Designing Child-Friendly Urban Resilience: Seasonal Strategies for Public Playgrounds

ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCES AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES: URBAN RESILIENCE Editors Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ October 15, 2025 Copyright © 2025 by İKSAD publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TÜRKİYE TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2025© Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience ISBN: 978-625-378-337-2 Cover Design: Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ October 15, 2025 Ankara / Türkiye Size = 16x24 cm PREFACE Dear Professors and Colleagues, We are pleased bring to life that Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience, which was published as an e-book by IKSAD Publishing House with the editors Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU and Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ. This book project, entitled “Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience,” aims to address sustainability-oriented approaches to urban resilience from theoretical, methodological, and practical perspectives. The volume seeks to establish a multi-layered platform of discussion, ranging from the scale of individual buildings to the entirety of the urban fabric. Within this framework, it welcomes contributions from scholars and researchers working in architecture, urban design, landscape architecture, urban and regional planning, environmental engineering, and related disciplines. With the valuable contributions of our chapter authors working in the professional disciplines of landscape architecture, architecture, city and regional planning, urban design and sustainability, we have completed Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience book study has been completed with 24 book chapters. We would like to thank you, our esteemed authors, for their contributions to the preparation of the book. We would also like to thank the editorial board and IKSAD Publishing House. We wish to continue this process we have started in the coming years. In addition, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL, the book coordinator of IKSAD Publishing House, for his guidance and support throughout the publication process. We hope that our book ‘Architectural Sciences and Sustainable Approaches: Urban Resilience’ will be helpful to the readers. Best regards. 15.10.2025 EDITORS Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ EDITORS Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ AUTHORS The authors were listed in alphabetical order Alper ÇABUK Ayça GÜLTEN Ayşe ÖZYETGİN ALTUN Ayşe Özge ŞİMŞEK SOYSAL Ayşegül TANRIVERDİ KAYA Demet EROL Deniz DEMİRARSLAN Ebru Vesile ÖCALIR Eda ŞENTÜRK Elif Kübra ÖZTÜRK Emine BAYDAN Esra KESKİN Feran AŞUR Feyza Sena ŞENOCAK Filiz KARAKUŞ Furkan AKDEMİR Gencay ÇUBUK Gülşah BİLGE ÖZTÜRK Halil DUYMUŞ Hamza ALTAŞ Hande AKARCA İnci OLGUN Kemal Mert ÇUBUKÇU Kumru ÇILGIN Mehmet Akif IRMAK Mehmet Emin DAŞ Mehtap ÖZENEN KAVLAK Merve ALICI AKA Mesut GÜZEL Muhammed Akif AÇIKGÖZ Muhammed Emir GÖRAL Murat YEŞİL Olcay Türkan YURDUGÜZEL Özge DÜZGÜN EREKİNCİ Pervin YEŞİL Rabia Nurefsan ACIKGOZ Sedef ŞENDOĞDU Seher Simay KUŞOĞLU Serim DİNÇ Sevilay YILDIZ Sinem SEYHAN Şevval ERGİNDOĞAN Şuheda ALTUNOK Temuçin Göktürk SEYHAN Tuba Nur OLĞUN Tuna BATUHAN Ufuk Teoman AKSOY Yusuf Eminoğlu REVIEWER LIST The authors were listed in alphabetical order Aslıhan TIRNAKÇI Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Atila GÜL Süleyman Demirel University Ayşe Kalaycı ÖNAÇ İzmir Katip Çelebi University Bige ŞİMŞEK İLHAN İstanbul Medipol University Burcu YILMAZEL Eskişehir Technical University Eda KOÇAK Siirt University Ekrem BAHADIR Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Elif KUTAY KARAÇOR İstanbul Technical University Hakan ARSLAN Ondokuz Mayıs University Hilal TURGUT Karadeniz Technical University Meliha AKLIBAŞINDA Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Murat AKTEN Süleyman Demirel University Nihan Sümeyye GÜNDOĞDU Atlas University Okan Murat DEDE Amasya University Ömer Lütfü ÇORBACI Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Selcen Nur Erikci Çelik Beykoz University Sibel AKTEN Isparta Unıversıty Of Applıed Scıences Sinem ÖZDEDE Pamukkale University Şeyma ŞENGÜR Ordu University Turgut KALAY Kütahya Dumlupınar University Tendü Hilal GÖKTUĞ Aydın Adnan Menderes University 41 1. Introduction The urgent climate agenda, increasing urbanization, and urban inequalities are making risks such as thermal stress, air quality, flooding, and icing, which directly affect children's daily lives, more visible in public spaces. Playgrounds, as one of the places where these risks are felt earliest and most intensely, are at the center of the child-friendly urban resilience debate. In this context, our conceptual framework is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines children's rights, public health, and urban design; the aim is to provide an evidence-based starting point for how climate-resilient, inclusive, and year-round public children's playgrounds can be designed and operated. The concepts of child-friendly cities and urban resilience have gained increasing significance, particularly in the design of public play environments. Research indicates that outdoor play is essential for children’s physical, social, and cognitive development, and that prioritizing children’s needs in urban planning can enhance both child well-being and the overall resilience of cities (Askew, 2018; Brown et al., 2019; Elshater, 2018; Geddes, 2021; Jansson et al., 2022; Krishnamurthy, 2019). Seasonal variations directly influence the usability and safety of play areas; therefore, the development of season-responsive strategies is necessary to ensure that such spaces remain accessible and safe throughout the year (Bäckström et al., 2023; Cherian & Subasinghe, 2022; Kennedy et al., 2021; Qi et al., 2022; Vanos et al., 2016). Recent studies emphasize the positive impacts of shading solutions, the integration of natural elements, and biophilic and nature-based design approaches on children’s health and play experiences (Bäckström et al., 2023; Brussoni et al., 2017; 42 Flax et al., 2020; Russo & Andreucci, 2023; Vanos et al., 2016). Furthermore, social factors such as inclusivity, accessibility, and children’s active participation emerge as critical determinants for ensuring that play areas are sustainable and resilient (Derr & Tarantini, 2016; Jansson et al., 2022; Jian et al., 2025; Moore et al., 2020, 2022). In establishing this framework, two critical research and practice gaps are identified. First, seasonality is predominantly conceptualized as a matter of “maintenance scheduling” in most contemporary applications, rather than as an integral parameter in design decision-making. Second, there is a notable methodological limitation in simultaneously evaluating surface materials, shading typologies, and vegetative layering across different climatic contexts (cold, hot–dry, and hot–humid) in conjunction with considerations of child ergonomics and safety. Addressing these deficiencies requires the systematic integration of microclimatic indicators—such as heat accumulation, ultraviolet radiation exposure, wind comfort levels, drainage performance, and icing potential—into the pre-design phase. This expanded approach moves beyond equipment specification alone, emphasizing the interplay between shading strategies and geometric configuration, the relationship between permeability and water management, the strategic use of windbreak vegetation, the preferential selection of deciduous species to optimize solar gain during winter, and the implementation of multi-layered design solutions aimed at mitigating urban heat island effects during summer. Findings indicate that climate-related demands, which vary throughout the year, play a decisive role in determining both the usage patterns and safety of playgrounds. The frequency and nature of playground use change 43 significantly with the seasons, as seasonal variations directly influence their usability and safety. Consequently, it is essential to develop seasonresponsive strategies that ensure playgrounds remain accessible and safe throughout the year. However, current playground designs often fall short in addressing climatic demands, resulting in lower quality and userunfriendly features. Adverse weather conditions—such as reduced daylight hours, sub-zero temperatures, wind, rain, and snow during winter—not only affect the physical condition of playgrounds but also limit their usability. During these periods, maintenance activities may be reduced, and fixed equipment surfaces can become slippery, increasing the risk of accidents (Soini et al., 2025). Caregivers, who prioritize protecting children from harm, view meteorological changes as a significant concern (Silver et al., 2014). Since children tend to have more frequent contact with surfaces and experience changes in body temperature more rapidly than adults, factors such as the contact temperature and handle thickness of playground equipment become critical for ensuring safety (Vanos et al., 2016). Conceptually, child-friendly urban resilience encompasses more than disaster preparedness; it integrates spatial justice, health equity, and ecological integrity to safeguard the right to play year-round. The primary target group of this study comprises children aged 0–14 who utilize public playgrounds, as well as the accompanying adults. The scope is limited to open-space public play areas, with the objective of generating strategies adaptable to diverse climatic contexts. Within this framework, the study establishes a comprehensive content map that spans design principles, material and surfacing strategies, planting and biophilic interventions, 44 shading typologies, water and snow management approaches, accessibility and inclusive-use scenarios, as well as maintenance and operational models. This compilation examines seasonal strategies for public playgrounds within the framework of child-friendly urban resilience, addressing their implications for urban planning, design, and implementation processes. 2. Material and Method This study presents a literature review complemented by qualitative field observations carried out in Erzurum. It focuses on the seasonal resilience of children’s playgrounds in urban settings, with particular attention to cities exposed to extreme climatic conditions. The scoping review was conducted in line with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The contextual field observations from Erzurum are presented separately in Section 3.4 and were not included in the database screening process. Erzurum, the area where qualitative observations were made, is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. With an altitude of over 1,850 meters, it is one of the highest cities in the country and is characterized by its harsh continental climate. Winters are long, cold, and snowy, while summers are short, mild, and dry. The annual average temperature is around 5–6 °C, and frost occurs for approximately half of the year. These climatic characteristics directly affect the year-round use of children's play areas. Heavy snow cover, icing, low temperatures, and strong winds create challenges in terms of access and safety during the winter months, while high sunshine duration and ultraviolet radiation during the summer months 45 make shading, thermal comfort, and material durability critical issues. Erzurum's topography and seasonal extreme conditions necessitate climate-sensitive and seasonal adaptation strategies. The literature review encompasses peer-reviewed journal articles, academic books, conference proceedings, and institutional reports addressing themes such as child-friendly urban design, playground safety, climate-sensitive design strategies, and seasonal adaptation in public open spaces. Searches were run in Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online, and Google Scholar between 1– 15 July 2025, covering 1 January 2000–31 July 2025. The core Boolean string was: ("playground*" OR "play area*" OR "play space*") AND (season* OR winter OR summer OR spring OR autumn OR "cold climate" OR "hot climate") AND (safety OR thermal OR "UV" OR "wind" OR "icing" OR "drainage") AND (child* OR children) Inclusion criteria comprised: • Studies examining the relationship between climatic conditions and the usability of playgrounds. • Research addressing the safety, accessibility, and comfort of playgrounds under extreme seasonal conditions (heat, cold, wind, precipitation). • Publications providing design strategies or policy recommendations for enhancing children’s climate adaptation in outdoor play environments. • Sources published in English or Turkish to ensure relevance to both local and international contexts. 46 • “Outdoor public playground settings (parks/streets; except indooronly).” • “Participants: children 0–14 and/or caregivers/municipal stakeholders.” • “Study types: observational, experimental, design guidelines, and policy documents.” Exclusion criteria included: • Studies focusing exclusively on indoor play environments without considering outdoor seasonal challenges. (E1: indoor-only; E2: non-child focus; E3: non-seasonal; E4: nonplayground; E5: language out of scope; E6: not peer-reviewed) In parallel with the literature review, we carried out qualitative field observations between May 2024 and June 2025 in Erzurum, Türkiye. Observations were organized in four season-specific waves (summer 2024, autumn 2024, winter 2024–25, spring 2025), with baseline site-walks conducted at approximately 2–3-week intervals within each wave; additional spot-checks were triggered within 24–72 hours after salient weather events (e.g., heavy snowfall, freeze–thaw cycles, heatwaves, or intense rainfall). Spatially, the campaign covered all identifiable public parks located across every neighborhood included in the study (n = 16) within Erzurum’s central districts (Yakutiye, Palandöken, Aziziye), encompassing 158 playgrounds. These observations recorded the physical condition of play equipment, the presence or absence of seasonal adaptation measures (e.g., shade structures, windbreaks, snow removal strategies), and patterns of use by children and caregivers under differing weather conditions. The purpose of these observations was to 47 contextualize theoretical findings with real-world evidence, thus ensuring that the review was grounded in spatial and climatic realities. Data obtained from academic sources and field notes were analyzed using thematic synthesis, resulting in four primary thematic categories: 1. The effects of extreme heat on playground safety and usability. 2. The challenges posed by cold, snow, and ice. 3. The impacts of precipitation and wind on playground design and maintenance. 4. Spatial and design strategies for ensuring year-round functional playgrounds. Records identified through database searching: n=941; after deduplication: n=549; records screened by title/abstract: n=549; excluded (reasons E1– E6): n=324; full-text articles assessed: n=225; excluded with reasons: n=168; included in the scoping synthesis: n=57. This combined methodological approach allowed for the development of a comprehensive, evidence-based understanding of how seasonal factors influence children’s access to and experiences in urban playgrounds, while identifying adaptable design principles applicable across diverse climatic contexts. No formal risk-of-bias appraisal was conducted; this is consistent with scoping review aims. The literature review revealed a significant research gap regarding the potential seasonal risks in children's playgrounds and the corresponding preventive measures that can be implemented. Addressing this gap positions the present study to contribute novel insights into climatesensitive design and operational strategies for public play areas. 48 3. Findings and Discussion 3.1. Seasonal Patterns of Playground Use Patterns of playground use exhibit a marked seasonality, reflecting both climatic conditions and socioecological dynamics. In cold-climate contexts such as Finland, observational and survey-based research has revealed that while families visit playgrounds throughout the year, the frequency of visits varies substantially between seasons. During the summer months, weekly visitation rates peak at an average of three to four times per week, reflecting favorable thermal conditions, extended daylight hours, and the integration of playground visits into daily outdoor routines. In contrast, winter usage drops sharply to approximately once per week on average, constrained by reduced daylight, low temperatures, and snow or ice accumulation. Transitional seasons such as spring and autumn present intermediate use levels—around twice weekly—corresponding to moderate temperatures but also influenced by rainfall, wind, and surface conditions (Shiino & Aikoh, 2014; Soini et al., 2025). Similar patterns emerge in temperate-climate metropolitan environments. A study conducted in New York City found that playground utilization is highest during spring and summer, with a significant reduction in the winter months (Shiino & Aikoh, 2014; Silver et al., 2014; Soini et al., 2025; Wilkinson et al., 2017). These fluctuations are not only attributable to ambient climatic conditions but also to changes in caregiver perceptions of safety and comfort, as well as shifts in children’s extracurricular schedules. In warmer months, playgrounds serve as multipurpose public spaces for physical activity, social interaction, and community engagement. Even in milder regions such as New Zealand and Australia, 49 children and families tend to turn to indoor activities during the winter months; those who are accustomed to playing outside may continue to do so throughout the year (Ergler et al., 2013, 2016; Shooshtarian et al., 2017). Conversely, during winter, the physical environment often becomes less inviting—slippery surfaces, exposure to cold winds, and insufficient lighting discourage prolonged outdoor stays. The combined findings from diverse climatic contexts suggest that seasonal usage patterns are shaped by an interplay of environmental, social, and infrastructural variables. Climatic conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and daylight duration directly influence physical comfort and safety, while socioecological factors—including neighborhood walkability, proximity to green spaces, and the availability of alternative indoor facilities—mediate the decision to engage in outdoor play (Bringolf-Isler et al., 2010; Egan & Pope, 2024; Gemmell et al., 2022; Lambert et al., 2019; Maddren et al., 2025; Visser & Aalst, 2021). Importantly, these patterns indicate that without deliberate design interventions and seasonal adaptation strategies, playgrounds risk underutilization for significant portions of the year. This underlines the need for year-round functionality as a central criterion in child-friendly urban resilience planning, ensuring that play remains an accessible and safe right across all seasons. 3.2. Seasonal Risk Perceptions and Behavioral Responses Caregivers’ perceptions of seasonal risks play a decisive role in determining whether and how children use playgrounds throughout the year. These perceptions are shaped by a combination of meteorological conditions, the physical characteristics of playground infrastructure, and 50 socio-cultural attitudes toward outdoor play. Across diverse climatic contexts, four seasonal profiles emerge, each with distinct environmental hazards and corresponding behavioral adaptations. 3.2.1. Summer Risks During summer months, elevated air temperatures and high ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels constitute the primary environmental risks in playgrounds. Children, due to their thinner skin, lower sweat rates, and slower behavioral thermoregulation, are more susceptible to heat stress, dehydration, and burn injuries (Antoniadis et al., 2020; Pfautsch et al., 2022; Ryu & Lee, 2016). Surface temperatures of common playground materials—such as metal, rubber, and asphalt—can reach hazardous levels (≥60°C for metal, ≥77°C for plastic), posing acute burn risks upon contact (Cheng et al., 2025). In addition to thermal hazards, summer conditions may amplify biological risks, including mosquito and tick activity, especially near vegetated edges and stagnant water bodies. Caregivers often respond by restricting playtime to early morning or late afternoon hours, encouraging the use of protective clothing, or avoiding playgrounds without sufficient shade (Qi et al., 2022; Vanos et al., 2016). However, this adaptive behavior may inadvertently limit children’s physical activity and social interaction during peak summer months. 3.2.2. Winter Risks In cold climates, winter risk profiles are dominated by hypothermia, frostbite, and slip-and-fall injuries resulting from icy surfaces (Mcdaniel, 2021; Schimelpfenig & Jacobsen, 2022). Wind chill significantly exacerbates thermal discomfort, potentially lowering safe exposure times, particularly when children make skin contact with cold metal equipment. 57 Current playground design practices often address seasonality through reactive maintenance measures rather than as an integrated design parameter. However, findings from this review suggest that a proactive, climate-sensitive approach can extend usability across all seasons, enhance user safety, and build public trust. Such an approach requires integrating macro-scale climatic data with site-specific microclimatic measurements to inform material selection, shading geometry, drainage strategies, and vegetation planning. The design process must also consider inclusivity, accessibility, and children’s rights as non-negotiable components of climate resilience in urban play environments. 4.1. Recommendations for Seasonal Adaptation of Public Playgrounds The following recommendations emerge from this synthesis: 4.1.1. Summer – Heat Stress, UV Exposure, and Insect Activity • Adaptive Shading Systems: Install modular shade structures (tensile fabric canopies, retractable awnings) over high-exposure zones, prioritizing swings, slides, and seating areas. • Vegetation-Based Shading: Integrate deciduous tree planting to provide dense summer shading while allowing winter solar gain. • Cool Surface Materials: Use high-albedo, low-thermal-mass surfacing (e.g., light-colored EPDM, composite decking) to limit surface temperature rise. • UV Protection Signage: Place clear visual indicators showing peak UV periods and shaded play recommendations. • Hydration Infrastructure: Provide water fountains with childheight accessibility, ensuring compliance with hygiene standards. 58 • Vector Management: Eliminate standing water to reduce mosquito breeding; install low-level vegetation buffers between play zones and natural habitats to minimize tick exposure. 4.1.2. Winter – Snow, Ice, and Low Temperatures • Snow Clearance and Anti-Icing Measures: Implement regular snow removal from play surfaces and pathways, using non-toxic de-icing agents to prevent slip hazards. • Windbreak Installations: Erect semi-permeable windbreak panels (e.g., polycarbonate, mesh fencing) or vegetative barriers to reduce wind chill in exposed areas. • Thermal Comfort Zones: Integrate enclosed or partially enclosed shelters adjacent to playgrounds for caregivers and children to rest in warmer conditions. • Color Psychology for Cold Seasons: Paint surrounding walls or vertical elements in bright, warm colors to enhance visual stimulation and perceived warmth. • Frost-Resistant Materials: Use elastomeric surfacing with high flexibility at sub-zero temperatures to avoid cracking. • Lighting Enhancement: Ensure adequate illumination during shorter daylight hours to maintain perceived safety. 4.1.3. Spring – Rain, Flooding, and Allergens • Drainage Optimization: Install permeable surfacing and subsurface drainage systems to prevent water pooling in high-use areas. • Mud Management: Provide boardwalk-style elevated pathways over high-traffic muddy zones. 59 • Allergen Mitigation: Select hypoallergenic turfgrass species and position flowering shrubs away from main circulation paths. • Post-Winter Inspection Protocols: Conduct structural audits after freeze–thaw cycles to repair cracks, gaps, or frost-heave damage. • Emergency Shelter Points: Install small covered pavilions for sudden spring showers. 4.1.4. Autumn – Leaf Litter, Rain, and Reduced Daylight • Leaf and Debris Management: Schedule frequent removal of organic matter from surfaces to prevent slip hazards. • Gutter and Drain Maintenance: Regularly clear drainage inlets to avoid clogging and surface water accumulation. • Anti-Slip Coatings: Apply textured surface treatments to ramps, bridges, and smooth play features before rainy season onset. • Wind-Resistant Design: Secure movable play elements and ensure tree health to reduce branch-fall risk during autumn storms. • Lighting Upgrades: Increase both functional and decorative lighting to improve safety and extend usability. • Fungal Allergen Control: Treat organic play materials (wooden equipment, mulch) with safe antifungal coatings to prevent mold growth. 4.1.5. Cross-Seasonal and Year-Round Strategies • Seasonal Play Zone Rotation: Design multi-use zones that can be reconfigured seasonally (e.g., sand or water play in summer, snow play in winter). • Modular Equipment: Use interchangeable components that can be replaced or adapted based on weather conditions. 60 • Year-Round Maintenance Calendar: Establish preventive maintenance schedules synchronized with seasonal transitions. • Community Engagement: Organize seasonal awareness campaigns for caregivers about weather-related risks and safe play practices. • Climate-Responsive Policy Integration: Incorporate thermal comfort, wind safety, and drainage efficiency criteria into municipal playground design standards. Ultimately, playgrounds must be conceived as adaptive systems capable of responding to seasonal dynamics without sacrificing safety or inclusivity. 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