects of flo w velocity, tube geometry,
and tube materials on fluid elastic instability. They
observed that certain combinations of these factors
can lead to severe vibrat ion amplitudes and pose a
threat to the integrit y of the tube bundl e.
Researc hers have also exa mined diff erent
mitigation strategies to control flow -induced
vibrations[8]. Wo rks by Zhou et al. (2016) an d
Wang et al. (2019) proposed the use of passive flow
control devices, such as flow deflectors and vorte x
shedding suppressors, to reduce vibration
amplitudes and stabilize the tube bundle. Oth er
studies have focused on modifying the tube
geometry, such as using helical strakes or riblets, to
alter the flow p a tterns and mitigate
vibrations[9][10].
In terms of tube bundle configurations, the
squared arrange ment is one of the commonly
studied layouts. Kim et a l. (2017) and Zhang et al.
(2020) compared the vibration characteristics of
squared, squa re, and rotated square tub e
arra ngements. They found that the squared
arra ngement exhibits higher susc eptibility to flow -
induced vibrations due to the fluid flow patterns and
vortex shedding effec ts[11][12].
This paper presents an experimental analysis of
flow-induced vibrations in a heat exchanger tube
bundle subjected to cros sflow. The study aims to
investigate the vibr ation behavior, with a specific
focus on the influence of tube arra ngement, P/D
ratio, and fluid-structure int era ction. Th e analysis
will provide insights into the flow-induc ed vibr ation
mechanisms, enabling the opti miza tion of heat
exchanger d esigns and th e development of effective
mitigation strategies to enhance performance and
reliability.
110
II. EX PERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental investigation of flow-induced
vibrations in heat exc han ger tube bundles subjected
to crossflow was conducted u sing a GUNT low-
speed wind tunnel. The wind tunnel provided a
controlled and reproducible flow environment,
allowing for accurate measurement and analysis of
vibration behavior.
The core component of the experimental setup
was the tube bundle, which consisted of plain tubes
arra nged in a speci fic configuration. The squ ared
arra ngement of tubes, a commonly employed
configuration in he at exchanger designs, was chosen
to replica te real-world conditions. The tube bundle
was carefully mounted within the wind tun n el,
ensuring stability and prope r alignment with the
incoming airf low. To measure the vibrations of the
tube bundle, an accelerometer was strategically
placed on one of the tubes. The accelerometer was
selected for its high sensitivity and ability to capt ure
dynamic responses ac curately. It provide d real-time
measurements of the tub e's vibration amplit udes and
freque ncies, en abling the characterization of flow -
induced vibrations.
In addition to the acc elerometer, an an e mometer
was employed to measure the flow v elocity of th e
crossflow. This instrument helped quantify t he
impact of varying flow velocities on the vibration
behavior o f the tube bundle. By correlating the flow
velocity data with the recorded vibration signal s,
researchers could identif y trends and establish the
relationship between flow-induced vibrations and
flow conditions. A laptop equipped with suitable
analysis software was us ed to acquire and process
the signals fr om the accelerometer and an emometer.
The signals were recorded and saved fo r subsequ ent
analysis and interpretation. The analysis software
provided tools for sig nal processing, includi ng
freque ncy analysis, amplitude measurements, and
statistical analysis, facilitating a comprehensive
understanding of the flow-induced vib ration
ch aracteristics.
The experimental setup i nvolving the GUNT low -
speed wind tunnel, tube bundle, accelerometer,
anemometer , and laptop allowed for controlled and
precise measurements of flow-induced vibration s.
The combination of these components ensured
accurate data acquisition and analysis, enabling
researchers to gain va luable insights into the
behavior of heat exchanger tube bundles subj ec ted
to crossflow.
Fig. 1 Lo w Speed Wind Tunnel
Tube bundles specifications are given below:
Table 1 . Tube Bund le Specifications
Tube Geo metry
Plain Tub es
Arrang ement of tubes
Squared
Material of tube
Aluminiu m
P/D ratio
1.54
Length of tube
12 inch es
To analyze the signals received from the
accelerometer, a so ftwa re ca lled "Nod e
Commander" was utili z ed. This software played a
crucial role in monitoring and saving th e dat a
obtained from the ac celerometer. The acquired data
was saved in the form of an E xce l file, ensu ring
convenient storage and organization for further
analysis. To further process and analyze th e
acquired signals, the data from the Excel files were
copied into text files. S ubseque ntly, a signal
analyzer softw a re ca lled "SIGVIEW" was
employed. S IGVI EW provided an extensiv e range
of tools and functionalit ies for in -depth signal
analysis. It allowed rese arc hers to explore various
aspects of the signals, including fr equency a nalysis,
time -domain analysis, and statistical analysis,
among others.
By uti lizing the Node Commander software for
data monitoring and saving, along with the
SIGVIEW signal analyzer software for in -depth
analysis, researchers were able to extract valuable
insights from the acquired accelerometer data. The
ability to average the signals enhanced t he
repea tabilit y and consistency of the result s,
contributing to a mor e r obust analysis of the flow-
induced vibrations in t he heat exchanger tub e
bundle subjected to cross flow. The Excel file fo rmat
allowed for easy data management and facilitated
subsequent analysis and interpretation of t he
experimental f indings.
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