LEXICAL SEMANTIC FEATURES OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

182 Vol. 5, No. 11 – Special Issue (EJAR) ISSN: 2181-2020 LPTIENP International Scientific-Practice Conference on “Linguistics and Pedagogical Technologies: International Experience and National Practice” Denau, November 20, 2025 in-academy.uz/index.php/ejar LEXICAL SEMANTIC FEATURES OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK Kurbonova Sabina Nurali kizi Denau Institute of Entrepreneuership and Pedagogy Master student of the faculty of Foreign languages and literature Email:[email protected] Phone:+998975349802 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17628420 Annotation: This article investigates the lexical-semantic features of medical terminology in English and Uzbek. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the origins, meanings, and linguistic adaptation of medical terms across the two languages. The research highlights how international medical vocabulary, derived from Greek and Latin, has been integrated into the Uzbek language, and how semantic fields differ based on linguistic structure and cultural interpretation. The study also explores challenges of translation, synonymy, and polysemy in medical discourse, contributing to the broader understanding of lexical semantics in bilingual scientific contexts. Keywords: medical terminology, lexical semantics, translation, English, Uzbek, etymology, synonymy, polysemy. Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillaridagi tibbiyot atamalarining leksiksemantik xususiyatlari o‘rganiladi. Unda tibbiy terminlarning kelib chiqishi, ma’nosi va har ikki tilda qanday moslashgani tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, yunon va lotin tillaridan olingan xalqaro tibbiyot lug‘ati o‘zbek tiliga qanday integratsiya bo‘lganiga e’tibor qaratiladi. Tadqiqot shuningdek, har ikki tilning tuzilishi va madaniy tafakkuri asosida semantik maydonlar qanday farqlanishini ko‘rsatadi. Maqolada tarjima jarayonida yuzaga keladigan muammolar, sinonimiya va polisemiya masalalari ham ko‘rib chiqilib, ikki tilli ilmiy nutq doirasida leksik semantika bo‘yicha chuqurroq tushuncha beradi. Kalit so‘zlar: tibbiyot terminologiyasi, leksik semantika, tarjima, ingliz tili, o‘zbek tili, etimologiya, sinonimiya, polisemiya. Аннотация: В данной статье исследуются лексико-семантические особенности медицинской терминологии в английском и узбекском языках. Представлен подробный анализ происхождения, значений и языковой адаптации медицинских терминов в обоих языках. Особое внимание уделяется тому, как международная медицинская лексика, происходящая из греческого и латинского языков, была интегрирована в узбекский язык. Исследование также выявляет различия в семантических полях, обусловленные языковыми структурами и культурными особенностями. Кроме того, рассматриваются трудности перевода, явления синонимии и полисемии в медицинском дискурсе, что вносит вклад в более глубокое понимание лексической семантики в двуязычном научном контексте. Ключевые слова: mедицинская терминология, лексическая семантика, перевод, английский язык, узбекский язык, этимология, синонимия, полисемия. INTRODUCTION In addition to being a tool for communication, language also reflects cultural development and human understanding. The foundation of scientific accuracy in the medical area is terminology. The way meaning is organized, expanded, and transmitted between languages is revealed by examining medical terminology within the context of lexical semantics.[6] In Uzbek, medical terms are mostly adopted and modified from worldwide scientific language, frequently with Russian assistance, whereas in English, they have mostly evolved from Greek and Latin origins.[3] These two languages' comparative study offers important insights into national adaptation and linguistic universality in the medical area.[5, 56] 183 Vol. 5, No. 11 – Special Issue (EJAR) ISSN: 2181-2020 LPTIENP International Scientific-Practice Conference on “Linguistics and Pedagogical Technologies: International Experience and National Practice” Denau, November 20, 2025 in-academy.uz/index.php/ejar As Uzbek society continues to integrate into the global scientific community, the standardization and semantic understanding of medical terminology become increasingly important.[7, 126] Therefore, examining the lexical-semantic mechanisms of medical language in both English and Uzbek is essential for developing accurate communication in healthcare, translation, and education.[4, 45-52] Understanding etymology is essential when it comes to medical terminology. The majority of medical terminology used in English have Latin and Greek roots.[2] Examples of systematic word development are "cardiology" (from the Greek "kardia" meaning heart and "logos" meaning study) and "neurology" (from the Greek "neuron" meaning nerve).[1, 57-58] Morphological transparency from these roots aids in the decoding of new terms by experts and learners alike. Lexical borrowing is the primary method in Uzbek. Words like "kardiologiya," "nefrologiya," "dermatit," and "bronxit" are clear reflections of global patterns. The main way that these words entered Uzbek during the Soviet era was through Russian. But in recent years, certain terms have been directly borrowed from English, such as "COVID-19 infektsiyasi," "virus load," and "genetik mutatsiya." According to this etymological progression, Uzbek medical vocabulary depends on the assimilation and adaptation of global terminology, demonstrating a continual language modernity, whereas English rests on its classical heritage.[2] Medical terminology exhibits accuracy and organization when viewed from a semantic standpoint.[4, 52] In professional settings, English medical terminology are monosemous; each term often refers to a single notion (e.g., "hypertension," "diabetes mellitus"). The word "virus" can refer to more than only biological viruses; it can also refer to computer viruses when used in everyday speech. Semantic extension also occurs frequently in Uzbek. For example, "infeksiya" can symbolically allude to moral or social influence ('axloqiy infeksiya') in addition to medical infection. A semantic expanding process is indicated by this. The morphological patterns of English terms are typically prefix + root + suffix: 'hyperglycemia' (hyper + glyc + emia) is an example of this. Compounds and transliterations, such as "qon bosimi oshishi" and "glyukoza miqdori yuqoriligi," are common in Uzbek.[7, 116] Semantic correctness is maintained in both languages despite their differences. Medical terminology translation between Uzbek and English is a challenging linguistic procedure that includes cultural interpretation, synonymy, and equivalency. For instance, the word "stroke" in English can be equivalent to "miya insulti" in Uzbek, but depending on the situation, it can also mean "urish" or "zarba," exhibiting polysemy.[4, 48] A lot of English medical phrases have several Uzbek equivalents, which makes translation difficult. The translation of "disease" can be "kasallik," "xastalik," or "nosoģlik," depending on the situation. Although this variant improves Uzbek, it makes standardizing terminology more difficult. Lexical semantics is also influenced by cultural influences. Uzbek occasionally use descriptive terms ('yurak-qon tomir tizimi'), indicating a more explanatory bias, whereas English favors abstract, system-based terminology (e.g., 'cardiovascular system').[2] CONCLUSION The comparative lexical-semantic study of English and Uzbek medical terminology reveals deep interconnections between linguistic structure, scientific thought, and cultural development. English medical language demonstrates stability, morphological regularity, and etymological transparency. Uzbek medical terminology, in contrast, is characterized by adaptation, hybridization, and a dynamic borrowing process. Both systems contribute to the creation of a shared international medical lexicon. The interaction between the two languages strengthens scientific communication 184 Vol. 5, No. 11 – Special Issue (EJAR) ISSN: 2181-2020 LPTIENP International Scientific-Practice Conference on “Linguistics and Pedagogical Technologies: International Experience and National Practice” Denau, November 20, 2025 in-academy.uz/index.php/ejar and supports medical education in multilingual contexts. In conclusion, the lexical-semantic analysis of medical terms is not only a linguistic task but also a bridge between science and language, shaping how knowledge is conceptualized and communicated. References: 1. Džuganová, B. English medical terminology – diferent ways of forming medical terms // English Studies Journal. – 2013. – P. 56–57. 2. Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. – 987 p. 3. Kudratov, B. The Influence of Greek and Latin on English Medical Terminology // Philology and Translation Studies. – 2023. – Vol. 9, No. 3. – P. 67–75. 4. Hussainova, D. Semantic Features of English Medical Terms // Journal of Linguistic Studies. – 2023. – Vol. 15, No. 2. – P. 45–52. 5. Yakubova, S. Comparative Analysis of Medical Terminology in English and Uzbek // Uzbekistan Linguistic Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 5, No. 1. – P. 56–63. 6. Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. An Introduction to Language. – Boston: Cengage Learning, 2019. – 640 p. 7. Gairatov, A. Medical Terminology and its Semantic Adaptation in Uzbek // Modern Linguistics Review. – 2024. – Vol. 12, No. 4. – P. 112–128.