6TH ICAENS 2024 Proceeding Book
Full text
Proceeding Book of 6th Internati onal Conference on Appli ed
Engineering a nd Natural Sc iences ICAENS 20 24
September 25-26, 2024 : Konya, Turke y
ALL SCIENCES ACADEMY
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
PROCEEDING BOOK OF
6TH INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON
APPLIED ENGINEERING
AND NATURAL
SCIENCES ICAENS 2024
PROCEEDIN G BOOK OF 6TH IC AENS 20 24:
25 -26 Septem ber 2024
Konya , Turkey
Publication dat e: 0 4.10.2024
Publisher : All Science s Acad em y
Proceed ing Book of 6th Internation al Confer ence on Applied Engin eering and Natur al Sciences ICAENS 202 4
https://www.icaens.o rg/
6th In ternational Con ference on App lied Engineer ing and Natural Sciences ICAENS 2 024 : edited by All
Sciences Academ y .
ISBN: 978 - 625 -6314- 38 -2
I
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGI NEERI NG AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
As this is a ser ial book publ ished, it has I SBN. All full papers wer e peer rev iewed.
ISBN 978-625-6314- 38-2
Printed in the Turkey w ith I SBN 978-625- 6314-38-2
Internationa l Conference Website
https://www.icaens.o rg/
I NTRODUCTION
We had the great honor of organizing 6th Internat ional Conference on Applied Engineering and
Natural Scie nces ICA ENS 2024. It was truly a great pleasure for us to gree t a lot of particip ants from
many differen t countries attending ICAEN S 2024! We firmly believe that th e conferenc e will become
an important internationa l event i n the field of cross-industry discu ssion about innovations in
Academic Stud ies.
Three cooperat ing organiz ations supported th e t wo-day conf erence. There w ere 301 papers accepte d
for p resentation at ICAEN S 2024, contributed from d ifferent countries. We had plenary speec hes and
several well-know n scient ists and expe rts, to give invite d talks at different sessions .
The purpose of ICAENS 2024 was to provide a forum for the partic ipants to report and review
innovative ideas, with up - to -date progress and devel opments, and discuss novel approaches to the
application in the field of their own r esearch areas and discu ss cha llenges of doing science.
We sincerely hope t hat the exchange of ideas on doing research, science and improving education wil l
help the p articipant s, and in ternational cooperation sharing the common interest will be enhanced.
On behalf the Organization Committee of ICA ENS 2024, we would like to heartily thank ou r
cooperating organizat ions for all they have done for the conference. We would al so like to thank th e
authors for t heir con trib uti on to the proc eed ings ; the participants and fr iends of ICAENS 2024, for th eir
interest and efforts in helping us to make the conference possible; and the Ed itorial boards for their
effective work and valuable advice, es pecial ly the ICA ENS 2024 secretaria t and the ICAEN S 2024
staff, f or their tireless efforts and outstandin g services in prep aring the confer ence and publishing the
Proceedings.
Publisher: A ll Sciences A cademy
II
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGINEERI N G AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. I
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... II
Conference C hairs ................................................................ ...............................................................XIII
Scientific Commit tees ........................................................................................................................ XIV
Document o f Academic Incent ive ........................................................................................................ XV
Document o f Internationa l Conferenc e .............................................................................................. X VI
Table List of Co ntent
Content o f Fu ll Papers
Page No
Title
Author s
Country
Submission
ID
1-4
The Relatio nship Betw een Soil an d Some
Endemic P lant Comm unities Belon ging to The
Asteraceae Fam ily Growi ng Naturall y Around
Karakuyu M arsh (Af yonkarahisar - Turkey)
Ahmet Serteser
Turkey
Mail Submiss ion
1
5- 11
Relationshi p Between G ut Microbi ome and
Cardiovasc ular Diseases : Pathophys iology
Mehmet ÖZSAN , Nurcan
DÖNMEZ
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
2
12 - 17
Structure a nd Functions of the Cell Membrane:
Physiologic al and Hist ological Pers pectives
Mehmet ÖZSAN , Hasan H üseyin
DÖNMEZ
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
3
18 - 23
Applying Wil lmore Fu nction on Ev olute -
Involute Par tner Cur ves in Eucli dean 3-Space
Fİ LİZ ERTEM KAYA,
SÜLEYMAN Ş ENYURT
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
4
24 - 28
Çocuklarda V o leybolun Psikososya l Gelişim
Üzerine Et kileri
Necip A RMAN, Ekrem L event
İLH AN
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
5
29 - 34
Çocuklarda V o leybolun Fiziksel -Fizyoloj ik
Gelişim Üzer ine Etkiler i
Necip A RMAN, Ekrem L event
İLH AN
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
6
35 - 40
The Role of Biophilic Des ign in Creating
Healthy Comm unities
Nurgül Arıs oy
Turkey
Mail Submiss ion
7
41 - 48
Paradigms of applicati on of digital technologi es
and innovat ions during t he COVI D-19 pandemic
Nebojša De nić, Jelena
Stojanović, Kostadinka
Stojanović, Boris Siljko vić,
Momir Mili ć
Serbia, Ser bia, Serbia,
Serbia, Ser bia
Mail Submiss ion
8
49 - 56
Educationa l software of modern tre nds in
developmen t and applic ation
Nebojša De nić, Kostadi nka
Stojanović, Jelena Stoja nović,
Momir Mili ć, Dragan O bradović
Serbia, Ser bia, Serbia,
Serbia, Ser bia
Mail Submiss ion
9
57 - 63
Digital litera cy as a ke y factor in successful
education
Nebojša De nić, Momir M ilić,
Kostadinka Stojanović, J elena
Stojanović, A leksandar Milić
Serbia, Ser bia, Serbia,
Serbia, Ser bia
Mail Submiss ion
10
64 - 71
Compariso n of the acti vities of 2-
(dimethylam ino)ethyl a nd 2-
(diethylam ino)ethyl-linke d molecules against
lung cancer
Koray SAY IN, Burak TÜZÜN
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
11
72 - 79
Compariso n of the acti vities of 2-(Piperidin- 1-
yl)ethyl) a nd (2-Morpholin oethyl)-linked
molecules ag ainst liver ca ncer
Koray SAY IN, Burak TÜZÜN
Turkey, Tur key
Mail Submiss ion
12
80 - 86
The I mpact of The Geom etric Par ameters on
The Entr y Capacity of Roundabouts in Mosul
City, I raq
Iman H. Al-Slev ani, Mohamm ed
Yassen Tah a
Ir aq, Iraq
Mail Submiss ion
14
87 - 93
Derin Öğre nme Tabanlı A ndroid Kö tücül
Yazılım Tes piti
Anıl Utku
Turkey
Submissio n 14
94 - 98
Sİ YAH HAVUÇ PO SASIND AN ÜRETİLEN
AKTİF KARBONUN SÜ PERKAPA Sİ TÖR
OLARAK KU LLANI MININ BELİ RLENMESİ
Mesut KARTA, Serdar ALTI N,
Yunus ÖNAL, Tolga DEPCİ
Turkey, , T urkey, Turkey,
Turkey
Submissio n 29
99 -104
An Analysis of Hypere lastic Strips with
Spacelike Dir ectrix
Gözde ÖZKAN TÜKEL,
Tunahan TU RHAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 48
105- 110
Equilibri um Equations of Hyperelas tic Strips
with Spacel ike Base Curv es with Tim elike
Principle Norma l Vector F i eld
Gözde ÖZKAN TÜKEL,
Tunahan TU RHAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 49
111- 118
Başgöz Ça yı (Finike) Hi drojeokimyas al
Özellikleri
Ayşen DAV RAZ, Fatma
AKSEVE R
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 54
119- 129
Fiber Laser Peening of Ti 6Al4V Alloy
Considering the Effects of Laser Pow er, Scan
Speed and O verlap Rat e on Surface Morp hology
and Roughness
Satılmış ÜRGÜ N, Sinan F İDA N,
Mehmet İ skender ÖZSOY,
Mustafa Öz gür BORA
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 58
130- 136
Investigat ion of the Effe ct of the Gra nular Fi lter
on Trans verse Arching Behavior of Z oned Dams
in Numeric al Analysis
Sadettin T opçu, Evren S eyrek
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 62
137- 143
Titanyum katkısının Al - 7Si a laşımını n sertlik ve
dayanım değ erlerine et kilerinin inc elenmesi
Murat HA CIOS MANOĞLU, Ali
Paşa HEKİ MĞOLU
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 71
144- 149
From Polls t o AI: Shapi ng Elections through
Public Opi nion Technol ogy
Abdelkrim D ekhakhena
Algeria
Submissio n 78
150- 156
Performa nce Effects of Pr incipal C omponent
Analysis on an LSTM-Based D eep Le arning
Halit Çeti ner
Turkey
Submissio n 81
III
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGINEERI N G AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
Model
157- 164
Microbial P ollution S tudy of Butr inti Lagoon
Ecosystem and Shellfish Safe ty
Elvira Beli, S o nila Çoço li
Albania, Al bania
Submissio n 91
165- 170
Chaotic PSO-b ased optimal voltage c ontroller
design for a SEIG system
Haris Calga n, Metin Dem irtas
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 101
171- 176
Thermomec hanical vibration r esponse of
nanoplates using nonlocal strain gra dient theor y
Mustafa Er oğlu, Mehme t Akif
Koç, İ smail Esen
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 104
177- 182
Dynamic Be havior of a Beam on Wi nkler
Foundati on under Movin g Oscillat or
Mehmet A kif Koç, Mus tafa
Eroğlu, İ smail Esen
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 105
183- 188
Flow-I nduced Oscillatio ns of Ellipti cal
Cylinders: A Numerical Investigati on
Aytekin Dura nay
Turkey
Submissio n 109
189- 198
Investigat ion of Bendin g and Dama ge Behavior
of Thin-Wa lled Circular C omposites Tubes
Ilyas Bozk urt
Turkey
Submissio n 114
199- 209
Effect of I nclination An gle on Bend ing
Behavior in Re -En trant Struct ure
Ilyas Bozk urt
Turkey
Submissio n 115
210- 220
Investigat ion of the Flex ibility Perf ormance of
Square Sect ion Com posite Squares U sing the Ls
Dyna Finite Element Pro gram
Ilyas Bozk urt
Turkey
Submissio n 116
221- 225
Reasons W hy Multisim a nd PSPI CE Circuit
Drawing Pro grams are Pr eferred
İshak Par lar
Turkey
Submissio n 117
226- 233
Değer Akış Har italama (V SM) Yö ntemi
Kullanılara k Debriyaj Ür etim Süre cinin
İyileştirilmes i
İr em Salman, Aytaç Y ıldız
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 118
234- 244
Determinat ion of Thre e Point Ben ding Strengt h
of Hexagon al Cross-Section Composi te Tubes
Ilyas Bozk urt
Turkey
Submissio n 119
245- 248
Eigenvalues of a mult i -interva l boundar y value
transmiss ion problems
Oktay Sh. Mukhtarov, Kadriye
Aydemir, M erve Yücel
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 121
249- 252
Multi-interv al Sturm-Liovil le equations w ith
non-separate d boundar y conditions
Kadriye Ay demir, Okt ay Sh.
Mukhtarov, Merve Yüce l
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 122
253- 260
Bulanık QFD Y ö ntemi ile Tedarik Z inciri
Yönetim Sis teminin Öz elleştirilmesi
Şeyma Çevi kol, Aytaç Yıldız
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 123
261- 267
5G Haberleşme Sistem leri için A nten Tasarımı
Arayüzünün Geliştirilmes i
Ayşe Berçem Kayakökü,
Abdulker im Öztekin
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 124
268- 271
Design a nd Implementa tion of a La ke Surface
Cleaning Ve hicle
İshak Par lar
Turkey
Submissio n 137
272- 281
Investigat ion of the Effe cts of CO2 Laser
Processing P arameters on Kerf Wi dth and Dep th
in Basalt F iber Reinforce d Epoxy Compo sites
Satılmış ÜRGÜ N, Sinan F İDA N,
Mehmet İ skender ÖZSOY,
Mustafa Öz gür BORA
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 138
282- 287
Tekrarlayı cı İzole Uy ku Felcinin Olas ı
Nöroanat omik Temeller i - Litera tür Taramas ı
Fulya Yapr ak
Turkey
Submissio n 151
288- 293
Mermer T ozu Katkılı Kil Zeminin Kıvam
Limitlerini n Araştırılm ası
Onur Sara n
Turkey
Submissio n 155
294- 300
Kil Zemin in Kompaksiy on ve Basınç
Dayanımı na Mermer Toz unun Etkisi
Onur Sara n
Turkey
Submissio n 156
301- 307
Naive Bayes Algoritması ile Öğretm enlerin E -
postalara G üven Durum unun Sapta nması
Esin AVCI
Turkey
Submissio n 161
308- 312
Antimicro bial Resistance in Escheric hia coli and
Salmonella in a farm to fork approa ch, in
Albania
Tana Kika, J onida Boci, S o nila
Çoçoli, Nik ola Puvača, An tonio
Camarda
Albania, Al bania, Alb ania,
Serbia, Ital y
Submissio n 162
313- 319
Modeling the Structur al Behavior of FRP-
Confined Concrete Com posite Col umns
Shahir A hmad Safi, Ali Raza,
Raja Tufail Hussain K han,
Muhamma d Abbas Ali
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 163
320- 324
Review of Mycotoxins A dsorbents on Nephrotic
Enteritis O ccurrence i n Poultry
Tana Shtyl la Kika, Soni la Cocoli,
Nikola Puv ača
Albania, Al bania, Serbi a
Submissio n 164
325- 332
DOĞA LTAŞ ÜRETİM FAB RİKASIN DA
KLASİ K VE BULANI K İSTATİ ST İKSEL
ANALİ Z YÖNTEMLERİ KULLAN ILARAK
EBATLI FA YANSLA RIN KALİ TESİNİN
DEĞERLENDİ R İ LMESİ
Merve KA RAABAT VARO L
Turkey
Submissio n 168
333- 340
Thermodynam ic Propert ies of 2-Propanol a nd
Ethylene G lycol Binar y Mixtures fr om 293.15 K
to 323.15 K
Aycan ALTU N KAVA KLI,
Osman Nuri ŞARA
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 169
341- 347
Durability and Performa nce of Ge opolymer
Concrete: S orptivity a nd Acid Attac k Resistance
Shahir A hmad Safi, Kh aled
Waleed Rad man
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 172
348- 352
Analysis an d Evaluati on of Groun ding Systems
in Electric al Installati ons: Vocatio nal School
Case Study
Bekir Dursu n
Turkey
Submissio n 175
353- 359
FARKLI TÜR AKIŞKAN LAŞTI RICILARIN
TAZE ve BUH AR KÜ RÜ SONRASI
SERTLEŞMİ Ş BETON ÖZ ELLİKLERİ NE
ETKİSİ
Metin DAVRAZ , Simge Yİ Ğ İ T
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 179
360- 366
SiC’ün kad emeli sıcaklı k aşamaları kullanılara k
SPS ile sinter lenmesi
Zuhal Yılma z
Turkey
Submissio n 181
367- 372
Study for th e presence of Rift Valle y Fever virus
in livestoc k in Central Al bania: An update
Liljana Luf o, Bejo Bizh ga
Albania, Al bania
Submissio n 185
373- 376
Serological study for th e presence of
Adenovir us II in turkeys and pheasan ts in maj or
Liljana Luf o, Kastriot Korro
Albania, Al bania
Submissio n 186
IV
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGINEERI N G AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
districts of Al bania
377- 380
Developm ent of a Process f o r Manuf acturing
Conductive Yar n with Cer tain Interm ittent
Lengths
Ediz ERDE M, Ahmet H ayrettin
YUZER
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 187
381- 389
Doğal Taş İ şleme Tesis lerinde Ku llanılan
Katrakların İncelenmes i
Ali Kora y ÖZDOĞAN, Ser v et
DEMİRD AĞ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 190
390- 397
Game Theor y Approac hes to Man aging Off-
Grid PV S ystems, Enh ancing PV Perf o rmance
with Increme ntal Conduc tance MPPT , Battery
Storage, an d SHE PWM I nverters to Achieve
Minimal THD
Waqar Ali, Rahmat Ali, Shakir
Ullah, Mujee b ur Ra hman,
Haseeb A hmed
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 194
398- 405
The impact of stoichiom etric var iations in
B(Pb)SCCO-2 223 superco nducting m aterial on
radiation sh ielding par ameters at var ying energ y
levels
Selami A ÇIKEL, Selim KAYA,
İbrahim DÜZGÜ N
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 195
406- 409
Effect of q uinoa seed on endoplasmi c reticulum
stress gene XBP1 expressi on in insuli n -resistant
rat liver
Ayşe Usta, V eysel Yüks ek,
Semiha DED E
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 196
410- 416
Optimizati on of The Ge lation Time of Urea
Formaldeh yde Using D ifferent Har deners
Süheyla Esi n Köksal, Orh an
Kelleci
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 199
417- 424
A Method Pro posal for Autom atic Chr omosome
Segmenta tion in Kary otype Analys is
Hakan Yılm az, M. Kamil Turan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 201
425- 433
Bazı Aspir ( Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Çeşitlerinde Far k lı Bitki S ıklığının H am Yağ ve
Protein Verim i Üzerine Etkisi
Muhamme t ÖZEN, Özde n
ÖZTÜRK
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 210
434- 441
Farklı Bitk i Sıklığının Ba zı Aspir (Ca rthamus
tinctorius L.) Çeşitlerin de Tohum Ver imi ve
Verim Ö ğeleri Üzerine Etkisi
Muhamme t ÖZEN, Özde n
ÖZTÜRK
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 213
442- 445
The use of t echnology in the applicat ion of
organizatio nal reflex in s ustainable and
environme ntally frie ndly tourism
Palmira Pa psiene
Lithuania
Submissio n 218
446- 453
RSSI Based Real Time L ocation Tr acking
System with E dge Comp uting
Batuhan SOY LU, Meri h
PALAN DÖKEN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 220
454- 459
Economic Pro blems in L aying Hens P roduction
Infested wit h Red Po ultry Mite (Der manyss us
gallinae)
Tana Shtyl la Kika, I vana Brkić,
Sonila Coco li, Dragana
Ljubojević Pelić, Miloš Pelić,
Sunčica V ještica, Niko la Puvača
Albania, Serb ia, Albania,
Serbia, Ser bia, Serbia,
Serbia
Submissio n 225
460- 464
Improvin g Forecastin g Performa nce with
Random Fores t Regressi on Model i n Wind
Power Gener ation
Ammar Asla n, Selaha ttin Barış
Çelebi
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 230
465- 470
Theory an d experime ntation contribution to the
study of us ing dune san d and rubber powder to
increase cla y stability
Choungache Belgacem, Ben
Saada Abd Elhalim, Bkhit i
Melik, Za itri Rebih
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria
Submissio n 236
471- 478
Unsteady Fl ow Simulat ion Around Rotor Bla des
of Vertical A xis Win d Turbine
Amar BER KACHE, Said
Zergane, Be lkhir Noura
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 243
479- 484
Assessing t he Impact of Failures on
Manufac turing: Textile Fa ctory Case Study
Cihat Cagd as Uydur
Turkey
Submissio n 244
485- 492
The Alba nian Insurance Market thro ugh
History, De velopment a nd Future Challenges
Arben Reka, Robert K osova
Albania, Al bania
Submissio n 246
493- 501
Innovative De signs in W ood Mater ials for
Improvin g Acoustic P erformance
İzham KILINÇ
Turkey
Submissio n 253
502- 505
Functional F oods Base d on Seafood
Pınar OĞU ZHAN YI LD IZ
Turkey
Submissio n 258
506- 509
S Shaped-based Textile Metama terials Abs orber
in X Band
Ahmet Ha yrettin YUZER , Ediz
ERDEM
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 262
510- 516
Atık Serami k Tozların ın Çimento H arcı
Yapımında Kullanılmas ı
Nazım Çağ atay DEMİ RAL,
Aylin ÖZO DABAŞ, Ber na
ORAK, Met ehan TİLA FŞUNLU
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 264
517- 522
The I mpact of Manual vs. CAD/BI M Methods
in Early Te chnical Drawi ng Courses on Third-
Year Arc hitectural Desi gn Studio S uccess
Erdem Yıld ırım
Turkey
Submissio n 265
523- 529
Toz metalur jisi ile Üret ilmiş B4C/S iC Takviye
A356 Komp ozit Malzem elerin Aşınm a
Davranışı
Tansel TUNÇA Y, Aslı
BAHADI R, Badegül TUN ÇAY
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 266
530- 537
Dijitalleşe n Yaşam A lanları: Akıllı
Teknolojiler in Konut Tas arımların daki Rolü
İr em Bek ar
Turkey
Submissio n 270
538- 545
LUNG CAN C ER DETE CTION U SING
CONVOLU TIO N NEURAL NETW ORK
Adnan Zeb, Fazal Mu hammad,
Atta Ullah Ja n
Pakistan, Pa kistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 272
546- 553
Yapıların D eprem Perf ormansını Ar tırmak
Amacıyla Kullanılan Malzemeler ve
Güçlendirme Teknikler i
Ayça AKBAŞ , Özlem
ÇALI ŞKAN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 274
554- 559
Tıbbi Atık Yö netiminde Ya pay Sinir Ağları
Uygulamaları
Züleyha REÇ BER
Turkey
Submissio n 275
560- 565
Real-Time Re cognition of Am erica n Sign
Language Us ing Com plex Zernike Moments
Selda Bayra k, Vasif N abiyev,
Celal Atalar
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 276
566- 571
Ağır Meta l İyonlarını n Sıvı Membra n ile
Giderimi v e Yapay Sin ir Ağı ile Modellenmesi
Züleyha REÇ BER
Turkey
Submissio n 277
572- 579
Early sta ge Chronic Kidney Diseas e Predictio n
Aamir S ohail, Fazal M uhammad
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 279
V
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGINEERI N G AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
using Rand om Forest Al gorithm; A m achine
learning a pproach
580- 585
ETAP Yazıl ım Programı ile FV Ener ji
Santralleri nin Elektri k Dağıtım Şe bekesine
Entegrasyo nunun İ ncelenmesi
Doğan ÇELİ K , Yusuf A li
YÜCEL
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 285
586- 593
Analysis of an Emerge ncy Depar tment with
Screening D OE and DES Methods
Abdulkad ir Atalan
Turkey
Submissio n 286
594- 599
Evaluati on of the surfac e water q uality of Porto
Romano p ort, based o n physical-chemical
parameters
Jonida Ta hiraj, Sonila S hehu,
Esmeralda Ha lo, Bledar M urtaj,
Elda Marku , Aurel Nur o
Albania, Al bania, Alb ania,
Albania, Al bania, Alb ania
Submissio n 294
600- 607
Periyodik Bir Forma M aruz Kalan S piral
Kanatçığın G eçici Te pkisi
İbrahim K eleş
Turkey
Submissio n 298
608- 615
Enhancing Clay Soil Pr operties in th e Thrace
Region with Rice Husk As h
Cancel Çe lik Oral, Erd inç Keskin
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 303
616- 627
Evaluati on of Technol ogical Innova tions and
Sustainabl e Strategies i n Reducing t he Carbon
Footprint of Vehicle Em issions
İdris Ces ur, Beytullah Eren
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 306
628- 633
Elmalı, Kaş (Antalya) v e Çavdır (B urdur)
İlçeleri Dom ates Seralar ındaki Canav ar
Otlarının (P helipanche ram osa/ P. a egyptiaca)
Yaygınlık v e Yoğunluk D urumları
Havva CAN A K SOY, Yas in
Emre Kİ TİŞ
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 309
634- 640
Elektrokard iyogram Si nyallerin Bula nık Mantık
Kullanılara k Sınıflanm ası
Yücel KOÇYİ ĞİT
Turkey
Submissio n 310
641- 647
Sismik Sin yaller Üzer inden Otomat ik Deprem
Tespitinde Far klı Yönlerd eki Dalga ların
Performa ns Karşılaştırm ası
Y.E. ERDOĞ AN, A. NA RİN
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 312
648- 652
Modeling Tr affic Flow and Time G aps Using
Distributio n Fitting and Particle Sw arm
Optimizati on
Ekinhan Er iskin
Turkey
Submissio n 313
653- 660
Steady Stat e Contingen cy analysis of a multi-
bus bar transm ission ne twork
Najmul Q amar, Muhamm ad
Bilal, Ajmal Farooq
Ppakistan, P akistan,
Pakistan
Submissio n 315
661- 667
Innovation Management Capability A ssessment:
An applica tion in the Ma nufacturing I ndustry
Burcu Fel ekoğlu
Turkey
Submissio n 318
668- 671
Crystall ographic and Molecular Int eraction
Analysis of the Copper-Pic olinate Complex
Sevgi Kans ız, Necmi De ge
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 323
672- 676
3,5-dinitrob enzoik Asitle N,N ,N',N''-tetram etil-
1,2- diaminoe tan’ın Y ük Transfer Tu zunun
Kristal Ya pısının İ ncelenmesi
Sevgi Kans ız, Necmi De ge
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 324
677- 683
MEKATRO NİK Sİ STEMLERİN 3B
YAZI CILARLA ÜRETİ Mİ ÜZERİ NE BİR
ARAŞTI RMA
Osman ÜLKİ R
Turkey
Submissio n 348
684- 695
Performa nce Analysis of a Novel G eothermal-
Solar Assis ted Polygenera tion System with
Helium C ycle and Ther moelectric G enerator
Gamze Soyt urk, Onder Kizilkan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 350
696- 706
Thermodynam ic Assessm ent of a Hy brid
Biogas, Kal ina, and rec ompression s CO₂
Brayton C ycle System f or Enhanced Energy
Recover y
Gamze Soyt urk, Onder Kizilkan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 351
707- 713
Overview of F u ngal Li pases Used in Biodiesel
Production
Şeyda YI LDIZ ARSLA N,
Yağmur ÜN VER
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 353
714- 720
Electricity G eneration fr om Biogas Plants in
Türkiye: C urrent Situa tion and F uture Prospec ts
Yiğit Gasp ak, Ahmet Ç ifci
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 354
721- 726
Cloning of Komagatael la phaffii protein
disulfide isom erase (PD I) gene int o pGKB
Şeyda YI LDIZ ARSLA N,
Yağmur ÜN VER
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 355
727- 732
Adsorptive behavior of a novel hydrochar
adsorbent derived from hazelnut a nd pistachio
peels
Hasan Sayğ ılı, Gülbahar Akkaya
Sayğılı
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 356
733- 737
ARI ZEHRİNİ N ANTİBAKTERİ YEL
ETKİNLİ Ğ İ
Nesibe Özg e TOY, Nuray
ŞAHİ NLER
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 358
738- 743
Yem Bezel yesi- Arpa Karışı mlarına F arklı Katkı
Maddeleri İ lavesinin Si lajların Baz ı Kalite
Özellikleri ne Etkisi
Metin DURU, Asuman ARS LAN
DURU, Osma n YÜKSEL
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key
Submissio n 359
744- 749
Green Sy nthesis and Ele ctrochemic al
Performa nce of ZnO N anoparticles for
Supercapaci tor Applica tions
Vedat Emi n AYAZ1, Mahir
GÜLEN, Ham za DÜNYA ,
Recep TAŞ
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 364
750- 755
Microwave-Ass isted Gree n Synthesis of Cu
Nanoparticl es Using Rus cus aculeat us Extract
for Superca pacitor Ele ctrode A pplications
Abdurrazza k Hanan, Ham z a
Dünya, Rec ep Taş, Ma hir Gülen
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 366
756- 762
Merkezi ve Dışmerkez T ers V Çapraz ların
Karşılaştırm alı İncele nmesi
Gülhan İ nce
Turkey
Submissio n 367
763- 769
Microwave-Ass isted Bios ynthesis of Cobalt
Oxide Nan oparticles for S u percapaci tor
Applicati ons Using Rusc us aculea tus Extrac t
Abdulrahm an Obaid, Re cep Taş,
Hamza Dü nya, Mahir Gü len
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 369
770- 778
Intellige nt Attack De tection in I oMT Networks
Using Mach ine Learni ng Algorithms
Selman HI ZAL
Turkey
Submissio n 380
779- 787
Waste- to - E nergy P otential in T urkey’s Poul try
Industry: Analyzing Trends an d Impacts
M. Raşit ATELGE
Turkey
Submissio n 386
VI
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGINEERI N G AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
788- 796
The cultiva tion and pro pagation of caper in
Morrocco
Naoual Sa ifi, Jamal Ibi jbijen,
Ghizlane Ec hchgadda
Morocco, Morocco,
Morocco
Submissio n 57
797- 802
MICROBI OOGI CAL SAFETY AND
QUALI TY OF FOOD OF ANIMAL ORI GINE
IN ALBANIA
Elvira Beli, L iljana Luf o
Albania, Al bania
Submissio n 93
803- 809
Incidence of rotavirus infection i n suckling pigs
in Albania
Kastriot Korr o, Anita Koni,
Liliana Car o, Mirije Ele zi,
Besnik Ele zi
Albania, Al bania, Albania,
Albania, Al bania
Submissio n 147
810- 816
Geosenteti k kullanılarak baraj yeri v e rezervuar
alanında zem in iyileştirm e çalışmalar ı: Söğ üt 2
Barajı Ör neği
Mehmet Öz çelik, Melik e
Hatipoğlu
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 149
817- 827
Real-Time Co ndition Moni toring of E l ectric
Elevators U sing Piezo a nd Speed S ensors with
LattePanda Microcontro ller
Safa Özdem ir, Raif Bay ır
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 255
828- 833
Common S ilkworm Dise ases in Our Country
Nuray ŞAH İNLER
Turkey
Submissio n 256
834- 836
Varroa des tructor Par asite Biology a nd Damag e
to Colonies
Nuray ŞAH İNLER
Turkey
Submissio n 257
837- 843
Tekirdağ İ linde Faaliye t Gösteren Ha zır Yemek
Üretim ve T oplu Tüketim S ektörü nde
Çalışanları n Bilgi Düze ylerinin Ölç ülmesi
Canan TAŞ KIN ARA L, Özgür
KARADAŞ KONUK, Em ine
YI LMAZ, İsmail YI LMAZ
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 336
844- 848
Aroma Üre timi Yapan F irmalarda HA C CP
Kriterleri nin İncelenme si
Burç BÖLÜ KBAŞI , Özgür
KARADAŞ KONUK, Em ine
YI LMAZ, İsmail YI LMAZ
Turkey, Tur key, Tur key,
Turkey
Submissio n 337
849- 855
Threatened species of benthic inver tebrates
along the Hi mara coas t, Albania
Stela Ruci, A nisa Toska, D enada
Kasemi, Brunilda Vesha j, Sajmir
Beqiraj
Albania, Al bania, Alb ania,
Albania, Al bania
Submissio n 332
856- 863
Böcek ve B öcek Ürünler inin Biyo lojik Malzeme
Kullanım v e Potansiyel leri Üzerine
A. Kekillio glu, A. Yılma z
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 389
864- 867
Entomolo ji-Toksikoloji- A dli Bilimler : “Adli
Entomoto ksikoloji”
A. Kekillio glu, A. Yılma z
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 390
86 8-8 73
Evaluati ng Key Factors i n Wind Tur bine
Efficiency
Selahattin B arış Çelebi , Ammar
Aslan
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 180
Content o f Abstract Pap ers
Page No
Title
Author s
Country
Submission
ID
1
Free vibrat ion analysis of sandwich c omposite
plate based on First-order s hear defor mation
theory usi ng p-element form ulation
A BELAI DI, SMN SERDO UN,
SA BELALI A
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Mail Submiss ion
13
2
Fabricati on Of Flexible Thin Film S ubstrates B y
The Extract ion Of CNCs From Cellul osic
Materials
Abdul Basi t, Hafeez Anw ar
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 2
3
Deposition t ime effect on physical properties of
sprayed S nS films
Meriem Mes saoudi, Ly nda
Beddek, Ham za Kheml iche,
Messaouda Khammar, O uafia
Belgherbi, S amah Boud our
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 3
4
Behavioral A nalysis a nd Numerica l Modeling of
Retaining W alls in Dee p Excavations
Bencheikh Messaouda, Ai doud
Assia, Bouk our Salima, Belabed
Lazhar
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria
Submissio n 4
5
California Bearing Ra tio (CBR) of Engineered
Sand Backfi ll Admixed w ith Recycle d Wastes
Lina ZAID I, Fatima Zohra
BENAMA RA, Messaou da
BENCHEI KH
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 5
6
Experimenta l and Theoretica l Study on th e
Crystal Str ucture and R eactivity of a New
Organic C ompound
Nour Eddine Benharka t,
Abdelkader Chouaih, N ourdine
Boukabcha
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 6
7
Coupled I ntegro-Different ial Equati ons with
Impulsive Eff ects Using the Vector Fi xed Point
Approach
Abdelham id Bensalem
Algeria
Submissio n 8
8
Gate-Source O v erlap E ngineering f or I mproved
ON -State Curren t in Silicon Na notube TFETs
Djemâa Be n Othmane
Algeria
Submissio n 11
9
Thermal A nalysis of D isc Brakes Using
COMSOL M ultiphysics
Elhadj RAOU ACHE, C hetbani
YAZI D,Razik BENDER RADJI ,
Fares KHALFA LLAH, A issa
LAOUI S SI
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 12
10
EFFECT OF AMOXI CILLIN O N
ANAEROBI C DI GESTION
Bani Kheire dine, Chaim a
Bensegueni, Chiraz
Bouandel,R ayene Bense gni,
Wassim Ben djaballah
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 13
11
The I mple men tation of TRI Z in the D esign and
Analysis of High-Performa nce Anti-Roll B ars
Nuraini A. A. , Muhamma d
Syaziq M. S ., Azmah Ha nim M.
A.
Malaysia, Ma laysia,
Malaysia
Submissio n 17
12
IN VESTIGATION OF STRUCTRAL AND
OPTI CAL PROPERTI ES OF MANG ANESE
DOPED COBALT FERRI TE/gCN
COMPOSI TES
Areej Fat ima, Hafeez A nwar
Pakistan, Pa kistan
Submissio n 18
13
GÜMÜŞ NA NOPARTİ K ÜLLERİN
BİY OMEDİKAL ALA NINDA KULLANIMI
Gökhan NUR , Ali AK BULAT
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 22
VII
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGINEERI N G AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
14
Study of t he Performa nce of a Sym metric solar
still
Adel Deli ou, Mohame d Chaour,
Khmissi Bel kaid, Meriem Dehbi,
Abdelkader F idjah
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 25
15
Optimizi ng Resin for C ationic D ye Adsorption :
Insights from Kinetic an d Isotherm S tudies
HAMADI Amel, YEDDO U-
MEZENNER N acera, KAI S
Hiba, BAN SAADI Zohra
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 26
16
Controlla bility of Mil d Solutions for Nonloca l
Fractional E volution Pr oblems with Finite St ate -
Dependent Delay
Chahrazed Boudefla, Sel ma
Baghli-Be ndimerad
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 28
17
Infer ence for Seasonal Functional
Autoregressi ve Process
Fatna Bensa ber, Amina
Benramda ne
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 30
18
A Mild P C-Asymptotical ly Almost
Automorp hic Solutions f or Integro differential
Equations. wi th Non-Instant aneous Impulsiv e
Nadia Ikh lef
Algeria
Submissio n 32
19
On behavi ors of the e nergy of so lutions for a
class of p-Lap lacian wave equation
Kamel Ya hiaoui, Nacera Helal,
Soufiane M okeddem
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 34
20
Diet of hig h-level athletes a nd its relat ionship
with physica l performan ce - case of footbal l
players –
Fethi Derba l, Habib Agb oubi
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 35
21
Tailoring the Growth of ZnO Na norods Usin g
an Effecti ve SILAR De position Tec hnique
Hadjer Bark at, Elhachmi Guettaf
Temam, Ha chemi Ben Tem am,
Nour Elhou da Mokrani
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria
Submissio n 37
22
Statistical A nalysis and N umerical S tudy for t he
Optimizati on of Magne tohydrodynam ic (MHD)
Mixed Con vection in Ve ntilated Ca vities Using
Nanoflui ds
Benderradji Razik, Fares
Khalfalla h, Raouache E lhadj
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 39
23
Treatment of r aw water loaded wit h nitrite i ons
by chemic al oxidatio n with sodium h ypochlorite
Baloul Hakim, Amitouch e
Mourad, B enrachedi Lo kmane,
Boussalah N adira, Ali B oudhar
Nour El H ouda
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 40
24
Treatment of r aw water loaded wit h manganese
ions (Mn2+) by chemica l oxidation w ith sodium
hypochlori te (NaOCl)
Baloul Hakim, Amitouch e
Mourad, B enrachedi Lo kmane,
Boudjemaa Saf aa
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria
Submissio n 41
25
Treatment of r aw water loaded wit h manganese
ions (Mn2+) by chemica l oxidation w ith
potassium permangana te (KMnO4)
Baloul Hakim, Amitouch e
Mourad, B enrachedi Lo kmane,
Bendou Zin a, Boualili L amia,
Bendou Zin a
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 42
26
AI -Powered Desi gn Revoluti on Through
ntopology S oftware: A pplication on Continuum
Robots
Djeffal Selm an
Algeria
Submissio n 43
27
Developm ent of a New E co -Bio-So urced
Insulating M aterial f or Improvi ng the
Hygrotherm al Propert ies of Buildi ng Envelopes
Mohamme d KSOURI ,
Abdelmadji d LASLEDJ, Kamilia
ABAHRI
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 44
28
Study of the Workabili ty of Self-Compactin g
Concrete (S CC) Using E xperimental Methods
and Artific ial Neural Ne tworks (ANN )
Salem Mera bti, Amar Mezidi,
Mourad S erikma
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a
Submissio n 45
29
Fire – Sm oke Classifica tion using Machine
Learning M ethods
Yunus Ero ğlu, Selen Yü cesoy
Kahraman
Turkey, Tur key
Submissio n 46
30
EF/VOF num erical study of substra te oxidation's
effect on th e thermal an d dynamic b ehavior of
lamella f ormation
Tahar Souad , Zirari Moun ir,
Saidoune F atmazohra, Y krelef
Hichem
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria
Submissio n 47
31
Activated carbons from maca damia nuts:
synthesis an d characteri zation
Souha Hara bi, Sami G uiza
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 50
32
Seismic Res ponse of Wi nd Turbi nes: The
Influence of F oundatio n Length a nd Soil -
Structure I nteraction
Nesrine MEL LAS, Abdel hak
MABROUKI , Kamel
HEBBACHE, Mekki MELLAS
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Algeria
Submissio n 52
33
Electronic w aste and its impact o n the
environme nt and huma n health: Ec ological
threat and ma nageme nt
Vezire Shaq iri, Milihate A l iu
Kosovo, K osovo
Submissio n 55
34
Optical an d Electronic properties of FeNi2Mn
and FeNi2Cr a lloys usin g density fu nction
theory
Baira Fayç al, Zidani S ara
Algeria, Al geria
Submissio n 56
35
Design of a chemical / electrochemi cal reactor
used in the r ecycling of lithium of used Lithium-
batteries
Abdelkader S aila
Algeria
Submissio n 59
36
Spin 3/2 Cor e and S pin 3 Shell of a Cylindrica l
Ferrimagnet ic Nanotu be: Hysteres is Behaviors
A. El Abbass i, M. Salam a, N.
Hachem, E. B. Chouba bi
Morocco, Morocco,
Morocco, Morocco
Submissio n 60
37
First princ ipal study of s tructural, e lectronic a nd
magnetic, pro perties of N dCo2
R. Masro ur
Morocco
Submissio n 64
38
Study of o ptical, therm odynamic a nd
thermoelectr ic properti es of rare ear th NdFe2
R. Masro ur
Morocco
Submissio n 65
39
Study of optic al, thermo dynamic and
thermoelectr ic properti es of Pr2Rh3G e
R. Masro ur
Morocco
Submissio n 66
40
Performa nce Enhancem ents and In novative
Developm ents in SG- FD -SOI MOSFETs
Fatima Zo hra RAHOU
Algeria
Submissio n 70
41
Solubility diagrams of cam phor using β -
cyclodextri n
Hayet A hlem LEZRAG, Sofiane
FATMI , Zahra TOUTOU P iotr,
Algeria, Al geria, Algeri a,
Poland, Fr ance, Algeria
Submissio n 72
XIV
6TH IN TERNATIO NAL CONFERE NCE ON APPLI ED ENGINEERI N G AND NA TURAL SCIEN CES ICAE NS 2024
September 25-26, 2024 , KONYA , TURKEY https://www.icaens.org/
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTES
Prof. Dr . Abdurazzag Ali A buras, Univer sity of Kwazu lu -Nata l
Prof. Dr . Adnan Sö zen, Gazi University
Prof. Dr . Amit Son i, Manıpal University
Prof. Dr . Anis Koubaa , Prince Sultan Un iversity
Prof. Dr . Carlos A. Coelh o, Universidad e Nova d e Lisboa
Prof. Dr . Josep Gu errero, Aalborg University
Prof. Dr . Juan Vasquez , Aalborg Un iversity
Prof. Dr . Laszlo T. Kocz y, Budapest Univ ersity of Technology and Econom ics
Prof. Dr . Mohamm ad Ashraf Gondal, King Fahd Un iversity
Prof. Dr . Murat Yakar , Mersin Univer sity, Turkey
Prof. Dr . Muhamm ad Rashid, Univer sity of West Florid a
Prof. Dr . Saad Mekhilef , Malaya Univer sity
Prof. Dr . Salim Ibrir, Kin g Fahd Univ ersity
Prof. Dr . Subarna Sh akya, Tribhuv an Univ ersity
Prof. Dr . Suzuki Hisashi, Chu o Univ ersity
Prof. Dr . Usha Meh ta, Institute of Tec hnology, Nirm a University
Prof. Dr . Vagif Gasimov , Azerbaijan Tec hnical Univer sity
Prof. Dr . Weidong Zhu, University of Ma ryland
Assoc. Prof. Ali Hakan Işık, Burd ur Mehmet Ak if Ersoy University
Assoc. Prof. Amita Nan dal, Manıpal Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Aslan İnan , Yıldız Tekn ik University
Assoc. Prof. Atif Iqb al, Qatar University
Assoc. Prof. Elif Küçü k Durur, Atatürk Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Francesco Cottone, Univer sity of Perugia
Assoc. Prof. Farid Melg ani, University o f Trento
Assoc. Prof. Halit Öztekin, Sakarya Applied Science University
Assoc. Prof. Hamdy Ziedan, Assiut University
Assoc. Prof. Harun Kemal Öztürk, Pamukkale Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Jiri Pela, Brno University o f Techno logy
Assoc. Prof. Merih Palan döken, İzmir Katip Çelebi Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Nermin Kişi, Zonguldak Bülent E cevit University
Assoc. Prof. Rita Ismailova, Kyrgy z Turkish Manas Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Sadia Samar Ali, King Abd ul -Aziz Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Ülhak Çimen , Atatürk Un iversity
Assoc. Prof. Tanmay De, National I nstitute of Technolo gy Durgapur
Assoc. Prof. Zeashan Khan, Air University
Dr. Ali Almisreb , Inter national University of Sarajevo
Dr. Amin a Othman i, University of Monastir -Tu nisia
Dr. Arti Jain, Jaypee I nstitute of Inform ation Technology
Dr. Aru n Kumar Ver ma, Malaviya Natio nal In stitute of Technolog y Jaipur
Dr. Aziz Shah , Univ ersity of Glaskow
Dr. Bal Chand Nagar , ECE National Institute o f Techno logy Patna
Dr. Baoze Wei, Aalbor g University
Dr. Bohu mil Brtník, University of Pardub ice
Dr. Diptiran jan Beher a, The University of the West Indies at Mo na
Dr. Fayçal BENSAAL I, Qatar University
Dr. Fugu i Qi, Fourth Militar y Medical Univ ersity
Dr. Magd i S. Mahmou d, King Fahd Univ ersity
Dr. Mariy a Ouaissa, Mo ulay Ismail University
Dr. Merd aci Slimane, University of - Sidi Bel Abbés, Alg eria
Dr. Moh arram Challeng er, Antwerp Univer sity
Dr. Muh ammad Sultan , Zakariya Univer sity
Dr. Lesya Anishchen ko, Bauman Mo scow State Tech nical University
Dr. R.A. Ily as, Univer siti Teknologi M alaysia
Dr. Sadin a Gagula Palalić, Internation al University of Sarajevo
Dr. Stefan ia Tomasiello, University of T artu
Dr. Syed Omer Gilan i, National Univ ersity of Sciences and Techno logy (NUST)
Dr. Tarık Namas, Intern ational University of Sarajevo
Dr. Udu ak A. Umoh , University of Uyo
Dr. Yajuan Guan, Aalb org University
XV
6 T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E
O N A P P L I E D E N G I N E E R I N G A N D
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ICAENS 2024 konferansı akademik teşvik yönetmeliği nin 9. Maddesine
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Türkiye dışından toplam 23 f arklı ülkeden (Fas, Cezayir, Tunus, Suudi
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A l l S c i e n c e s A c a d e m y
XVI
6 T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E
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6th Interna tional Conference on Applied Engineering a nd Natural Science s
ICAENS 2024 konferansı MART DÖNEMİ DOÇENTLİ K BAŞ VURU
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XVI I
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1 6 .0 8 . 2 0 2 3
LETTER OF ASSIGNMENT
We confirm that Prof. A ssoc. Dr. Admir Jançe , who is employed full-ti me as a lecturer,
as well as hold ing the positio n of Head of the Imaging Departmen t and Vice Dean of the
Faculty of Technical Medical Sciences , takes part in the organization committee of the
conferences organized b y of All Scien ces Academ y.
Confirmat ion of the Re ctor/Dean/Vi ce Dean/H ead of Department
Name of Responsible P erson and Sign ature:
Rector: Prof. Dr. Tonin GJ URAJ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Date: 16. 08 .20 23
6
The impact of the gut microbiome on human health extends beyond the digestive system, influencing
metabolic, immunol ogica l, and neurological fun ctions. The mi crobiome exists in a symbiotic relationship
with the host organism, carrying out essential tas ks such as nutrient absorption, detoxification of t oxins,
and prevention of pathogen colonization. Recently, it has been r ecognized that dysbiosis (imbalance) o f
the gut microbiome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of v arious chronic diseas es, particularly
inflammatory bowel dis eases, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and even neu rodegenerative diseas es. Thus,
gaining insight into the gut microbiome is crucial for advancing new therapeutic strategies in
contemporary medicine [2].
III. THE LINK BETW EEN THE GUT MICROBIOME AND CARDIOVAS CULAR SYSTEM
Recent research has sho wn that the gut mi crobiome can directly influence cardiovascular health. The
microbiome affects the cardiovascular system through its metabolic products, particularly compounds l ike
trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which h ave b een associ ated with an elevated risk of atherosclerosis.
This connection is strongly related to the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome and is
recognized as a c rucial f actor in the advancement of cardiovascular disea ses. As a result, adjusting the
microbiome is being explored as a potential strategy for both the prevention and treatment of
cardiovascular disorders [3].
The relationship between the gut microbiome and cardiovascular dise ases has become mor e co mplex
due to the metabolites produced by the mi crobiome. For example, TMAO, a metabolite formed when gut
bacteria break down nutrients such as choline, lecithin, and L-carnitine, has been identified as a factor that
increases the likelihood of cardiovascular dise ase. TMAO negatively affects the c ardiovascular syst em by
encoura ging the format ion of atherosclerotic plaques and worsening endothelial dysfun ction. This
highlights the importance of maintaining the di versity and balance of the gut microbiome to support
cardiovascular health. Recognizing this li nk opens the door to new therapeutic strategies that focus on the
gut microbiome [4].
IV. COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION S OF THE GUT MICROBIOME
A. Microbiome Diversity and Composition
The gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic ecosyst em made up of a wide range of bacteri a, viruses,
fungi, and other microorganisms. Among them, bacter ial groups such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes,
Actinobacter i a, and P roteobacteria are the most commonly found. The composition of each individual’s
microbiome is unique and shaped by factors such as genetics, diet, lifestyle, and environmental
influences. Microbial di versity is essential for maintaining the health and proper functioning of the gut
microbiome; low microbial diversity has bee n associated with various ch ronic diseases and in flammatory
conditions [5]. On the other hand, a high level of mi crobial diversity is generally considered a marker of a
healthy gut microbiome, providing the body with a gre ater capacity for metabolic processes.
The diversity and composition of the microbiome tend to remain relatively stable over time despite
variations among individuals. However, factors like antibiotic usage, dietary changes, and certain d iseases
can disrupt the balance of the microbiome. Such disruptions can lead to a decrease in mic robial diversity
and result in a condition called "dys biosis." Dysbiosis has been linked to chronic conditions like obesity,
metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bow el disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, maintaining a
diverse microbiome is critical for overall health and the pre vention of diseases [6] . The richness and
balance o f the microbiome can be supported through diet and the use of probiotics and pre biotics.
B. Metabolic Functions of the Gut Microbiome
The gut mi crobiome plays an essential role in digesti ng nutrients and managing metabolism. It is
particularly involved in producing short-chain fatty acids (SC FAs) by fermenting fibers and other
complex carbohydrates t hat cannot be digested. These SCFAs serve as a k ey energy source for colon cells
and have anti-inflammat ory properties. Additionally, the gut mi crobiome contributes to the synthesis of
important vit amins, including vit amin K and certain B vit amins. Th e metabolic activities of the
microbiome greatly influ ence ov erall metabolic h ealth and are c ritical in the development of condi tions
7
like obesity and type 2 diabetes [7]. These functions underscore the interaction between the gut
microbiome and the body’s biochemica l processes, hi ghlighting its influence on health.
The gut microbiome not only processes nutrients but also dire ctly im pacts the body’s energy bala nce
and metabolic pathways. Along with produ cing S CFAs during the bre akdown of c arbohydrates a nd
proteins, the microbiome plays a pivotal role in amino acid metabolism a nd bile acid tr ansformation.
Specifically, butyrate, a type of S CFA, has additi onal effects beyond supplying energy to gut cells, such
as reducing inflammation and promoting colon health. Furthermore, the microbiome’s metabolite s have
systemic effects on organs like the liver and brain, reinforc ing its role as a central regulator of metabolic
health [8]. These metabo lic functions illustrate th e gut microbiome's integ ration with various bioch emical
pathways in the body.
C. Interaction of the Microbiome with the Immune System
The gut microbiome has a complex, bidirec tional relationship with the body’s immune system. It
regulates immune cell activity within the gut lining, boosting the body's defe nses ag ainst harmful
pathogens. Additionally, the microbiome is essenti al for the development and function of regulatory T
cells (Tregs), which help maintain balanced immune respons es. These interactions have a pro found effect
on both localized gut immune responses and those throughout the body. Disruption of the microbiome
(dysbiosis) can negatively impact the immune system, potentially leading to immune -re lated conditions
like autoimmune diseas es, allergies, and chron ic inflammatory disord ers [9]. Therefore, a healthy
microbiome is crucial for a balanced and effective immune system.
The gut microbiome signi ficantly influences im mune function by producing bioactive molecules that
affect immune cell differentiation and activity. For example, SCFAs generated by the gut micro biome
regulate th e energy metabolism and inflammatory r esponses o f im mune cells. Additionally, the
microbiome acts as a protective barrier by pr eventing the colonization of harmful p athogens in th e gut;
this is part of its interaction with the immune system. In cases of dysbiosis, these protective mechanisms
may weaken, leading to abnormal immune responses that can trigger aut oimmune diseases and c hronic
inflammation. Understanding these relationships underscores the import ance of a healthy microbiome for
optimal immune function [10].
V. GUT M ICROBI OME AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
A. Atherosclerosis and the Microbiome
Atheroscler osis is a lo ng -term inflammatory c ondition cha racterized by the accumulation of fat,
cholesterol, and other substances in the artery walls, leading to plaque formation. Increa sing evidence
suggests that the gut microbiome plays a key role in this process. Specifically, the metabolism of dietary
phosphatidylcholine, choline, and carnitine by gut bacteria leads to the production of trimethylamine
(TMA), which is subsequently converted in the liver int o trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO), thereby
increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. Elevated T MAO levels contribute to plaque formation by promot ing
inflammatory responses and disrupting cholesterol metabolism [4]. These findings emphasize the r ole of
the gut microbiome in the development of atherosclerosis and suggest that modifying the mic robial
composition could be a potential thera peutic strategy.
B. Hypertension and the Microbiome
Hypertension, o r high blood pressure, is a major risk f actor for ca rdiovascular diseases, and the gut
microbiome has been shown to influence this condition. The microbiome genera tes metabolites, inclu ding
short-chain fatty acids ( SCFAs), which are invol ved in blood pressure regulation. S CFAs can direc tly
affect blood pr essure by influencing vascular t one and immune responses. Additionally, in cases of
dysbiosis, certa in gut mi crobes m ay trigger inflamm atory responses that i ncrease the risk of hypertension.
For example, disruption of the gut microbiome can we aken gut barrier function, leading to sy stemic
inflammation and subsequently triggering hypertension [11]. The refore, maintaining a healthy gut
microbiome may be e ssenti al for both preve nting and managing hyper t ension.
8
C. The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Heart Failure
Heart f ailure, a condition in which the hea rt is unable to pump suff icient blood to meet the body's
needs, is also associated with the gut microbiome. In p eople with heart f ailure, reduc ed blood flow to the
gut and impairment of the gut barrier can r esult in increased gut permeabilit y, often refe rred to as "leaky
gut". This can allow h armful ba cterial p roducts to leak into the systemic circulation, ex acerbating
inflammation and worsening heart failure. Furthermore, elevated TMAO levels in individuals with heart
failure hav e been linked to a poor prognosis, und erscoring the significant role of the gut microbiome in
the onset and progression of hea rt failure [12].
D. The Connection Between Diabetes, Cardiovascular Conditions, and the Mic robiome
Type 2 diabetes has a s trong link to the gut microbiome, and the influence of this relationship on
cardiovascular complications is becoming more widely recognized. In diabetic patients, microbial
dysbiosis can lead to impaired gut barrier function and increased systemic inflammation. This increa sed
inflammation worsens insul in resistance and r aises the risk of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis.
Researc h is exploring how alterations in t he gut microbiome in people with di abetes im pact
cardiovascular risks by decreasing S CFA prod uction and el evating th e generation of inflam matory
metabolites [13].
VI. THE I MPACTS OF TH E MICROBIOME ON CARDIOVASCULAR P ATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The gut microbiome can have significant effects on cardiovascular health through the metabolites it
produces. Metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) support heart and vascular health with their
anti-inflammatory properties. Additi onally, SCFAs may im prove cardiovascular he alth by interac ting
with mechanisms that promote vasodilation and lower blood pre ssu re. However, imbalanced microbiom es
can generate harm ful metabolites that eleva te the risk of cardiovascular co nditions. For instance, elevated
TMAO levels encourage plaque buildup in the arteries and play a role in the onset of cardiovascular
conditions [14].
TMAO, a byprodu ct generated by the gut microbiome, plays a key role in the progression of
cardiovascular conditions. TMAO, whi ch is form ed by the oxidation of TMA in the liver, is kno wn to be
directly involved in this process. High levels of TMAO affect cho lesterol metabolism, increase
inflammation, and accelerate plaque formation, leading to arterial n arrowing. This greatly elevates the
risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes. Research has demonstrated that diet can
affect TMAO levels via the microbiome, emphasizing the role of diet in lowering the ri sk of
atherosclerosis [15].
The condition referred to as "le aky gut," ma rked by increased gut permeability, leads to the weakening
of the gut b arrier and allows gut contents to enter th e bloodstream. This may initiate s ystemic
inflammation and contribute to the development of cardiovasc ul ar conditions. When the gut barrier is
compromised, pathogens and inflammatory mole cules can enter the bloodstream, leading to increased
chronic inflammation an d contributing to cardiova scular problems like atherosclerosis and hypertension.
The involvement of the gut mi crobiome in this process indi cates that strategies aimed at enhancing gut
health could be ke y in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases [16].
VII. C LI NICAL FIND INGS AND RESEARCH STUDIES
Studies in humans have deepened our understanding of the relationship b etween the gut microbiome
and cardiovascular health. Cli nical research h as shown that higher TMAO levels are a standalon e risk
factor for atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. For ex ample, research conducted by Wang et
al. (2011) found th at indivi duals with elevated TMAO levels a re at greater risk of cardiovascular
incidents, including hea rt attacks and strokes. Furthermore , investigations into the links betwee n
microbial imbalance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes suggest that these conditions may elevate
cardiovascular risk.
Animal models play a critical role in understanding the effects of the gut mi crobiome on cardiovascular
diseases. For example, s tudies on mi ce have de monstrated how specific microbial species influ ence the
9
development of cardiovascular dise ases. The st udy by Turnbaugh et al. (2006) showed how t he gut
microbiome affects en ergy intake and storage in obesity -prone mice. Moreover, studies using g erm -free
mice have observed that these mice are resistant to cardiovasc ular diseases, but they lose thi s resistanc e
after microbial transpla nt ation [18].
The modification of the microbiome is increasingly gaining interest as a new approach to the treatment
of cardiovascular diseases. Strategies that c an alter the composition and function of the microbiome, such
as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary ch anges, may potentially be effective i n reducing cardiovascular risk
factors. For instance, probiotics like Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG have been found to support
cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving gut barrier function [19]. Additionally,
modifying the gut microbiome to reduce TMAO production is emergi ng as a p romising strat egy for
preventing the de v elopment of ather osclerosis [20].
VIII. MICROBIOME-BASED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Probiotics can play a key role in decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases by supporting a balanced
gut microbiome and promoting gut health. Studi es have indicated that specific probiotic strains may help
reduce serum cholesterol levels and dec rease inflammation. For example, probiotic supplements
containing species from Lactobacillus and Bifi dobacterium have been found to enhance blood lipid
profiles and lower the likelihood of a therosclerosis [21]. Mor eover, r esearch examining the impact of
probiotics on re ducing blood pressure suggests that these microor ganisms could be beneficial in
managing hypertension. These beneficial e ffects of probiotic s underscore the importance of the gut
microbiome in safeguarding cardiovasc ul ar health.
Prebiotics are substances that feed the gut microbiome and encourage the proliferation of benef icial
microorganisms. Consistent consumption of prebiotics can boost microbial diversity, thus enhanc ing gut
health and lowering the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases. Fo r instance, prebiotics such as inul in and
oligofructose sti mulate the production of short -chain fa tty acids (SCFAs), decrease inflammation , and
strengthen the gut barrier function [22]. Postbi otics, on the other hand, are bioactive compounds pro duced
by the microbiome that have positive effec ts on health. These substan ces, which are mi crobial metabolic
products, particularly h ave the potential to protect gut barrier integri ty and regulate inflammatory
processes [23]. Prebiotics and postbiotics may play a significant role in supporting cardiova scular health.
Diet is a key factor in i nfluencing the composition and activity of the gut microbiome. Diets rich in
fiber, particularly those focused on plant -based foods, promote microbial diversity and support gut health.
For example, plant-based ea ting patterns like the Mediterranean diet have shown beneficial effects on the
microbiome, helping to reduc e inflammation and decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases [24].
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is a proc edure where stool from a he althy individual is
transplanted into a patient to restore the microbi al composition. FMT is considered an effective method,
particularly in treating d iseases associat ed with gut microbiome disorders. Research on the pot enti al of
FMT in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases suggests that this method could be beneficial by reducing
TMAO production and controlling inflammation through the microbiome [25].
IX. FUTURE RESEA RCH DIRECTIONS AND TREATMENT POSSIBILITIES
Future research will foc us on exploring the use of the microbiome in personalized medicine. Personal
microbiome profiling can enable the developme nt of treatment plans tailored to an individual's genetic
makeup and li festyle. Microbiome an alysis can be a crucial tool in predicting the risk of certain diseases
and creating persona lize d treatment strategies. For example, the presence of specific microbial species or
metabolites may allow for the identification of individual risks and the application of personalize d
probiotic or prebiotic treatments [26].
Understanding the inte ractions between the mi crobiome and th e host will be further dee p ened by
studies examining the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in these processes. Genetic va riations can
affect the composition and functions of the microbiome, contributing to the pathogenesis of compl ex
diseases such a s cardiovascular diseas es. Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation and
10
histone modifications, can be regulated by metabolites produced by the microbiome, thereby aff ecting
gene expression and a lter ing disease risk [27 ].
X. CONCLUSION
Recent studies have pr ovided valuable insights into the involvement of the gut microbiome in
cardiovascular health. Metabolic byproducts from the microbiome, particularly compounds such as
TMAO, play a key role in the progression of atheroscler osis and other cardiovascular conditions.
Additionally, the effects of the mi crobiome on in flammation, immune responses, and metabolic p rocesses
suggest that it is an important fa ctor in maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing disease [ 14 ].
The translation of existing knowledge about the gut mi crobiome into clinical applications holds great
potential for disease pr evention and tre atment. Cli nical data suggest th at modifying the microbiome,
particularly through probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary changes, can improve cardiovascular health.
Utilizing this knowledge may allow for the development of new treatment strategies fo r cardiovascula r
diseases. However, addit ional clinical studies and randomize d controlled trials are r equired before
microbiome-based therapies can be broadly imple mented in clinical practice [28].
Future clinical research will focus on developing new approaches to tr eating cardiovascular dise ases
through the modification of the gut microbiome. Specifically, diets and probiotics that reduce TMAO
production are being te sted to reduce cardiova scular risks. Additionally, more innovative treatm ent
methods, such as Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), are being i nvestigated in clinical studi es.
Researc h ex amining the interactions between th e microbiome and genetic and epigenetic factor s will
provide important insi ghts for developing pe rsonalized tre atment strat egies [29]. These studi es will
further c l arify the role of the microbiome in the prevention and treatment of c ardiovascular diseases.
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[24] De Filippis, F., Pelleg rini, N., Vannini, L., Jeffer y, I. B., La Storia, A. , Laghi, L., ... & Ercolini, D. (2016). Hig h -level
adher ence to a Me diterranean diet ben eficially im pacts the gut microbiota and associated metabo lome. Gut, 65 (11), 1812 -
1821.
[25] Vrieze , A., Van Nood, E., Holleman, F., Salo järvi, J., Kootte, R. S., Bartelsman , J. F., .. . & Nieuwdorp, M. (2012).
Transfer o f intestinal micro biota from lean d onors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with m etabolic synd rome.
Gastroenter ology, 1 43(4), 913- 916.
[26] Zeev i, D., Ko rem, T., Zm ora, N., Israeli, D., Roth schild, D., Weinberg er, A., . .. & Segal, E. (20 15). Personalize d nutrition
by p rediction of glycemic r esponses. Cell, 163( 5), 1079 -1094.
[27] Son nenburg , J. L ., & Bäckh ed, F. (2016 ). Diet – microbiota interac tions as m oderators of h uman m etabolism. Nature,
535(76 10), 56- 64.
[28] Kh an, M. T., Nieuwd orp, M. , & Bäckhed , F. (2 021 ). Micro bial mod ulation o f insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab olism, 34(1 ),
6-26 .
[29] Zh ao, L ., Z hang, X. , Zheng, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2 020). Microb iome as a p otential d iagnostic and therapeutic tar get for
cardiov ascular disease: A system atic review. Journal o f the American Hea rt Association, 9( 18), e016572.
https://doi.o rg/10.1161 /JAHA.120. 016572
6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
12
Structure and Functions of the Cell Membrane: Physio logica l and
Histological Pers pectives
Mehmet ÖZSAN 1* , Ha san Hüseyin DÖNMEZ 2
1 Basic Medica l Science s, Physiology Dep artment, Fa culty of Medicine, Niğd e Ömer Halis demir University, Niğde, Türkiye
2 Histology and E mbriology Department, F aculty o f Veterinary Med icine, S elcuk Un iversity, Konya , Türkiye
* mehmet_ ozsan@ho tmail.com
Abstract – The cell membrane constitutes a critical buil ding block for the survival and functionality of
cells. The phospholipid bilayer, as the fundamental component of the c ell membrane, separates the
intracellular and extracellular environments, wh ile membrane proteins and lipids play a key role in
regulating cellular functions. The cell membrane also provides a platform for intercellular
communication, energy metabolism, and the execution of biochemical pr ocesses. The asymmetry in the
structure o f the ce ll me mbrane and the specific structural differences i n various cell types enable the
efficie nt performance of cellular functions. In recent years, innov ative researc h and therapeutic
approac hes targeting the cell membrane h ave le d to significant advancements in the trea tment of di seases
such as cancer. T argeted therapies aimed at the cell membrane, biotechnological tools, and
nanotechnologica l drug delivery systems offer great potential in modern medicine.
Keywords – Cell memb rane, Phosph olipid bilayer, B iotechnological tools, Ta rgeted therapies, Nan otechn ology
I. I NTRODUCTION
The cell membrane is a dynamic structure that enables c ells to adapt to environmental conditions,
allows the int ake of necessary substan ces, and facilitates the expulsion of harmf ul substa nces . This
membrane plays a critical role in maintaining int ra cellular homeostasis, interce llular communication, and
cellular metabolic proce sses. The stru ctural components of the cell mem brane in clude the phosp holipid
bilayer, various proteins , and c arbohydrates. Th ese components o f the cell membrane allow cells to
specialize functionally and manage complex biol ogical processes. Un derstanding the structural and
functional properties of the cell membrane holds significant importance in biomedical research and the
development of therape ut ic methods.
II. GE NERAL STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Phospholipid Bilayer: The cell memb rane pri marily consists of a bilayer structure fo rmed by
phospholipid molecules. These phospholipid molecules are composed of a hydrophilic (water -lo ving)
head and two hydrophobic (water-fearing) fatty acid tails. The cell membrane separates the intracellular
and extracellular environments and regulates th e passage of water and wat er -insoluble molecules th rough
this bilayer structure. The phospholipid bilaye r provides both flexibility to the cell and ensures the
selective pe rmeability of the cell membrane. In t his structure, the hydrop hobic tails of the phospholipids
face each other, while th e hydrophilic heads are o riented tow ards the intracellular and extracellular fluids.
This arrange m ent leads to the description of the cell membrane as a fluid mosaic model [1, 2]. Another
important fe ature of the phospholipid bilayer is its ability to self -repair. I f the cell membrane is somehow
damaged, phospholipid molecules can spont aneously rearrange to repair the damage. Additional ly, this
13
self-repairable nature of t he phospholipid bilayer allows the continuous renewal of the cell membrane and
enables cells to adapt to diffe rent environments [1 , 2].
Distribution of Proteins and Lipids: The cell membrane is enric hed with various proteins and lipid
molecules that ar e embedded withi n or located on the surface o f the phosphol ipid bil ayer. Membrane
proteins are divi ded int o two main groups: integral and periph eral proteins. Integral proteins are
embedded within the phospholipid bilayer and regulate the ex change of substance s between the
intracellular and extracellular environments. These proteins in clude ion channels, carrier protein s, and
rece pto rs. P eripheral pro teins are loosely attached to the inner or outer surfa ce of the membrane and
typically play roles in intrac ellular signaling or maintaining cell structure [ 3].
Lipids serve various functions within the cell membrane. For instance, cholesterol molecules regulate
membrane fluidity and strengthen the membrane. The type and distribution of lipids within the cell
membrane vary depending on the type and function of the cell. In particular , the density of lipids is h igher
in nerve c ells, playing a crucial role in the tr ansmission of nerve impulses. Moreover, the distribution of
lipids such as glycolipids on the c ell surface is critical for cell recognition and binding [4].
As ]ymmetric S .tructure of the Cell Membrane: The structure of the cell membrane is asymmetric,
meaning the types and di stribution of li pids and p roteins on the inne r and outer surf aces of th e membrane
differ. This asymmetry is critical for the membrane's fun ctional performance. For example, while
glycolipids and glycoproteins are present on the outer membrane sur face , phosphol ipids suc h as
phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are more p revalent on the inner surface. This
differe nce regulates interactions with the external environment, intracellular signaling, and processes such
as apoptosis (cell death) [5, 6].
The asymmetric structure of the membrane allows cells to specialize functionally. For instance, in
nerve cells, this asymm etry ensures the proper transmission of signals . Similarly, in immune cells,
molecules on the outer membrane su rface play a role in recognizing pathogens and initiating the immune
response. These asymmetric character istics of the membrane help ce lls efficiently perform their complex
functions [5, 6].
III. BIOCHEMI CAL CHAR ACTERISTICS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Roles of Membrane Lipids and Proteins: Lipids, one of the fundamental c omponents of the cell
membrane, are crucial for the flexibility, fluidi ty, and structural int egrity of the membrane. The
phospholipid bilayer provides flexibility to the membrane and ensures its selective permeability. Due to
the hydrophobic and hyd rophilic regions of th ese phospholipids, the membrane acts as a barrier between
the intrace llular and extracellular environments. Additionally, other lipid types present in the cell
membrane, such as sphi ngolipids and glycolipids, form various functional microdomains on the cell
surface and play roles in proc esses such as cell signaling and intercellular communication [1, 3].
Cell membrane proteins play important roles in various biological processes, including transport, signal
transmission, support of cell stru cture, and ce ll recognition. Fo r inst ance, int egral membra ne proteins
regulate the passage of molecules across the cell membrane, while surface receptors help cells re s pond to
external sti muli. P roteins also contribute to maintaining cell shape by forming connections between the
cytoskeleton and the membrane. The diversity and specific localization of membrane proteins determine
the functional properties of cells and play a critical role in re gulating cellular activities [1, 3].
Function of Carbohydrates in the C ell Membrane: Carbohydrates present in the c ell membrane are
typically found in the form of glycoproteins and glycolipids and play critical roles in functions such as
cell recognition, immune responses, and c ell signaling. These carbohydrate groups on the cell surface
enable cells to r ecognize other cells and molecules in their surrounding s. In pa rticular, in the imm une
system, processes such as antigen recognition and pathogen detection depend on the eff ective functioning
of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane. These carbohydrate chains also form sp ecific
binding sites on the cell surface, allowing cells to correctly interact with other cells or molecules with
which they are in contac t [7, 8].
Another im portant function of carbohydrates in the cell membr ane is to pr ovide protection and st ability
to the cell surface . For example, carbohydrates found in secretions like mucus help protect cells against
14
external f actors. Additionally, carbohydrates in the cell membrane play a significant role in cell adhesion
processes. These adhesion mechanisms are vital for tissue for m ation a n d cell migration. The specific
structure of c arbohydrates in the cell membrane i s specialized to enable c ertain cell fun ctions, and these
character istics play a major role in regulating cellular behaviors [7, 8].
Effects of Cholesterol in the Membrane: Cholesterol plays an im portant role in the lipid structure of the
cell membrane and cont ributes to maintaining the optimal function of the membrane by regulating its
fluidity. Cholesterol is regular ly positioned within the phospholipid bilayer and balances the fluidity and
permeability of thi s structure. Particular ly at high temperatures, cholesterol molecules reduce the fl uidity
of the membrane, preventing it from becoming destabilized due t o excessive fluidity. At low
temperatures, cholesterol prevents the phospholipi ds from crystallizing, the reby preventing the mem brane
from solidifying. This way, cholesterol enhances the mechanical stability of the cell membrane and
allows the cell to maintain its function in diffe rent environments [9, 10].
Cholesterol also plays a critica l role in the formation of microdomains wit hin the cell membr ane. T hese
microdomains, known as lipid rafts, function as regions where specific signaling proteins are concentrated
in the cell membrane and play an im portant role in ce llular signal transmis sion. These specialized regions
play a central role in regulating the cell’s responses to environmental stimul i and in rece ptor -media ted
signaling. A deficienc y or excess of cholesterol can disrupt the structure and function of the cell
membrane, leading to impaired cell func tions and various diseases [9, 10].
IV. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
The cell membrane has a selective permeability feature that regulates the exchange of substan ces
between th e intracellular and extracellular environments. This feature is facilitated by the phospholipid
bilayer and membrane pr oteins of the cell membrane . Selective permeability allows certain molecules to
pass freely while restric ting the passage of others. For example, water and small, nonpolar mol ecules
(such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) can easily diffuse across the memb rane, whereas ions and large
polar molecules are usually tra nsported via carrier proteins or channel proteins [1]. This arrangement
enables cells to maintain homeostasis and func tion under appropriate physiological conditions.
The ce ll membr ane employs both passive and active transport mechanisms for the movement of
molecules into and out of the cell. P assive transport is a process where molecules move along their
concentration gradient a nd does not require en ergy, such as in diffusion and osmosis. On the othe r hand,
active transport is a process where molecules move against their concentration gradient and require
energy, typically in the f orm of ATP. This type of transport o ccurs through carrier p roteins such as the
sodium-potassium pump and plays a critical role in maintaining ion balance and membrane potential in
cells [2].
Receptors located in the cell membrane play a central role in detecting extracellular signals and
initiating intra cellular responses. These receptors interac t with hormones, neurotra nsmitters, and other
signaling molecules to activate intrace llular signali ng pathways. For instance, G protein-coupled receptors
become activated upon bindi ng with a ligand, leading to the prod uction of intracellular second
messengers, which in turn regulate cellular ac tivities [11]. These signaling processes control essential cell
functions such as grow th, differentia tion, metaboli sm, and survival.
V. INTERCELLULAR CONNECTION S AND RECEPTORS
Intercellular communication is an essential process that allows ce lls to connect with each othe r, forming
a functional whole. The structures involved in these connections include gap junctions, tight juncti ons,
and desmosomes. Gap junctions create dir ect cytoplasmic connec tions between tw o cells, allowing the
free passage of ions and small molecules, which enables the rapid transmission of electrical and chemical
signals [12]. Tight junctions form impermeable barriers between ce lls, pre s erving intracellular
compartments and li miting the passage of substances between the apical and basolateral regions of cells
[13]. Desmosomes provide mecha nical adhesion between cells, maintaining the structural integrity o f
tissues, and play a crucial role, especially in tissues subjected to high mechanical stress, such as th e skin
and heart [14].
15
Cells carry out signal transmission through membrane proteins in the cell membrane to detect and
respond to external stimuli. In this process, r eceptor proteins in the cell membrane interact with external
signaling molecules (ligands), initiating a series o f biochemical reactions within the cell. For example, G
protein-coupled receptors activate the G protein upon ligand binding, which then triggers int racellular
signaling pathwa ys that re gulate c ellular be havior [15]. These signaling mechanisms c ontrol critica l
functions of ce lls, such as growth, differentiation, metabolism, and survival.
Receptors in the cell membrane are vital proteins that enable cells to respond to chemical signals from
the external environment. These receptors interact specifically with signaling molecules called ligands.
When ligands bind to the receptor, they induce a conformational cha nge in the receptor, which initiates a
signaling pathway within the cell. For ex ample, when the insul in receptor binds to the insul in hormone, it
gains tyrosine kinase activity, which activates signaling pathways that increase glucose uptake in the cell
[16]. These re ceptor-ligand interac tions in the cell membrane play a critical role in allowing cells to
respond appropriately to environmental changes and in maintaining cellular homeosta sis.
VI. THE ROLE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE IN ENERGY METABOLISM
Ion pumps located in the cell membrane are critically important for maintaining intrace llular and
extracellular ion balances and regulating en ergy metabolism within cells. The sodium -potassium pump
(Na+/K+ ATPase), in particular, is one of the most important ion pumps i n the cell membrane and uses
ATP to maintain the balance of sodi um and potassium ions within the cell. This pump c re ates an
electroc hemical gradient across the cell membrane by retaining potassium ions inside the cell while
expelling sodium ions [17]. This gradient provides energy for many c ellular functions and suppo rts the
cell's survival.
The mitochondrial membrane plays a vital role in cellular energy met abolism. The electron transport
chain located in the i nner mitochondrial me mbrane f acilitates the pumping of protons from the
mitochondrial matrix int o the intermembrane space, creating a proton gra dient. This proton gradi ent is
used in the production of ATP via the ATP synt hase enzyme, a process kno wn as oxidative
phosphorylation [18]. The proton gradient acts as an energy storage mecha nism ac ross the mitochondrial
membrane, a nd this ener gy is used for ATP production, thus meeting the energe tic demands of the cells.
Energy-dependent t ransport systems in the cell membrane play a c ritical role in the tr ansport of
substances into and out of the cell and in maintaining intracellular homeostasis . These systems actively
transport ions, molecules like glucose, and oth er substanc es across the cell membr ane using energy
sources such as ATP. For example, the sodium -gl ucose cotransport system allows the uptake of glucose
into the cell by utilizing the electrochemical gra dient of sodium ions [19 ]. These transport syst ems are
essential for meeting the ene rgy requirements of cells and ensuring their survival.
VII. H ISTOLOGI CAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
The cell membrane can be observed using high -resolution techniques such as electron microscopy.
Electron microscopy provides a detailed examination of the phospholipid bilayer structure of the ce ll
membrane and the dis tribution of membrane proteins. Obs erving t he cell membrane under thi s
microscope allows for the clear visualization of the structure that provides the physical separation
between int racellular and extracellular enviro nments [1]. Additi onally, this technique reveals the
organization of mic rodomains and membrane proteins wit hin the cell membrane .
Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in the ce ll membrane can be detected using various histological
staining techniques. For e xample, lipids are stai ned with dyes such as Oil Red O, while protei ns are
labeled using specific antibodies through im munohistochemistry techniques. Glycoproteins a nd
glycolipids can be d etected using the Periodic A cid -Schiff (PAS) staining method [20]. These staining
techniques are wid ely used to examine the distribution and localization of cell membrane components
within tissues.
The composition and structure of the cell membrane can vary significantly between different cell types.
For inst ance, in nerve cells, the cell membrane contains high amounts of sphingolipids and cholesterol,
which fac ilitate the formation of the myelin sheath and the rapid transmission of nerve im pulses [21]. I n
22
Corollary 4.2. If the curve
is a asymtoti c line on partner surfaces
( )
M M ,
, then we have t o
take its second curvature
g
is zero. Therefore the Gauss curvature of a geode sic curve is
obtained by the equa lity
0 =
K
Proof. The Gauss curvature of a curve is written as follows:
g n
K
. =
,
If the curve
is a geode sic curve, then its normal curvature
0 =
n
. S o we have the equality
0 =
K
.
C. Mean Curvature of the surfaces pair
( )
M M ,
Theorem 5.1. Let
H
be the Mean curvature of
( )
M M ,
. We have the following equality.
) si n )(c os
2
(
+
+
=
H
. (22)
Proof. We know Mean c urvature o f the curve is first curva ture plus secon d curvature in classic
geometry (e.g. [1 -9]). So we can write following equality:
,
2
g n
H
+
=
) si n )(cos
2
(
+
+
=
H
.
Corollary 5.1. If the curve
is a geodesic curve , then we have to take its first curva ture
n
is
zero. Therefore the Mean curvature of a g eodesic curve is obtained by following equation.
si n
2
c os
2
1 + =
H
.
Proof. The Mean curvature of a curve is written as follows:
2
g n
H
+
=
.
If the curve
is a g eodesic curve, then its normal curvature
0 =
n
. S o followin g equality is
obtained.
si n
2
c os
2
1 + =
H
.
Corollary 5.2. If the curve
is a asymtotic line, then we ha ve to take its second curvature
g
is
zero. Therefore the Mean curvature of a geodesic curve is obtained as follows:
cos
2
si n
2
1 + =
H
.
Proof. The Mean curvature of a curve is written as follows:
If the curve
is a geodesic curve, then its normal curvature
0 =
n
. We obtain the following
equation:
23
cos
2
si n
2
1 + =
H
.
IV. CONCLUSION
We apply the Willmore energy formulae to the partne r surfaces
( )
M M ,
that contains the e volute-
involute partner c urves i n Euclidean 3-Space in a differentia l g eometric perspective.
C ONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
R EFERENCES
[1] Almaz, F., Külah çı, M. A. ( 2021). Involute- evolute D-curves in Minkowski 3 space
3
1
E
, Bol. Soc. Paran. Mat.39 (1),
147 - 156.
[2] ] As , E. , Sarıoğlugil , A. (201 4). On the Bishop curvatures of inv olute evolute curve couple in
3
E
, Internation al Journal
of Phy sical Sciences, 9(7), 140 -145.
[3] Bektaş, Ö., Yüce, S. ( 2013). Sp ecial invo lu te -evolute partner D -cur ves in
3
E
, Eu ropean Journ al of Pure and App lied
Mathematics, 6 (1), 20 -29, 2013.
[4] Bilici, M., Çalışkan, M. (20 09). On the involutes o f the spacelike curve with a timelike binormal in Minkowski 3 -Space,
Intern ational Math ematical Foru m, 4(31), 149 7 -1509.
[5] Ertürk , N. (2010). Curve Couples in the Euclidean 3 - Space, M.Sc. Th esis, Uşak Univer sity, Uşak, T ükiye.
[6] M. Kazaz , Uğurlu , H. H., Önder, M. & Oral, S. (2016). Be rtran d partner D - cu rves in the E uclidean 3 - space
3
E
, Afyon
Kocatepe Univer sity Journal of Science and Engin eering, 16(1), 76 -83, 2016.
[7] Özyılmaz, E., Yılmaz, S. (20 09). I nvolute-evolu te cu rve couples in the E uclidean 4 -Space, Int. J. Open Problems Co m pt.
Math., 2 (2), 168 - 174.
[8] Yıldırım, A. , Kaya, F.. (202 0). Ev olute- Involute Par tner Curves Acc ording to Darbou x Frame in Euclidean 3 -space
3
E
,
Fundam entals of Contemporary Ma thematical Scien ces, 1(2)63 – 70.
[9] Hacısalihoglu H. H. (1982). On The Relations Between The Higher Curvatures Of A Curve and A Strip.,
Commun ications de la faculté des Sciences De Un iversité d. Ankara Serie A1, Tome 31.
[10] Keles, S. (198 2). Joach imsthal theorem s for Manifolds [PHD], Fı rat Un iversity, Turk ey.
[11] Sabu ncuoglu , A., Hac ısalihoglu H. H. (197 5). Higher Curvatures o f a Strip , Comm unication s de la Faculté des Sciences
De L.Univ ersité d.An kara Série A 1, Tome 24 , pp : 25- 33.
[12] Sabu ncuoglu , A. (2004). Differential Geo metry, Nobel Publications, pp : 137 -14 4, 360-3 67, Ankara, (2004) .
[13] O’n eill, B. (19 66). Elementary Differen tial Geometr y, Academic Press, New Yo rk.
[14] Stru ik, D. J. (1933 ) . Lecutres on Differ ential Geometry, , addition -Wesley p ublishin g Company , inc.
[15] Wather burn , C. E. (1 955) . Differential Geo metry , Cambrid ge at the Univ ersity Press.
[16] Willmor e, T. J. (1 959). Introduction to Differential Geo metry, Clarend on, Oxford, 128.
[17] Willmor e, T. J. (1 965). Note on emb edded Surfaces, An. Sti. Univ. Al. I . Cusa Iasi, N. Ser., Sect. Ia Mat. 1 1B, 493 - 496.
[18] Willmor e, T. J. (1992 ). A survey on Willmo re immersions", Geo metry and Topo logy of Su bmanifolds, IV (Leu ven,
1991), River Edge, N J: World Scien tific, pp . 11 – 16.
[19] Bryan t, R. L., ( 1984). A duality th eorem for Willmore surfaces, Journ al of Differen tial Geometry, 20(1), 23 - 53.
[20] Mü ller, S.; Röger , M. (May 201 4). Confined stru cture of least bend ing energy. Jou rnal of Geometr y. 97(1), 109 -139.
[21] http s://en.wikiped ia.org /wiki/Willmore_energ y .
6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
24
Çocuklarda Vole ybo lun Psikoso sya l Gelişim Üzerin e Etkileri
Necip ARMAN 1* , Ekrem Levent İL H AN 2
1 Milli Eğitim Baka nlığı / Nene Ha tun Kız Mesleki ve Tekn ik A nado lu Lisesi , Türkiye
2 B eden E ğitim ve Spor Öğ retmenliği Bö lümü / Spo r Bilimleri Fakü ltesi , Gazi Ünivers ite si , Türkiye
* (necipa rman@g mail.com)
Özet – Gelişim, bireyin iç ve dış faktörlerin etki leşimi il e meydana gelen sürekli bir değişim sürecidir.
İnsan gelişimi, sosyal, duygusal, fiziksel, zihinsel ve hareket gelişimi olarak beş ana boyutta ele alın abilir.
Sosyal gelişim, b ireyin aile içinde başlar ve zamanla çevresi genişler. B u süreç te çocuk, sosyal
etkileşimler yoluyla kendi kimliğini değerlendirir. S osyalleşme, bireyin grup normlarına uyum
sağlamasını ve sosyal yetkinli k kazanmasını sağlar. Çocukluk dönemi, bireyin sosyal v e psikolojik
gelişiminin kritik bir evresidir. Bu dönemde kazanılan deneyimler, bireylerin il eriki yaşamlarında t utum
ve davranışlarını şekillendirir. Spor, fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlığı destekleyerek sosyal be cerilerin
kazanımına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çocuklar arasın da yaygınlaşan ha reketsiz yaşam
tarzının, internet ve teknoloji bağımlılığının, evde geçirilen zamanın artışının ve ulaşımın kolaylaşmasının
neden olduğu sağlık sorunlarını, sosyalleşme zorluklarını ve psikolojik uyum problemlerini incelemektir.
Ayrıca, son yıllarda Tü rkiye'de popülerleşen v oleybol sporunun sağlık ve sosyal beceri gelişimine
katkıları değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ç ocukların voleybol a racılığıyla elde ed ebilece ği
psikososyal kazanımlar incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, voleybol, özgüveni artıran, benlik saygısını yük selten
ve sosyal becerilerin geli şimini destekleyen bir takım sporudur. Voleybol oynayan çocukların stres
düzeyleri azalmakta, problem çözme be cerileri gelişmekte ve kaygı duru mlarıyla başa çıkma yetenekleri
artmaktadır. Ayrıca, çocuklar bu spor sayesinde takım çalışması, liderlik ve il etişim gibi önemli sosyal
yetkinlikler kazanmaktadır. Eğitim kurumları, aileler ve antrenörlerin iş birliği ile çocukların vol eybola
yönlendirilmesi teşvik edilmeli; antrenman programları, fiziksel ve psiko - sosyal gelişim i destekleye cek
şekilde düzenlenmelidir. Voleybolun tanıtı mının artırılması ve spor tesislerine e rişimin kolaylaştırılması
da önem t aşımaktadır. B u süreçte, ailelerin, öğre tmenlerin ve antrenörlerin bilinçlendirilmesi büyük bir
öneme sahiptir.
Anah tar Kelimeler – gelişim, p sikososyal g elişim, spor, voleyb ol, ço cuk
I. GİRİŞ
Gelişim, iç ve dış fakt örlerin etkileşimi sonuc u organizmada meyd ana gelen, birbiriyle il işkili ve
düzenli bir süreç içind e devam eden bi r dizi değişiklik olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu süreç, bireyin
fonksiyonel değişimlerini yansıtır [1]. Diğer bir ifadeyle, öğ renme, yaşantılar ve olgunl aşma gibi
etkenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan değişiklikler olarak tanımlanabilir [2].
Bu bağlamda, gelişimin dinamik bir süreç old uğu ve bireylerin bu süre ç içerisinde sürekli olara k
evrildiği vurgulanmaktadır.
İnsan gelişimi, sosyal, d uygusal, fiziksel, zihinsel ve h areket gelişim i o lmak üzere beş ana boyutta
sınıflandırılmaktadır [3]. Bu boyutlardan biri olan sosyal gelişim , bireyin doğumundan itibaren aile içinde
başlar. Ann e - çocuk ilişkisi, doğumdan itibaren se mbolize edilmiş etkinliklerle şekillenen bir ilişki süreci
ile gelişmeye başlar. S osyalleşme, bireyin grup normlarına uyum sağlamasını ve bu normları öğrenmesini
mümkün kılan bir süreç olarak tanımlanmakta dır [4].
Başlangıçta çocuğun sosyal çevresi yalnızca a i le ile sınırlıyken, zamanla bu çevre genişler. Kre şe
başladığında ço cuk sınıf arkadaşları, öğretmenleri, diğer sınıflardaki öğrenciler ve öğretmenler, okul
25
müdürü ve arkadaşlarının aileleriyle tanışı r. Bu durum, çocuğun hızl ı bir sosyal gelişim sürecine
girmesine neden olur. Çocuk, yeni çevresindeki bireylerle etkileşimd e bulunarak, onl arı tan ımaya
çalışırken, aynı zamanda kendi kiml iğini de yenide n değerlendirmeye başlar [5].
Kişinin sosyal uyarıcılara, özellikle grup yaşamı nın baskı ve zorluklarına karşı duyarlılık geliştirmesi,
kendi grubuna v eya kül türüne uyum sağlamasıyla mümkün olm aktadır. İnsan, belirli bir zamanda ve
belirli bir sosyal- kültürel ortamda dünyaya gelir ve sosyalleşme süreci boyunca çevresine ve topluma
uyum sağlama çabası gö sterir. Bu uyum çabası, öncelikle aile içind e başl ar, ardından okul ortamı nda ve
son olarak meslek h ayatında devam ed er [6]. Sosyal yetkinlik beklentisi, bireyin karşılaştığı güç
durumlarla başa çıkma b ecerisine ilişkin kendi yargıları ve inançlarıyla ya kından ilişkilidir. Bu bağ lamda,
sosyal yetkinlik, bireyin hem mev cut hem de g elece kt e karşılaşabileceği zorluklar ın üst esinden ge lme
konusundaki öz yeter lik algısını şekillendirir [7].
Çocukluk dönemi, bireyin yaşamsal ve psiko lojik süreçler inde meydana gelen farklılıklarla şekillenen,
psikososyal özelliklerinin gelişimini içeren kritik bir yaşam evresidir. Bu dönem, bireyin bağımsı zlık
kazanma ve sosyal y etkinli ğini artırma çabalarıyla doludur. Çocukl ar, bu süreçte çeşitli sosyal
etkileşimler ve deneyimler aracılığıyla kendilerini tanıma, duygusal v e sosyal beceriler gelişti rme fırsatı
bulurlar. Bu açıdan b akıldığında, çocukluk dön emi, bireyin gelecekteki sosyal ilişkilerini ve psik olojik
sağlığını etkileyen temel bir yapı taşıdır.
Çocukluk, bebeklik döneminin ardından gelen ve gelişim sürecinin en hızlı yaşandığı kritik bir evredir.
Bu süreçte kazanılan y etenekler ve den eyimler, bireylerin il eriki yaşlarda sergiley ecekleri tutum ve
davranışların temelini ol uşturmaktadır. Özellikle zihinsel, bilişsel ve ruhsal gelişmelerin yoğunlaştığı bu
dönemde, çocukların öğrenme kapasiteleri ve sosyal etkileşimleri büyük bir hız kazanır [8]. Çocukluk
yılları, insan hayatının hızla ilerleyen am a bir o kadar da büyük ön eme sahip bölümüdür [9] . (Doğan,
2005). Bu dönemde bireylerin bil işsel ve fiziksel gelişimleri hızlanırken, ileriki yaşamlarına dair birçok
temel adım atılmakta ve biçimlenmektedir. Dola yısıyla, gelişim sürecinde edinilen kazanımlar, çocuğun
ileriki yıllardaki yaşantısını büyük ölçüde etkilemektedir. Ancak çocukluk dönemi kadar önemli ve hassas
bir dönemin yanı sıra, bireylerin k arakterlerinin, alışkanlıklarının, tutum ve dav ranışlarının yalnızca bu
süreçte biçimlenmediği gerçeği de göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bireylerin doğuştan gelen özel likleri,
ileriki yaşlardaki çevreleri, eğitim süreç leri, t ercihleri ve beslenme alışkanl ıkları gibi faktörler de karakter
oluşumunda, ruhsal ve fiziksel yapılarında etkili rol oynamaktadır [10].
Bu denli önemli olan çocukluk döneminde, başta aileler olm ak ü zere eğitim kurumları ve sosyal çevre,
çocukların tem el motorik becerilerinin gelişimine katkı sağlamak ama cıyla onları sporla t anıştırmalıdır.
Spor, insanın fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlığını koruyan, hareket etme becerisi k azandıran ve insan
davranışlarına yön veren bir kavramdır; bu olgu tarihin en eski dön emlerinden günümüze kadar va rlığını
sürdürmektedir [9]. Bireylerin gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynayan spor, a ynı zamanda sosyal be cerilerin
kazanılmasını, problem çözme yeteneklerinin gelişimini ve bireyler arası olumlu iletişimin kurulmasına
katkı sağlamaktadır [11]. Sporun bu bütüns el yönü, fiziksel ve fizyolojik gelişimin ötesinde, bireylerin
sosyolojik ve psikolojik gelişimlerinde de yadsınamaz bir etki yaratmaktadır. S portif faaliyet sırasında,
sporcunun yüksek performans sergileyebilmesi için birçok parametr enin bir araya gelmesi gerekme ktedir
ve bu parametreler arasında psikolojik etmenler de önemli bir ye r tutma ktadır [12]. Kavramsal olar ak
spor, bireylerin doğal ve ruhsal sağlığını iyileştiren, sosyal ilişkilerini düzenleye n, fiziksel ve ruhsal
gelişimlerini destekleyen bir süreç olarak tanımlanabilir. Ayrıca, oyun ve işten uzaklaşarak bireyin
sosyalleşmesini sağlamakta ve toplumsal etkileşimleri a rtırmaktadır [13 ].
Sosyalleşme, bireyin diğ er insanla rla doğ ru iletişim kurmasını ve bu kişiler üzerinde olumlu bir etki
yaratmasına k atkıda bulunduğu vurgulanmıştır [14]. Spor ar acılığıyla sosyalleşme ise, bireylerin belirli
bir kültürde işlev görmelerini sağlayan becerileri, tutumları, değerleri ve da vranış biçimlerini öğrendikleri
karmaşık bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır [15].
Sosyal gelişim alanlarından biri olan spor aktiviteleri, bireyleri zengin psikososyal süreçlere m aruz
bırakmaktadır. Çocuk v e ergenlerin gelişimi, spor faaliyetlerindeki çeşitli duygusal uyarımlar v e sosyal
deneyimler aracılığıyla olumlu yönde etkilenebili r. Spor, bireyde hem haz h em de stres y aratabilen bir
aktivite olarak, bu d uygulanımların kişilerarası, durumsal ve diğer kaynaklardan etkilendiği
gözlemlenmiştir [16]. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde düzenli spor k atılımının, işbirliği, hak arama,
26
sorumluluk bil inci, empati kurma, öz kont rol ve liderlik gibi sosyal beceri k azanımlarına katkıda
bulunduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bu durum, saldırganlık düzeyinin azalmasına ve olumlu akran ilişkilerinin
kurulmasına zemin hazırlamakta dır [17].
Sporun, bireylerin psiko - sosyal gelişiminde önemli bir yeri olduğu g erçeği göz ardı edilmemelidir.
İnsanların sosyal ve psikol ojik açıdan aktif bir yaşam sürmeler inin en etkili yollarından biri spor
aktivitelerine katılmaktır. Spor, bireylerin manevi yalnızlık hissini azaltara k, iş hayatında karşıl aşılan
amaçsızlık ve monoton çalışma şartlarının doğurduğu kötümser tutumları ortadan kaldırmanın en kolay
yolunu sunmaktadır [6]. Bu bağlamda, spor yalnızca fiziksel bir etkinlik olmanın ötesinde, bireylerin
sosyal ilişkilerini geliştiren ve grup dinamiklerini olumlu yönde etkileyen bir faaliyettir. Bireyler, s portif
etkinlikler aracılığıyla sorumluluk, iş birliği ve düzen sağlama gibi önemli yeteneklerini geliştirmekte,
böylece sosyalleşme süreçlerine katkıda bulunm aktadırlar. Ayrıca spor, bireylerin sosyal etkileşimlerini
güçlendirdiği gibi, toplumların gelişim ine ve yü celmesine de ön emli bir araç olarak hizmet etmektedir
[18].
Fiziksel aktivit eler ve spor, çocukların sosyal beceri düzeylerinin a rtmasına ve sorumlul uk alma
yetenekler inin gelişmesi ne önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Müsaba kalara katılan çocuklar, kazanma ve
kaybetme duygularını öğrenirken, rekabet ortam ında daha fazla çalışarak rakiplerine saygı duymayı ve
empati kurmayı öğrenirler [19]. Ay rıca, sporun toplumsal gelişim açısından önemi büyüktür; çocuklar,
farklı bireylerle iletişim kurara k, herkesin kendisi yle aynı fikirde olmayabilece ğini ve farklı ilgi ile
isteklerinin olabileceğini fark ed erler. Spor y aparken vey a oyna rken k arşılaşabilecekleri probl emleri
çatışmaya girmeden çözmeyi öğre nirler [2 0 ].
Spor etkinlikleri, çocukların kurallara uyma ve t akım arkadaşlığının öne mini anlama fırsatı sunar [21].
Bu süreç, öz güv enlerini artırmanın yanı sıra ken dilerini ifade ed ebilme yeteneklerini geliştirmelerine ve
çevre l erinde kabul göre rek saygı kazanma deneyi mlerini yaşamalarına yardımcı olur. Ayrıca, özgürlük ve
bağımsızlık yönetimi gibi becerilerin edinilmesi, çocukların davranışsal gelişiminde önemli kazanımlar
elde etmeler ini sağlar [22 ].
Voleybol, spor dalları arasında geniş kit leler tarafından ilgi gören ve her yaş grubuna hitap eden bir
takım sporudur. Kırd a, açık havada veya k apalı alanlarda oynanabilmesi, ekipmanlarının kolay ca temin
edilebilmesi ve sporcuyu bedensel, zihinsel ve duygusa l açıdan dengeli bir şekilde ç alıştırması gibi
özellikleri, voleybolun tercih edilme sebeplerindendir. Oyun kurallarının sade ve anlaşılır olm ası, her yaş
düzeyinden ve cinsiyetten bireylerin bu spora katılımını teşvik etmektedir [23].
Voleybol, oyuncunun kişiliği ni, zekasını, takım çalışması yeteneğini v e mücadele azmini geliştirirken,
kendine güvenini artıran sosyal bir spor dalı olarak da önem taşımaktadır [23]. Hem rekabetçi bi r spor
dalı olarak hem d e eğlen ce amacıyla oynanabilmesi, bireylerin fiziksel, psi kolojik ve sosyal gelişimlerine
katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu yönüyle voleybol, gün geçtikçe artan bir popülariteye sahip olup, sporun sunduğu
çok yönlü faydalarla bireylerin yaşa m kalitesini yükseltmektedir [24].
Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüzde çocuklar arasında gider ek yaygınlaşan hareketsiz yaşam t arzının,
internet ve teknoloji bağımlılığının, boş zamanların büyük bölümünün evde geçirilmesinin ve ulaşımın
kolaylaşmasının yol açtığı sağlık problemlerini, sosyalleşme zorluklarını ve psikolojik uyum sorunlarını
irdelemektir. Çalışmada ayrıc a, ülkemizde son yıl larda büyük ivme kazanan ve çocuklar arasında popüler
hale gelen voleybol spor unun, sağlık ve sosy al beceri gelişim ine olan katkıları değerlendirilmektedir. Bu
bağlamda, ço cukların s por yaparak psiko sosyal yönden nasıl kazanımlar elde edebileceği, özellikle
voleybol branşı çerçe v esinde ele a lınarak incelen miştir.
Voleybol Branşının Psiko - Sosyal Gelişime Etkisi
Voleybol branşı, rakiple fiziksel temas içermemesi nedeniyle bu sporla ilgilenen bire ylerin
özgüvenlerini artırdığı d üşünülmektedir. Spor yapan öğrencilerin benlik saygısı ve özgüven değerlerinin
incelendiği bir ar aştırmada, voleybol oyna yan bireylerin benlik sa ygısı ve özgüve nlerinin diğer spor
branşlarında y er alan öğrencilere kıyasla istatisti ksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir
[25]. Ayrıca, voleybol katılımcılarının özgüven puan ortalamasının, basketbol ve badminton
oyuncularından be lirgin ş ekilde yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir [26].
27
Voleybolun etkileri yalnızca fiziksel değil, aynı zamanda psikoloj ik alanlarda da gözlemlenmektedir.
Sporcuların stres düzeyleri ve problem çözme becerileri üzerinde olumlu etkiler yarattığı sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır [27]. Voleybol branşında yer alan çocukların mutlul uk düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu tespit
edilmiştir [28].
Voleybol oynayan çocuklar, takım arkadaşlarıyla aralarındaki sosyal d estek stratejilerini gelişti rere k
kaygı durumlarıyla daha etkin bir şekilde başa ç ık abilmektedir [29].
Kadın voleybolcuların iletişim becerilerinin, futbolculara göre daha yüksek olduğu da belirlenmiştir
[30]. Bununla birlikte, basketbol ve voleybol spo rcularını kaps ayan bir çalışmada, durum kaygı dü zeyleri
arasında belirgin bir fark bulunmamıştır. Sporcuların stres fa ktörleri ve problem çözme becerileri üzerine
yapılan araştırmalar, stre sin nedenleri il e ilgili spesifik özelliklerin belirle nmesinin sporcuların sosyal ve
sportif yaşamlarını daha verimli hale getireceğini vurgulamıştır [31].
Takım sporları ile uğraşan bireylerin, bir eysel s por yapanlar ve sed anter bireylere kıyasla özgüven
seviyelerinin anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sedanter öğrencilerin ise, s porcu
öğrencilere göre hem içsel hem de dışsal ö zgüven seviyelerinin daha düş ük olduğu tespit edilmiştir [32].
Ayrıca, sporcu grupların ın depresyon, anksiyete ve sosyal kaygı düzeyler inin, sporcu olmayan gruplara
göre anlamlı ölçüde düşü k olduğu bulunmuştur [33]. Sporcu gruplarının yaşam kalitesi, hem ergenler hem
de ebeveynler açısından, sporcu olmayan gru plara göre belirgin bir şekilde daha yüksektir.
SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERİLER
Voleybol, bireylerin fizik sel gelişimlerinin yanı sıra psiko -sosyal gelişim lerine de önemli katkılar sunan
bir spor branşıdır. Erken yaşlardan itibaren voleybol ile uğraşan çocuklar, sade ce fiziksel güç,
dayanıklılık ve esneklik gibi özellikleri geliştirmekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda takım ç alışması, iş birliği,
liderlik, problem çözme, stres yönetimi ve iletişim bec erileri gibi sosyal ve psikolojik yetkinlikl er de
kazanırlar. Voleybolun getirdiği bu psiko - sosyal faydalar, çocukların ke ndilerini daha iyi tanımalarına,
sınırlılıklarını keşfetmelerine ve özgüvenlerini artırmalarına olanak tanır. Bu spor, bireylerin toplumsal
hayatta daha aktif v e et kili olabilmelerine katkıda bulunurken, grup içinde çalışma, sorumluluk alma,
saygı, hoşgörü ve centilmenlik gibi değerleri de pekiştirir. Ayrıca, voleyb ol oynayan bireylerde stres ve
kaygı düzeyler inin azalm ası, depresyon riskinin düşmesi gibi psikolojik kazanımlar da görülmektedir.
Voleybolun sağladığı fiziksel ve psiko - sosyal faydaların çocukların gelişi minde etkili olması için,
çocukların bu spora erk en yaşlarda yönlendirilmesi teşvik edilmelidir. Eğitim kurumları, aileler ve spor
organizasyonları iş birliği içinde çalışarak, çocukların spor olanaklarına daha kolay erişim sağlamalarını
ve voleybol gibi takım sporlarının yaygınlaştırılmasını desteklemelidir.
Voleybolun sosyal bir sp or olm ası, çocukl arın takım çalışması, liderlik ve sorumluluk gibi bece rilerini
geliştirmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu nedenle, antrenman programlarının sadece fiziksel performans odaklı
değil, aynı zamanda psiko - sosyal gelişimi destekl eyici şekilde tasarlanması gerekmektedir. Öğretmenler
ve antrenörler, çocukların takım ruhu kazanmalarına ve sosyal ilişkilerini güçlendirmelerine katkı
sağlayacak eğitim metotl arı uygulamalıdır. Voleybol, sadece bir fiziksel aktivite olarak d eğil, aynı
zamanda çocukların sosyal gelişimlerini de destekleyen bir araç olarak değerlendirilmelidir.
Son olara k, yere l ve ulusal spor poli tikaları çerçevesinde voleybol branşı daha geniş kitlelere tanıtılmalı
ve spor tesisl erinin erişil ebilirliği artırılmalıdır. Böylece, çocuklar erk en yaşlardan itibaren vol eybol
oynamaya teşvik edilerek, sağlıklı bir yaşam tarzı benimseme ve sosyo - psikolojik gelişimlerini
destekleme imkânı bula caktır. Bu süre çte ailelerin, öğretmenl erin ve antrenörlerin bilinçlendirilmesi
büyük önem taşımaktadır.
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Beispiel einer Mutter-Kin d-AG in der Hard tstiftung. https://www.hard tstiftung.o rg/images/pdf/Artikel -er ev- 2.pdf. Erişim
Tarihi: 2 0.09.2024
[22] Du rualp, E., & Aral, N. (2010). A study on the eff ects of play -based social skills train ing on social skills of six -year-o ld
children . Hacettepe University Journ al of Edu cation, 39(39), 160 - 172.
[23] Aslan, N. (19 79). Okullarda ve kulüp lerde voleybol. Ank ara Bilim Matbaası, 18 - 19.
[24] Ölçü cü, B., Özen, Ş., & Altinkök, M. (2 014). Spor eğitiminde tokat ilind e voleybo l takımlarında oynayan voleybolcu ların
voleybola başlama n edenleri ve beklen tileri. Uluslarar ası Türk Eğ itim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 014(3), 57 - 70.
[25] Polat, B., Erdil, C., & Koçak , İ. (2020). Okul takımlar ında oynayan lise öğrenciler in özgüven düzeylerinin ince lenmesi.
Uluslararası Bozo k Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2), 54 - 61.
[26] Dem ir, C. (2023). Türkiye Milli Olimpiy at Komitesinin Diy arbak ır'da g erçekleştirdiği 10 - 14 yaş ar ası k ız çocuklar ının
spor yo luyla güçlendirm e projesinde özg üven ve benlik saygısı değ erlerin in incelenmesi (Master 's thesis, İstanb ul
Gelişim Üniver sitesi Lisansüst ü Eğ itim Enstitüsü).
[27] Söze n, H., Doğ an, E., & E rdo ğan, E . (201 2). Far klı Bran şlardaki Sporcuların stres dü zeyleri ve p roblem çözme
becerilerin in karşılaştırılması. Kafkas Ün iversitesi Sosyal Bi limler En stitü Dergisi, 1( 9), 97 -110.
[28] Dev eci, M. E ., Tez, Ö. Y., & Gür büz, P. G. (2021). Çocuk spor cuların rekreasyo nel egzersize k atılım motivasyonu v e
mutluluk düzeylerin in incelenmesi. Akden iz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(3) , 402 -411.
[29] Ak el, S., & Ak ı, E. (202 0). Aktif Vo leybo l Oy nayan Kız Çocu klarında Kay gı İle Baş Et me Becerileri Eğitimin in Fiziksel
Aktivite Perf orman s Algısına Etkisi. Ergo terapi ve Rehab ilitasyon Der gisi, 8(2), 107 -112.
[30] Özd emir, N., & Ab akay, U. (2 017). Kadın v oleybol ve fu tbolcularda iletişim beceriler i ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin
incelenm esi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Der gisi, 2(1), 41 - 52.
[31] Özb ekçi, F. (19 89). Farklı spor dallarında yaşan an müsabaka stres düzeylerin in araşt ırılması ( Doctoral dissertatio n,
Marmara Universitesi (T urkey).
[32] Özb ek, S., Yoncalık, M. T., & Alıncak, F. (2017). Sporcu ve sed anter lise ö ğrencilerinin ö zgüven düzey lerinin
karşılaştırılması (Kırşeh ir İli Örneğ i). Gaziantep Ün iversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (3), 46 - 56.
[33] Alpaslan , A. H. (20 09). Erg en yaştaki lisanslı spor culard a an ksiyete ve d epresyon d üzeyler i ile yaşam kalitesinin
araştırılması (Master 's thesis, Bursa Ulud a ğ Un iversity (Turkey).
6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
29
Çocuklarda Vole ybo lun Fiziksel - Fizyo lojik Gelişim Üzerine Etkileri
Necip ARMAN 1* , Ekrem Levent İL H AN 2
1 Milli Eğitim Baka nlığı / Nene Ha tun Kız Mesleki ve Tekn ik A nado lu Lisesi , Türkiye
2 B eden E ğitim ve Spor Öğ retmenliği Bö lümü / Spo r Bilimleri Fakültesi , Gazi Ünivers ite si , Türkiye
* (necipa rman@g mail.com)
Özet – Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüzde giderek yaygınlaşan seda nt er yaşam tarzının çocuklar üzerindeki
olumsuz etkilerini incelemek ve bu bağlamda ö zellikle voleybol sporunun fiziksel ve fizyolojik gelişim
üzerindeki katkılarını analiz etmektir. Erken yaşlardan itibaren voleybol gibi takım sporlarına katılan
çocukların fiziksel, fizyolojik ve sosyal gelişimler i üzerinde olumlu etkiler gözlemlenmiştir. Voleybol
gibi sporlar, çocukların hareket becerilerini, kas gelişimini, denge ve esn eklik gibi fiziksel yeteneklerini
geliştirmenin yanı sıra, özgüven ve sosyal beceriler kazanmalarına da yardım cı olm aktadır. Sonuç olarak,
sporun çocukların sağl ıklı gelişimi üzerindeki olumlu etkilerini göz önünde bulundurara k, bu
alışkanlıkların küçük ya şlardan itibaren kazandırılması gerekmektedir. Spor, çocukların sad ece fiziksel
değil, zihinsel ve sosyal gelişimlerinde de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle, aileler, eğitimciler ve
antrenörler, çoc ukl arı spora teşvik etmeli ve onların sporla ilişkilerini sürdürebilir hale ge tirmelidir.
Voleybol gibi sporlar, çocukların hem fiziksel sağlıklarını hem de duygusal ve sosyal gelişi mlerini
destekleyebilir. Bu nedenle, çocukların ilgi duydukları branşlara yönl endirilmeleri ve bu branşlarda
düzenli olarak fiziksel aktivitelere katılmaları sağlanmalıdır. Spor yapa rken aşırı zorlamalardan
kaçınılmalı, büyüme plaklarının henüz kapanmamış olması nedeniyle ağır egzersizler yapılmama lıdır.
Ayrıca, ülke g enelinde voleybol gibi popüler spor d allarında y etenek taramaları yapılarak, genç
yetenekler in keşfedilmesi ve bu sporun yaygınlaş tırılması sağlanabilir. B u çabalar, ulusla rarası dü zeyde
başarılı ve sağlıklı sporcular yetiştirilmesine katkıda bulunac aktır.
Anah tar Kelimeler – fiziksel g elişim, fizyolojik g elişim, spo r, vo leybol, çocuk
I. GİRİŞ
Gelişim, bireyin hem iç hem de dış faktörleri n etkisiyle yaşadığı sürekli ve düzenli bir değişim
sürecidir. Bu süreç, organizmada birbirleriyle ilişkili değişimlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açar ve bireyin
fonksiyonel değişimlerini yansıtır [1] . Gelişim, öğrenme, yaşantılar ve olgunl aşma etkenlerine bağlı
olarak gerçekleşen değişiklikler olar ak da tanımlanabilir [2] . İnsan gelişim i sosyal, duygusal, fizikse l,
zihinsel ve hareket geli şim olarak sını flandırılmaktadır ( [3] . Özellikle çocukluk döneminde fiziksel
gelişim, boy, kilo ve kas kütlesinin artışı ile düzenli bir şekilde ilerle r [1].
Fiziksel gelişim , çocukluk döneminde hızla il erleyen bir süreçtir ve boy uzaması, kilo artışı, kas ve
kemik gelişimi gibi bir çok önemli değişikliği içerir . Bu süreç, aynı zamanda sinir sistemi ve duyu
organlarının gelişimini de kapsar [4] . Özellikle çocukluk döneminde hareket, vücudun gelişiminde
merkezi bir rol oynar. B ebeklerin anneleriyle ilk iletişimlerini hareket yoluyla kurmaları ve çocukların
yaşamlarındaki temel mutl uluk kaynağının hareket olması, bu sü recin önemini vurgular [5]. H areket,
insanın en temel özelliklerinden biridir ve sağlık, canlılık ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Sporcunun
performa nsını etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden biri olan hareketlilik, çocu kların doğal eğilimlerinden biri
olarak görülür [6].
Çocukların ya ratılışları gereği hareket etmey e yö nelik doğal bir dürtüleri vardır ve bu, onların yaşam
sevinçlerinin bir göstergesidir. Fiziksel aktivitenin çocukluk döneminde kazandırılması, bireyin ömür
boyu süre cek sağlıklı alışkanlıklar edinmesi açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Çocukluk döneminde
30
kazanılan hareket alışkanlıkları gene llikle haya t boyu devam ed er v e bu ka lıpların izleme etkisi uzun
vadede gözlemlenebilir [7].
Gelişmiş toplumlarda teknolojinin ilerlemesi ile birlikte hareke tsiz yaşam tarzının yaygınlaştığı ve
özellikle ergenlik dönemindeki bireylerin fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin yetersiz kaldığı belirtilmektedir
[8 ]. Yirmi birinci yüzyıl da yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler, insanların günlük yaşamlarını kolaylaştırsa da,
hareke tsizliğin ve s ağlıksız yaşam tarzlarının yaygınlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Modern yaşam, bireyleri
daha az h areket etmeye teşvik ederek, boş z amanlarını genellikle evde, i nternet başında veya akademik
uğraşlarla geçirmelerine neden olmaktadır. B u yaşam tarzı, ulaşım araçlarının aşırı kullanımıyla
birleşerek, çocuklarda ve genç lerde erken yaşlarda sağlık problemlerine yol açmaktadır.
Ancak çocukların sağlıklı bir gelişim süreci geçirmeleri için hareket etmeleri gerekmektedir ve bu
hareke tin çocuklar için bir mutluluk kaynağı olduğu unutulmamalıdır [5]. Hareket, sadece fiziksel
gelişimi desteklemekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda çocukların duygusal ve sosyal gelişimlerine de katkı sağlar.
Sağlıklı bir gelecek için çocuklar ın düzenli olarak fiziksel aktiviteye teşvik edilmesi ve hareketsiz yaşam
tarzının olumsuz etkilerinden korunması önemlidir. Düzenli yapılan fiziksel aktivitenin, sadece sağlıklı
bir vücut yapısını korumakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda fiziksel ve fizyoloji k gelişim e de önemli katkılar
sağladığı bil inmektedir [9 ]. Fiziksel aktivitenin, diyabet, koroner kalp hastalığı , inm e, yüksek tansiyon,
kemik erimesi ve kolon kanseri gibi ciddi sağlık sorunlarının riskini azalttığı belirtilmiştir. Bunun yanı
sıra, fiziksel aktivit e depresyon, kaygı ve aşırı stres gibi psikolojik rahatsızlıklar ın bulguları nı da
hafifletmektedir [10 ].
Araştırmalar , dü zenli fiz iksel aktivitenin çocukların fiziksel uygunluk performansları üzerinde olu mlu
etkiler yarattığını, kız ve erkek çocukların antr opometrik özelliklerinde olumlu gelişmeler olduğunu
göstermiştir [1 1 ].
Genel olarak, okul öncesi dönemde uygulanan beden eğitimi ve spor etkinliklerinin, çocukların hareket
becerilerinin gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynadığı görülmüşt ür. Bu etkinlikler, çocukların dikey sıçrama,
durara k u zun atlama, denge, çabukluk ve çeviklik gibi pek çok temel motor be cerisi üzerinde olumlu
etkiler yaratmıştır. Yavuz ve Özyürek'in [1 2]. araştırmasına göre, okul öncesi yıllardan itibaren çocuklarla
birlikte gerçe kleştirilen beden eğitimi ve spor etkinlikleri, çocukların hareket becerile rini geliştir mede
etkili olmuştur. Bu tür etkinli kler, çocukların fiziksel g elişimlerine katkı sağlarken aynı zamanda
gelece kt eki spor performansları ve fiziksel aktivite alışkanlıklarının temellerini de a tmaktadır.
Hareketsiz yaşam t arzı, özellikle çocuklar arasında küresel ölçekte artan obezite salgınına ön emli bir
katkı sağlamaktadır [1 3 ]. Bu hareketsizlik sadece kilo sorunlarına değil , aynı z amanda kas v e e klem
yaralanma l arına d a yol açabilir. Çocukların büyü me plaklarının kapanmamış olması nedeniyle ek lemler
üzerindeki aşırı yüklenm elerden ka çınılması gerekmektedir. Özellikle günümüz teknolojik bağımlılıkları
— cep telefonu, tabl et, bilgisayar, televizyon ve video oyunları gibi — çocukların dah a har eketsiz bir
yaşam sürmesine ne d en olmakta, bu da omurga sorunlarına yol açmaktadır [14].
Buna karşılık, dikkatli bir şekilde organize edilen egzersiz prog ramları, çocukların fiziksel
uygunluklarını artırara k i leri yaşlarda oluşabilece k sağlık sorunlarını önleye bilir. Bu bağlamda, çocuk ve
ergenlerin fiziksel uygunluklarının izlenmesi ve geliştirilmesi, hem kısa vadede sağlıklar ını korumada
hem de uzun vadede da ha sağlıklı bir yaşam sürmeler inde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır [15]. Çocukluk
döneminde kaba ve in ce motor becerilerin hızl a gelişmesi, çocukların vü cutlarını tanımalarına ve kendi
yetenekler ini k eşfetmelerine olanak tanır. Bu süreç, çevre ile etkileşi m yoluyla somu t kavr amları
algılamanın ardından soyut kavramları anlamalar ına da yardımcı olur. Ebeveynler ve eğiticiler, çocukların
bilişsel ve fiziksel gelişim süreçler inde çeşitli fizi ksel aktiviteleri teşvik etmelidir [16].
Fiziksel aktiviteleri içere n spor, bireylerin hareke t ihtiyaçlarını karşılayarak, belirli kurallar
çerçeve sinde eğlence ve sosyalleşme fırsatları sunmaktadır. Rekabe t çi unsurlar barındırması, kas ve sini r
sisteminin yanı sıra zihinsel reaksiyonların gelişimine de katkı sağlamaktadır [17]. Bu bağlamda, spor,
vücudun fizyolojik ve metabolik gelişimini destekleye n önemli bir araç olarak değerlendirilmektedir [3].
Spor, insanların zihinsel, fiziksel ve motor be cerilerini geliştiren ve yaşa m kalitesini artıran çok boy utlu
etkileşimler sunan bir etkinlikler bütünüdür. B u tür faa liyetlerin ço cuk yaşl ardan itibaren hayatımızda yer
alması önemlidir [1 8 ]. Düzenli olarak uygulandığ ında, spor, ruhsal ve bedensel sağlığı destekleye n sosyal
bir aktivite niteliği taşımaktadır. Sistemli bir şekilde planlanan v e uygulanan sportif etk inlikler,
31
çocukların h areket özgürlüğünü artırırken beden kontrolünü sağlamada önemli bir rol oyn amaktadır. Bu
nedenle, çocukl arın sağlıklı gelişimi için sistemli ve programlı bir biçimde sportif faaliyetlere katılımları
önerilmektedir [1 9].
Bireylerin beden kontrolünü geliştirmelerine, hareket özgürlüklerini artırmalarına ve sosyal beceriler
kazanmalarına yardımcı olmaktadır [1 9]. Bu çerçevede , ç ocukların sağlıklı bir gelişim süreci
geçirebilmele ri için bir spor branşına veya fiziksel aktiviteye yönlendirilmesi, fiziksel uygunluk
gelişiminde kritik bir faktör olarak öne çıkmaktadır [20]. Takım sporları arasında yer alan voleybol, geniş
kitlelere hitap eden ve her y aş grubunun il gisini çekebilen bir branş o larak dikkat çekmektedi r [21].
Voleybol, dünya genelinde oldukça popüler bir s por dalıdır; haftada en az bir kez voleybol oynayan 800
milyondan fazla insan bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir [22]. Voleybol, kısa süreli yükl eme ve din lenme
aşamalarının yanı sıra ar dışık, aerobik ve anaerobik yüklemeleri de içermektedir, bu da yüksek kas gücü
ve beceri gerektirmektedir [23]. Voleybol, bireyle rin fiziksel ve sosyal gelişi mlerine katkıda bulunm akla
kalmayıp, izleyicilere de estetik bir seyir keyfi sunarak popülaritesini artırmaktadır [2 4 ].
Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüzde giderek yaygınlaşan sedanter yaşam tarzının, özellikle çocuklar
üzerindeki olum suz etkil erini derinlemesine inc elemek ve bu bağlamda, voleybol branşının fiziksel ve
fizyolojik gelişim üzerin deki katkılarını analiz etmektir. Ayrıca, teknolojik ve elektronik çağın getirdiği
hareke tsizlik sorunlarının obezite, diyabet ve diğer kronik hastalıklarla olan il işkisini değerlendirere k,
çocukların sağlıklı bir yaşam tarzı benimsemeleri için voleybol gibi aktif sporların önemini
vurgulamaktır. B u çalışma, fiziksel aktivit e eks ikliğinin ve sedanter y aşam tarzının sağlık üzerindeki
etkilerini anlamak ve ç ocukların spor aktivitele rine katılımını teşvik etmek amacıyla bilgi sağlamayı
hedeflemektedir.
A. Voleybol Branşının Fiziksel ve Fizyolojik Ge lişim e Etkisi
Erken yaşta voleybol b ranşına katılan sporcul ar üz erinde yapılan d eğerlendirmelerde, fiziksel ve
fizyolojik gelişimlere yönelik birçok olumlu bulguya ulaşılmışt ır. Bu çalışmalar , voleybolun çocukların
motor becerilerini, kas gücünü ve genel fiz iksel uygunluk düzeylerini artırdığına dair ka nıtlar
sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu süreçte sporcuların sosyal becerilerinin gelişti ği ve takım çalışmasına yönelik
yetenekler inin güçl endiği gözlemlenmiştir.
Araştırmalar , 11 - 14 y aş ara lığındaki voleybol sporuyla uğraşan kız öğrencilerin, sedanter bireylere
kıyasla daha sağlıklı kardiyovasküler ve solu num fonksiyonlarına s ahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Voleybolcuların vücut yağ oranı ve vü cut a ğırlığının seda nter bireylerden dah a düşük o lduğu
saptanmıştır. Ayrıca , egzersiz sonrası nabızları sedanter gruptan daha yüks ek bulunmuşt ur.
Voleybolcuların s ağ el kavrama kuvveti de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şek ilde daha yüksektir [2 5 ]. S por
yapmayan öğrencilerle karşılaştırıldığında, voleybolcuların istirahat k alp atım sayıları ve kan basıncı
değerleri daha düşük, vit al kapasite ( VC), zorlu vital kapasite (FVC), zorl u ekspirasyon volümü (FEV1)
ve maksimum istemli ventilasyon (MVV) de ğerleri daha olumlu seyrettiği bulunmuştur [26], [27].
Voleybol branşına katılan erkek ço cukların moto r becerileri üzerinde olu mlu etkiler sağladığına da ir
bulgular, sporun çok y önlü faydalarını ortaya koymaktadır. E rken dönemlerde uygulanan hareket
eğitiminin, i lköğretim dönemindeki çocukların motor beceri gelişimini desteklediği belirlenmiştir.
Çocukların çoklu b eceri programlarına katılımı sonucunda motor becerilerinin ve alt bileşenl erinin
anlamlı bir gelişim gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir [28].
Ayrıca, y apılan bir araşt ırmada, voleybol oynayan grupların, farklı yönl erdeki hareketlerde (sağ için
anterior, anteromedial, m edial, posteromedial, posterior, anterolateral; sol için ise anterior, anterom edial,
medial, post eromedial, posterior ve posterolateral) daha başarılı olduğu bulunmuştur. El kavrama kuvveti
ile patlayıcı kuvveti ölçen Durarak Uzun Atlama, Dikey Sıçrama ve B aş Üstü Geriye S ağlık Topu Atma
testlerinde de voleybol oynayan grupların daha yü ksek puanlar aldığı gözlemlenmiştir [29].
Voleybol branşına yönelik yapılan çalışmalar, bu sporun çocukların mot or beceri düzeyl erini art ırma
potansiyeline sahip old uğunu göstermektedir. Pişkin ve arkada şlarının [30] araştırmasında, v oleybol
aktivitelerinin çocukların motor becerilerini gelişti rdiği belirtilmiştir. Erdoğan v e a rkadaşları [31]
38
psychological benefits, and physical activity [45]. R esearc h shows that the presence and vi ew of water
bodies are associated w it h higher quality of life and health [46], [47].
Views and L andscapes: Having a window in a workspace allows fo r a vi ew of the outdoors, which not only
provides access to dayli ght and fresh air but als o offers insi ght into the weather and outdoor activities.
Views from windows can have various positive effects on physical, m ental, and emotional health, such as
physiological recovery fr om stressful experiences, increased job satisfaction, and improved productivity
[17]. Real views f rom wi ndows have a strong er res torative effect than artificial ones, such as nature-th emed
paintings [48]. Studies have shown that eve n ob serving nature from a w indow can improve cognitive
function, mood, and working memory [49].
IV. CONCLUSION
This study investigates the restorative effec ts of biophilic design element s on physical and mental hea lth,
revea ling the role of biophili c design in creating healthy societies. The literature reviewed highl ights a
positive relationship between biophilic d esign an d indi vidual health. Biophilic design in urban areas not
only directly benefits human health but also posi tively impacts urban eco logy, which in turn indirectly
benefits human he alth by improving air, water, and soil qua lity, and reducing harmful p articulates.
Integrating na tural elements i nto the built environment will lead to a he althier, more peaceful life.
Despite the positive relationship found between biophilic design elements and human health, further
research is neede d to explore the detailed eff ects of factors like quantity, orientation, species, and type of
biophilic elements. For example, while plants positi vely affec t cognition, s tress reduction, air quality, and
energy efficiency, their species and number in an environment can also have negative effects on
productivity. Studies on the impact of water elements should also focus on how character istics such as
color, sound, and type o f water bodies influence health in sp ecific spaces. Lastly, the findings strongly
support the Stress Recovery Theory and Attention Restoration Theory, affirming that biophi lic design is a
crucial f actor fo r improving health and well-be ing. Further researc h is needed to fully explore the qualitative
and quantitative impact of biophilic elements and their c ombinations in different settings.
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6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 2024 Published by All Sciences Aca demy
41
Paradigms of app lica tion of digital technolo gies and i nnova tions during
the COVID-19 pandemic
Nebojša Denić * , Jelena Stojanović 2 , Kostadinka Stojanović 3 , Boris Siljkovi ć 4 and Momir Milić 5
1 Faculty o f Scien ces and Mathematics, Un iversity of Pri ština, Kosovska Mitrovica, S erbia
2,3,5 F aculty of Mathema tics and Compu ter Science s, Alfa BK University, B elgrade, Serbia
4 The Acad emy of App lied Studies Kosovo an d Metohija , Leposavic, S erbia
* (nebo [email protected] c.rs)
Abstract – This research paper aims to explore t he paradigms of the app lication of digi tal technologies
during the COVID 10 p andemic, a nd the im pact of digital transformations on education and s ociety,
examining how their application in the educa tional environment affects students, teachers, aca demic
institutions, and society. I n this regard, th e main goal of this research is to study how t he application of
digital technologies in education affects: the improvement of edu cational proce sses and learning results,
then changes in the role of teachers and students, and economic, social, and cultural aspects in society that
are associated with the introduction of educational technologies in teaching process. The scientific goal of
this work is to explore and analyze scientific e videnc e and studies that focus on the impact o f digital
technologies on society, while the social goal is to promote underst anding and awareness o f the im portance
and potential challenges that digital technologies bring to society. Based on various studies and research,
the following hypothesis is for mulated: The application of digital technologies in educ ation has the potential
to improve learning and educ ation processes significantly, but also to cause social, economic, and ethical
problems that require careful consideration and r egulation. The problem t hat this paper poses is h ow to
manage the impact of digital technologies on education and soci ety as a whole most effectively and
appropriately, taking int o account various aspect s such as learning efficien cy, data privacy, equality of
access, economic effects, and social aspects.
Keywords – Digital tech nolo gy, e-lea rning, edu cation, innovation, COVID 19
I. I NTRODUCTION
More and more resear chers emphasize that we are entering the era of the digital revolution, which is on
the way to transforming all sphere s of humanity [5]. I n this sense, digitizati on represents a concept that ha s
become crucial in modern society, including Serbia. The basic phil osophy behind every technological and
even digi tal innovation is the connection of technical possibilities with the needs of the m arke t [22]. We
live in a time in which the computerization process assumes the role of the basic driver of all processes. In
this context, among others, one of the most signific ant innovations is the development of artificial
intelligence, which pro m ises to revolutionize the way educational systems and society as a whole function
[6]. The literature emphasizes that digital transformation implies the transit ion from traditional, analog
business and life practices to digital ones th rough the application of info rmation technologies and digi tal
tools. However, some au thors point out that the area of innovation is not exclusively related to technical
and technologica l progress[13]. Namely, innovations are not only new products, services, o r new
technologies, but also new and b etter ways of do ing business, new m anagement methods, new b usiness
systems, a new con cept of managing the flow of knowledge between all functions in the compa n y that
42
supports communication with the environment, with the aim increa sing competit iveness and ac hieving the
overall business suc cess of the company. It is obvious that today a significant part o f our reality and
everyda y life is represented by the computer, as well as with it the modern world is surely entering a new
civilizational and digital era [7 ]. Digitization generally refers to the process of movi ng various operations,
services, and systems to digi tal platforms and their computerization. In t his context, some resea rchers
indicate that we a re witnessing the realization of the pr edictions of numerous scientists dealing with future
issues, that the new scientific -technological revol ution will lead human society to the information- digital
era, where s cience and knowledge will be the basic resources of all paths of furthe r development [1] .
One of the phenomena that had a signi ficant impact on the life and work of people is COVID -19, which,
among other things, caused several changes in the way new technologies and innovations are developed.
Thus, for example, in the sphere of education, due t o the lockdown and distancing measures, classes were
moved onli ne, which initiated a more intensive development of technologies for distance learning, virtual
classrooms, and tool s for collaboration between students and te achers [8 ]. All the countries of t he world
had to obey new rules and apply digi tal tools o vernight, so fo r Serbia, accepting digitization can help
accelera t e economic gro wth and achieve positive societal effects. There are huge areas where there have
been changes in existing activities. Th us, robots have become useful in many healthcare institutions for
performing v arious tasks, such as delivering medicines, disinfe cting spaces and eve n assisting in operations.
Some authors emphasiz e that this helps to reduce contact between pe ople and the risk of di sease
transmission [20]. The literature r eview concludes that digitization provides local companies with
opportunities to im prove productivity, reduce costs, and enhance competitivene ss by automating workflows
and enabling remote w ork. In this sense, the need for f ast and full n etwork coverage be came more
pronounced when th e number of wor kers working from home increase d. 5G technology and the I nternet of
Things (I o T), which enable higher data transfer speeds and increased device connectivity, have proven to
be very important. Digitization represents the process of converting analog information and processes into
digital format, as well as the application of digital technologies to improve efficiency, produ ctivity, and
quality of services. Anot her o f the applications o f digital technologies in the age of a pandemic i s, for
example, in healthca re, where due to the risk of contact in personal presence, telemedicine has be come a
very important way o f pr oviding healthca re services. In this way, patients can r eceive consultations with
doctors via video calls or c hats, which fac ilitat es a ccess to health services and reduces the risk of
transmission of infections. We also have a m ass a pplication in services for the delivery of food, med icine,
and other necessary things that have become significantly more important during the pandemic. This is
confirmed by the authors who point out that technologies to improve the efficienc y and security of these
services, su ch as delivery trac king applications and contactless delivery, are becoming crucial in t he new
circumstances [ 3]. However, when we talk a bout digitization and the pac e of innovation, it c an be said that
the main characteristic of the modern e ra is the increase in the numb er o f innovations and the shortening of
the time of their application in practice. The closure o f schools and unive rsities has force d overni ght the
need for a transition to distance education, which according to some authors has led to the developm ent of
new educational platforms, applications, and tools for distance learning [15]. All this suggests that it is
necessary to significantly increase EU support for investm ents in digital infrastructure, as well as to set up
very fa st and s ecure broadband Internet access, thus ensuring universal access [2].
II. DI GITALIZATION AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY PREREQUISITE FOR INNOVATION IN THE
AGE OF COVID 19
In the sph ere of busi ness, digitization provides and enables process automation, optimization of sup ply
chains, improvement of communication with clients, and optimization o f bu siness models. I n the literature,
it is stated that the main cause s that pushed the tr aditional fa ctors of competitiveness into the background
and the creation of a new cor e of the components of modern companies are [18 ]: the globalization of the
market, as well as the inc rease in the numb er o f markets for different produ cts and for different types risks,
liberalization of products and the labor market, reduction of costs of informa tion flows and development of
the digital economy. Res earc h in practice indicates that all ove r the world, including in Serbia, companies
43
increasingly recognize the importance of digi tal transformation to remain competitive in the market, whic h
leads to increased prod uctivity and profitability. In this context, digitization in the public sector can
significantly im prove the way the gov ernment pro vides services to citizens and improve the transparency
of the wo rk of state institutions [23]. Bearing in m ind that technology is a key resource for m any bus iness
systems and organizations, it is an important task for managers to manage th at resource through integration,
technology, and organizational strategy[18]. Another important task for m anagers is the development and
use of the company's in novation capacity. The manage ment of thi s re source has strategi c im portance
because it contributes to achieving and maintaining competitive advantages. The liter ature state s that the
types of technologic al advantages [18]: the relative dimension of competitive advantage arises from
comparison with the activities of competitors and the absolute one is expre ssed as th e existen ce of a market
for products and services that the organization ha s .
The period of the COVID 10 pandemic has led to the rapid development of new technologies and
solutions that are int ended to help overcome the crisis and support new ways of living and doing business
[2]. Companies were fo rced to turn overnight to online sales and marketing channe ls to reach con sumers
who had been isolated. E-commerce, social media, and other online platforms have become crucial to the
survival of many businesses [12]. In this direction, high technologies pl ayed a significant role as the
ultimate product of increa sed and specifically structured investment in scientific researc h work. Eminent
authors state the characteristics of high technologi es [17]: high and growing capital, educational, sci entific,
and information intensity, high accumula tiveness, less sensitivi ty to crise s, the short life cycle of products,
goods, and services and technological systems and proce sses, high elastici ty of income demand, high and
growing fle xibility of reproduction systems and processes, high educational ne eds and great importance of
state intervention. The aforementioned authors emphasize that while in the early 1980s, the ra nge of
allocations for research and development in t erms of total revenue in high t echnologies ranged from 3.2%
(electric machines) to 14 .2% (aviation industry), in the 1990s the share of allocations for resear ch and
development the development in the total inco me is extremely high and the range of that participation
ranged from 10.2% (pharmaceutical industry) to 20.2% (aviation industry ) [17]. In this sense, in some
industries, such as education, commerce, and healthcare syst ems, VR and AR have been used to create
virtual training, shopping experiences, and medical int erventions. This allowed companies to provide va lue
to their customers witho ut the need fo r physi cal contact[12]. The importance of innovation for society is
enormous, and some authors point out that innovation is successful if it is possible to recove r the funds
invested in its deve lopment through it s commercialization and mak e the appropriate pro fit. The fol lowing
Figure 1 presents a linear model of innovation [19]:
Fig. 1 Linear mod el of innovation [ 19 ]
How important innovation is today is indicated by the data that today in the 21 st century there is already a
greater number of li ving scientists than during the entire history. More innovations were made in the 20th
century than cumulatively in the history of civilization, with the trend of further progress. One of the
innovations is t he Internet and mobi le technolog ies that, among other thi ngs, enable access to services
anywhere and at any time, which opens up new opportunities for expanding busine ss a nd i ncreasing access
Research
Development
Produ ction
Marketing
44
to services [24]. The following figure 2 presents the global use of I oT in the period from 2019 -2030. year.
Fig. 2 Global u se of IoT in the perio d from 2019 -2030. year
Source: Gar tner, New sroom, Press R elease s, Gartner Identi- fies Top 10 Strategic IoT Technolog ies and Trends), av ailable at
https :// info rmation matters .net/internet- of -things-statistics/ п риступљено да на 01.0 6.2024.
III. PARADIGMS OF MODERN BUSINESS IN THE AGE OF COV ID 19
According to Stanford University re search, all human knowledge accumulated by 1900 doubled by 1950 .
[21]. That doubling period was later reduced to 12, 10, 5,... years, with a further downward trend. At the
end of the first decade of the third millennium, according to some forecasts, the ti me for duplicating
knowledge will be meas ured in months (72 days). I n this s ense, the speed of adoption of the Internet has
surpassed all other technologi es that prece ded it. Radio lasted 38 years befor e reaching 50 million users,
television took 13 years to re ach that level; 16 ye ars ha ve passed sinc e the production of the first computer,
while the number of us ers reached 50 million; from the moment when it was open ed to publi c and
commercial use (1993), t he Internet reached that number of users in only 6 years [14], while other authors
emphasize that the most popular channel of electronic business is precisely the I nternet [19].
During the COV ID-19 p andemic, ev erything too k on another dimension of development, compan ies
were forced to review th eir proc edures and standards to ensure the health an d safety of their employees and
clients [24] . The change s during the pandemic h ave not only shaped the c urrent business landscape but are
likely to have long-term consequences for the way business is conducted and exec uted in the future [24].
In the following, based on the literature, the foundations of the new technologica l paradigm are
presented, whi ch is based on 8 technological shifts [18]: modern computer systems are bas ed on
microproce sso rs, not on classic semiconductors; new computer systems are no long er b ased on hosts, but
software is inst alled cooperatively on multiple machines wherever it makes sense in the network; while
earlier the software wa s the re sult of the wor k of an individual producer who as a seller retained ownership
of it, now the software is an open system, based on industry standards; unli ke the previous separation, there
is an integration of data, text, voice and image i n multimedia applicatio n; while e arlier the buyer w as
directed to one seller, whose quality was measured by the price and quality o f the p roduct and service it self,
now the buyer has the o ption of choosing between diff erent p roducts; software dev elopment is based on
engineering, inst ead of t he earlier artisanal app roach to this work; from the earlier user environment and
set of commands, which was textual and difficult to understand and use for most users, the evolution is
moving in the direction of the wider use of the graphical environment; different computing applications
were sep arate and often i nsufficiently compatible for quality work. Now they are increasingly integrated
with the ability to connect in diffe rent directions and at different levels.
However, the forced transition t o an online mode of work, shoppi ng, and s ervices has slowed down the
digitization processes in many industries. C ompanies have had to ad apt quickly using technology to
communicate with customers and base business operations on onli ne plat forms [24]. According to some
authors, service innovati on research h as gained great momentum, but the concept remains relatively
45
unexplored if comp ared t o product innovation and additional conceptual an d empirical analyses [18]. The
pandemic caused new ways of working and doing business. Many com panies have mov ed to flexible
working patterns and models, which have created space for innovation in the field of work and bu siness
[24].
In developed countries as early as the 80s, comput ers achieved pa rtial ubiquity and began to be used in
schools, homes, businesses, and industry [10]. By 1989, 15 percent of all American households had a
personal compute r, and nearly 30 p ercent of hous eholds had children under 18 [10]. At th e end o f 2005, the
number of people using the Internet reached one billi on, and three bil lion people used mobile phone s by
the e nd of the d ecade. The digital revolution also became truly global at this time. By 2012, more than two
billion people used the Inter net, twice as many a s in 2007, while according to the same author, in 2015,
tablets and smartphones surpassed personal computers in Inter net usage. In 2016, half of the world's
population is connected [18]. One of the novelti es that appeared at th at time was the term "servic e
innovation", which began to appear massively only in the 21st century [18]. In this context, IBM was the
first to decide to raise th e analysis of service activities to a higher level, with an acc ent to highlight the need
for the development of a new scientific discipline - service science[24].
IV. R ESULTS
According to a study by the Boston Consulting Group, as many as 70% of digital transformation projects
end unsuccessfully, with the ultim ate consequences – the loss of v aluable ti me, resources, and money.
Computers and moder n information technologies funda mentally change the way of p roduction,
consumption, and distribution of products and services. Research results indi cate that today in the age of
globalization the world economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs more than 73% of
the population of the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-op eration and D evelopment (OECD)
and makes up 59% of the world's gross domestic product. In this sense, user and technology options are
recognized as important factors in service provision and design. Technological changes int roduced in
companies should be based on clear busi ness goals, with an understanding of current and futur e changes.
The synergy between all these elements is important for the successful innovation of services[18]. Also,
the results indicate that today's digital enterprise sets new IT support standards: on the one hand, IT is
expected to provide r eliable and stable support in standard daily operations, and on the other hand,
innovation and speed in the development and mar keting of new products and services or completel y new
business models[18]. Digital transfor mation and p rojects within that process must be part of an integrated
strategy at the orga nizational level, while technology is prima rily a tool for rea ching define d goals. Re s earc h
by the Republic Institute of Statistics of the R epublic of Serbia on the use of information and
communication technolo gies in Serbia in 2021 showed that all companie s use a computer in their business,
especially in the c onditions of the COVI D-19 pandemic, when most companies have shifted their business
online. The experience o f Mainstream experts on numerous digital maturity assessment projects teaches
that data is often the first area to be edited. Their transformation is part of a broader busi ness strategy -
changing the way of working. Users buy more and more online, and retailers respond to thi s demand by
implementing technological solutions whose advantages are personalization of the user experience,
development of a range of new services, faster access to information, and numerous others. According to
the research condu cted by NALED, 60 percent of citizens have never used any e -services. The following
figure (Figure 3) shows acce ss to the Internet for households in the Republic of Serbia.
Fig. 3 House hold i nternet acce ss in t he Repu blic o f Serbi a
Source: Use of inform ation and communicatio n techno logies in the Repu blic of Serb ia, 2021. Published and printed by:
Republic I nstitute of Statistics, Belgrade, Milana Rak ića 5
46
V. DISCUSSION
Along with the g rowth i n the numbe r of digital initiatives and trans formation projects in large
companies, there has b een an evolution of th e change management dis cipline. In earlier proj ects, the
primary focus was on the implementation process, a nd change mana gement a nd its impa ct on business was
left for last. Digital innovations ca n lead to the development of new business models based on subscri ptions,
as -a-service, paym ent pla tforms, and other n ew approaches. These models ca n p rovide additional re venue
opportunities and open up new market niches [ 24 ]. In th e era of digiti zation, change manag ement is
becoming a key asp ect to be addressed b efore starting any digital transfo rmation project. Innovations in the
digital world can significantly impact business by providing new opportunit ies for growth, expans ion , and
improved efficiency and c ustomer service. The following advantages of digi tal technologies are mentioned
in the releva nt literature[12]: Digital technology allows people to stay connected and communi cate
regardless of physical di stance. Video calls, e-ma ils, and social networks have become essential ways to
communicate with fa mil y, friends, and colleagues.
Fig. 4 The impact o f the pandemic on the teaching pro cess
Digital technology allows students to continue learning fr om a distance. Virtua l classrooms,
educational applic ations, and online resources prov ide the opportunity for continuous education, regar dless
of physical presence. M any companies a re forced to switch to remote work, which is made possible by
various remote work tool s. This not only provides security m easures for employees but can also improve
work-life balance. Telemedicine and health ap plications allow patients to consult doctors and receive
medical assistan ce without visi ting a clinic or hos pital, which is particularly important in the context of a
pandemic. In some cases, going digital can improve efficiency and productivity. The development of new
job management tools and processes can lead to the optimization of work processes. According to sources
from the government, S erbia is among the leade rs i n the world, as the country with the highest index, it is
the fourth in Europe and the "absolute leader" in wider Southeastern Euro pe. The high -quality application
of technological solutions, which is primarily aimed at end users, is k ey to the development of onli ne
Researc h has shown that the ave rage citizen finds it difficult to navigate the portal, and it takes a lo t of time
to find a certain option. The res earch, which ranks 198 countries, indicates that the world le ader is South
Korea, followed by Saud i Arabia 3rd, France 6th, Mongolia 9th, and Russi a 10th. The index me asures the
improvement of all aspects of government throu gh digitalization. With 89.5 perce nt maturity, S erbia is
fourth in Europe. It is by far the best in the region, and in two years S erbia has advance d 40 positi ons, which
ranks it among the fastest and most agile digital governments in the world. Some people do not have access
to the Internet or do not have the necessary equipment to access digital ser vices. This can lead to uneven
distribution of information and services, whi ch is ca lled digi tal ex clusion. The growth in the use o f digital
tools and services can also lead to an increased risk of cybe r -attac ks and data privacy. Personal data is at
risk from ha ckers and malicious programs. Whil e digital communication can enable int eraction at a
distance, it cannot completely replace face- to -face interaction. Loss of physical contact can neg atively
affect mental health and social connec tions. Malfunctions in the I nternet connec tion, softwa re problems,
and other technical probl ems can prevent the effective use of digital tool s and servi ces. Prolonged periods
spent in front of a s creen can lead to health p roblems, including vision, elb ow, and back problems, as well
as mental health problems.
47
VI. CONCLUSION
Theoretical results and conducted research in practice indicate that digital transformation is perhaps
the highest priority in t he business world and p ractically th ere is no co mpany that has not started the
implementation of some digital initi ative. For a n e-commerce business, data is a key resource that h elps to
better understa nd the beh avior, habits and needs of customers and make strategic decisions. In conclusion,
the impac t of digital transfor mation on society as a whole is dee p and wide. I t presents challeng es, but a lso
new opportunities for i mproving work, business, education and society in general. The use of digital
technology in business re quires careful consideration and management, but it can contribute to cre ating a
more innovative, efficient and inclusive business environment for all. Th e use of electronic administ ration
"e -administration" enables citizens and businesses to submit requests and complete administrative
procedures via the Internet instead of visiting office s in person. However, the research results indicate that
many citizens have not yet used any of the servi ces offered by the eGovernment portal. With the fourth
industrial revolution, digitization is becoming the main catalyst for innova tion, modernization, economic
growth, competiti veness and comprehensive socio -economic progress a nd development. S erbia is four th i n
Europe and 11 th in the world according to the GovTech I nd ex of Maturity of Te chnologies in P ublic
Administration determined by the World Bank, i t was presented at the p resentation of the results of the
World Bank's GovTech Index, which includes the modernization of the public sector through digital
transformation, according to the same sources, Serbia is third in the world and by digital intera cti on with
citizens. Digital technology has numerous advantages during the COVID- 19 pandemic, but it also brings
certain challenges and weaknesses that need to be taken into acc ount. I t is important to find a balance
between using tec hnolog y and maintaining a hea lt hy and fulfilling li festyle.
R EFERENCES
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54
Fig. 1 The biggest ch allenges in the application o f educational software
The researc h results indicate that the biggest challenge s in the application of educ ational software according
to teachers are technical problems (38.3%), lack of training 33.2%, lack of resourc es 12.2%, student
resistance 4.7%, while 1 1.6% cited something else as a reason. The result s of the conducted survey show
that 69.4% of teachers use educational software i n their classes. Commonly used software tools include
interactive books, language learning applications, math problem solvers, and educational books. The
majority of teache rs (6 2.2%) believe that educational software helps improve student performance.
However, 73% of teachers indicate the ne ed for additional training for the effective use of these tools .
VI. DISCUSSION
Based on the presented results, it is obvious that the effectiveness of edu cational software can va ry
significantly de pending on many fa ctors, including the quality of the educati onal softwa re itself, the wa y it
is used in the teaching process, a s well as the individual nee ds and learning styles of students. The re searc h
results show that digital technologies, responsibly, meaningfully, and e thically applied, can play a key role
in the process of transformation of tea ching, learning, and evaluation of t he a chi evements of pupils and
students in the education system of the 21 st century, which represents the only formal support for
contributing to the development of civil society o f knowledge. Based on t he principles of social cohesion
and common good. In this context, teachers can easil y int egrate international and cross -cultural aspects into
the teaching proc ess using virtual tours, onli ne resources, and collaboration with teachers and student s from
differe nt parts of the world, which enriches stud ent learning and creates multicultural understanding and
awareness of globa l issues. The results show that it is important to note tha t educa tional technology can be
a powerful tool only wh en used in the right way, but it also requires adequate support and training fo r
teachers, as w ell as careful planning and integration into the content of teaching subjects. The results of
research in pr actice show that the online services of Google and Microsoft have established themsel ves as
leaders in the 21 st century, and teachers are expected to easily create us er accounts on various online
platforms to communicate with colleagues and s tudents. As one of the i mportant competencies in the
academic environm ent, especially in the era o f the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of email accounts appears
to establish communication with students and share educational mater ials, as well as all the accompanying
possibilities that the email client offers (scheduling sending, recalling sent messages, crea ting auto matic
answers, etc.).
VII. C ONCLUSI ON
Educational software plays a key role in modern education, providing a variety of resources to su pport
learning and t eaching. The implementation of educational softwa re in elementary sc hools brings numerous
advantage s but requires c areful planning a nd implementation. Traditionally conceived teac hing is exposed
to criticism, all the more because it is considered that it offers students alien ated, superficial, and prac tically
useless knowledge and t hat it creates from students an "all -knowing" encyclopedist with a bunch of fac ts
55
that often cannot be used in new and different situations. The key to succe ss lies in the education of the
teaching staff and the c onstant evaluation of the tools used to ensure the best possible educ ational outcome
for the students. Personalization of learning, availabili ty and accessibility of education, improvement of
student motivation and engagement, as well as support for teachers and fac ilitation of administration, make
educational software a k ey tool in modern education, and at the same time in the developme nt of s ociety.
It ha s been observed that multimedia fills in the shortcomings of different a pproaches to theo ry and practic e,
and at the same time helps students to a pply the kn owledge they have acquired theoretica lly as quickly and
efficie ntly as possible in practice . Digital teaching content enables the serving of a large amount of
information and thus does not limit the student, and at the same time makes the job easier for teachers.
Based on everything unk nown, one of the ways to reach the desired goals of modern teaching, it leads along
the lines of the application of computers and edu cational computer software. Res earch results show that
their use enables the cre ation of a more inclusive, flexible, and stimulating educationa l environment that
meets the needs of today's students and society as a whole. I n addition to the great advantages of educational
computer software, ho wever, results in practice show that there are also dis advantages, and that is, among
other things, the time spent at the computer in creating the same in a sea of ready-made solutions. Future
research shoul d focus on the long -term effects of using educa tional software and developing strategies to
overcome existing challenges.
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6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 2024 Published by All Sciences Aca demy
57
Digital literacy as a key factor in successful e ducatio n
Nebojša Denić 1, * , Momir Milić 2 , Kostadinka Stoja nović 3 , Jelena Stojanović 4 and Aleksandar Mi l ić 5
1 Faculty o f Scien ces and Mathematics, Un iversity of Priština , Kosovska Mitrovica , Serb ia
2,3,4,5 Faculty of Ma thematics and Co mputer Scien ces, Alfa BK University, Belgrade, Serbia
* (nebo jsa.denic@p r.ac.rs) Email o f the co rresponding auth or
Abstract – This study-researc h work aims to investigate the level of digital competencies of pupils and
students and their readiness for the modern digital surrounding context. The goal of this research is to study
the leve l of digital competencies of pupils a n d students, as well as the factors that influence their
development, to propose recommendations for the improve ment of educational programs and strategies for
the development o f digital competencies in educational instituti ons. The main task of this r esearch is to
analyze the existing models and programs for the development of digital competencies in the educational
system, to investigate the perceptions of pupil s, students, and teachers about their digital abilities and needs,
as we ll as to propose recommendations for their improvement. Base d on predictions, the hypothesis of this
research may be that th ere are significant differences in the level of digit al competencies both a mong
students and among students of dif ferent study programs, as well as amo ng teachers, d epending on the
availability and use of e ducational technology in teaching. I t is expected that this resea rch will provide a
deep insi ght into the level of digital competencies of pupils, students, and teachers, which will ena ble a
better understanding of t heir needs and challenges in the modern educational context. We hope that the
results of this work will serve as a basis for the development of effective strategies and programs for
continuous professional development and improvement of the digital competencies of students and teachers
to improve educa tional work.
Keywords – Digital competen ces, studen ts, teachers, ed ucational tech nologies
I. I NTRODUCTION
Digital technologies surround us a t every step, we could say that they have be come our companions, so we
are so strongly attache d to them that we feel uncomfortable if we have limited access to digital technologies,
i.e. the Inter net. In this sense, the recognition of the importance of information technologies and digi tiza tion
skills is growing with national, Europea n, and int ernational poli ticians wh o believe that there is a need to
equip all citizens to be competent in the critical and creative use of digital tec hnology [1]. On e of the
phenomena that had a si gnificant impact on life and work is the COVID -19 pandemic, which thoroughly
shook our established everyda y life. The facts show that as society becomes increasingly digitalized, the
demand for digital methods grows, and education has increased, which has stimulated the need f or new
approac hes and the inclu sion of technology in educ ation [8]. I n the given circumstances, where the use of
digital communication tec hnologies by young gen erations is necessar y, the most important role is played
by a positive a ttitude towards technology and th e support of parents in its a pplication. I n addition, I T s kil ls
are becoming mo re and more important in all circumstances, especiall y in an increasing number of
workplace s, so one of the main goals of the faculty is to prepare future pro fessionals to know how to deal
with problems and find solutions [1]. Research indicates that digital technologies can significantly help in
the development of individual competencies and learning skills. In this rega rd, some authors emphasize
that the ability to incorpora te and use technology for educational purpose s inclu des a set of general skills
58
suitable for all situations, i.e. personal and p rofessional, as well as specific for teaching professions [8].
Practical exp erience shows that the increased use of digital technologies can bring both positive and
negative effects. However, there is a growing demand around the world for new types of teaching that
support the empowerment of students, including the ab ility to use technology to develop and develop
critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skil ls. In this context, it is emphasized that the rapid
growth of digital technologies has transformed co mmunication, business opera tions, and daily activ ities,
and has placed new dem ands and challenges before us as users [17]. The very meaning of the term digital
is particularly complex because phenomena controlled by computers and high technologies, suc h as virtual
wars or the human geno me project in which the transmission of inherited traits becomes digital, also fall
into the realm of digital. I n addition to the use of digital technologies by adult citizens, many studies also
revea l th at young children are increasingly using them and that they are not only skilled users but also
owners of their devices. Therefore, our time and way of life are a lready widely spoken of as digital culture
[23]. Even if we acce pt the point of view that today's generations are "digital natives", it is unrea sonable to
expect them to independently develop their digital competenc ies in the abs ence of systemic support from
schools and school progr ams [6]. Digital technologies off er a wide r ange of opportunities for entertainment,
communication, creativity, self-expression and education that children can benefit f rom. The theory states
that the development of digital literacy c an also be viewed through the pris m of Gree n's three-dimen sional
model of literacy. In addition, recent research has shown that using social media can be beneficial for
developing e mpathic skills in adolescents. Also, vie wed through the pyramidal fra mework of digi tal literacy
development defined by Sharpe and Beetham [19], digi tal literacy is understood as a development pr ocess
starting from access to technologies and skills for their functional us e to higher level abilities in terms of
adequate and efficient application. technology a nd cr eative appropriation, i.e. identit y building. In many
other studies, the hypothesis is confirmed that children who have more digi tal skills take advantage of more
opportunities, but on the other hand, th ey a lso exp erience more online risks. Serbia is increasingly following
the trends and guidelines of the European Union in terms of digi tal agendas and as our society relies more
and more on digital technologies, digital security is becoming a key component in preserving privacy,
integrity and availability of data. Th e results of the re search show th at par ents most often mention
computers, tablets and mobi le phones in the interview s, as well as that most households have several
computers and several phones at home. As expected, in 2024 there was an additional incr ease in all
previously mentioned parameters, which can be seen in the picture below:
Fig. 1 Basic indicator s of dig ital inclusion of the p opulation for th e beginning ( January) of 2024
(From left to right: g lobal population, numb er of mobile phone u sers, number of in ternet users, number of active social
network users)
In addition to the above data, digital technologies play a big role for childr en, since digital skills aff ect the
way online risks are man aged [3] .The increa singly common occurrence of digital violenc e and violati on of
privacy h as c aused s ecurity to become a central issue of digital education poli cy in Europ e. R esearch
indicates that as many as 92% of two -year-old children and 97% of t eenagers are encouraged by their
parents to play to entertain and oc cupy them. One- third of children in the U S have ac cess to a tablet before
59
starting kindergarte n. Research has shown that 24% of adolescents are "online" almost constantly due to
the widespread use of smartphones.
II. DI GITAL SKILLS IN THE FUNCTION OF EDUCATION
In education, mastery of digital skills is necessary both for pupils/students and their lecturers. From an
educational perspective, developing digital literacy is not the only challenge raised by the digi tal
transformation of educati on. In this context, Le ah y and Dolan (2010) point out that teachers need to know
how to use virtual le arning environments and understand the implications of this, including course design
and the impact of these methods on education [ 12 ]. I t is expected that dig ital technologies can encourage
the creation of an innovative and creative educational environment, and the challenge is how to use these
potentials to improve the teaching and learning process. However, the ability to use technology as a huge
source of in formation is also extremely im portant for researchers, since in this domain a part icular
improvement has been achieved in terms of facil itating the finding, storage, and, in g eneral, disposal of
information - especially when it comes to the s earch o f previously publi shed li terature and results [12] .
Therefore, in thi s sense, it can be concluded that the teaching practice of developing digital literacy goes
beyond the sim ple use of digi tal technologies in teaching and learning processes, and requires certain
pedagogica l and cognitive competencies from t he teacher [7]. This is also discussed by Stojanović, J..
(2021), pointing out that for students, and future lecturers, timely familiarization with different typ es of
ICT, as well as their use in different contexts, is extremely important [22]. At the same ti me, it is understood
that the teachers themsel ves must know "how computers and other ICTs work to us e them effecti vely and
efficie ntly". Unfortunately, as the mentioned authors conc lude, this field of education does not follow the
accelera t ed technological development of the mentioned technologies fast e nough, which further hig hlights
the need for additional tra ining of both the teaching staff and the students themselves in this field. Howeve r,
it is ne cessary to point out tha t the mass int egration of digital technologies in teac hing and learning activities
does not necessarily lead to a higher quality educational process and better student achievements, even in
situations where the digit al transformation of educ ation is not co nditioned by extraordinary ci rcumstances
and when it takes place gradua lly, as is the case in many developed cou ntries. Some authors i n their
research state that computer sc ience and c omputing c lasses in our c ountry have been part of the c urriculum
for a long time, however, they do not always guarantee the desired development of computer science and
digital literac y among children and young pe ople. This is perha ps, in p art, due to the lack of inte rest in this
field, motivation to learn and master this set of knowledge and skil ls, and, in general, often ignora nce of
the importance of pr oper and safe use of I CT technologies [18]. Among oth er things, digitization in higher
education inst itutions is an issue that worrie s m any stakeholders in education. I T skil ls are becoming
increasingly important in all circumstanc es, espe cially in the workplace, which is why one of the main goals
of modern universities is to prepare future experts, who will be able to solv e problems and find solu tions,
including digital c ompetencies as a k ey set of skills [1] . The abov e, conclusion is that, inst ead of a n
approac h aimed at dev eloping digital competence, as a singl e framework tha t should suit everyone, the goal
of digital education should be the development of digital li teracy t hat is relevant to individual and local
contexts. In addition to the above, digital media is another t erm for new media, but this term focuses more
on the technical aspect of communication changes. I n this regard, Denić, N . et al (2020 ) stat e that
information and digital competence, in gene ral, includes "a set of knowledge , skills, a ttitudes, a bilities, and
strategies required for the a ppropriate use of information and communication technologies and digital
media", all with the aim of thoughtful, flexible and safe promotion of the t eaching process and learning and
other activities relate d to the teaching profession in online and offline environments [2]. Digital litera cy
becomes a key f actor o f empowerme nt in educational instituti ons, because we increasingly use new
technology in our prof essional and private lives, in this context, access to t echnology alone is not enough
to achieve digital literacy; appr opriate skills are also required. Research in practice indicates th at an
information-literate indi vidual is obli ged to regularly orient himself towards the latest digital solut ions,
60
which, bea ring in mind the exponential development of the field of computer technologies, implies
continuous and lifelong improvement. I t is stated in the literature that the use of the term digital literacy
instead of competence aims to show that it is a prerequisite or b asis for acquiring other abilities, that is,
competence for performing certain specific tasks in the digital environme nt, that it is critical for t he life
chances of individuals. Therefore, it is ne cessary t o constantly update "concepts an d competencies", which,
together with li fe experience and acquired edu cation, will build a certain level of literacy in the individual
[25]. I n this se nse, it is emphasize d that many stu dents do not have critica l skills for finding and evalua ting
information, and some do not even consider that critical skills are necessary, as well as that they must be
taught the importance of information skil ls because they will not acquire them only through experience
with information technologies [14]. Teachers ar e expected to have an ap propriate level of information,
digital and media literacy, and to "know modern concepts, methods, and tools that presuppose meaningful
use of I CT in the a rea they tea ch", emphasized [24]. Pedagogical compet ence is crucial for teac hers, because
even if they a re top experts in their fi eld, it does not mean that they will be successful in teaching [13 ]. The
literature states that digital skil ls and knowledge are described as the ability to respond pragmatically and
intuitively to challenges and opportunities using the potential of the Internet. It was the intense cha nges in
the proc ess of digi talization of society that initiated the digi tal tra nsformation of education, creating digital
education that is the source of numerous challenges for st udents, teachers, and educational poli cymakers.
The well-known author Mattila (2015) defines digi tal skills, among other things, as the user's ability to
efficie ntly and suc cessfully find online content. Other authors emphasize that in teacher education,
technology must be integrated both in faculties and during practice in schools [8]. I t is clear that tea ching
is becoming increasingly complex and requires continuous professional development of teachers
throughout their careers [ 13]. The research results unequivocally indicate that the challenges of the digi tal
transformation of education are multiple. In this growing trend of online education, the offer of learning
and teaching is becoming more diverse, and schools and universities a re increa singly collaborating with
private companies to rea ch new students and students and commer cialize their educ ational programs [15].
On the one hand, digi tal technologies affect the po ssibilit ies and ways of achieving the educational process,
while, on the other hand, education plays a significant role in preparing children and young people for life
and work in a digital soc iety. Ac cording to some authors, the use of technology can increase the in tensity
of tea ching a nd learning, improve the self-regulation and se lf-confidence of students, increase e ngagement
and involvement in the educational proc ess, as well as in the wider university communit y, predicting
increased engagement of students [16]. Other a uthors claim that digital skil ls are necessary for most
educational disciplines and professions, while other r esearchers such as Van Laar et al. (2017) a dd that
various fac to rs, including learning skills, acce ss to learning and resources, influenc e digital literacy [27].
Fig. 1 Con ceptual fram ework for improv ing digital literacy [11].
61
III. R ESULTS
For the ne eds of the wo rk, in addition to theoretical evolution, practical research was also carried out. When
asked what types of tech nology they use online, most respondents stated that they have experience with
almost all types of technology, such as search engines to find relevant information, use of online l ibrary
catalogs, use o f online learning materials, and use of social n etworks. R esearch indicates that the l ack of
digital competencies of students has been identified as one of the five key problems in the implemen tation
of the educational process through distance learning, as shown by the results of research conducted in our
region during the pandemic. Based on re l evant s ources, it is known that as ea rly as 2023, more than two -
thirds of the world's population (67.1 percent) used mobile phones, with unique users reaching 5.31 billi on
by the beginning of 2022. This number then increa sed by 1.8 perc ent, wit h 95 mi llion new mobile users.
Researc h indicates that th e teaching staff has h ad n umerous webinars to improve their competencies. Social
media users reached 4.62 bil lion as of January 2 022, representing 58.4 percent of th e world's pop ulation.
The number of soc ial network users has increased by more than 10 perc ent in 12 months, with 424 millio n
new users in 2021. The r esearch results showed th at critical skil ls, operatio nal skills, visual learning style,
collaborative learning styl e, and learning systems improve digital literacy. The authors conclude that digital
literacy improves both academic succ ess and the e mployability of students and fu ture wo rkers. Only 12%
of respondents reported using online learning materials and soci al networks. Based on these findin gs, this
study confirms that the responde nts a re aware and ha ve a certain leve l of digital literacy. The pandemic has
accelera t ed the process of digitization of teaching, which is only improving even more today. The rese arch
confirmed that master's and doctora l students perceive digital media as more useful for their studi es than
undergra du ate students. This underlines the importance of i ntegrating advanced digi tal tools int o higher
education to enha nce lear ning experiences.
Table 1 Population aged 15 and ov er by computer literac y, by censuses 201 1 and 2022
Source: Educa tional Attainment, Literac y and Comp uter Literacy Statistical Of fice of the Republic of Serbia, Belg rade, Milana
Rakića 5
IV. DISCUSSION
Based on their re search, eminent authors conclude that digital literacy buil ds on the skills that form the
basis of functional literacy, and another factor that significantly affects digital literacy is individual skills
[5]. The research results show that teachers are us ually part of the generations that lag in the use of digital
technologies, in this sense many authors ask the question of when the teaching staff will reach the level of
competencies de veloped enough to use a ll possible digital resources. In this regard, Le ahy and Dolan (2010)
state, "I f we are going to have a ccess to billions of web pages, we must ha ve the skills to manage that flow
of information"[12]. I t is known that "literacy" includes basic skills as wel l as life skills that apply to all
aspects of modern life. Research indic ates that developing digi tal li teracy is key to opening up and
improving employment opportunities a nd life c h ances, a s a grea t er number of jobs require individuals who
have mastered a higher d egree o f specialized digital skills. I n this context, digital literacy must a lso include
information literacy, du e to the huge amount of d ata available on the Internet. In the higher educ ation sector
today, one of the most i mportant challenges is to ensure that students a re digi tally literate, although many
62
employers admit that higher education inst itutions fail to adequately guide graduates in the field of digital
literacy [5].
V. CONCLUSION
Based on everything that has not been don e in the research, the educational proce ss no long er stri ves for
deep understanding and an an alytical approach , but the fo cus shifts t owards quick assessment and
processing of information. If used appropriately, dig ital technology can significantly im prove the quality
of life of children who need additional support in educa tion and upbringin g. In an age where techn ology
plays a n indispensable role in all aspec ts of our lives, the development of digit al c ompetencies h as become
crucial. The priority of the educational poli cy in the domain of digital educa tion should be to encourage
and develop digital literacy. Digital comp etencies, which include the u nderstanding, use, and c ritical
evaluation of info rmation and technology, are a necessity in all spheres o f life, including education. The
topic of digital li teracy in the context of edu cation today covers a wide range of skills. It in cludes
information management, c ritical thinking, and technical li teracy, but also relianc e on experience and
information liter acy. All of these skills are necessary to enable students to successfully navigate the digital
environment. Digital technologies should be used when they can improve learning, but also make it more
interesting, meaningful, exciting, and be autiful. For the needs of education in the prevention of viole nce on
the Internet, sleep platfo rms were created, which for the first time include training in the prevention of
digital violence as a new type of problem in teaching. The e xtent to which students are digitally "litera te"
depends on the extent to which they will be ready for the later use of these skil ls in the wor k context, which
is one of the pragmatic reasons for the great importance of digital li teracy today. Educational policy in the
domain of digital education should be based on practice s that should be developed and encouraged
(prac tices of digital li teracy) and on pro cesses that are pa rt of teaching and le arning. These pr actices (d igital
education) c annot be viewed in isol ation from digital literacy and digi tal education. The use of digital
technology in education makes sense only wh en it contributes to the achiev ement of learning outcom es and
goals. We hav e seen that digital literacy means n ot only basic skil ls in hand ling technology but also the
ability to adapt to speci fic job requirements, su ch as the use o f different systems in manufacturing or
financial systems in b anking. I t is im portant, apart from this, that future workers understand the e thical and
safety aspects of technology, as well as n ew trends. Through the joi nt action of the family and edu cational
institutions, it is possi ble to succeed in improving digital literacy as well as eliminating the dangers brought
by digi talization, such as online comments of o ffensive content, various forms of peer viol ence on the
Internet, such as sharing inappropriate recorded content without the consent of the person on the video.
Digital technology is a powerful tool for learning and acquiring numerous skil ls at a young age , but under
the condition that it is used in a way appropriate t o the developmental characteristics of children, with the
active participation and support of adults and peers. Considering all these factors, digital literacy is n ot only
a skill set but also a key factor for a successful education and career in the 21st century .
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6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
72
Compariso n of the activities of 2-( Piperidin-1 -yl)ethy l) and (2 -
Morpholino ethyl) -linked molecules ag ainst liver cancer
Koray SAYIN 1 , Burak TÜZÜ N 2
1 Departmen t of Chemistry, Fa culty of Scien ce, Cumhuriyet Un iversity, 5814 0 Sivas, Turkey
2 Plant a nd Animal P roduction Departmen t, Technica l Sciences Voca tional Schoo l of Sivas, Siva s Cumhuriyet Un iversity,
Sivas, Turkey
* thebura ktuzun@yah oo.com
Abstract – Liver cancer i s a fatal disease th at occurs with the uncontrolled growth of cells in the li ver and
is considere d a major public health problem worldwide. The liver h as ma ny vital functions, from nutrient
metabolism to detoxification of toxi ns. The activity comparison of N- (2 -(Piperidin-1-yl)e thyl) -4-(1H-
pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-4-yl)-benzenesulfonamide and N- (2 -Morpholinoethyl)-4-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-
b]pyridin-4-yl)-benzenesulfonamide molecules was performed usi ng the Gaussian package program at the
B3LYP, HF, and M062X leve ls in the 6-31g, 6-31++g, and 6-31++g(d,p) basis sets. Then, the a ctivities of
these molecules a gainst lung cancer proteins (PD B ID: 2JW2 and 3WZE) were investigated.
Keywords – can cer, DFT, molecu lar do cking, drug , inhibitor
I. I NTRODUCTION
Liver c ancer is a fatal disease that occurs with the un controlled growth of cells in th e liver and is
considered a major publi c health problem worldwide. The liver has man y vital functions, from nutrient
metabolism to detoxification of toxins. For this re ason, cancer types deve loping i n the liver are not limit ed
to local effects only, but can lead to serious complications throughout the body. Liver cancer has a co mplex
structure that requires a n in -depth understandin g of biomolecular mechanisms. Today, computati onal
chemistry and bioinformatics methods play an important role in better understanding such dis ea ses and
developing treatment options. In p articular, Gaussi an and molecular dockin g calculations have opened new
horizons in cancer biology.
Liver cancer is known for its most common form, hepatoce llular carcin oma (HCC). HCC occurs as a
result of the int erac tion of genetic and environmental factors and is often associated with hepatitis B or
hepatitis C infections, alcohol consumption or li ver cirrhosis. The develop ment of liver cancer is related to
the disrupti on of v arious molecular mechanisms a t the cellular level. Mutations in the cell c ycle, a poptosi s,
DNA repair me chanisms and signal transdu ction pathways are the main f actors behind tumor formation.
Understanding these mechanisms allows the development of more effective and targeted therapies in cancer
treatment.
Gaussian calculations are used in liver cancer research to examine the e lectronic properties of molecular
structures and to understand the reaction mechanism s of biological molecules. Gaussian can model the
electronic structure of molecules, bond structures, molec ular orbitals and energy levels using the principles
of quantum mec hanics. The structures of enzymes and proteins that are critical in liver cancer, su ch as p53,
beta-catenin, and VEGF , can be analyzed using Gaussia n. These calcula tion s help us better understand the
biochemical processes in cancer cells and de sign drug candidates that will interfere with these processes.
The electronic properties of biomolecules specific to li ver cancer c an be analyzed using Gaussian to
predict the effects of drugs on these targets. This allows us to calculate ho w chemical r eactions occur, the
73
binding energies of specific molecules, and their stability. For example, structural analyses of proteins
associated with the hepatitis B virus c an be examined using Gaussian, and th e mol ecular basis of mut ations
in these proteins that lea d to liver cancer can be revealed.
Molecular do cking is a widely used method for the discovery of new d rugs in the tr eatment of l iver
cancer. This method is used to pre dict how potential drug molecules interact with target proteins. Docking
calculations evaluate the binding energy and suit a bility of a molecule to a biological target, predicting
which drug molecules will have the best effect. This is a very useful approa ch for developing small
molecules or inhibitors that can be used in cancer treatment.
In liver cancer research, docking studies conduc ted on enzymes and proteins targeted especially for
hepatoce llular carcinoma contribute greatly to the discovery of pot ential drug candidates. For example,
targeted drugs such as typhosi n kinase inhibitors can ta rget cancer cells by specifically placing t hem in
binding sites determined by docking methods. In this process, the most suitable drug mol ecules are s elected
by considering both binding positions and binding ene rgies.
During docking processes, new mol ecules that can interac t with surface proteins of cancer cells or key
proteins in intracellular signaling pathways are d esigned. While te chniques used in liver cancer treatm ent
such a s TACE and RFA a im to re duce the size of the tumor, drug de velopment processes c an be combined
with these methods. The a bility of drug molecules to bind to c ancer cells with high specificity can increase
treatment success.
In liver c ancer treatment, electronic analyses of biomolecular structures are performed with Gaussian
calculations, and the effects of potential drugs o n these molecules a re examined with docking methods.
These two computationa l methods provide a deep understanding of cancer biology and open new do ors for
personalize d medicine applications. In particular , cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapies contribute
to the development of treatment strategies enhanced by computational chemistry and molecular mode li ng
techniques.
In conclusion, Gaussian and docking calculations are critical for understanding li ver can cer biolog y at
the molecular l evel and discovering new drugs. These methods provide scientists with im portant tools in
developing effective trea tment strategies agains t liver cancer, offering pr omising solutions in the fight
against cancer.
II. M AT ERIALS AND M ET HOD
Gaussian package program
Theoretical computations provide valuable insights into the chemical and biol ogical propert ies of
molecules. A range of software is employed to c alculate molecular str uctures, including Gaussian09
RevD.01 and GaussView 6.0 [10,11]. The ca lcul ations were carried out using the B3LYP, H F, and M06 -
2x methods with the 6-31++ g(d,p) basis set. As a result, several quantum chemical parameters were
determined through these simulations. Each parameter reveals a specific chemical characteristic of the
molecules, with the computed values derived through detailed methods [12-15].
𝜒 = − ( ∂Ε
∂Ν ) 𝜐 ( 𝑟 ) = 1
2 ( 𝐼 + 𝐴 ) ≅ 1
2 ( 𝐸 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂 + 𝐸 𝐿𝑈𝑀𝑂 ) (1)
𝜂 = − ( ∂ 2 Ε
∂Ν 2 ) 𝜐 ( 𝑟 ) = 1
2 ( 𝐼 − 𝐴 ) ≅ − 1
2 ( 𝐸 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂 − 𝐸 𝐿𝑈𝑀𝑂 ) (2)
𝜎 = 1 𝜂
⁄ 𝜔 = 𝜒 2 2 𝜂
⁄ 𝜀 = 1 𝜔
⁄ (3)
Molecular dock ing
Molecular do cking simulations were carried out t o evaluate the interaction between various molec ules
and antioxidant prote ins, aiming to discover n ew and potent compounds wit h antioxidant prope rties. The se
simulations were performed using the Maestro Molec ular Mod eling platform (version 12.8 ) from
Schrödinger [16]. S everal modul es were employed during the process, including protein pr eparation
74
[14,15], LigPrep for ligand preparation [17,18], an d Glide for li gand docking [19,20]. All calculations were
executed using the OPLS4 force field, allowing for a comprehensive ana lys is of the potential interactions
between the studied m olecules and antioxi dan t proteins [21]. This methodology aids in identifying
promising candidates for further development in anti-cancer research.
III. R ESULTS
The Highest O ccupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Mole cular O rbital
(LUMO) are critical for understanding a molecule’s electronic structur e and its potential for chemical
reac tions [22]. These orbitals re present specific e nergy levels within the molecule, as described by
molecular orbital theory.
HOMO refers to the molecular orbital with the highest energy that is fully oc cupied by electrons. I t plays
a key role in determining the molecul e's ability to donate electrons in a reaction, and is closely associated
with its nucleophilic behavior [23].
Conversely, LUMO is the lowe st energy orbita l that remains unoc cupied, and it indicates the mol ecule’s
potential to accept electrons. This orbital defines the molecule's electrophilic nature and is integral to
facilitating elec tron trans fer during chemical reactions [24,25].
The energy g ap between HOMO and LUMO is a funda mental measure of a molec ule's chemical reactivity
and stability. A smaller energy gap indicates a hig her likelihood of the molecule participating in chemical
reac tions. HOMO-LUMO analysis is crucial for predicting electron transfer, bonding characteristics, and
overall molecular behavior in fields li ke organic electronics, photochemistry, and pharmaceutical research
[26,27]. Table 1 summar i zes all re l evant parameters.
Table 1. The calcu lated quantum ch emical p arameters of molecules.
E HOMO
E LUMO
I
A
ΔE
η
μ
χ
PA
ω
ε
dipol
Energy
B3LYP/6-31g LEVEL
1
-5.6502
-1.8226
5.6502
1.8226
3.8276
1.9138
0.5225
3.7364
-3.7364
3.6474
0.2742
6.4619
-43500.5930
2
-5.7166
-1.9010
5.7166
1.9010
3.8156
1.9078
0.5242
3.8088
-3.8088
3.8020
0.2630
6.4430
-44477.2567
B3LYP/6-31++g LEVEL
1
-5.9033
-2.1372
5.9033
2.1372
3.7661
1.8830
0.5311
4.0202
-4.0202
4.2916
0.2330
6.4150
-43501.9483
2
-6.0004
-2.2273
6.0004
2.2273
3.7732
1.8866
0.5301
4.1138
-4.1138
4.4853
0.2230
6.1880
-44478.8526
B3LYP/6-31++g(d,p) LEVEL
1
-6.1305
-1.9353
6.1305
1.9353
4.1952
2.0976
0.4767
4.0329
-4.0329
3.8769
0.2579
5.6584
-43516.4297
2
-6.0834
-2.0107
6.0834
2.0107
4.0728
2.0364
0.4911
4.0470
-4.0470
4.0215
0.2487
5.3010
-44493.6444
HF/6-31g LEVEL
1
-8.4389
1.7483
8.4389
-1.7483
10.1872
5.0936
0.1963
3.3453
-3.3453
1.0985
0.9103
7.5509
-43271.7164
2
-8.4993
1.6645
8.4993
-1.6645
10.1638
5.0819
0.1968
3.4174
-3.4174
1.1490
0.8703
6.9405
-44246.2116
HF/6-31++g LEVEL
1
-8.5801
0.8479
8.5801
-0.8479
9.4280
4.7140
0.2121
3.8661
-3.8661
1.5853
0.6308
7.2870
-43272.6879
2
-8.6397
0.7731
8.6397
-0.7731
9.4128
4.7064
0.2125
3.9333
-3.9333
1.6436
0.6084
6.7728
-44247.2752
HF/6-31++g(d,p) LEVEL
1
-8.3311
0.9086
8.3311
-0.9086
9.2397
4.6198
0.2165
3.7113
-3.7113
1.4907
0.6708
5.7790
-43292.3925
2
-8.3836
0.8362
8.3836
-0.8362
9.2198
4.6099
0.2169
3.7737
-3.7737
1.5446
0.6474
5.4449
-44267.4644
M062X/6-31g LEVEL
1
-7.3319
-0.9791
7.3319
0.9791
6.3528
3.1764
0.3148
4.1555
-4.1555
2.7182
0.3679
7.2033
-43485.9598
2
-7.3852
-1.0580
7.3852
1.0580
6.3272
3.1636
0.3161
4.2216
-4.2216
2.8167
0.3550
6.7849
-44462.5092
M062X/6-31++g LEVEL
1
-7.5109
-1.2422
7.5109
1.2422
6.2687
3.1344
0.3190
4.3766
-4.3766
3.0555
0.3273
6.6212
-43487.1860
2
-7.5956
-1.3271
7.5956
1.3271
6.2685
3.1342
0.3191
4.4613
-4.4613
3.1752
0.3149
6.3812
-44463.8018
M062X/6-31++g(d,p) LEVEL
1
-7.5455
-1.0838
7.5455
1.0838
6.4617
3.2308
0.3095
4.3147
-4.3147
2.8811
0.3471
5.3862
-43501.3106
2
-7.5961
-1.1445
7.5961
1.1445
6.4516
3.2258
0.3100
4.3703
-4.3703
2.9605
0.3378
5.3517
-44478.4432
75
Figure 1. Repr esentations of optimize structure, HOMO, LUMO, and ESP of molecules
Molecular docking is a computational technique used to model the interac tion betw een a targe t
macromolecule, typically a protein, and a smaller molecule known as a ligand. This method plays a vital
role in various scientific disciplines, including drug dis covery, elucidation of biological pathways, and the
study of biochemical interactions [28] .
The primary go al of molecular docking is to forecast how a li gand will bind to a target prot ein and to
evaluate the stabili ty of this interaction. This information can be inst rumental in identifying promising
therapeutic candidates or gaining insights into complex biological systems [29].
In this study, molecular docking was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of several drugs listed in Table
1 against prostate cancer proteins [30,31]. The computational results provide d numerous parameters and
their corresponding values, which are essential for unde rstanding the molecular interactions and evaluating
the potential efficac y of these drugs in targeting prostate cancer proteins [32,33].
Table 1 . Num erical values of the d ocking param eters of molecule ag ainst enzy mes
Docking
Score
Glide ligand
efficie n cy
Glide
hbond
Glide
evdw
Glide
ecoul
Glide
emodel
Glide
energy
Glide
einternal
Glide
posenum
1
-5.74
-0.21
0
-45.48
-0.11
-52.74
-45.59
12.67
123
2
-5.76
-0.21
0
-37.72
0.18
-50.42
-37.54
5.01
321
Docking
Score
Glide ligand
efficie n cy
Glide
hbond
Glide
evdw
Glide
ecoul
Glide
emodel
Glide
energy
Glide
einternal
Glide
posenum
1
-5.81
-0.21
-0.41
-35.74
-6.53
-57.33
-42.27
3.71
158
2
-6.23
-0.22
-0.5
-35.67
-12.77
-64.36
-48.44
4.04
199
The docking score, a vital metric derived from calculations, is fundamenta l in the comparative analysis of
the activities of the mol ecules examined in your study [34,35]. The molecu le exhibiting the most negative
docking score is regarded as having the highest activity among the assessed compounds [48,49]. This metric
is cruc ial for e valuating the potential effectiveness of these compounds in their designated role s, particularly
in the inhibition of prostate cancer pr ot eins [36,37].
76
Figure 1 . Pre sentation interactions of N- (2 -(Pip eridin-1 -yl)ethyl)-4-(1 H-pyrrolo[2,3 -b]pyridin-4 -yl)-benzen esulfonamide with
2JW2 pro tein
v
Figure 2 . Pre sentation interactions of N- (2 -Mo rpholinoethy l)-4-(1H- pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridin-4- yl)-benzenesulf onamide with
2JW2 pro tein
77
Figure 3 . Presentatio n interactions of N- (2 -( Piperidin-1 -yl)ethyl)-4-(1 H-pyrrolo[2,3 -b]pyridin- 4-yl)-b enzenesulfonamid e with
3WZE pr otein
Figure 4 . Presentatio n interactions of N- (2 -Mo rpholinoethy l)-4-(1H -pyrrolo[2,3 -b]pyrid in-4-yl)-ben zenesulfonam ide with
3WZE pr otein
IV. DISCUSSION
In theoretical calculations, quantum chemica l a nalyses using the Gaussian p ackage program rev ealed the
electronic struc tures and reactivity para meters of the molecules, while docking simulations de termined the
ligand-protein int erac tion s and bindi ng affinity, providing important informa tion a bout potential biological
activity. The ac tivi ties of N- (2 -(Piperidin -1-yl)ethyl)-4-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-4-yl)-
benzenesulfonamide and N- (2 -Morpholinoethyl)-4-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyri din-4-yl)-benzenesulfonamide
molecules were compared with the calcula tions.
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6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
87
Derin Öğrenme T aba nlı Android Kö tücül Yazılım Te spiti
Anıl Utku 1*
1 B ilgisayar Müh endisliği / Munzur Üniversite si , Türkiye
* (a nilutku @munzur.ed u.tr)
Özet – Günümüzde, mobil cihazlar sundukları kolaylıklar sebebiyle gi derek yaygınlaşan bir kull anım
yelpaze sine sahiptir. Sosyal ağlar, iş, eğlence ve alışveriş gibi birçok uygulama alanında yaygın o larak
kullanılan mobil cihaz lar, kötücül uygulama yazarla rını cezbetmektedir. Mobil kötücül yazılımlar, özel
verilere erişmek için akıll ı telefonları, tabletleri ve diğer mobil cihazları hedef alan y azılımlardır. Çoğu
mobil kötücül yazılım, cihazlara özellikle üçüncü parti uygulama mağazalarından indirilen uygula malar
arac ılığıyla yüklenm ektedir. Kötücül yazılımlar hass as kullanıcı v erilerini çalmak, sahte trafik
oluşturmak, cihazların i şlevlerini kötüye kull anmak veya cihazları fidye karşılığında elde etmek için
kullanılır. Bu sebeple kötücül yazılımların cihazlara yüklenmeden ön ce tespit edilmesi kritik bir öneme
sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Android kötücül yaz ılımların tespitine yönelik MLP tabanlı bir derin öğre nme
modeli gelişti rilmiştir. Geliştirilen model RF, LR, DT ve XGBoost ile kapsamlı olarak karşılaştırılmıştır.
Deneysel sonuçlar, MLP’nin %99,43 doğruluk değeriyle karşılaştırılan modellerden daha başarılı
olduğunu göstermiştir.
Anah tar Kelimeler – And roid, kötücü l yazılım, derin öğrenme, MLP
I. GİRİŞ
Günümüzde, gider ek artan popülaritesi ve fonksiyonelliği aç ısından mobil cihaz lar günlük hayatın
vazgeçilmez bir parçası haline gelmiştir. İş, sosyal ağlar, alışveriş ve bankacılık gibi birçok aktivite için
mobil cihazlar ya ygın o larak kullanılmaktadır [1] . Mobil cihazlar kullanıcılarına za man ve mekândan
bağımsız bir şekilde bağlantıda kalma imkânı sağlamaktadır. Mesajlaşma uygulamala rı, görüntülü
aramalar ve sosy al med ya, iletişimi daha hızlı ve kolay hale g etirmiştir. İş hayatında da ç alışanların
çevrimiçi toplantılara katılm alarını ve iş süreçlerini yönetmelerini sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca bankacılık
işlemleri ve çevrimiçi al ışveriş işlemleri açısından kullanıcılara büyük kolaylıklar sunmaktadır. Mobil
cihazlar , sunduğu bu gibi avantajlar yanında çok sayıda hassas kişisel veri içermektedir ve kötücül
uygulama yazarları tarafından da hed ef haline gelmektedir [2 ] . Kötücül yazılım lar, hassas kişisel v erilere
erişme, cihazlara zarar verme ve kötücül amaçlar için kullanma gibi faaliyetler gösteren yazılımlardır.
Kötücül yazılımlar kayn ağı bilinmeyen uygulamaların indi rilmesi, işletim sistemi güvenlik açıkları, e -
postalardaki veya m etinlerdeki şüpheli bağlantılara tıklama ve güvenli olm ayan Wi -Fi ya da UR L'leri
kullanma yoluyla yayılmaktadır [3].
Kötücül yazılımlar, akıllı telefonlar, tabletler v e akıllı saatler gibi mobil cihazlara saldırmak için özel
olarak y azılmış kötü a maçlı yazılımlardır. Bu tür kötü amaçlı yazılımlar, belirli mobi l işletim
sistemlerinin ve mobil telefon teknolojisinin istismarlar ına dayanır. Mobil kötücül yazılım, geleneksel iş
istasyonlarına saldıran kötü amaçlı yazılımlar k adar yaygın olmasa da, tük etici cihazları için gider ek artan
bir tehdittir. Saldırıların sıklığı ve gücü arttıkça mobil kötü amaç lı yazılımlar mobil güvenlik sektörü için
bir zorluk haline gel mektedi r. Siber suçlular olarak da adlandırılan mobi l kötücül yazılım
geliştiricilerinin, veri çalmak, kull anıcıları hizmetlere kaydettirmek ve ka bul etmedikleri hizmetler için
kullanıcılardan ücret almak , bir cihazı veya veriyi kilitleyip serbe st bırakılması için para talep etmek gibi
amaçlar ı olabilir [4 ].
88
Kötücül yaz ılımlar, belirli bir sistemi bozmak, hasar vermek veya yetkisiz erişim elde etmek için kasıtlı
olarak tasarlanmış yazılımlardır. Kötücül yazılımlar bank acılık bilgil eri, cihaz bilgileri, telefon numarası
veya e- posta adresi ile kişi listeleri gibi bilgilere erişebilmektedir. Bilgisayar korsanları bu bilgileri
kullanarak kimlik hırsızlığı yapmak gibi çeşitli kötü amaçlı faaliyetler i çin kullanabilir [5]. Bilgisayar
korsanları ayrıca kötü amaçlı yaz ılımları kullanarak mobil cihazın ve kullanıcıların bil gilerini topla yabilir
ve satabilir. Çalışanların iş için kullandıkları kişisel cihazlar, kurumsal o rtamda korumasız uç noktalar
oluşturur. Ç alışanların k endi cihazl arını kull anmaları maliyetleri düşürebilir ve verimliliği ve etk inliği
artırabilirken, aynı zamanda şirket ağı ve üzerinde depolanan veriler için güvenlik endişeleri yaratır.
Kişisel bir cihaz aracılığıyla gerçekleşen tek bir ihlal, potansiyel olarak büyük ölçekli bir veri kaybına yol
açabilir.
Bu çalışmada, Android işletim sis temlerine yönelik geliştirilen kötücül yazılımların tespitine yönelik
Multi- Layer Perceptron (MLP) tabanlı bir derin öğrenme modeli geliştirilmi ştir. Çalışmada 4465 örnek ve
241 öznitelik içeren bir kötücül yazılım veriseti kull anılmıştır. Geliştirilen model Random Forest (RF),
Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT) v e Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) modelleriyle
detaylı olarak karşılaştırılmıştır.
II. MATE RYAL VE YÖNTEM
A. Veriseti
Bu çalışmada, 4465 ö rnek ve 241 öznitelik içe ren TUNADROMD veriseti kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan
veriseti, htt ps://www.kaggle.com/datasets/joebeachca pital/tuandromd/data bağlantısı aracılığıyla genel
erişime açıktır. Veriseti izin tabanlı özellikler ve API tabanlı özelliklerden oluşm aktadır. Veri ön - işleme
aşamasında kategorik verilerin nümerik verilere dönüşt ürülmüştür. Synthetic Minority Oversampling
Technique (SMOTE) ku llanılarak veri s etindeki dağılım dengelenmiştir. S MOTE bir verisetindeki sınıf
dengesizliğini gidermek i çin kull anılan bir ön işle me tekniğidir. SMOTE, sentetik örneklerin azınlık sını fı
için üretildiği bir aşırı örne kleme tekniğidir. Bu algoritma, rastgele aşırı örneklemenin ortaya çıkardığı
aşırı uyum sorununu aşmaya yardımcı olur. Bir likte bulunan pozitif ö rnekler arasındaki enterpolasyon
yardımıyla yeni örnekler üretmek için özellik alanına odaklanır . Ş ekil 1’de verisetindeki en yükse k önem
değerine sahip ilk 10 öznitelik görülmektedir.
Şekil 1. Verisetindek i en yük sek önem değer ine sahip ilk 10 öznitelik
Modeller uygulanmadan önce verisetinin %80’i eğitim ve %20’si ise test için ayrılmıştır. Eğitim
verilerinin %10 ’u model hiper - para metrelerini optimize etmek için kullanılm ıştır. Uygulanan h er bir
modelin en iyi performansa sahip ol abilmesi için Grid search kull anılarak model hipe r -pa rametreleri
optimize edilmiştir.
B. Sınıflandırma Modelleri
RF güçlü bir ağ aç öğ renme modelidi r. Eğiti m aşamasında bir dizi karar ağacı oluşt urulmaktadır. Her
ağaç, her bölümdeki öze lliklerin rastgele bir alt k urulumu kullanmak için veri kurulumunun r astgele bir
alt kurulumu kullanılarak oluşturulur [6] . Bu rastgelelik, bireysel ağ açlar arasında değişkenlik ya ratarak
aşırı güvenlik riskini azaltır ve genel tahmin güc ün ü artırır. Tahmin aşamasında, tüm ağa çlarının sonuçları
89
oylama yoluyla s eçilmektedir [7] . Birden fazla ağacın y er aldığı kar ar alma süreci, karmaşık verilerin
işlenmesi, aşırı öğrenmenin azaltılması ve güvenilir tahminler sağlama ye t eneğiyle öne çıkmaktadır.
LR, bir örneğin belirli bir sınıfa ait olup olmadığını tahmin etmek olduğu sınıflandırma görevleri için
kullanılan bir makine öğ renmesi algoritmasıdır [ 8] . LR, bağımsız değişk enlere dayalı ikili bir sonucun
olasılığını tahmin etmek için kullanılan istatistiksel bir algoritmadır. LR’da bağımlı değişken, tahmin
edilen veya açıklanan iki li sonuçtur ve 0 ve 1 ile gösterilir. Bağımsız değişkenler veya tahmi n edici
değişkenler, ba ğımlı deği şkeni etkiler, sürekli veya kategor iktir.
DT kararlar veya t ahminler yapm ak için kullanıl an akış şeması b enzeri bir yapıdır. Niteliklere il işkin
kararları vey a testleri te msil eden düğümlerden, bu kararların sonuçlarını temsil eden dallardan ve nihai
sonuçları veya tahminl eri temsil eden yaprak dü ğümlerinden oluşur [9] . Her bir iç düğüm bir niteliğe
ilişkin bir teste, her bir dal testin sonucuna ve her bir yaprak düğüm bir sınıf etiketine veya sürekli bir
değere karşılık gelir. DT kök düğüm, dâhili düğümle r, dallar ve yaprak d üğümlerden oluşmaktadır. Kök
düğüm tüm veri kümesini ve alınacak ilk kararı temsil eder. Dâhili düğümler, niteliklere ilişkin kararları
veya testleri temsil ede r. Dallar, bir kararın veya testin sonucunu başka bir düğüme yönlendirir [10] .
Yaprak düğümler, son kararı ve y a tahmini temsil eder. Bu düğümlerde ba şka bölünme meydana gelmez.
XGBoost, karar ağ acı tabanlı bir topluluk öğrenmesi modelidir. XGBoost, bir karar ağaçları
topluluğunu kullanarak, hataları en aza indirmeye odaklanan yinelemeli bir süreç aracılığıyla güçlü bir
tahmin modeli o luşturur [11] . Gradyan ini ş optimizasyonu tarafından yönlendirilen bu yinelemeli
iyileştirme, XG Boost'un kara r ağaçlarının parametrelerini stra tejik olarak güncelleyerek tahmin
doğruluğunu sürekli olarak artırmasını s ağlar. XGBoost, gradyan artırma adı verilen bir teknik kull anır.
Gradyan arttırma, algoritmaya basit bir karar ağacı oluşturarak başladığı ve ardından modele yine lemeli
olarak daha fazla ağaç eklediği, her birinin önce ki ağaçlar tarafından yapılan hataları düze ltmeye
odaklandığı bir süre çtir [12] . Bu süreç, ön ceden belirlenmiş sayıda a ğaca ulaşılana vey a m odelin
performa nsı artık önemli ölçüde iyileşmeyene kad ar devam eder.
MLP, bir girdi katmanı, bir veya daha fazla gizli katman ve bir çıkış katmanı dâhil olmak üze re birden
fazla katmana sahip bir tür ileri beslemeli y apay sinir ağıdır [13]. H er k atman bir sonr akine tam amen
bağlıdır. Her düğüm değerini yalnızca ileri yönd e gelen düğüme iletir. Girdi katmanı, MLP’nin başlangıç
katmanıdır. Eğitim veri kümesinden girdi alır ve bunu gizli katmana il etir. Girdi katmanında n giriş
düğümü vardır. Giriş düğümlerinin sayısı veri kümesi özelliklerinin sayısına bağlıdır. Her giriş vektör
değişkeni gizli katmanın her düğümüne dağıtıl ır. Gizli katman sinir ağının tüm hesaplamalarını içerir.
Gizli katmanın kena rları düğüm değerleriyle çarpılan ağırlıklara sahipt ir. Bu katman aktiv asyon
fonksiyonunu kullanır. Çıktı katmanı tahmini çıktısını verir. Çıkış katmanında ki düğüm sayısı, problemin
türüne bağlıdır. Giriş düğümü veri kümesini n özelliğini temsil eder. Her giriş düğümü vektör giriş
değerini gizli katmana iletir. Gizli katmanda, her kenarın giriş değişkeniyle çarpılan bir ağırlığı vardır.
Gizli düğümlerden gelen tüm üretim değerleri birlikte topl anır [14] . Çıktı yı üretmek için gizli kat manda
aktif düğüml eri belirlemek için aktivasyon fo nksiyonu kullanılır ve çıkış katmanına iletilir. Çıkış
katmanında tahmin edilen ve tahmin edilen değer arasındaki fark he saplanı r.
C. Geliştirilen Model
Geliştirilen MLP tabanlı derin öğrenme modeli, eğitim veri setinden mobil uygulama verileri girdi
olarak alır ve t est veri setindeki uygulama verileri için yazılımın iyicil ya da kötücül olduğuna d air bir
çıktı üretir. Geliştirilen MLP tabanlı model bir girdi katmanı, gizli katmanlar ve bir çıktı katmanından
oluşmaktadır. Geliştirilen model, geleneksel ML P modeline kıyasla ek gizli katmanlar a sahiptir. Eklenen
katmanlar a racılığıyla, modelin daha karm aşık ve derin öğrenme problemlerini daha iyi çözebilmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, her katman için optimize edilmiş ReLU aktivasyo n fonksiyonları kullanılmıştı r.
Şekil 2’de geliştirilen modelin mimarisi görülmektedir.
90
Şekil 2. Geliştirilen MLP tab anlı der in öğrenme modeli
Gizli katmanlar, sınıflandırma sonucunu türetmek için ağırlıklı toplamları birleştiren bir ara işleme
adımıdır. Geliştirilen model, doğrusal k atmanlara sahip a rdışık bir mimariyi takip eder. İlk k atman, 32
girdi özelliği ve 32 çıktı biriminden oluşan giriş katmanıdır. Giriş katmanı il e gizli katman arasında
Dropout katmanı bulunmaktadır. ReLU aktivasyon fonksiyonu hem girdi hem de gizli katma nlara
uygulanırken, sigmoid aktivasyon fonksiyonu çıktı katmanında kullanılmaktadır.
D. Sınıflandırıcı Değerlendirme Metrikleri
Sınıflandırma modellerinin değerlendirilmesinde Tablo 1’de görülen karışıklık matrisi kullanılarak elde
edilen doğruluk (accuracy), k esinlik (precision), duyarlılık (recall) ve F - ölçütü (F -measue) metrikl eri
kullanılmaktadır.
Tablo 1 . Karışıklık matrisi
Tahmin değer leri
Gerçek
değerler
Kötücü l
İyicil
Kötücü l
TP
FN
İyicil
FP
TN
TP, gerçe kte kötücül olan ve sınıflandırıcı tarafından kötücül olarak tahmin edilen uygulamalar ın
sayısıdır. FN, gerçekte kötücül olan ancak sını flandırıcı tarafından iyicil o larak tahmin edilen
uygulamaların sayısıdır. F N, gerçekte iyicil olan anca k sınıflandırıcı ta rafından kötü cül olara k tahmin
edilen uygulamaların sayısıdır. TP, gerçekte iyicil olan ve sını flandırıcı t arafından d a iyicil ola rak tahmin
edilen uygulamalar ın sayısı dır.
Doğruluk, sınıflandırıcının doğru bir şekilde sınıflandırdığı uygulama sayısını ifade etmektedir ve E ş. 1
kullanılarak hesa pl anır.
TP+TN
Do ğru l uk TP+ F P+F N+ TN
=
(1)
Kesinlik, kötücül olarak tahmin edilen uygulamalardan gerçekten kötücül olanların ölçüsüdür. Kesi nlik
Eş. 2 kullanılarak hesa pl anır.
TP
Ke sinl ik TP+F P
=
(2)
Duyarlılık kötücül olarak tahmin edilmesi gereken uygulama lardan kaçının kötücül olarak tahmin
edildiğini belirler. Duyarlılık Eş. 3 kullanılarak hesa planır.
TP
Du y ar l ıl ık T P+F N
=
(3)
91
F- ölçütü, kesinlik ve duyarlılık metriklerinin harmonik ortalama sı alınarak Eş. 4 kullanılarak belirlenir.
Ke sinl ik* Du y a rl ıl ık
F - öl çütü 2 * Kes inl ik+D uy ar l ıl ık
=
(4)
III. DENEYSEL SONUÇLAR
Bu çalışmada, Android kötücül yazılımların tespitine yönelik MLP tabanlı bir derin öğrenme modeli
geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen model RF, LR, DT ve XGBoost gibi popüler makine öğrenmesi modelle riyle
uygulamalı olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Tablo 2’de RF için karışıklık matrisi görülmektedir.
Tablo 2 . RF için kar ışıklık matrisi
Tahmin değer leri
Gerçek
değerler
Kötücü l
İyicil
Kötücü l
711
8
İyicil
3
704
Tablo 2’de görüldüğü gibi RF, 1426 örnekten 1415’ini doğru bir şekilde s ınıflandırmıştır. Tablo 3’te LR
için karışıklık matrisi görülmektedir.
Tablo 3 . LR için karışıklık matrisi
Tahmin değer leri
Gerçek
değerler
Kötücü l
İyicil
Kötücü l
71 1
8
İyicil
12
695
Tablo 3’te görüldüğü gibi LR, 1426 örnekten 1406’ünü doğru bir şekilde sınıflandırmıştır. Tablo 4’te
DT için karışıklık matrisi görülmektedir.
Tablo 4 . DT için kar ışıklık matrisi
Tahmin değer leri
Gerçek
değerler
Kötücü l
İyicil
Kötücü l
713
6
İyicil
12
695
Tablo 4’te görüldüğü gibi DT, 1426 örnekten 1408’ini doğru bir şekilde sını flandırmıştır. Tablo 5’te
XGBoost için karışıklık matrisi görülmektedir.
Tablo 5 . XGBoost için karışıklık matrisi
Tahmin değer leri
Gerçek
değerler
Kötücü l
İyicil
Kötücü l
712
7
İyicil
3
704
Tablo 5’te görüldüğü gib i XGBoost, 1426 örnekte n 1416’sını doğru bi r şekilde sını flandırmıştır. Tablo
6’da MLP için karışıklık matrisi görülmektedir.
92
Tablo 6 . MLP için karışıklık matrisi
Tahmin değer leri
Gerçek
değerler
Kötücü l
İyicil
Kötücü l
714
5
İyicil
3
704
Tablo 6’da görüldüğü gibi MLP, 1426 örnekten 1418’ini doğru bir şekilde sınıflandırmıştır. Tablo 7’de
ve Şekil 3’te karşılaştırmalı deneysel sonuç lar gör ülmektedir.
Tablo 7 . Karşılaştırmalı deney sel sonu çlar
Model
Doğruluk
Kesinlik
Duyarlılık
F- ölçütü
RF
%99,22
%99,57
%98,88
%99,22
LR
%9 8,59
%98,34
%98,88
%98,60
DT
%98,73
%98,34
%99,16
%98,74
XGBoost
%99,29
%99,58
%99,02
%99,29
MLP
%99,43
%99,58
%99,30
%99,43
Şekil 3. Karşılaştırmalı den eysel son uçlar
Tablo 7 ve Şekil 3’te görüldüğü gibi geliştirilen MLP tabanlı derin öğrenme modeli karşılaştırılan
modellerden daha başarılı olmuştur. MLP, 1426 örnekten 14 18’ini doğru bir şekilde
sınıflandırarak % 99,43 d oğruluk değerine s ahip olmuştur.
IV. SONUÇLAR
Mobil cihaz kullanımında artış ve çeşitli aktiviteler için mobil cihazlara olan bağımlılığın artmasıyla
birlikte, mobi l kötücül yazılım tehdidi giderek artan bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Mobil kötücül
yazılımlar, mobil cihaz l ardaki ve işletim sistemlerindeki güvenlik açıkl arını istism ar etmek için özel
olarak tasarlanmış kötü amaçlı yazılımları ifade etmektedir. Virüsler, s olucanlar, Truva atları, reklam
yazılımları ve casus yazılımlar gibi birçok çeşidi bulunmaktadır. Mobil cihazlar k armaşık ve tekn olojik
olarak g elişmiş hale geldikçe, mobil kötücül yazılım ların karmaşıklığı ve yaygınlığı da artmaktadır. Bu
sebeple kötücül yazılım ların tespiti giderek artan bir çalışma alanı h ali ne gelmişt ir. Bu çalış mada,
Android kötücül yazılımların tespitine yönelik MLP tabanlı bir derin öğrenme modeli geliştirilmi ştir.
Geliştirilen model RF, LR, DT ve XGBoost ile uygulamalı olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlar,
MLP’nin %99,43 doğruluk değeriyle karşılaştırılan modeller den daha başarılı olduğunu göstermiştir.
93
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522 - 542.
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85 -100.
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compu ting. IEEE Access, 10, 36963 -369 77.
6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
94
SİYAH HAVU Ç POSASIND AN ÜRETİL EN AKTİF KARB ONUN
SÜPERKAPASİ TÖR OLA RAK KULLANIMINI N BEL İRLENM ES İ
Mesut KARTA 1* , Serda r ALTIN 2 , Yunus ÖNAL 3 ve Tolga DEPCİ 4
1 Metalurji /İskend erun Meslek Yüksekoku lu, İsken derun Teknik Üniversitesi, Tü rkiye
2 Fizik/Fen- Edebiya t Fakültesi, İnö nü Üniversitesi, Türkiye
3 Kimya Mühen disliği/Mühen dislik Fakü ltesi, İnön ü Üniversitesi, Türkiye
4 Petrol ve Do ğalga z Mühendisliği / Mühendislik ve Doğa bilimleri Fakültesi, İskend erun Tekn ik Üniversite si, Türkiye
* ( [email protected] .tr )
Özet – Bu çalışmada, ba şlangıç maddesi olarak s eçilen siyah havucun kar akteriza syon çalışmaları XRD
ve FTIR analizleri incel enmiştir. Başlangıç maddesinin XRD analiz sonucuna göre, 21 0 keskin karbon
pikler görülmüştür. FTIR analizinde sonucuna göre ise, organik yapıya ait CO gerilme bağı ve C =C
bağları tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra, başlangıç örneği azot ga zı atmosfer inde önce 600 o C de karbonize
edilmiş sonra ise, ağırlıkça 1/4 oranında aktifleştirici ajan olarak KOH ile emprenye edilmiş, tekrar
aktivsayonun gerçekleşmesi için 10 o C /dk ısıtma hızında 800 o C ye getirilerek 1 saat reaksiyon süresinde
bekletilmiştir. Soğutma gerçekleştikten sonra siyah havuç posasından akti f karbon elde edilmiştir. Bu
aktif karbon (AKH64) olarak not edilmiştir. Aktif karbon (AC) örneği XRD, ve BET analizleriyle
karakteristik özellikleri incelenmiştir. XRD sonucuna gör e, düzensiz v e amorf k arbon y apısında tepe
noktası gözlenmişti r. BET analizi incelendiğinde ise, AC’nin 563,65 m 2 /gr yüzey alanına sahip olduğu
görülmüştür. Son olarak ise, aktif karbon (AC), s üper kap asitör de elektrot malzemesi olar ak kull anılarak
elektrokimyasal ölçümler döngüsel voltametri (CV) ve Galvanostatik ş arj/deşarj (GCD) ölçümleri ile
incelenmiştir. Yapılan C V ölçümlerinde diktörgene yakın formda olduğu ve süper kapasitör tarama hızını
desteklediği görülmüştür. Ş arj/Deşarj döngü s ayısı performansı incelendiğinde ise, 4 000 çevrim
sayısında, %0.5 k apasitans kaybı performansı gö rülmüştür. Yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda siyah havuç
posasının süper kapasitörlerde elekt rot malze mesi olarak kullanılabileceği ve katma değe ri yüksek bir
ürün olabileceği sonuc una varılmıştır.
Anah tar Kelimeler – Siya havuç, Biyo kütle , Aktif ka rbon, Süper kapa sitör, Enerji dep olama
I. GİRİŞ
Biyokütle, yüksek karbon içeriği, yay gınlığı, ekonomik uygulanabilirliği ve hızlı yenilenme dö ngüsü
ile karakter ize edilen sürdürülebilir bir karbon öncüsü olarak kabul edilmektedir [1]. Yeşil ve
yenilenebilir karbon öncülünün (biyokütle) kullanılması, AC üretmenin sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu bir
yoludur [2]. Günümüzde aktif karbon ( AC ), gazları ayırma, saflaştırma v e sıvı çözücü g eri ka zanımında
yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca katalizör desteği, pil elektrotları ve süper kapasitörler (SC) gibi
yeni uygulamalara da uy gulanır. SC'ler, yüksek enerji depolama kapasitesi, mükemmel güç yoğunluğu ile
döngüsel kararlılığa sahip umut verici ve potansiyel enerji depolama cihazlarıdır. Genel olarak, SC'lerin
performa nsı aktif elektrot malzemelerine bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, aktif karbon, grafen, k arbon nanot üpler,
metal oksit ve iletken polimer ler gibi çeşitli malzemele r elektrot malzemesi olarak kull anılmıştır [3]. Ş u
anda, süper kapasitör cih azlarının maliyetini en aza indirmek için çoğu araştırmacı , S C'lerdeki elektrotlar
için uygun maliyetli ve korozyona dayanıklı k arbon temelli malzemeler kullanmaktadır [4]. Süper
kapasitörler ve ç eşitli pi l türleri gibi elektrokimyasal enerji depolama t eknolojileri, elektrikli ara çlar,
95
taşınabilir elektronikler ve esnek elektronikler gibi çok sayıd a elektro nik uygulamaya temel teşkil
etmektedir [5].
II. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
Meyve suyu fabrikası atıklarından olan , siyah havuç posası 105 o C de kurutma etüvünde 1 gün boyunca
kurutulmuştur . Kurutul an siyah havuç posası, tü p fırında azot g azı atmo sfer ortamı nda 10 °C/dk ısıtma
hızında 600 °C sıcaklığın a geldikten sonra 1 saat boyunca ısıl işlemine tabi tut ulmuştur [6] . Tüp fırından
çıkarılan karbonize ürün behere alınarak, kütl ece 1/ 4 oranında KOH il ave edilmiş ve tepkimenin
gerçe kl eşebileceği mikta rda saf su il ave edilmişti r [7] . Daha sonra beher, saf suyun uzaklaştırılma sı için
105°C de kurutma etüvde kurutulmuştur. Kurutulan KOH karışımlı karbonize örnek [8 ], tekrar 10 °C/dk
ısıtma hızında 800 °C sıcaklığında 1 saat bekletilerek aktivasyon işlemine tabi tutulm uştur [9] .
Aktivasyon işl eminden sonra, 1 M seyreltilmiş H Cl asit KOH ile aktive edilmiş ürüne demineraliza syon
işlemleri için il ave edilir. Mineralleri uzaklaştırılmı ş örnek , süzgeç kağıdından süzülerek pH 7.0’ye
gelinceye kad ar saf su ile yıkanmışt ır . Son işlem olarak ise, 105 o C de kurutma etüvünde 1 gün boyunca
kurutularak karakter izasyon analizler i ve elektroki myasal ölçümleri yapılmak üz ere hazır hale getirilir.
A. Elektrot Malzeme lerin Hazırlanması
Süper kapasitör ölçüm için elektrot hazırlamak amacıyla, numuneler NMP'de ağırlık oranı 8:1: 1 olan
karbon siyahı ve PVDF ile karıştırılara k bulamaç ş eklinde hazırlandı [10].
Elektrokimyasal ölçümler de akım toplayıcı olarak kullanılan 2 adet s imetrik nikel köpükler üzerine
mürekkep kıvamındaki bulamaç malzeme temiz b ir fırça il e emdirilmişti r. Hazır hale getirilen elektrotlar
vakum etüvünde 100 ℃’de bir gün boyunca kurutulmuştur . Elektrotlar nik el köpüğü ile emprenye edildi,
vakumlu fırından çıkarıldı, nem ve solvent uzaklaştırıldı ve ardında n h assas bir terazide t artıldı. Elektrolit
olarak 6M KOH hazırlandı ve nikel köpüklere emdirilen elektrotlar bu çözelti içerisinde yaklaşık 12 saat
bekletilerek KOH iyice emilmesi sağlandı. Hazırlanan elektrot kaplı nikel köpük, Şekil 1'de gösterile n
düğme hücresine yerle şti rilerek süper kapasitör ölçümleri yapılmıştır.
Şekil 1. Süper kapasitör ö lçümlerinde kullan ılan pil m alzemeleri
102
𝛾 ( s) = 𝑢 1 (𝑠 )𝑇 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠)𝑁 (𝑠 ) + 𝑢 3 (𝑠 ) 𝐵 ( 𝑠 ).
Then we ha ve 1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 )𝜐 𝑠 = 𝑢 2 𝑓 1 + 𝑢 3 𝑓 2 + 𝑏′
where
𝑓 1 = ( 𝑝 ( 𝑝−1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝− 2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 𝜆 ′ ) ′
+ 𝜅 2 (( ( 5𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜆 2 + 𝑝 − 1) 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 + 𝜇 )
+ 𝜆𝜅 ( (− 𝑝
2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆 ) + ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝 −3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ + ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 −2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) ,
𝑓 2 = −( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆 − 2𝑝 𝜅 𝑝 𝜆 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 −3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′
− ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝 −2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝− 1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) ′ + 𝜆𝜅 ( 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝− 2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆𝜆 ′ )
and
𝑏 = 𝑢 1 ( 1
2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 − 𝜇 )
+𝑢 2 ( ( 3𝑝𝜅 𝑝−1 𝜆 𝜆 ′ + 𝑝𝜆 2 𝜅 𝑝−2 𝜅 ′ )( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 − ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) ) ′ )
+𝑢 ′ 2 ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) ) − 𝑢 3 (2 ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 𝜆 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 )
− ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ − ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ )
+𝑢 ′ 3 ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 + ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 −1 𝜆 ) ′ )
−𝑢 3 ′′ ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) .
Proof. We suppos e that 𝛾 : 𝐼 → 𝑅 1 3 be a re parametrized spacelike curve with spacelike principle normal
vector field and 𝛾 (𝑠 , 𝛿 ) is a variation with variational field
𝛾 ( s) = 𝑢 1 (𝑠 )𝑇 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠)𝑁 (𝑠 ) + 𝑢 3 (𝑠 ) 𝐵 ( 𝑠 ).
Then, we arrive at
1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 1 2 ( 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 + 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 𝜆 .
By using Lemma 1, we obtain
1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 1 2 ( 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) ( 𝑢 ′ 1 − 𝜅 𝑢 2 )
+ 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 (𝑢 1 𝜅 ′ + 𝑢 2 (𝜅 2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) ) − 2𝑢 ′ 3 𝜆𝜅 − 𝑢 3 ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′ + 𝑢₂′′)
+ 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 (𝑢 1 𝜆′ + 𝑢₂( ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′′
𝜅 2 − ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′ 𝜅 ′
𝜅 3 − 𝜆 ³𝜅 + 𝜆𝜅 ) + 𝑢 ₂′ (2 𝜆 ′
𝜅 + ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′
𝜅 2 )
+ 𝑢 2 ′′ 𝜆 𝜅 − 𝑢 3 𝜆 𝜆 ′ − 𝑢 3 ′ ( 1 − 𝜆 2 ) + 𝑢 3 ′′ 𝜅 ′
𝜅 3 − 𝑢₃′′′ 1
𝜅 2 ).
If the necessar y simplific ations and fac toring are a pplied, the following result is obtained:
1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 𝑢 2 (( 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝−2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆𝜆 ′ ) ′
+ 𝜅
2 (( ( 5𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜆 2 + 𝑝 − 1) 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 + 𝜇 )
+ 𝜆𝜅 ( (− 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆) + ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝− 3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ + ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) )
103
+𝑢 3 (−( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆 − 2𝑝𝜅 𝑝 𝜆 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′
− ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝 −2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) ′ + 𝜆𝜅 ( 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝− 2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝
+𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 𝜆 ′ ) ) + 𝑢 1 ( 1 2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 − 𝜇 )
+𝑢 2 ( ( 3𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 1 𝜆𝜆 ′ + 𝑝𝜆 2 𝜅 𝑝−2 𝜅 ′ )( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 − ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) ) ′ )
+𝑢 ′ 2 ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝− 1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) )
− 𝑢 3 (2 ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 𝜆 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 )
− ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝 −3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ )
+𝑢 ′ 3 ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 + ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ )
−𝑢 3 ′′ ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) .
Theorem 1. Any hypere lastic strip with spacelike directrix with spacelike principle normal vector field
𝛾 forms by the following Euler-Lagrange equations
𝑓 1 = 𝑓 2 = 0 , (6)
which are extremals of the modified Sadowsky-type functional (5). In addition, 𝑏 ′ = 0 , when 𝛾 is a
stationary point for the f unctional (5) for each va riation of 𝛾 , which leaves the integrand of the functional
(5) invariant.
Proof. Assume that 𝛾 is a reparametrized spac elike curve with spacelike pri nciple normal vector fiel d and
it satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equations (6). By using (4) and (6), we arrive at
1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (∫ (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 )𝜐 𝑠
ℓ
0 𝑑𝑠 ) = ∫ ( 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 1 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 2 (𝑠) )
ℓ
0 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑏 ( ℓ ) − 𝑏 ( 0 ) = 0.
Choosing a proper variation, the boundary condit ions are naturally s atisfying, and we obtain the d esired
Euler-Lagrange equations chara cterizing the functional (5). In addition, one can observe 𝑏 ′ = 0 when 𝛾 a
critical point of the func ti onal (5) is because
0 = 1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 1 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 2 (𝑠 ) + 𝑏′( 𝑠) = 𝑏′( 𝑠).
IV. CONCLUSION
Foldable o r bendable st ructures such as sheets, bars, or b ands tend to reach minim um energy when
flattened. Due to this characteristic, the mechanics of curve d structures are explained using the theory of
developable sur faces, wh ere the bending deformation energy links mechanics with geometry. Wunderlich
demonstrated that th e Sadowsky functional is p roportional to the Willmore functional, which is a key
concept in minimal surface studi es within differential geometry. He also showed that the behaviour of a
developable band r esembles the one -dimensional structure of thin e lastic strips, governed by classical
equations. Today, elastic strips are understood as d evelopable ruled surfaces that correspond to the critical
points of the Sadowsky functional. Furthermor e, the S adowsky-type functional provides a different
approac h to solving the extremals of the p- Willmore functional, a topic of recent interest.
In this work, w e d emonstrate that the S adowsky -type functional is pr oportional to the p -Willmore
functional in three-dimensional Minkowski space . By introducing a Lagra nge multiplier to enforce the
length constraint, we d efine the modified Sadowsky -type functional and obtain the corresponding Euler-
Lagrange equations that cha racterize its critical points. We consider rectifying strips with space like
directrix with spacelike principle normal vec tor field. We refer to such rectifying strip, whose base curve
104
repre s ents the critical po int of the Sadowsky -type functional, as a hyperelastic strip (or p -elastic strip)
with spacelike directrix with spacelike principle normal vector f ield.
A CKNOWLEDGMENT
Artificial intelligence programs have been partially utilized to enhance the language fluency and correct
the writing errors in this study.
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gener alized Willmore energy, Ann. Glob . Anal. Geom. 56 , 147 -- 165 http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1007/s10455 - 019 -09661 -0
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[6] Guo, Z. (2007). Gen eralized Willmore fun ctionals and related variatio nal problems, Dif fer. Geom. App l. 25, 543 -- 551.
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[8] Hinz, D., & Fried , E. (2015). Translation of Michael Sadowsky’s pap er “An elemen tary proof for the existence of a
develo pable Möbius band and the attribution o f the geometric problem to a variational p roblem” . J. Elast., 119, 3 – 6.
http://dx. doi.org/10.1007 /s10659 -014- 9490-5
[9] Lopez , R. (2014 ). Differential geom etry of curves and surfaces in Lorentz -Minko wski space. I nternational Electro nic
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[10] O’Neill, B. (198 3). Semi -Riem annian Geometry with Ap plication s to Relativity. Pure an d Applied
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[12] Tü kel G.Ö., & Yücesan A. (201 9). Elastic strips with timeli ke directrix. Mathem atical Repor ts, 21, 67 - 83.
[13] Tü kel G.Ö., & Yücesan A. (2019). Elastic strips with spacelik e directrix, Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc., 42, 2623 -2638.
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[14] Tü kel G.Ö., & Yücesan A. (2020). Elastic strips with null and pseudo -null d irectrix. International Journ al of Geometric
Method s in Mod ern Physics, 17, 2050 022. https://do i.org/10.114 2/S0219887820 50022X
[15] Tü kel G.Ö., (2024). Integrable dyn amics and geom etric conservatio n laws of hyper elastic strips, Aims Math ematic s, 9(9 ),
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[18] Weinstein, T. (20 11). An introduction to Lorentz surfac es (Vol. 22). Walter d e Gruy ter.
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http://dx. doi.org/10.55730/1 300 -009 8.3522
6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
105
Equilibrium Eq ua tions of Hyperel astic Strips wit h Spacelike Ba se Curves
with Timelike Pri nciple No rmal Vector Fie ld
Gözde ÖZKAN TÜKEL 1* and Tunahan TURHAN 2
1 Departmen t of Basic S ciences, Facu lty of Technolo gy, Isparta University of Ap plied S ciences, Türkiye
2 Elementary Ma thematics Ed ucation , Faculty of Edu cation, Süleyman Demirel University , Türkiye
* ( gozdetu [email protected] .tr ) Email of the co rresponding a uthor
Abstract – The variation al problem for thin elastic strips provides solut ions that describe their equilibrium
configurations, often expressed through the Euler -Lagrange equ ations. In particular, the Sadowsky
functional is essential in modeling the bending energy of these strips. Originally deve loped to explain the
minimal energy of d evelopable surfaces, such as Möbius strips, the S adowsky functional helps capture
how thin elastic strips deform under bending forces. The energy minim ization problem for the Sadowsky -
type functional, a generalization of the original Sa dowsky functiona l, is ty pically solved using vari ational
methods and partial differential equations to identify the equilibrium states of elastic strips. By studying
this problem within the more intricate framewor k of three-dimensional Minkowski space, rather than the
simpler Euclidean space , we ar e able to e xplore more detailed g eometric and physical interp retations.
Focusing on a developable, non -degenerate rectifying surfac e with a spacelike directrix whos e principle
normal vector field is timelike in three-dime nsional Minkowski space, we obtain demonstrate that the p-
Willmore functional is propor tional to the Sadowsky -type functional. Furthermore, we d erive the Euler -
Lagrange equations that character i ze the critical points of the Sadowsky-type functional for a rectifying
strip with a spacelike base curve with timelike principal normal vector fi eld. The rectifying strips that
satisfy these eq uilibrium conditions are introduced as hyp erelastic (or p -elastic) strips with sp acelike
directrix with timelike principal normal vector field.
Keywords – Calculu s of variat ion, h yperelastic strips, p -elastic strips, rectifying surfaces, Sa dowsky- type fun ctional
I. I NTRODUCTION
The variational problem for thin elastic strips gives a solution th at describes their equil ibrium
configurations, typically governed by the Euler- Lagrange equations. These solutions reveal the critical
points of the associated ene rgy fun ctional, providing insights int o the shape and deformation behav ior of
the strips under various constraints. I n particular, for certain classes of elastic strips , such as those
constrained to be developable or rectifying sur faces, the solutions reflect the int erplay between m echanics
and geometry, often re sult ing in minimal energy configurations. Sadowsky, in his pioneering work,
introduced a fun ctional to describe the minimal bending energy o f Möbi us strips and other developable
surfaces. His approach tr ansformed the p roblem i nto a one -dimensional variational problem, simplifying
the analysis of equilibrium shapes. Building upon Sadowsky's foundation, Wunderlich extended this work
by showing that the Sadowsky functional is proportional to the Willmore functional, which plays a key
role in the study of minimal surfaces in differential geometry. Wunderlich further demonstrated that the
equilibrium configuration of developable bands is governed by equations similar to those for thin elastic
106
rods, thereby establishing a deeper connection between the mechanics of elastic strips and classical
geometric principles [2, 8, 11, 16, 20 ].
The Sadowsky functional is defined by ∫ 𝜅 2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 2 𝑑𝑠,
⬚
𝛾 where 𝛾 is the base curve of a rec tifying
developable surface, 𝜆 = 𝜏 𝜅 , 𝜏 and 𝜅 a re respectively the modified torsion, torsion and curvature of 𝛾 .
Hangan ch aracterized the extremals of the Sadowsky functional with two Euler -Lagrange equations and
expressed th e corresponding geometric an alysis [7]. Chubelaschwili and Pinkall solved the energy
minimization problem relate d to the Sadowsky functiona l in thr ee-dimensional Euclidean space a nd
defined new integrable s ystems [1]. The theory of elastic strips in three-dim ensional Minkowski space
was developed in the studies [12, 13, 14]. Starostin and Heijden stated that the force-free critical points
are sphe rical curves only for the S adowsky-typ e functional ∫ 𝐶𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝑑𝑠,
⬚
𝛾 where C is constant, and
𝑝 ≠ 0, 1 [18] . Tükel obtained i ntegrable solut ions for the Sadowsky -type functional and derived the
conserva tion laws for hyperelastic strips using Euclidean motions [15].
Guo introduced a class o f conformal invariants, r eferred to as generalized Willmore functionals, d efined
in the most general sense of ene rgy functionals, which also include t he Willmore and p -Willmore
functionals [6]. The critical points of the p- Willmore functional, defined as ∫ 𝐻 𝑝 𝑑𝜎 ,
⬚
𝑀 where 𝑝 ≥ 0 ∈ 𝑍 in
a 3-dimensional space form, are called p-Willmore surfaces [3, 4, 5].
In the prese nt study, w e aim to establish a connection betwe en the Sadowsky -type functional
𝑆 ( 𝛾 ) = ∫ 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝑑𝑠
⬚
𝛾
for rectifying surface with spacelike directrix with ti melike principle normal vector field and the p-
Willmore functional in three-dimensional Min kowski space by using Wunderlich's approach. We
introduce the modified S adowsky-type functional and find the corresponding Euler-L agrange equations,
which characterize the crit ical points and equilibri um states of this functional. The rectifying develo pable
strips, which we re fer to as hyperelastic strips (or p -elastic strips) with spacelike directrix whose pri nciple
normal vector field is timelike, exhibit various geometric and elastic properties, making them significant
in the study of elastic structure s and energy minimi zation problems.
II. PRELI MINARIES
Three-dime nsion al Minkowski space 𝑅 1 3 is a metric space with a symmetric, bilinear and non -degener ate
metric with signature (− , +, +) . A tangent vector 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 1 3 is called spacelike (resp. timelike, lightlike or
null) vector i f < 𝑥 , 𝑥 >> 0 , 𝑥 = 0 (resp. < 𝑥 , 𝑥 >< 0 , < 𝑥 , 𝑥 >= 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 0). A curv e 𝛾 in 𝑅 1 3 is said
to be spacelike (resp. ti melike, li ghtlike) if its velocity vector is spa celike (resp. timelike, lightlike). A
surface in 𝑅 1 3 is a non-degene rate (or degenerate) if induced metric on its tangent plane is non -degenerate
(or dege n erate) [9, 10].
Let 𝛾 : [ 0, 𝐿 ] → 𝑅 1 3 be a space like curv e with timelike principle normal vector field and 𝜐 = ‖ 𝛾′ ‖ velocity
of 𝛾 . { 𝑇, 𝑁 , 𝐵 } is the Frene t frame of the curve 𝛾 . The Frenet formulas of 𝛾 is gi ven by
𝑇 ′ = − 𝜐𝜅𝑁 , 𝑁 ′ = −𝜐𝜅𝑇 + 𝜐𝜆𝜅𝐵 and 𝐵 ′ = 𝜐𝜆𝜅𝑁 ,
where 𝜅 = ‖ 𝛾′×𝛾 ′′ ‖
‖ 𝛾′ ‖ 3 , 𝜏 = det (𝛾 ′ ,𝛾 ′′ ,𝛾 ′′′ )
‖ 𝛾′×𝛾 ′′ ‖ and 𝜆 = 𝜏 𝜅 are the curvature, torsion and mo dified torsion of 𝛾 ,
respec tively. We investigate the following rectifying developable surface
𝐹 𝛾 : [ 0, 𝐿 ] × [ −𝜀 , 𝜀 ] → 𝑅 1 3
( 𝑡 , 𝛿 ) → 𝐹 𝛾 ( 𝑡 , 𝛿 ) = 𝛾 ( 𝑡 ) + 𝛿𝐷 ( 𝑡 ) ,
107
where 𝐷 ( 𝑠 ) is the modified Darboux v ector of 𝛾 . These types ruled surfaces are kno wn Minkowski
rectifying strips [12, 13 ]. The area element and the mean cu rvature of the surface are calculated as
follows:
𝑑𝜎 = (1 − 𝛿𝜆 ′)𝑑𝛿𝑑𝑡 and 𝐻 = 𝜅 ( 1+𝜆 2 ) 2
2(1− 𝛿𝜆 ′) (1)
(see, [15, 17, 19]). Since 𝐹 𝛾 is a developable surface, the Gaussian curvatur e is zero and thus one of the
principal curvatures is zero. Then, the e nergy func tional can be written as follows
𝐷
2 ∫ ∫ 𝜅 1 𝑝 𝑑 𝜎 , (2)
where 𝐷 = 2𝑌 ℎ 3
3(1−𝑣 2 ) is the flexural rigidity, such that ℎ denotes thickness, 𝑣 is the Poisson’s ratio and 𝑌 is
Young’s modulus. From (1) and (2), we get
𝐷𝜔 ∫ ℎ (𝜅 , 𝜆 , 𝜆′)𝑑𝑡
ℓ
0 , (3)
where ℎ ( 𝜅 , 𝜆, 𝜆 ′ ) = 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 ( (1− 𝜔𝜆 ′ ) 2−𝑝 −(1+ 𝜔𝜆 ′) 2−𝑝 )
2(𝑝−2) 𝜔𝜆 ′ . One can see that 𝜔𝜆 ′ ⟶ 0, the integrand of (3)
ℎ ( 𝜅 , 𝜆, 𝜆 ′ ) ⟶ 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 . Th is means that th e S adowsky -type functional and p-Willmore functional
∫ 𝐻 𝑝 𝑑𝜎
⬚
𝐹 𝛾 is proportional. Note that the functional corresponds to the fre e hyperelastic curve’s functional
when 𝜆 = 0 in 𝑅 1 3 .
We analyze the Minkow ski rectifying infinitely narrow strips with space like base curves with timelike
principle normal vector field , which are critical p oints of the Sadowsky -type functional, described by the
following definition among all space c urves with fixed endpoints and
ℓ ≔ 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 ℓ ( 𝛾 𝛿 ) = 0 . (4)
Lemma 1 [13 ]. Let 𝛾 0 : [ 0, 𝐿 ] → 𝑅 1 3 be a reparametrized spacelike curv e with timelike principle vector
field and 𝛾 : [ 0, 𝐿 ] × [ − 𝜀 , 𝜀 ] → 𝑅 1 3 is a variation of 𝛾 0 with variational field
𝛾 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝜕
𝜕𝑡 | 𝑡 =0 𝛾 𝑡 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝑢 1 ( 𝑠 ) 𝑇 ( 𝑠 ) + 𝑢 2 ( 𝑠 ) 𝑁 ( 𝑠 ) + 𝑢 3 ( 𝑠 ) 𝐵 ( 𝑠 ) .
Then, we ha ve
𝜐 = 𝑢′ 1 − 𝜅 𝑢 2 ,
𝜅 = 𝑢 1 𝜅 ′ + 𝑢 2 (𝜅 2 ( 1 − 𝜆 2 ) ) − 2𝑢 ′ 3 𝜆𝜅 − 𝑢 3 ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′ − 𝑢₂′′ ,
𝜆 = 𝑢 1 𝜆 ′ + 𝑢 2 (− ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′′
𝜅 2 + ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′ 𝜅 ′
𝜅 3 + 𝜆 3 𝜅 + 𝜆𝜅 ) − 𝑢 ₂′ (2 𝜆 ′
𝜅 + ( 𝜆𝜅 )′
𝜅² )
−𝑢 2 ′′ 𝜆
𝜅 − 𝑢 3 𝜆 𝜆 ′ + 𝑢 3 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) + 𝑢 3 ′′ 𝜅 ′
𝜅 3 − 𝑢₃′′′ 1
𝜅² .
III. R ESULTS
In this section, w e commence by introducing th e modified Sadowsky -type functional and hyp erelastic
strips with spacelike directrix whose princ ipal nor mal vector field is time like.
Definition 1. A rectifying strip 𝐹 𝛾 in Minkowski 3-space 𝑅 1 3 is hypere l astic strip (or p -elastic strip) wit h
spacelike b ase curve whose the principal normal vector is time like , if sp acelike curve γ with tim elike
principle normal vector field is a critica l point of the modified Sadowsky -type functional
𝑆 𝜇 ( 𝛾 ) = ∫ (𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 − 𝜇 )𝜐𝑑𝑡
ℓ
0 , (5)
where 𝜇 is a Lagrangian multiplier.
108
In the following theorem, we treat the symbols 𝛾 0 and the variation 𝛾 as equivalent while deriving the
first variation formula for the integra nd of the modified Sadowsky-type functional.
Lemma 2. Let 𝛾 : 𝐼 → 𝑅 1 3 be an arclength par ametrized spacelike cu rve with tim elike principle normal
vector field. Consider a variation 𝛾 ( 𝑠 , 𝛿 ) with var iational field
𝛾 ( s) = 𝑢 1 (𝑠 )𝑇 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠)𝑁 (𝑠 ) + 𝑢 3 (𝑠 ) 𝐵 ( 𝑠 ).
Then, we have 1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 )𝜐 𝑠 = 𝑢 2 𝑓 1 + 𝑢 3 𝑓 2 + 𝑏′
where
𝑓 1 = − ( 𝑝 ( 𝑝− 1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝−2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆𝜆 ′ ) ′
+ 𝜅 2 (( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝜇 )
+ 𝜆𝜅 ( ( 𝑝
2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆) − ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝 −3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ − ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝 −2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) ,
𝑓 2 = − ( 𝑝
2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆 − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 −2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) ′
+ 𝜆𝜅 ( 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝− 2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 𝜆 ′ )
and
𝑏 = 𝑢 1 ( 1
2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 − 𝜇 )
−𝑢 2 ( ( 3𝑝𝜅 𝑝−1 𝜆 𝜆 ′ + 𝑝 𝜆 2 𝜅 𝑝−2 𝜅 ′ )( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 − ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) ) ′ )
−𝑢 ′ 2 ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) ) − 𝑢 3 ( ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′
− ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) + 𝑢 ′ 3 ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 + ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ )
−𝑢 3 ′′ ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) .
Proof. We suppose that 𝛾 : 𝐼 → 𝑅 1 3 be an arclength parametrized spacelike curve with tim elike principle
normal vector f i eld and 𝛾 (𝑠 , 𝛿 ) is a varia tion with variational field
𝛾 ( s) = 𝑢 1 (𝑠 )𝑇 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠)𝑁 (𝑠 ) + 𝑢 3 (𝑠 ) 𝐵 ( 𝑠 ).
Then, we arrive at
1
2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 1
2 ( 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 + 𝑝
2 𝜅 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 𝜆 .
By using Lemma 1, we obtain
1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 1 2 ( 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) ( 𝑢 ′ 1 − 𝜅 𝑢 2 )
+ 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 (𝑢 1 𝜅 ′ + 𝑢 2 (𝜅 2 ( 1 − 𝜆 2 ) ) − 2𝑢 ′ 3 𝜆𝜅 − 𝑢 3 ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′ − 𝑢₂′′)
+ 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 (𝑢 1 𝜆 ′ + 𝑢 2 (− ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′′
𝜅 2 + ( 𝜆𝜅 ) ′ 𝜅 ′
𝜅 3 + 𝜆 3 𝜅 + 𝜆𝜅 ) − 𝑢 ₂′ (2 𝜆 ′
𝜅 + ( 𝜆𝜅 )′
𝜅² )
−𝑢 2 ′′ 𝜆 𝜅 − 𝑢 3 𝜆 𝜆 ′ + 𝑢 3 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) + 𝑢 3 ′′ 𝜅 ′
𝜅 3 − 𝑢₃′′′ 1
𝜅² ).
If the necessar y simplific ations and fac toring are a pplied, the following result is obtained:
1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 𝑢 2 (− ( 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝−2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝− 1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆𝜆 ′ ) ′
109
+ 𝜅
2 (( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 + 𝜇 )
+ 𝜆𝜅 ( ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆 ) − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 − 3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) )
+𝑢 3 (−( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 𝜆 − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝 −2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ ) ′
+ 𝜆𝜅 ( 𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 )
2 𝜅 𝑝− 2 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 +𝑝 ( 𝑝 − 1 ) 𝜅 𝑝− 1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆𝜆 ′ ) )
+𝑢 1 ( 1 2 𝜅 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝 − 𝜇 ) − 𝑢 ′ 2 ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝− 1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) )
−𝑢 2 ( ( 3𝑝𝜅 𝑝− 1 𝜆𝜆 ′ + 𝑝𝜆 2 𝜅 𝑝−2 𝜅 ′ )( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 − ( 𝑝 2 𝜅 𝑝−1 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 ( 3𝜆 2 + 1 ) ) ′ )
−𝑢 3 ( ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ − ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′′ )
+𝑢 ′ 3 ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−3 𝜅 ′ ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 − ( 𝑝 𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) ′ ) − 𝑢 3 ′′ ( 𝑝𝜅 𝑝−2 ( 1 + 𝜆 2 ) 𝑝−1 𝜆 ) .
Theorem 1. Any hyperelastic strip with spacelike directrix with time like principle normal vector field
𝛾 forms by the following Euler-Lagrange equations
𝑓 1 = 𝑓 2 = 0 , (6)
which are extr emals of the modi fied S adowsky-type functional 𝑆 𝜇 . In addition, 𝑏 ′ = 0 , when 𝛾 is a
critical for 𝑆 𝜇 for each variation of 𝛾 , which leaves the integrand of the f unctional (5) invariant.
Proof. Assume that 𝛾 is a repa rametrized spacelike curve with tim elike principle normal vector field and
it satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equations (6). By using (4) and (6), we arrive at
1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (∫ (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 )𝜐 𝑠
ℓ
0 𝑑𝑠 ) = ∫ ( 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 1 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 2 (𝑠) )
ℓ
0 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑏 ( ℓ ) − 𝑏 ( 0 ) = 0.
Choosing a proper va riation, the boundary conditions are naturally s atisfying, and we obtain the d esired
Euler-Lagrange equations characterizing the Sadowsky-type functional (5). In addition, one can o bserve
𝑏 ′ = 0 when 𝛾 is an extremal for 𝑆 𝜇 because
0 = 1 2 𝜕
𝜕𝛿 | 𝛿 =0 (𝜅 𝑠 𝑝 ( 1 + 𝜆 𝑠 2 ) 𝑝 ) − 𝜇 ) 𝜐 𝑠 = 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 1 (𝑠) + 𝑢 2 (𝑠 )𝑓 2 (𝑠 ) + 𝑏′( 𝑠) = 𝑏′( 𝑠).
IV. CONCLUSION
Elastic strips are develo pable ruled sur faces that corr espond to the stationary point s of the Sad owsky
functional, which mode ls the bending energy of such structures. Wu nderlich demonstrated t hat the
Sadowsky functional is proportional to the Willmore functional, a key concept in minimal surface t heory
within differential geometry. He further sho wed that the behavior o f developable bands mimics th e one -
dimensional structure of thin elastic rods, governed by c lassical equations. The Sadowsky-type functional,
a generalization of the Sadowsky functional, pro vides a new approach to finding the extremals of the p -
Willmore functional. Also, hyperelastic strips a re dev elopable rectifying strips that correspond the
extremals of the Sa dowsky -type functional.
In th is work, we find th e critica l point of the modi fied Sadowsky-type functi onal modified by a Lagrange
multiplier to enforce th e length constraint . W e c onsider rectifying strips with spacelike directrix with
timelike principle normal vector field and derive the corresponding Euler -Lagrange equations that
character i ze the critical p oints of the functional for such strips in t hree-dim ensional Minkowski space . We
refer to such rectifying strip, whose base curve repre sents the critical point of the S adowsky -type
functional, as a hyperelastic strip (or p- elastic strip) with spacelike directrix with tim elike pri nciple
normal vector f i eld.
110
A CKNOWLEDGMENT
Artificial intelligence programs have been partially utilized to enhance the language fluency and correct
the writing errors in this study.
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http://dx. doi.org/10.1007 /BF01299052
6 th Inter national Co nference on Applied En gineering an d
Natural Scie nces
September 25 -26, 2024 : Konya, Turkey
https://www.icaens.org/
© 20 24 Published by All Sciences Academ y
111
Başgö z Çayı (Finike) Hidrojeokimy a sal Özellikleri
Ayşen DAVRAZ 1* , Fatma AK SEVER 1
1 Jeoloji Mü hendisliği B ölümü / Mühend islik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sü leyman Dem irel Üniversitesi, Türkiye
* (aysend [email protected] u.tr)
Özet – Bu çalışmada Finike ilçesinden Akdeniz’e boşalan tek önemli y üzey suyu olan Başgöz Çayı
(Akçay) sularının hidrojeokimyasal özellikleri incelenmiştir. 34293 km uzunluğa sahip derenin drenaj
alanı 305 km 2 ’dir. Araştırmada farklı kotlarda bulunan dört ayrı lokasyondan alınan yeraltısuyu
örneklerinin fiziksel ve kimyasal analiz sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Başgöz Çayı’nın beslenme havzası
alanı içerisinde B eydağları Formasyonu, S usuzdağ Formasyonu, Sinekçi ve Kasaba formasyonla rı ile
alüvyon ve yamaç molozu birimleri yüze ylemektedir. Yüzey suyu örneklerinin elektriksel iletkenlik (EC)
değerleri 261 - 516 µ S/cm ve pH değerleri 7.70 - 8.44 a rasında değişmektedir. Piper diyagramına göre
yüksek kottan alınan der e suyunun C a - Mg -HCO 3 , diğer su örneklerinin ise Na - Ca -HCO 3
hidrojeokimyasal fasiyesinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen bu hidrojeokimyasal fasiyeslerin
kaya- su etkileşimi ve iyon değişim süreçlerine bağlı olarak farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. “Kıtaiçi Su
Kaynaklar ının Sınıflarına Göre Kalite Kriterleri ” parametreleri kullanılarak ç ay sularının “Fiziksel ve
inorganik- kim yasal parametre leri”ne göre kalite değ erlendirmeleri y apılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmelerde
dere sula rının çözünmüş oksijen ve oksijen do ygunluğu pa rametrelerine göre IV. su kalite sınıfında
olduğu, Nitrit, nitrat azotları ve renk p arametreleri açısından II. su kalite sını fında diğe r parametreler
açısından I. su ka lite sını fında olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Anah tar Kelimeler – Yüzey suyu , hid rojeokimya, su sınıfı, su kalitesi, Finike
I. GİRİŞ
İnsanların en temel ge reksinimi olan su her türlü ekonomik faaliyetin g erçekleştirilmesinde de önemli
bir kaynaktır. Sosyal ve ekonomik faaliyetlerin sürdürülebilirliği büyük ölçüde temiz ve y eterli su
kaynağına sahip olunması ile ilişkilidir. Su kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi ekonomik üretkenlik ve s osyal
refa h a doğrudan k atkı sağlamaktadır. Günüm üzde iklim değişiklikleri, nüfus artışı ve eko nomik
faaliyetlere bağlı olar ak temiz ve yeterli miktarda suya ulaşım giderek kısı tlanmaktadır. Yüze y suları
insanların daha kolay ulaşa bilecekleri ka ynaklar oldukları için kalite ve miktar p roblemlerini
yeraltısularına gö re daha önce yaşamışlardır. Ülkemizde yüzey sularının b irçoğu maalesef kirlilik tehdidi
altında olup bil inçsiz kull anımlar nedeniyle yok olmak üzeredir. S u kaynakları bulundukları bölgede
doğal yaşam, ekolojik denge, insan faaliyetlerinin devamlılığı ve sosyal yaşantının geliştirilerek
gerekliliklerin sağlanması açısından en önemli kaynaktır. Bu nede nle kırsal ve büyük yerleşim yerlerinde
büyük veya küçük ölçekte debi veya hacme sahip olan yüzey ve yeraltı sularının korunması ve
sürdürülebilir kull anımın sağlanması için ayrıntılı bilimsel çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu
çalışmalar su kaynaklarının mevcut durumunun tespiti, kalite ve miktar açısından risk p arametrelerinin
belirlenmesi ile gere kli ö nlemlerin alınmasına yönelik önemli ver ileri sağlayacaktır.
Bu çalışmada, Finike ilçesinden Akdeniz’e boşalan ve bölge için önemli yüzey suyu olan Başgöz Çayı
(Akçay) sularının hidrojeokimyasal özellikleri in celenmiştir. Öncelikle ç ay sularının aktığı ve b ölgede
sularla etkileşimde olan jeolojik birimler önce k i araştırmalar dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Jeolojik
birimler hidrojeolojik olarak değerlendirilmiş ve akifer olabilec ek li tolojiler tespit edilmiştir. Çay
sularından alınan su örn eklerinin fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri değerlendirilerek su sınıfı belirlenmiş ve
118
pH, klorür ve sülfat iyonu, amonyum ve nitrat azotları, toplam fosfor, toplam çözünmüş ma dde ve
sodyum parametr eleri açısından I. su kalite sını fında ve n itrit, nitrat azotları ve renk pa rametreleri
açısından II . su k alite sınıfında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
KAYNAKLAR
[1] Anonim (20 19). 8 -19 Kale- Kaş Yer altısuyu Alt Havzası Hidro jeolojik Etü t Raporu , Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığ ı DSİ
Genel Mü dürlüğü , 13. Bölge Müdürlüğü, Jeoteknik Hizm etler ve YAS Şube Müdürlüğü, Antalya
[2] Anonim (2010) . 1/10000 0 ölçekli Tür kiye Jeolo ji Haritaları, Antalya P24 - P25 paftaları, No:6, Maden Tetkik Arama
Genel Mü dürlüğü , Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Ankar a
[3] Back, W. (19 66). Hyd rochemical Facies and Groun d -Water Flow Patterns in North ern Par t of Atlantic Coastal Plain, 4 98 -
A, 1- 42
[4] Piper, A. M. (19 44). A graphical pro cedure in the geochemical interpretatio n of water analysis. Am Geo phy s Union
Trans, 2 5, 914- 928.
[5] Şahinci, A. (1991). Doğ al Suların Jeokim yası, Reform Matbaası, 54 6, İzmir.
[6] Anonim (2004). Su Kir liliği Kontrolü Yönetm eliği, Resmî Gazete Tarihi: 3 1.12.2004 Resmî Gazete Say ısı: 2568 7
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