बौद्ध धर्म में नारी शिक्षा का अध्ययन

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 107 ckS) /keZ esa ukjh f'k{kk dk v/;;u . . . . . Email: [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-171024 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 10 Pp. 107-110 October. 2025 Submitted: 18 Sept. 2025 Revised: 28 Sept. 2025 Accepted: 13 Oct. 2025 Published: 31 Oct. 2025 lkjka’k izLrqr “kks/ki= esa ckS) esa L=h f”k{kk dk v/;;u ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA bZlk iwoZ NBh 'krkCnh esa /kkfeZd vkUnksyu dk izcyre :Ik ge ckS) dh f'k{kkvks rFkk fl)krkas esa ikrs gSA tks ikfy fyfi esa ladfyr gS] tSu ijaijk dks bZlk dh ikWpoh “krkCnh esa fyf[kr :Ik iznku fd;k x;k] bl dkj.k ckS) /keZ ls laca) ikfy oSfnd xzaFkksa ds ckn lcls jpukvks dh dksfV ls vkrk gSA ckS) /keZ ds leqfpr Kku ds fy, bl /keZ ds f=jRu & cq) /keZ rFkk la?k rhuks dk v/;;u gSA f”k{kk euq"; ds lokZfxa.k fodkl dk ek/;e gS blls ekufld rFkk ckSf)d “kfä rks fodflr gksrh gSA HkkSfrd txr dk Hkh foLrkj gksrk gSA xq:dqy ijaijk esa pyh vk jgh izkphu f”k{kk i)fr dk ckS) dky esa ifjorZu gqvk vkSj vc eBks rFkk fogkjksa esa nh tkus yxhA vkRela;e ,oa vuq'kklu dh i)fr }kjk O;fäRo ds fuekZ.k ij cy fn;k tkus yxkA 'kq)rk ,oa ljy thou bldk izeq[k mÌs”; FkkA xq: f'k"; ds chp ln~Hkkouk vkSj lUekxZ FkkA f”k{kk ds }kjk O;fä dks lekt dk ;ksX; lnL; cukus vkSj fQj Hkkjr dks etcwr cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk FkkA f'k{kk ds fo"k; vkSj i)fr ckS) dky esa dkQh ifjofrZr gks pqdh FkhA L=h f”k{kk ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkus yxkA eq[; 'kCn %& cqf)"V] ckS)dky] ckSf)d f'k{kk] lkfgR;] L=h f'k{kkA izLrkouk oSfnd dky[kaM esa oSfnd /keZ izkjaHk esa vR;ar ljy FkkA ckn esa xq:dqy i)fr vkSj czkg~ge.kksa ds ,dkf/kdkj ds dkj.k vusd deZdkaMksa dk lekos”k gqvkA Qyr% oSfnd /keZ tfVy gksdj ywIr gksus yxkA turk okLrfod /keZ dh Hkwyrh xbZA bl rjg oSfnd dky[kaM ds var esa /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd thou esa vusd izdkj dh leL;k,¡ vkus yxhA bUgh leL;kvksa ,oa fo"kerkvksa ds lq/kkj ds fy, ckS) /keZ dk mn; gqvkA ftldk izHkko RkRdkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij iM+kA ckS) /keZ rRdkyhu turk dh Hkk"kk esa izpkfjr gksus okyk rFkk tu lk/kkj.k okyk /keZ Fkk blfy, ckS) /keZ dk izpkj vkSj ckS) f'k{kk dk fodkl gqvkA xkSre cq) ds le; ukjh dh fLFkfr vfr gs; ,oa n;uh; gks mBh FkhA cq) ds mins'kksa esa fL=;ksa ij izpqj ls vkØks'k dh o"kkZ gqbZ gSA ijUrq ,slk izrhr gksrk gSa fd fL=;ksa dh n”kk mruh ghu u Fkh] ftudh rRdkyhu lkfgR; esa of.kZr gSA xkSre cq) us ;qok oxZ dk fHk{kq thou dh vksj vkdf"kZr djus dh n`f"V ls ,oa ek;k dsUnz ukjh ls fojDr djus dk lgh mik; fudkyk Fkk fd ukjh dk vfrukjdh; Lo:Ik gh lekt ds lEeq[k j[kk tk;] tkfd iq:"k oxZ Loa; gh ukjh ls ?k`.kk djus yxsA tks ukjh oSfnd ;qx esa y{eh ekuh tkrh Fkh ,oa ?kj gh jkuh le>h tkrh Fkh] ckS) ;qx esa ek= ^okluk dh iqryh^ ds :Ik esa izLrqr dh xbZ FkhA xkSre cq) us Lo;a dgk] tSls unh] iFk] 'kjkc [kkus] /keZ'kkyk,¡] I;kÅ vkfn lcds fy, gksrs gS] oSls gh yksd fL=;k¡ Hkh lcds fy, gksrh gSA ikfy lkfgR; esa L=h dk ek= dqYVk :Ik gh izfrfcfEcr gksrk gSA tkrd esa ,slh fL=;ksa ds 25 y{k.k crk, x, gSA xkSre cq) ukjh&lekt ds fHk{kq /keZ esa nhf{kr djus ds i{k esa ugh Fks fdUrq vius fiz; vkuUn ds vuqjks/k ij ukjh izozT;k dh vuqefr nh Fkh ysfdu blds lkFk vkB 'krsZ Hkh yxk nhA izfrcU/k yxkrs gq, rFkkxr us vkuUn ls dgk gS vkUkUn! ;fn fL=;ksa dks x`gLFk thou dk ifjR;kx dj rFkkxr }kjk izfrikfnr /keZ rFkk fpj&LFkk;h gksrk gSA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: . , . . . . How to cite this article: , (2025). ckS) /keZ esa ukjh f'k{kk dk v/;;u Journal of Research & Development, 17(10), 107-110.. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 108 vkuUn! vc fL=;ksa dks og vf/kdkj iznku dj fn;k x;k] vr% ;g fo”kq) /keZ] vkuUn vc ek= ik¡p lkS o"kksZ rd fLFkj jg ik,sxkA ;|fi xkSre cq) L=h izozT;k ls [kq”k ugh Fks rFkkfi ckS) xzUFkksa esa vusd ,sls m)j.k feyrs gSa ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd fL=;k¡ izk;% f'kf{kr vkSj fo}ku gqvk djrh FkhA fo|k] /keZ vkSj n'kZu ds izfr mudh vxk/k :fp gksrh FkhA ckS) vkxkeksa dh f'kf{kdkvks ds :Ik esa Hkh mUgksaus [;kfr izkIr dh FkhA FksjhxkFkk dh dfof;f=;kas esa 32 vkthou czãpkfj.kh vkSj fookfgr fHk{kqf.k;k¡ FkhA muesa 'kqHkk] lqes/kk] vkSj vuqiek mPPk oa'k dh dU;k,¡ Fkh] ftuls fookg djus ds fy, jktdqekj vkSj laifÙk'kkyh lsBksa ds iq= mRlqd FksA ukjh f’k{kk dk ikB~;Øe iqjk.kksa ls fofnr gksrk gS fd ukjh f'k{kk ds nks :Ik Fks] ,d vk/;kfRed vkSj nqljk O;ogkfjdA vk/;kfRed Kku esa c`gLifr&Hkfxuh Hkqouk] vi.kkZ] ,di.kkZ ,dikIyk] esuk] /kkfj.kh] laufr] 'k:ik vkfn dU;kvksa ds ukeksa dk mYYks[k gS] tks czãokfnuh FkhA vk/;fRed Kku dh vfHko`f) ;ksx vkSj ri ij fuHkZj djrh Fkh ftlesa L=h czãp;Z] lnkpj.k] x`gfLFkd f'k{kk ls Hkh voxr gqvk djrh FkhA yfyr dykvksa esa Hkh os fuiw.k gksrh FkhA dkS'kyiwoZd u`R; djrh FkhA rFkk _Xosn dh _pkvksa dk xku djrh FkhA mÙkj oSfnd dkyhu O;ogkfjd f'k{kk esa os u`R;] laxhr] fp=dyk vkfn dh Hkh f'k{kk xzg.k djrh FkhA izenkvksa dh deuh; Hkko&Hkafxek vkSj vkd"kZd u`R;dyk 'kksHkk vkSj lqUnjrk dk dsUnz fcUnq FkhA fp=dyk dk leqfpr fodkl gks pqdk FkkA lqLFk js[kkadu jaxks dk visf{kr iz;ksx rFkk vkd`fr dk vfHkO;fDrdj.k fp=dyk esa iz/kku vk/kkj FksA bl lEcU/k esa vusd ikSjkf.kd lanHkZ feyrs gSA ok.kklqj esa ea=h dq"ek.M dh dU;k dh l[kh fp=ys[kk us fp=iV ij vusd nsoksa] xa/kokas vkSj euq";ksa dh vkd`fr;ksa dk vadu fd;k Fkk] ftlesa vfu:) dk Hkh fprkd"kZd fp= FkkA ckS)dky esa ukjh f’k{kk dk izkjEHk ^pqYYkoXx^ esa of.kZr gSfd L=h izozT;k ds lEcU/k esa rFkkxr }kjk izfrikfnr /keZ rFkk fou; ds vuqlkj izozT;k xzg.k djus dh vuqefr ugha xbZ gksrh rks og fo”kq) /keZ fpjLFkk;h gksrkA vc fL=;ksa dks ;g vf/kdkj iznku dj fn;k x;k] vr% ;g fo”kq) /keZ vkuUn] vc ek= ik¡p lkS o"kksZ rd fLFkj jg ik,xkA bl m)j.k ls Li"V gS fd egkRek cq) L=h izozT;k ls cgqr laRkq"V ugha Fks] rFkkfir ckS) vkxkeksa dh f'kf{kdkvksa ds :Ik esa Hkh mUgksus [;kfr izkIr dh FkhA FksjhxkFkk dh dfof;f=;ksa esa 32 vkthou czãpkfj.kh vkSj 18 fHk{kqf.k;k¡ FkhA muesa 'kqHkk] lqes/kk vkSj vuqiek mPp oa'k dh dY;k,¡ dh dU;k,¡ Fkh] ftuls fookg djus ds fy, jktdqekj vkSj lEifÙk'kkyh lsBksa ds iq= mRlqd FksA la;qDr fudk; ls Kkr gksrk gSA lqHknzk uked fHk{kq.kh O;k[kku nsus esa izfl) FkhA blls Li"V gS fd ckS) f'k{kk ds vUrxZr ukjh f'k{kk izkjEHk djus gsrq izozT;k laLdkj yM+dksa ds lek ugh yM+fd;ksa dk Hkh lEiUUk fd;k tkrk FkkA izozfTTkr ukjh fHk{kq.kh dgykrh FkhA tks fHk{kq.kh vkthou fHk{kq.kh cus jgdj la?k dh lsok djuk pkgrh Fkh mudk ^milEink^ laLdkj Hkh fHk{kqvksa ds leku lEiUUk fd;k tkrk Fkk egkRek cq) us ukjh izozT;k rFkk milEink dh vuqefr nh Fkh fdUrq blds lkFk vkB 'krsZ Hkh yxk nh Fkh tks fuEu FkhA 1fHk{kqf.k;k¡ Je.kksa dk vknj djsaxhA 2vfHk{kq&dqYk esa fHk{kqf.k;ksa dk o"kkZokl ugha gksxkA 3izR;sd i[kokjd fHk{kqf.k;k¡ fHk{kq la?k ls miksl/k izkIr djsaxhA 4o"kkZokl ds vuUrj fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks nksuks la?kksa esa n`"V] Jqr vkSj ifj'kafdr rhuksa LFkkuksa esa izokj.k djuh iMsxhA 5fHk{kqf.k;k¡ nksuksa la?kksa esa i{k ekuuk djsaxhA 6nks o"kZ ds vUrxZr N% /keksZ esa f'kf{kr gksdj fHk{kq.kh dks nksuksa la?kksa esa milEink dh izkFkZuk djuh iM+sxhA 7fHk{kq.kh dks vkØks'k ifjHkk"kk ugha djuk gksxk rFkk fHk{kvksa ds lEcU/k esa dqN dgus dk ekxZ fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, fu:) gksxkA lkfgR; dh leh{kk vk”kh"k dqekj feJ ¼2006 bZå½ us vius 'kks/k izca/k ^^izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ,oa dyk esa ukjh^^ bUgksus vius 'kks/k izca/k esa izkphu Hkkjr esa ukjh f'k{kk ds fofo/k vk;keksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA bUgkssasus vius “kks/k izca/k esa ukjh f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij izkphu Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd i)fr ds egRoiw.kZ i{kksa dh ppkZ dh gSA Hkhe fiz; v'kksd ¼1995 bZå½ us vius 'kks/k izca/k ^^xqIrksa ds dky ds ckn ckS) /keZ ,oa laLd`fr^^ bUgksusa ckS) /keZ f'k{kk vkSj laLd`fr ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ o.kZu fd;k gSA bUgksus vius “kks/k izca/k esa xqIrksa ds dky ds ckn gh f'k{kk dh fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij izkphu Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd i)fr ds egRoiw.kZ i{kksa dh ppkZ dh gSA ;g izdk'k JhokLro ¼1994 bZå½ us vius 'kks/k izca/k ^^ckS) ,oa tSu f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk rqyukRed v/;;u^^ esa fuEu mÌs'; fu/kkZfjr fd, ckS) /keZ rFkk tSu /keZ ds 'kSf{kd rRoksa dk muls lEcfU/kr lkfgR;ksa ls fo'ys"k.k djukA ckS) ,oa tSu f'k{kk ds mÌs';ksa dh rqyuk djukA nksuksa /keksZaa esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh vuq'kklu O;oLFkk dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA vk/kqfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa rqyukRed v/;;u ds izkIr nksuksa /keksZa ds izklafxd rRoksa dh lEHkkoukvksa dh foospuk djukA bl 'kks/k dk;Z esa “kks/kkFkhZ bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pk fd tSu o ckS) f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds mn~ns';ksa esa O;fDr ds prqfnZd fodkl ij cy fn;k x;k gSA ckS) ,oa tSu f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa izpfyr fof/k;ksa fo"k; oLrq ds Lo:Ik ,oa f'k{kd mn~ns';ksa ij vk/kkfjr gqvk djrh FkhA tSu o ckS) Nk= ladYiuk rFkk mlls LkEcfU/kr y{k.k vkt Hkh izklafxd gSa bu y{k.kksa ls eafMr Nk=] f”k{kd] f'k{kk ,oa lekt ds izfr mfpr n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gS fuf”pr gh ;g f”k{kk ds izfr lkFkZd o ldkjkRed vfHko`fRr fodflr djus esa lgk;d gSA Jh chå,uå ywfu;k us muds lEifÙk] lkekftd rFkk fookg dk fooj.k djrs gq;s fy[kk gS f dog lEifÙk dh mRrjkf/kdkfj.kh ugha gks ldrh Fkh vkSj mldk mikftZr /ku mlds ifr vFkok firk dk le>k tkrk FkkA fL=;k¡ ifj"knksa ;k lHkkvksa esa izos'k Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 109 ugha dj ldrh FkhA cgqiyh fookg izpfyr FkkA mRRkj oSfnd dky esa /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr djus ds nks fuEufyf[kr izeq[k dkj.k vkSj FksA deZdk.M dh tfVyrk vkSj ifo=rk dh /kkj.kk esa o`f) ftldh otg ls ;g fo”okl fd;k tkus yxk fd ea= ds mPpkj.k esa rfud Lkh Hkqy vfu"V dkjd gksrh gSA blfy;s L=h oxZ dh muds v/;;u ls vyx dj fn;k x;k bldk dkj.k vUrZtkrh; fookg vk;ksZ us vius leqnk; esa fL=;ksa dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy;s vuk;ksZ ls fookg fd;k tks fof/k&fo/kku vkfn ls vifjfpr Fkh vkSj bl dkj.k bldks /kkfeZd lkekftd {ks= ls nwj j[kuk mfpr le>k x;kA fookg fL=;ksa ds fy;s vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA fo/kok ij fu"ks/k tkjh fd;k x;kA cgqiRuh izFkk dk izpyu vkSj c<+kA bu lc izek.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd mRrj oSfnd dky ds vUr esa lS)fUrd :Ik ls vf/kdkjksa dk mi;ksx djrh jgh FkhA Ekhuk 'kekZ ¼1999 bZå½ us ÞckS) er ds 'kSf{kd ewY; ,oa mudk lekykspukRed v/;;uÞ us vius v/;;u esa fuEu mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr fd,&f”k{kk ds {ks= esa fo”ks"k ;ksxnku djus okys ckS) lEiznk;ks] vkpk;kssaZ] xzUFkksa rFkk muls fofnr fopkjksa dk ifjp; nsukA f'k{kk ds iz;kstu] ikB~;Øe f”k{k.k&fof/k] f'k{kd&f'k{kkFkhZ ,oa muds lEcU/kksa dks ckS) 'kSf{kd ewY; dh n`f"V ls ifjHkkf"kr djukA ckS) xzUFkksa ls f”k{kk ,oa 'kSf{kd ewY; fo"ke lkexzh dk losZ{k.k ,oa fo”ys"k.k djukA laxzghr ckS) 'kSf{kd ewY;ksa dh rqyuk f'k{kk ds fodkl esa muds ;ksxnku ,oa vk/kqfud lUnHkZ esa mudh O;ogkfjdrk ,oa izklafxdrk dh foospuk djukA bl “kks/k dk;Z esa 'kks/kkFkhZ bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ph dh ckS) vkpk;ksZ us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vusd ØkfUrdkjh iz;ksx fd, rFkk iwoZ eas izpfyr f”k{k.k ijEijk dk la'kks/ku ,oa o/kZu djrs gq, mls ubZ fn'kk ,oa u, vk;ke fn,A ckS) f”k{kk O;oLFkk dh lcls cM+h fo”ks"krk mldk dsoy ckS) dkyhu lhekvksa esa ca/kk u jguk gSA f”k{kk dks ekuo ewY;ksa ls tksM+dj mls ladqfpr lhekvksa ls mckjukA vuq'kklu dks ,slk loksZPPk ewYk Lohdkj djuk ftlls u dsoy Nk= vf/kdkjh vfirq vkpk;Z vkSj lEiw.kZ la?k fu;af=d gksrk gSA vk/kqfud f”k{kk O;oLFkk ds Hkh dqN vax ckS) 'kSf{kd ewY;ksa ls vo”; izHkkfor gS] fdUrq O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls ns[kus ij vk/kqfud f'k{kk O;ogkj iz/kku vkSj v/kkRe 'kqU; vFkkZr ,dkaxh gS] tks e/; n`f"V ls iw.kZ ugha dgh tk ldrk gSA v/;;u dk mÌs’; ckS) f”k{kk ds fuEu mn~ns'; gS %& 1ckS) ds RkRoksa dk Kku izkIr djukA 2ckS) /keZ dk izpkj djukA 3lR; vfgalk ds vk/kkj Ikj ekuo lekt dh LFkkiukA 4eks{k izkfIrA 5pfj= dk fuekZ.kA 6O;fDrRo dk fodklA 7Thou ds fy, rS;kjhA 8ykSfdd ,oa nSfgd lq[kksa dk R;kx fnO; ekuork dh izkfIrA ckS)ks us ,d fodflr f'k{kk iz.kkyh fodkl fd;k gSA ftlds vius fof”k"V mn~ns'; Li"V n`f"V xksp jgksrs gSA ckS) /keZ ds nk'kZfud ,oa 'kSf{kd fopkj vkt Hkh iwjh rjg izklafxd gSA xkSre cq) }kjk izfrikfnr ckS) n'kZu ekuork ds dY;k.k gsrq gSA cq) us ftl izdkj ls nq%[k dks igpkuk vkSj mlls cpus dk tks ekxZ fn;k] og ckS) /keZ n'kZu dh ,d cM+h miyfC/k FkhA crk;s x;s ekxZ dh vuqlj.k dj vkt nq%[kks ls =Lr ekuo lekt mlls NwVdkjk izkIr dj ldrk gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd O;fDr tUe ls ugha cfYd deZ ls czká.k ;k 'kq) gksrk gSA dsoy czká.k gh LoxZ esa lq[k ;ksxus ds lq;ksX; ik= ugha gksrs oju~ iq.; deksZ }kjk {kf=;] oS"; rFkk “kwnz Hkh LoxZ ds vf/kdkjh gks ldrk gSA o.kZ O;oLFkk ,oa NqvkNwr dks de djus esa ckS) /keZ n”kZu cgqr gh lgk;d gSA vuqla/kku fØ;kfof/k izkphu Hkkjr esa ekSf[kd f'k{kk i)fr dk fo”ks"k egRo FkkA egkHkkjr ds vuqlkj ekSf[kd ikB fof/k ls osnksa dk v/;;u gksrk FkkA ekSf[kd f'k{kk i)fr dk mYYks[k tkrdks esa Hkh feyrk gS ckS) f'k{k.k i)fr dk vkjaHk Lo;a egkRek cq) us fd;k FkkA fo|kFkhZ ds dBksj fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk FkkA LUkku djrs le; fo|kFkhZ ds fy, ty ØhM+k djuk fuf"k) FkkA lax/k vkSj vyadkj dk og mi;ksx ugh adj ldrk FkkA og vius ds'kksa dk xqPNk cukdj flj ij cka/k ysrk Fkk vFkok f”k[kk j[kdj flj eqaMok ysrk FkkA ckS) f'k{kk dsUnz vf/kdrj uxjksa esa rFkk vxzgj xzkeksa esa FksA r{kf'kyk ds v/;kid jkt/kkuh esa gh jgk djrs FksA izkphu lkfgR; esa xq:dqyksa esa jgdj v/;;u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds uke feyrs FksA Kkr gksrk gS fd bfrgkl ds fofHkUUk ;qxksa esa f”k{kk dh xq:dqy i)fr dk izpyu FkkA mnkgj.k&mÌkyd vk:f.k ds iq= “osrdsrq us xq:dqYk esa jgdj v/;;u fd;k FkkA fo".kq iqjk.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd d`".k rFkk cyjke us lanhifu ds vkJe esa jgdj v/;;u fd;k FkkA jkek;.k esa Hkkj}kt rFk okfYedh ds xq:dqyksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA egkHkkjr ls Kkr gksrk gS fd d.o rFkk ekdZ.Ms; _f"k;ksa ds vkJeksa esa izfl) f”k{kk dsUnz FksA Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-10| October - 2025 110 fo’ys"k.k mÙkj oSfnd dky fof/k fo/kkuksa dk izHkqro vkSj czkã.kksa dh 'kfDr esa dkykrhr o`f) gqbZ ftlds QyLo:Ik lekt esa fuEu tkfr;ksa vkSj efgyvksa dh fLFkfr esa fxjkor vkuk 'kq: gks xbZA dksbZ Hkh /kkfeZd d`R;ksa dh iwfrZ czkã.kksa ds fcuk laHko ugha gksrhA czkã.kksa ds opZLo esa vR;f/kd o`f) gqbZA ckS) /keZ us ,sls le; esa bZ'oj vkSj O;fDr ds chp fdlh e/;LFk dks vLohdkj djrs ,sls /keZ dks tUe fn;k ftlesa fcuk fdlh vlekurk ds lewpk ekuo lekt 'kkfey gks ldrk FkkA ckS)okn us vkRe fu;a=.k vkSj vkRe laLd`fr ds fl}kar ij tksj fn;kA ckS) n”kZu ds vuqlkj dksbZ O;fDr Loa; esa mDr nksuks xq.kksa dks fodflr dj ysrk gS rks og fuok.kZ dks izkIr gks ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ L=h Hkh mDr nksuksa xq.kksa dks izkIRk dj lds rks mls Hkh fuokZ.k izkIr gks ldrk gSA ,slk ckS) /keZ dh ekU;rk FkhA bl izdkj fgUnq /keZ esa efgykvksa dh Lora=rk ij tks vadq”k yxk;s x;s Fks ckS) /keZ us muds fy;s njokts [kksy fn;sA ckS)dky esa f”k{kk euq"; ds lokZfxa.k fodkl dk lk/kuk FkhA bldk mÌs'; ek= iqLrdh; Kku izkIr djuk ugha Fkk] vfirq euq"; ds LokLF; dk Hkh fodkl djuk FkkA ckS) ;qx esa f”k{kk O;fä ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf)d rFkk vk/;kfRed mRFkku dk loZizeq[k ek/;e FkhA ckS) lkfgR; esa O;fä ds pfj= dk fuekZ.k djuk f”k{kk dk egRo] mÌs”; cryk;k x;k gSA pfj= ,oa vkpj.kghu O;fä dh loZ= funk dh xbZ gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; f”k{kk i)fr fo'o dh lokZf/kd jkspd rFkk egRoiw.kZ lH;rkvksa esa ls ,d gSA bl lH;rk ds lEiw.kZ Kku ds fy, bldh f”k{kk i)fr dk v/;;u vko”;d gSA izkphu Hkkjrh;ksa us f”k{kk dks vk/;kfRed egRo iznku fd;k gSA HkkSfrd rFkk vk/;kfRed mRFkku ,oa lekt ds fofHkUUk mÙkjnkf;R;ksa ds fuokZg esa f”k{kk dh egÙkk dks lnk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] oSfnd ;qx ls gh bls izdk'k dk L=ksr ekuk x;k gSA tks ekuo ds fofHkUUk {ks=ksa dks vkyksfdr djrs gq, lgh fn”kk funsZ'k nsrk gSA lqHkkf”kr jRu laxzg ls dgk x;k gS] foKku euq"; dk rhljk us= gSA tks mls leLr rRoksa ds ewy dks tkuus esa lgk;d djrk gS rFkk lgh dk;ksZ dks djus dh fof/k crkrk gSA egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS fd fo|k ds leku us= Fkk lR; ds leku dksbZ nqljk ri ugha gSA fo|kfFk;ksa ds ckSf)d fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk 'kkjhfjd fodkl dk iwjk /;ku j[kk tkrk Fkk] D;ksfd LoLFk efLrd dk vf/k"Bku LoLFk 'kjhj gksrk gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vkRelEeku] vkRefo'okl] vkRela;e] foosd'kfä] U;k;'kfä vkfn xq.kksa dk mn; gksrk FkkA tks mlds O;fDrRo dks fodflr djus esa lgk;d FksA f'k{kk dk mn~s'; dsoy fo"k;ksa dk Kku djkuk ugha Fkk] cfYd f'k{kk thoue; gks tkrh Fkh vkSj thou ds izR;sd vax dks lcy cuk nsrh FkhA lekt dk ;ksX;re lnL; cudj O;fä Lo;a rFkk lekt nksuksa dk fodkl djrk FkkA fu"d"kZ ukjh f'k{kk dh fLFkfr oSfnd ;qx esa vius pjeksRd"kZ ij Fkh] ijUrq mÙkj oSfnd lekt esa ukjh dh fLFkfr vR;Ur n;uh; gks xbZ rFkk tks ukjh y{eh :Ik esa le>h tkrh Fkh ckS) dky rd vkrs&vkrs og ;ksX;k ds :Ik esa of.kZr dh tkus yxhA ;|fi f'kf{kr fL=;ksa dk Ik;kZIr m)gj.k ckS)xzUFkksa ls izkIr gksrs gS] rFkkfi ;g la[;k cgqr lhfer Fkh nqljs 'kCnks esa dgk tk, rks f'k{kk dsoy vfHktkr oxZ rd lhfer FkhA lk/kkj.k fL=;k¡ vf”kf{kr gh gksrh Fkh ;k os dsoy ekrk&firk] HkkbZ] cU/kq vkfn ls vius ?kj ij gh f”k{kk izkIr dj ldrh gSA lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph 1flag] MkW.vfuy dqekj %& ckS)dkyhu f'k{kk i)fr] dyk izdk'ku] ch- ,p- ;wokjk.klh] 2008 2okD;] jktsUnz izlkn %& ckS) n'kZu] e/; izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] 2001 3- 'kekZ] vkj. ,l %& eSVsfj;y cSdekmUM vkWQ vksfjftu vkWQ cqf)"V] lsu ,.M jko ¼laLdj.k½ ubZ fnYYkh] 1998 4flag] egsUnz ukFk %& ckS) rFkk tSu /keZ] fo”ofo|ky; izdk'ku ojk.klh] 1990 5JhokLro] ds. lh. %&^izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl^ ;wukbVsM cqd fMiks bykgkckn] 1993 6Fkkij] jksfeyk %& Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] jktdey izdk'ku fnYYkh] 1988 7nhf{k.k] misUnz ukFk %&^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh izeq[k leL;k,¡] jktLFkku cqd LVkslZ mn;iqj] 1985 8vksM] y{eh dkUr ds. %&^f”k{kk ds nk'kZfud vk/kkj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] 1983 9ik.Ms xksfoUn pUnz %& ckS) /keZ ds fodkl dk bfrgkl] y[kuÅ] 1963 10Vh. MCY;w. fjtMsfoM~l %& cqf)"V baafM;k] dydÙkk] 1950 11- >k f}tsUnzukjk;.k %& izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fnYYkh fo'ofo|ky;