Shoulder kinematics derived from radiographic and optical motion analysis

Page 1 of 4 Shoulder kinematics derived from biplane fluoroscopy and optical motion analysis (v1.2) Henninger Lab, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT https://medicine.utah.edu/orthopaedics/research/labs/harold-dunn/groups/henninger This repository fixes bugs identified by the user base (detailed below) found in the prior repositories 10.5281/zenodo.10972005 and 10.5281/zenodo.14889478. Specific to the contents of this repository: 1. File naming convention a. Group_subject ID#_sex_age_side_activity_trial#_data i. E.g., O45_002_M_52_R_CA_t02_output.xlsx – this is a healthy control subject Over 45 years of age, subject #2, that is Male, 52 years old, Right side imaged, performing Coronal Ab/dduction, during trial #2, and this file contains all data relevant to the subject and/or activity 2. Activities provided were captured from seated subjects and include the following: a. Static poses i. Static – a resting neutral pose while seated upright, with elbows flexed 90 degrees, hands forward, thumbs up ii. IRaM – Internal rotation in adduction to maximum (e.g., thoracic reach with the hand behind the back) iii. IRaB – a generic ‘belt-level’ internal rotation in adduction task b. Dynamic activities i. CA – coronal plane ab/adduction, elbow extended, thumb up ii. ERaR – Internal to max external rotation and back, with the arm hanging at the side, elbow flexed 90 degrees, thumb up iii. ERa90 - Internal to max external rotation and back, with the arm at roughly 90 degrees of humerothoracic coronal plane elevation, elbow flexed 90 degrees iv. FE – forward elevation/depression, elbow extended, thumb up v. SA – scapular plane ab/adduction (scaption), elbow extended, thumb up vi. WCA – CA with a 2.2 kg handheld weight vii. WFE – FE with a 2.2. kg handheld weight viii. WSA – SA with a 2.2. kg handheld weight 3. Database contents: a. Models_and_anatomic_landmarks_(CT_coordinate_system) i. These data are presented in a CT scanner coordinate system ii. *.csv - anatomic landmarks for the scapula and humerus as posed in the CT scan. There are 5 scapular landmarks, and 8 humeral landmarks (i.e., more than in prior releases) iii. *.stl – 3D models of both the humerus and scapula as posed in the CT scan 1. Note that subjects U35_001 and U35_002 contain only the proximal humerus, but all others contain the entire humerus. For Page 2 of 4 those two subjects, the landmarks of the medial and lateral epicondyles are anatomically accurate. b. Kinematic_output_database_(BF_coordinate_system) i. Output files are organized in folders by subject ii. All data were collected at 100 Hz, co-calibrated in the local biplane fluoroscopy coordinate system (i.e., Vicon markers are already transformed into the fluoro system), and synchronized by a system trigger iii. An output file in *.xlsx format for each activity performed by the subject: 1. Sheet 1 – demographics 2. scapula – time-dependent positions of the scapula landmarks 3. humerus – time-dependent positions of the humerus landmarks 4. vicon – time-dependent positions of all Vicon markers collected a. Note that the system these data were collected on had lines of sight that were potentially blocked during capture. These blocked data contain static values denoting the relative position of the Vicon calibration wand, and do not change relative to the subject activity. b. Use caution with T10. This marker was the most subject to blocking by the close proximity of the thorax to the image intensifiers, and in many cases was rigid-body filled from markers: Sternal Notch, Xyphoid Process, T5, and/or C7. c. In regions where a marker disappears mid-activity, filtering may have slightly influenced the boundary points in the trajectory. E.g., U35_004_M_33_R hand markers are subject to this error. d. Data entered as “0” are placeholders since these markers are being used in ongoing kinematic studies and are thus included for consistency to future data releases. c. FEBio_kinemat_visualization_files_(BF_coordinate_system) i. Kinematic visualization files are organized in folders by subject ii. These files are intended to be utilized in FEBio 1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22482660/ 2. Free downloads can be found at: https://febio.org/ iii. *.k – scapula and humerus models posed together as a single model in the CT coordinate system. The scapula was loaded first, then the humerus geometry was imported second. Ordering is important for the *.txt. iv. *.txt – kinematics of the scapula and humerus as derived from the output files, transforming the static *.k bones into the dynamic biplane fluoroscopy coordinate system. The format is two 4x4 transformation matrices laid out sequentially by row (i.e., 32 components per row) where the scapula comes first, followed by the humerus. v. *.fsps – xml model files loadable into FEBio that reference the *.k and *.txt files. These files are readable/editable using Notepad. Page 3 of 4 4. Updates to the prior repository (10.5281/zenodo.7542486): Based on feedback from users of the prior releases, the following trials were touched up by re-analyzing the biplane fluoroscopy data with refined image analysis/tracking algorithms. Data were reviewed for areas of bone collisions that were clearly erroneous. Changes primarily occurred via bony translations where image quality was poor and alignment was obscured near ~90 degrees of humerothoracic elevation. Minor changes to orientation were made to some trials. a. O45_005_F_60_R_WCA_t01, _WFE_t01 b. O45_006_M_61_R_FE_t01, _WFE_t01 c. O45_007_F_66_R_FE_t01, _WCA_t01, _WFE_t01 d. O45_008_M_66_R_CA_t01, _FE_t01, _SA_t02, _WFE_t02, _WSA_t02 e. O45_009_F_63_R_FE_t01, _IRaB_t02, _WFE_t01 f. O45_010_M_62_R_ERa90_t02 g. U35_001_F_26_R_IRaM_t01 h. U35_007_F_27_R_static_t02, _WFE_t02 5. Updates to the prior repository (v1.0, 10.5281/zenodo.10972005): Added files detailing the transformation between Vicon and Biplane Fluoroscopy systems in the event a user desires to transform data back into the optical tracking coordinate system. 6. Updates to the prior repository (v1.1, 10.5281/zenodo.14889478): a. Resolved an issue where the ME and LE landmarks were mislabeled in the ‘humerus’ sheet of *output.xlsx files for all subjects. b. Time syncing of the fluoroscopic and optical motion tracking data was rectified. An issue was identified with the trigger in the original fluoroscopy system that periodically yielded erroneous synchronization. Given that most issues resulted in <1% error, spot checks missed a few trials with more substantial errors. i. Unaffected: O45_003, 004, 006, 007, 008, 009, 010 and U35_010. ii. Minimally affected (~1% time shift error): O45_001, 002, 005 and U35_006, 007, 008, 009. iii. Affected: U35_001 (2-25% in most files), 002 (most ~1%, ~25% in SA), 003 (all <~3%), 004 (most ~1%, up to ~5% in SA, WFE), 005 (most ~1%, up to ~10% in ERaR and WSA, ~20% in SA). Data provided in this repository was generated with support from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01 AR067196, and a Shared Instrumentation Grant S10 OD021644. Development of FEBio (Finite Elements for Biomechanics and Biophysics) was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01 GM083925. Refer to the following publications for detailed methods of data collection and prior analyses using data from this repository in studies performed by our team: Page 4 of 4 1. Kolz CW, Sulkar HJ, Aliaj K, Tashjian RZ, Chalmers PN, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Foreman KB, Anderson AE, Henninger HB. Reliable interpretation of scapular kinematics depends on coordinate system definition. Gait Posture. 2020 Sep;81:183-190. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.020. Epub 2020 Jul 25. PMID: 32758918; PMCID: PMC7484087. 2. Kolz CW, Sulkar HJ, Aliaj K, Tashjian RZ, Chalmers PN, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Bo Foreman K, Anderson AE, Henninger HB. Age-related differences in humerothoracic, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral kinematics during elevation and rotation motions. J Biomech. 2021 Mar 5;117:110266. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110266. Epub 2021 Jan 23. PMID: 33517243; PMCID: PMC7924070. 3. Aliaj K, Foreman KB, Chalmers PN, Henninger HB. Beyond Euler/Cardan analysis: True glenohumeral axial rotation during arm elevation and rotation. Gait Posture. 2021 Jul;88:28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.05.004. Epub 2021 May 8. PMID: 33989999; PMCID: PMC8316370. 4. Aliaj K, Henninger HB. Kinematics-vis: A Visualization Tool for the Mathematics of Human Motion. J Open Source Softw. 2021;6(68):3490. doi: 10.21105/joss.03490. Epub 2021 Dec 21. PMID: 35079685; PMCID: PMC8786220. 5. Sulkar HJ, Zitnay JL, Aliaj K, Henninger HB. Proximal humeral coordinate systems can predict humerothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics of a full bone system. Gait Posture. 2021 Oct;90:380-387. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.09.180. Epub 2021 Sep 20. PMID: 34564010; PMCID: PMC8585709. 6. Aliaj K, Lawrence RL, Bo Foreman K, Chalmers PN, Henninger HB. Kinematic coupling of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints generates humeral axial rotation. J Biomech. 2022 May;136:111059. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111059. Epub 2022 Mar 24. PMID: 35367838; PMCID: PMC9081276. 7. Knighton TW, Chalmers PN, Sulkar HJ, Aliaj K, Tashjian RZ, Henninger HB. Anatomic total shoulder glenoid component inclination affects glenohumeral kinetics during abduction: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Oct;31(10):2023-2033. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.03.028. Epub 2022 May 10. PMID: 35550434; PMCID: PMC9481675. 8. Knighton TW, Chalmers PN, Sulkar HJ, Aliaj K, Tashjian RZ, Henninger HB. Reverse total shoulder glenoid component inclination affects glenohumeral kinetics during abduction: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Dec;31(12):2647-2656. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.06.016. Epub 2022 Aug 2. PMID: 35931329; PMCID: PMC9669184. 9. Sulkar HJ, Knighton TW, Amoafo L, Aliaj K, Kolz CW, Zhang Y, Hermans T, Henninger HB. In Vitro Simulation of Shoulder Motion Driven by Three-Dimensional Scapular and Humeral Kinematics. J Biomech Eng. 2022 May 1;144(5):051008. doi: 10.1115/1.4053099. PMID: 34817051; PMCID: PMC8822462. 10. Sulkar HJ, Aliaj K, Tashjian RZ, Chalmers PN, Foreman KB, Henninger HB. Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Alters Humerothoracic, Scapulothoracic, and Glenohumeral Motion During Weighted Scaption. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2022 Nov 1;480(11):2254-2265. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000002321. Epub 2022 Jul 20. PMID: 35857295; PMCID: PMC9555951. 11. Sulkar HJ, Aliaj K, Tashjian RZ, Chalmers PN, Foreman KB, Henninger HB. High and low performers in internal rotation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a biplane fluoroscopic study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023 Apr;32(4):e133-e144. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.10.009. Epub 2022 Nov 5. PMID: 36343789; PMCID: PMC10023281. 12. Zitnay JL, Tashjian RZ, Walch G, Chalmers PN, Joyce CD, Henninger HB. Inlay vs. onlay humeral components in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a biorobotic shoulder simulator study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023 Nov 28:S1058-2746(23)00831-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.10.015. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38036254.