Systematic Literature Review on the Effectiveness of LDPE and PET Waste in Piezoelectric Paving with a DC Coupling System

International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5598 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 Systematic Literature Review on the Effectiveness of LDPE and PET Waste in Piezoelectric Paving with a DC Coupling System Fikarul Mujtahida1, Rahmania Putri Ramadhani2, Intan Dwi Cahyani3, Azizah Puspa Maharani4, Marwan Fadhilah5 1,2,3,4,5 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya City, Indonesia ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the effectiveness of utilizing waste materials consisting of LDPE and PET compounds for pavement, integrating piezoelectric technology with a DC coupling control system. This pavement may function as a sustainable renewable energy solution for the global energy crisis. Paving systems including these materials can effectively convert mechanical stress into electrical energy, hence improving sustainable urban energy infrastructure. This study aims to evaluate a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 100 relevant international and national journal publications. The SLR method systematically identifies, assesses, and synthesizes current research, ensuring the relevance and contextual specificity of the chosen studies. The author provides a realistic framework for testing, emphasizing the significance of quality control to ensure accurate results. KEYWORDS: DC Coupling System, LDPE, PET, Piezoelectric, Systematic Literature Review. INTRODUCTION The World Population Review projects that the global population will reach 8.16 billion people in 2025. This significantly increases the global demand for energy to support daily activities. Meanwhile, dependence on fossil fuels still dominates as the primary energy source. This reliance has led to an energy crisis as fossil fuel reserves continue to deplete. In addition, carbon emissions from fuel combustion are on the rise (Baz & Zhu, 2025; Szczygielski et al., 2025). To address these issues, a transition toward the utilization of renewable energy is necessary to ensure long-term energy sustainability. Renewable energy sources, such as solar power, wind power, and alternative piezoelectric technology, have the potential to provide clean and relatively unlimited energy (Luo et al., 2025; Zidani et al., 2025). One promising form of renewable energy that is yet to be developed is piezoelectric energy. A piezoelectric sensor works by using materials with piezoelectric properties to change mechanical energy into electrical energy (Muhsinin et al., 2022; Silalahi, 2025; Pradistia & Prasetyo, 2022). When the material is subjected to pressure, its crystal structure undergoes deformation, generating an electrical charge in response to the applied mechanical force (Aziz & Arifin, 2024; Setiawan et al., 2024). Piezoelectric sensors can harness the pressure from footsteps on sidewalks or streets to produce electricity in daily life. The implementation of this technology requires piezoelectric materials, which can be found in certain types of plastic, such as polypropylene from bottlecap waste. On the other hand, the accumulation of plastic waste, such as bottle caps, continues to increase due to the surge in human population. It is estimated that more than 60% of plastic solid waste accumulates in the environment, leading to the release of toxic gases (Hasan et al., 2025; K C et al., 2023; Nafiu et al., 2025). This buildup is caused by the non-biodegradable nature of plastics, such as LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and PET (polyethylene terephthalate) (Mehdar, 2024; Zhou et al., 2023; Pilapitiya & Ratnayake, 2024). The accumulation of plastic waste increasingly worsens environmental pollution, endangers human health, and disrupts the balance of natural ecosystems. To address this issue, various efforts have been made to utilize plastic waste as an alternative construction material through the production of paving blocks. Plastic waste, such as bottle caps and plastic bags, can be shredded and melted using Appropriate Technology (TTG) machines. The shredded material is then molded into strong and water-resistant paving blocks (Rohimatus Shofiyah et al., 2024; Sari et al., 2023). This innovative utilization helps minimize plastic waste generation while transforming previously worthless materials into valuable, eco-friendly resources. The utilization of waste in paving blocks integrated with piezoelectric technology represents an innovative, environmentally friendly solution. With this study, mechanical energy from footsteps can be converted into electrical energy while simultaneously reducing plastic waste. Thus, piezoelectric paving becomes a multifunctional solution, serving as an eco-friendly alternative energy source International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5599 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 while addressing environmental problems caused by plastic waste. This technology is relevant for implementation in urban areas with high mobility as a source of renewable energy (Kinan et al., 2024; Jati, 2024; Marasoki, 2024). This study aims to evaluate research about the effectiveness of LDPE and PET waste in a piezoelectric pavement system integrated with a DC coupling circuit alongside piezoelectric materials in the realm of renewable energy. Through this paper, the author hopes to make a valuable contribution to a more profound understanding of the role of integration between LDPE and PET as a piezoelectric supporting material in energy transformation toward a more sustainable future. It cannot be denied that our energy future must be based on more sustainable and environmentally friendly sources. LDPE and PET, as real-world examples of how waste can be converted into supporting materials for sustainable energy sources, are becoming relevant and intriguing topics for further research. In this context, this research is the first step toward understanding the potential of LDPE and PET as piezoelectric support materials in providing renewable energy solutions and contributing to the preservation of vulnerable Earth, limiting the articles from 2020 to 2025. METHOD This study aims to review research trends and the effectiveness of LDPE and PET waste in a piezoelectric pavement system integrated with a DC coupling circuit. The research method used is a literature review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used, along with qualitative methods. A stepwise and systematic approach to literature selection was taken using the PRISMA method. The qualitative method employed in this study involved the use of descriptive data. The database used in this study is secondary data, which refers to information obtained from existing sources. This data was collected from Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and IEEE. Figure 1. Research Methodology Flowchart Source: Author’s processed data (2025) This study uses qualitative data collection techniques, with a specific focus on the collection and analysis of descriptive data. Data was collected through a literature review, specifically by examining various scientific articles and papers as references. The articles International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5600 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 were analyzed thematically based on the type of material, circuit configuration, and power output efficiency. Data processing in this study was carried out based on graphs obtained from secondary data. Data obtained from secondary sources will be presented by compiling important information in the form of descriptive narratives and tables, making analysis easier. Through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of relevant international and national journal publications from 2020 to 2025. The SLR method is used to systematically identify, assess, and synthesize existing research, ensuring that the selected studies are relevant and context-specific. Data collection was conducted through a comprehensive search of the Google Scholar and IEEE Xplore databases. From an initial 100 journal articles, a strict screening process based on article type and number of citations resulted in the selection of 75 articles that met the minimum criteria of 25 citations. The screening process began with a search for journals based on the keywords "piezoelectric," "LDPE (low-density polyethylene)," "PET (polyethylene terephthalate) polymers," and "DC coupling." In addition, the author also filtered the paper references in Indonesian and English. Furthermore, the author grouped the articles from the years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, and 2025. The framework adopted in this literature review was used to answer the following questions: (1) what factors are related to power outpu t?; (2) how has research on the quality of piezoelectric technology control systems been conducted ?; (3) in what direction should further research on material durability be conducted ?; and (4) how is the frequency stability of the system generated? RESULT AND DISCUSSION This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of LDPE and PET waste in a piezoelectric pavement system integrated with a DC coupling circuit. The author performed a grouping on several collected papers to facilitate our analysis. The articles are grouped by year of publication: from 2020 to 2025. Furthermore, the articles were grouped according to several key elements that focused on the research topics. Additionally, the author grouped the articles based on predetermined topics. Figure 2. Year of Publication Source: Author’s processed data (2025) From the graph above, it was found that in 2020 there were 11 articles (14.1%); in 2021 the number increased to 14 articles (17.9%); and in 2022 it reached the highest point with 18 articles (23.1%). In 2023, the number of publications declined significantly to only 7 articles (9.0%), before rising again in 2024 with 17 articles (21.8%), and finally recording 11 articles (14.1%) in 2025. These fluctuations indicate changing research intensity across the observed years, with a noticeable drop in 2023 that may be influenced by shifting interests or limited supporting references. Overall, this pattern highlights the importance of sustaining interest in the studied topic and encouraging researchers to continue producing high-quality publications supported by credible sources. Next, the results of this grouping are presented in the following table to facilitate analysis and comparison of the research: International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5601 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 No Author Title Year 1 Ade, R. H. Prototipe Pemanfaatan Piezoelektrik Pada Pijakan Kaki Manusia Sebagai Sumber Energi Listrik Alternatif 2020 2 Endri Stiawan & Arif Johar Taufiq Rancang Bangun Alat Pemanen Energi Listrik Dari Tekanan Mekanik Berbasis Piezoelektrik 2020 3 Gamayel, A., Mulyana, F., & Sunardi, A. Pengaruh ketinggian bola jatuh terhadap tegangan listrik yang dihasilkan trampolin sebagai pemanen energi dengan pemasangan piezoelektrik. 2020 4 Kallawa, A. F., Fikri, A., & Mujirudin, M. Pengaruh Rangkaian Seri Dan Paralel Terhadap Tegangan Pada Piezoelektrik. 2020 5 M. Edla, Y. Y. Lim, M. Deguchi, R. V. Padilla and I. Izadgoshasb An Improved Self-Powered H-Bridge Circuit for Voltage Rectification of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System 2020 6 Hajiar Yuliana, Rady Yusaniar, & Yuda Bakti Zainal Rancang Bangun Sistem Energy Harvesting di Ruang Bising Menggunakan Piezoelektrik Array 2020 7 Ratih, R. M., Yasyak, M. I., Nugroha, H., & Fadlilah, U. Powerbank Piezoelektrik menggunakan Tekanan Tangan. 2020 8 Sun R, Wang L, Zhang Y, & Zhong C. Characterization of 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite with a 3-Tier Polymer Structure. Materials 2020 9 Susanti, E., & Bistama, I. Perancangan Sistem Penerangan Lampu Berbasis Piezoelektrik PZT Di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau Kepulauan 2020 10 Wedian Hadi Abd Al Ameer, Mustafa A. Fadel Al-Qaisi, & Ammar Al-Gizi Comparison between piezoelectric transformer and electromagnetic transformer used in electronic circuits 2020 11 Yoonjung Lee 1, Sohee Kim 1, Daeyeong Kim, Cheoljae Lee, Hyojin Park, & JuHyuck Lee Direct-current flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators based on twodimensional ZnO nanosheet 2020 12 Dauda Sh. Ibrahim,Sun Beibei, Orelaja Adewale Oluseyi, Zhao Peng & Umer Sharif Nonlinear dynamic analysis of a reciprocative magnetic coupling on performance of piezoelectric energy harvester interfaced with DC circuit 2021 13 Diana Rahmawati, Miftachul Ulum, Muhammad Farisal, & Koko Joni Lantai Pembangkit Listrik Menggunakan Piezoelektrik dengan Buck Converter LM2596 2021 14 Gupta, R., Badel, B., Gupta, P., Bucknall, D. G., Flynn, D., Pancholi, K. Flexible low-density polyethylene–BaTiO3 nanoparticle composites for monitoring leakage current in high-tension equipment. 2021 15 Hou, W., Zheng, Y., Guo, W., & Pengcheng, G. Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting for rail transit bridge with steel-spring floating slab track system 2021 16 J. J. Piel, J. D. Boles, J. H. Lang and D. J. Perreault Feedback Control for a Piezoelectric-Resonator-Based DC-DC Power Converter 2021 Table 1. Research Articles International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5602 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 17 Juan Aldo Hasibuan, Cahyantari Ekaputri, Sudarmono Sasmono Perancangan Prototipe Konversi Energi Suara Menjadi Energi Listrik Dengan Bahan Piezoelektrik Memanfaatkan Energi Tekanan Tambahan Yang Berasal Dari Angin Untuk Kawasan Industri 2021 18 Kusnandar, Ni Ketut Hariyawati Dharmi, & Aisyah Nurul Khairiyah Rancang Bangun Purwarupa Energy Harvesting menggunakan Piezoelektrik sebagai Pembangkit Energi Listrik 2021 19 Kyungrim Kim, Jinwook Kim, Xiaoning Jiang, and Taeyang Kim Static force measurement using piezoelectric sensors 2021 20 Magerramov, A. M., Dzhafarov, V. D., Musaev, G. K. Electrophysical properties of low-density polyethylene and zeolite composites. 2021 21 Muhammad Rifki Ramadhan, Sudarmono Sasmono, & Cahyantari Ekaputri Perancangan Prototipe Konversi Hybrid Energi Suara, Energi Tekanan Dan Energi Angin Menjadi Energi Listrik Menggunakan Komponen Piezoelektrik 2021 22 Mulyana, F., & Gamayel, A. Pengaruh Pantulan Bola Terhadap Tegangan Listrik yang Dihasilkan Oleh Piezoelektrik pada Trampolin Sebagai Pemanen Energi. 2021 23 Naveet Kaur a, Shweta Goyal b, Kamal Anand b, Ganesh Kumar Sahu a A cost-effective approach for assessment of pre-stressing force in bridges using piezoelectric transducers 2021 24 Riska Ekawita, Rahmat Awaludin Salam, Nolla Kusumawardani, & Yuliza Elfi. Pengujian konfigurasi piezoelektrik penghasil tegangan listrik dari energi mekanik 2021 25 Zulkarnain A. Hasan , Asri Arbie , Abdul Haris Odja , & Abdul Wahidin Nuayi Pengaruh Jumlah Piezoelektrik pada Rancang Bangun Sistem Penghasil Listrik Berbasis Piezoelektrik dengan Memanfaatkan Gelombang Laut 2021 26 Ansari, M. A., Somdee, P. Piezoelectric polymeric foams as flexible energy harvesters: a review. 2022 27 Ayi Muhsinin, Hilman Badruzzaman, & Agi Rivi Hendard Sistem Pemanen Energi Berbasis Piezoelektrik Sebagai Sumber Energi Terbarukan Pada Konstruksi Jalan 2022 28 CAHRUDIN, C. Rancang Bangun Prototipe Pembangkit Listrik Piezoelektrik Menggunakan Metode Cantilever Beam 2022 29 Hanifah, L. Z., Kurniawan, B. P., Arista, Y., & Rahayu, L. P. Analisis Daya Piezoelektrik Pada Alat Pencegahan Penyebaran Coronavirus Terintegrasi IoT. 2022 30 Haonan Jin , Xiangyu Gao , Kaile Ren, Jinfeng Liu, Liao Qiao , Mingzi Liu, Wei Chen, Yuhang He, Shuxiang Dong , Zhuo Xu, and Fei Li Review on piezoelectric actuators based on high-performance piezoelectric materials 2022 International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5603 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 31 Im, S., Cho, S. Y., Cho, J. H., Hwang, G. T… Jeong, C. K. Study on relaxor polymer interface matrix for piezoelectric nanocomposite generators. 2022 32 Islami, M., & Aulia, R. Pemanfaatan sensor piezoelektrik sebagai generator listrik pada sepatu untuk pengisian baterai peralatan elektronik berdaya rendah. 2022 33 Kumar, R. Functionalities of ZnO reinforced thermoplastics composite materials: A state of the art review 2022 34 Michael Smith & Sohini KarNarayan Piezoelectric polymers: theory, challenges and opportunities. 2022 35 Mohamad Safiddin Mohd Tahir, Noor Hazrin Hany, Mohamad Hanif, & Azni Nabela Wahid Maximizing Output Voltage Of A Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Via Beam Deflection Method For Low-Frequency Inputs 2022 36 Ni Ketut H.D, & Septia Rifaldi Analisis Potensi Energi Listrik yang Dihasilkan dari Rancang Bangun Prototipe Alat Pembangkit Listrik Menggunakan Piezoelektrik Memanfaatkan Energi Kinetik dari Keset Kaki dengan Metode Energy Harvesting 2022 37 Ningsi, A. A. Pengaruh Penambahan Serbuk Plastik pada Campuran Bata Ringan Jenis Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) terhadap Kuat Tekan 2022 38 Prasetyawati, F. Y., Yusuf, M. M., Ridho, A. I., Harwanti, A., Rezeki, Y. A., Sarwanto, S., ... & Rahardjo, D. T. Kajian Pustaka Komposit Limbah Plastik sebagai Paving Blok Penghasil Energi Berkelanjutan Terintegrasi Piezoelektrik dan Photovoltaic (VIZO) 2022 39 Relingga Frendy Pradistia & Dedi Ary Prasetya Pemanfaatan Sensor Piezoelektrik Sebagai Penghasil Sumber Energi Dengan Tekanan Anak Tangga 2022 40 Sadewo, L. F., Gamayel, A., Sarwuna, S. J., & Ujiburrohman, R. A. Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Penampang Bluff Body BelahKetupat Terhadap Tegangan Listrik Yang Dihasilkan Piezoelektrik 2022 41 Sidiq, A., Syahrillah, G. R. F., & Isra, M. Studi Experimental Pemanfaatan Speed Bamper (Polisi Tidur) Menjadi Energi Listrik Menggunakan Piezoelektrik. 2022 42 Smith, M., Narayan, S. K. Piezoelectric polymers: theory, challenges and opportunities 2022 43 Youssef El Hmamsy a, Chouaib Ennawaoui a, El Mehdi Laadissi a, El Mehdi Loualid a, Abdelowahed Hajjaji a b Optimized piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit using DC/DC converter 2022 44 Afandi, S., and Afriandini, B Inovasi Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik Jenis LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) dan Limbah Batu Bata Sebagai Bahan Campuran Pembuatan Batu Bata 2023 45 Ashara, S. M. Rancang Bangun Prototype Karpet Penghasil Energi Listrik Berbasis Piezoelektrik. 2023 46 Dewangga, T., Izzuddin, T. A., & Al-Hazza, F. D Studi Eksperimental Performa Sound Energy Harvesting Device Menggunakan Variasi Rangkaian Piezoelektrik. 2023 International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5604 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 47 Moonik, A., Rantung, J., & Maluegha, B. Pemanen Energi Listrik dari Curah Hujan Melalui Transduser Piezoelektrik Secara Seri dan Paralel 2023 48 Ravi Shekhar & Deep Mala A review on design and analysis of piezoelectric energy harvesting systems 2023 49 Suwandono, D., Sarasanty, D., & Asmorowati, E. T. Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) Sebagai Pengganti Sebagian Agregat Halus Pada Beton Ringan 2023 50 Trido Hardani Putra, Mohammad Fatkhurrokhman & Ilham Akbar Darmawan Miniatur Jembatan Penyebrangan Menggunakan Sensor Piezoelektrik sebagai Penghasil Listrik 2023 51 Agus Kiswantono, & Adi Irwan Inovasi Energi Hijau: Piezoelektrik Untuk Mengubah Getaran Kendaraan Menjadi Listrik 2024 52 Benabid, F. Z., Benaceur, H., Al-Oqla, F. M., Mallem, O. K., Zouai, F. ZnO/LDPE Nano-composites: Effects of Particle Size and Electrical Resistivity on Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties: A Review. 2024 53 Erny Listijorini, Sidik Susilo, Akhmad Adhiwindoro, Ilham Febrianto, Muhammad Alwi Shihab, Muhammad Ashari Dwiyoga & Rafi Rizqi Ananda Rancang Bangun ALPENLIBE (Alat Pemanen Energi Listrik Berbasis Piezoelektrik) Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Energi Terbarukan 2024 54 Khairunnisa, K. Pengaruh LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) Sebagai Aditif Aspal Dengan Agregat Kasar Limbah Beton Terhadap Parameter Marshall 2024 55 Kim, J. H., Hong, I. G., Shin, H. Y., Ahn, H. J., & Im, J. I. Hydrostatic piezoelectric properties of 1-3 type piezo-composite with a porous polymer matrix 2024 56 Li, S., Shan, Y., Chen, J., Chen, X., Shi, Z., Zhao, L., He, R., Li, Y. 3D printing and biomedical applications of piezoelectric composites: A critical review 2024 57 Lumintang, J., Rantung, J., & Maluegha, B. Pemodelan Konversi Energi Listrik dari Curah Hujan Melalui Transduser Piezoelektrik Berbasis ANSYS 2024 58 Ma, G., Zhang, M., Gao, F.… Ba, K., Han, Z., Ren, L. Bioinspired, fiber-based, flexible self-powered sensor for wearable applications. 2024 59 Marasoki, D. Teknik Piezoelectric Footstep pada Pembangkit Listrik untuk Pengisian Daya dengan Rfid 2024 60 Muhammad Kamal Azizi, Yulianto, & Mila Fauziyah Meningkatkan Elektrifikasi Lokasi Remote Area dengan Konversi Getaran Menjadi Lampu Penerangan Berbasis Piezoelektrik 2024 61 Rajasekaran, N., Muniraj, C. Analysis of electrical behavior in LDPE/BaTiO3 ceramic filler nanocomposites for electrical cable insulation applications. 2024 62 Ratna Komala Dewi, Widyaningrum Indrasari, dan Heri Firmansyah Karakterisasi Sensor Piezoelektrik LDT0-028K untuk Perancangan Sistem Pengukuran Getaran pada Mesin 2024 International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5605 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 63 Rostami, M., Daryadel, M., Azdast, T., Moradian, M., Feizlou, N. Multi-objective optimization of coaxial cables with foamed LDPE/HDPE dielectric layers: Correlating process parameters with foam structure and impact on piezoelectric and electrical properties 2024 64 Stepancikova, R., Olejnik, R., Matyas, J., Masar, M., Hausnerova, B., and Slobodian, P. Pressure-Driven Piezoelectric Sensors and Energy Harvesting in Biaxially Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate Film. 2024 65 Wahyu Cahyo Widodo, Windarta, Ratna Dewi Nur’aini, & Fadwah Maghfurah Pengaruh Variasi Curah Hujan dan Sudut Kemiringan terhadap Daya Keluaran pada Alat Uji Piezoelektrik 2024 66 Xu M, Wen Y, Shi Z, Xiong C, Zhu F, Yang Q Piezoelectric Biopolymers: Advancements in Energy Harvesting and Biomedical Application. 2024 67 Zahra, A. P., Alam, M. I. B., Wardani, R. B., Sholeh, M., Nuryadin, A., & Subagiyo, L. Bangkitan Tegangan Listrik pada Rekayasa Piezoelektrik Berbasis Bahan Dapur. 2024 68 Abdallah Al Ghazi * , Achour Ouslimani and AbedElhak Kasbari Advances in Interface Circuits for Self-Powered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems: A Comprehensive Review 2025 69 Adnan Zaman1, UgurGuneroglu2 1 , Abdulrahman Alsolami 1,* , Liguan Li 2 andJingWang2, Interface Material Modification to Enhance the Performance of a ThinFilm Piezoelectric-on-Silicon (TPoS) MEMS Resonator by Localized Annealing Through Joule Heating 2025 70 Algimantas Rotmanas, Regimantas Bareikis, Irmantas Gedzeviˇcius and Audrius ˇ Cereška * Touch Piezoelectric Sensor for Vibration Intensity Testing 2025 71 Fajri, B. N., Maulana, Y. Z., & Syifa, F. T. Rancang Bangun Prototipe Pemanen Energi Getaran Pada Tangga Menggunakan Transduser Piezoelektrik. 2025 72 Gamayel, A. Studi Performa Pemanen Energi Piezoelektrik Dengan Metode Vortex Induced Vibration 2025 73 Kaixuan Wang 1, Hao Long 1,*, Di Song 2,3,* and Hasan Shariar 4 Energy Harvesting Microelectromechanical System for Condition Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducer Ring 2025 74 Khosroshahi, F. H., Kordi, F., Tohidian, M. Preparation of Cross-Linked Sponge With Piezoelectric Properties Based on Low Density Polyethylene/Poly(EthyleneCoVinyl Acetate) and Barium Titanate: Relationship Between Mechanical Properties, and Cell Structure With Piezoelectric Coefficients 2025 75 Lin Zhou 1 ,HaimingChen1,WuBao2,Xu ehuiChen1,TingGao1 andDaliGe2,* Theoretical Modeling of Light-Fueled Self-Harvesting in Piezoelectric Beams Actuated by Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fibers 2025 76 Mila Anggreni Valemtina1, Eva Magdalena Silalahi2*, Bambang Widodo3 Perancangan Prototype Pembangkit Listrik Piezoelektrik Lantai Untuk Suplai Energi Listrik Lampu Penerangan Pintu Masuk Rumah 2025 International Journal of Current Science Research and Review ISSN: 2581-8341 Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 DOI: 10.47191/ijcsrr/V8-i11-17, Impact Factor: 8.048 IJCSRR @ 2025 www.ijcsrr.org 5606 *Corresponding Author: Fikarul Mujtahida Volume 08 Issue 11 November 2025 Available at: www.ijcsrr.org Page No. 5598-5612 Integrated waste management not only focuses on reducing waste but also has the potential to be reused as construction material. The collected waste will be managed first through sorting and processing, in accordance with the findings of the study by Suwandono et al., 2023. The processing results were then used as a mixture for the production of environmentally friendly paving integrated with piezoelectric components embedded in the substrate layer to convert energy from mechanical pressure caused by pedestrian traffic (Afandi et al., 2023). The mechanical energy generated will directly touch the paving surface and hit the surface of the piezoelectric sensor, thus producing electrical energy. Thru a series of amplifiers to increase and stabilize electrical energy. Additionally, optimal electrical energy can be directed to the battery for storage in the form of direct current. Meanwhile, other flows are converted into alternating current used to supply specific loads. This conversion process demonstrates the integration of waste to produce piezoelectric materials that not only function as construction structures but are also capable of generating electrical energy (Prasetyawati et al., 2022). Using a multidisciplinary approach examined through resilience and stability studies, power management control, system optimization, and output frequency stability are required. After the processed waste-based materials are combined to make bricks, the resulting structure's resistance and stability properties must be studied in more detail. The use of LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) plastic in lightweight brick mixtures affects the material's resistance properties (Ningsih et al., 2022). Where an increase in the LDPE polymer content reduces compressive strength due to decreased density and reduced bonding between constituent particles. Additionally, adding barium titanate (BaTiO₃) ceramic to the piezoelectric material can enhance its response (Rajasekaran et al., 2024). However, using flexible polymers in this material increases the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity without reducing structural stability (Ansari et al., 2022). Therefore, the role of LDPE and PET polymers influences the durability of paving, while BaTiO₃ acts as a piezoelectric polymer that enhances the conversion of electrical energy. Meanwhile, in terms of long-term durability, the stability of dimensions and structure was tested through a literature review across a temperature range of 25-80 degrees. With the pressure parameter showing the most significant influence on the piezoelectric stability of the structural foam, contributing 83% (Khosroshahi et al., 2025). This is also consistent with a humidity level of 69%, which plays a role in determining the durability and shrinkage of bricks during their service life (Rostami et al., 2024). The study results indicate that the influence of pressure and humidity on material selection needs to be analyzed in greater depth. This is because both aspects determine the piezoelectric material's ability to maintain mechanical performance and functional stability during long-term use. Power control and management in a piezoelectric paving system with a DC coupling system aim to optimize electrical energy output. By utilizing the piezoelectric elements caused by mechanical pressure from loads on the paving surface, power control and management in a piezoelectric paving system with a DC coupling system are designed to optimize electrical energy output. Because piezoelectric materials generate electrical energy in the form of AC current, a full bridge rectifier is needed as a wave rectifier or to convert AC current to DC current (Hasan et al., 2021; Hmamsy et al., 2022; Ameer et al., 2020; Putra et al., 2023; Edla et al., 2020). Additionally, piezoelectric energy has low and fluctuating voltage characteristics, requiring capacitors to stabilize or filter the output voltage (Ade, 2020; Zulkarnain et al, 2021; Stiawan & Taufiq, 2020; Fajri et al, 2025; Wang et al, 2025). Therefore, power management control thru the full bridge rectifier component acts as a wave rectifier, while adding a capacitor helps filter the voltage to make it more stable. Piezoelectric materials can be connected in series when a higher output voltage is required than the input voltage (Agus & Adi, 2024; Kiswanto & Irwan, 2024; Moonik et al., 2023; Sidiq et al., 2022). Parallel circuits in piezoelectric devices can be used when a higher output current is needed than the input current (Zulkarnain et al., 2021; Marasoki, 2024; Ratih et al., 2020; Dewangga et 77 Muhammad Eko Saputro, Mohd. Ilyas Hadikusuma, & Rianda Generator Listrik Tenaga Gelombang Air Menggunakan Kristal Piezoelektrik 2025 78 Samuel E. Osheidu1, Chigozie Israel-Cookey2, Arobo R. C. Amakiri3, Friday B. Sigalo4, Onengiyeofori A. Davies5* Analytical Modelling of Resistive Load Effect on Transient Voltage and Power Output from 𝒅𝟑𝟑-mode Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester 2025