P ac ice Pape
Recommended ci a ion: Baie , A. (2025). The Role o Democ acy in Enginee ing
Educa ion. An Analysis o SEFI Con e ence P oceedings. In Kangaslampi, R.,
Langie, G., Jä inen, H.-M., & Nagy, B. (Eds.), SEFI 53 d Annual Con e ence.
Eu opean Socie y o Enginee ing Educa ion (SEFI), Tampe e, Finland. DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.17631670.
This Con e ence Pape is b ough o you o open access by he 53 d Annual Con e ence
o he Eu opean Socie y o Enginee ing Educa ion (SEFI) a Tampe e Uni e si y in
Tampe e, Finland. This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion-NonComme cial-Sha e Alike 4.0 In e na ional License.
THE ROLE OF DEMOCRACY IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION:
AN ANALYSIS OF SEFI CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
A Baie 1
a Technische Uni e si ä Be lin, Ge many, 0000-0002-4382-5788
Con e ence Key A eas: Dialogue be ween enginee ing and socie y – e ec s on
educa ion, Sus ainabili y and socie y in enginee ing
Keywo ds: democ acy, democ a ic educa ion, enginee ing educa ion, li e a u e
e iew, SEFI
ABSTRACT
In oduc ion - The s udy is a i s e iew o he ole o democ acy in enginee ing
educa ion wi hin he con e ence p oceedings o he SEFI annual con e ence.
Me hods - The s udy aims a a sys ema ic da a collec ion and a i s en a i e
analysis h ough a mixed-me hods app oach. Fo his, he e ie ed da a is analyzed
wi h quan i a i e me hods o a simple desc ip i e s a is ics and a simple quali a i e
analysis in which con ex s he wo ds democ acy and/o democ a ic a e used.
Resul s - The sea ch s ing yielded 219 hi s ac oss 79 pape s ou o 1.824 pape s in
o al, ep esen ing 4,3%. The e a e 67 pape s which ha e only one ma ch (66,7%) o
wo ma ches (19,0%). A i s deduc i e coding o he ma ches iden i ies hi s whe e
he sea ch e m is used only in a pe iphe al o “acciden al” manne which is he case
o 55 hi s (25,1%) in 47 pape s (59,5%). The e a e 101 hi s (46,1%) ac oss 23
pape s (29,1%) which add ess democ acy in he con ex o highe educa ion and
lea ning.
Discussion - The s udy is an explo a i e s udy and only p o ides a i s glimpse in o
he esea ch ield bu as such i se es o iden i y u u e in-dep h esea ch. As a
esul o he high pe iphe al usage o he sea ch e m, he ela i e numbe o pape s
d ops ac oss all he annual p oceedings om 4,3% o 1,75%.
1 Co esponding Au ho
A Baie
[email p o ec ed]
1 INTRODUCTION
Robe E. Dohe y (1937), he elec ical enginee and isiona y hi d p esiden o
Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y published in 1937 a pape i led “Enginee ing Educa ion
and Democ acy”. In a sho summa y p eceding he ex , he anonymous au ho
w i es “Wi h a iew o he u u e, an eminen educa o he e p esc ibes one o m o
enginee ing educa ion in ended o build enginee s in e es ed in assuming hei
places as e ec i e ci izens in ou democ a ic go e nmen .” Up un il oday, almos
100 yea s la e , we see e y li le democ acy wi hin enginee ing educa ion (Baie
2024) and e en less democ a ic enginee ing educa ion. Thus, wi hin he con ex o
highe educa ion, pa icula ly in enginee ing educa ion, he ole o democ acy
emains la gely unexplo ed in heo y and in p ac ice.
This s udy was p omp ed by my expe ience wi h he Eu opean Socie y o
Enginee ing Educa ion (SEFI), an o ganiza ion ha b ings oge he esea che s and
educa o s in enginee ing educa ion. In 2024, I submi ed a wo kshop p oposal
add essing democ a ic educa ion wi hin enginee ing educa ion o he SEFI annual
con e ence. The p oposal was ejec ed due o he sco es gi en by wo e iewe s.
The local o ganizing commi ee acknowledged ha no o he cu a ion o he opics
ook place. So i is no su p ising ha no o he wo kshops add essed democ a ic
educa ion, despi e he con e ence’s heme, "Educa ing Responsible Enginee s." This
absence aises ques ions abou he ole o democ acy in enginee ing educa ion.
The o e a ching esea ch ques ion o his s udy is: Wha ole does democ acy play
in enginee ing educa ion? To ope a ionalize his ques ion i is pu as ollows: Whe e
is democ acy wi hin he pape s o pas SEFI annual con e ence p oceedings? And
how is i add essed?
2 METHODS
2.1 Scope o Analysis
The SEFI annual con e ences egula ly a ac hund eds o educa o s, esea che s
and s uden s in enginee ing educa ion p esen ing hei pape s. Acco ding o he
p incipal decisions ega ding he cha ac e and conduc ion o he con e ence he
con e ence p oceedings comp ise among o he s esea ch pape s and p ac ice
pape s, sho pape s, wo kshop desc ip ions and epo s. P io o he con e ence, he
pape s a e pee - e iewed h ough a double-blind p ocess which a ies in de ail om
con e ence o con e ence.
The p oceedings o he SEFI annual con e ences a e lis ed online on he SEFI
websi e. The annual p oceedings p io o 2017 ha e only been published as a single
la ge PDF ile on he SEFI websi e. F om 2017 onwa d, p oceedings a e published
on he SEFI websi e and in addi ion hey a e a ailable on a dedica ed publishing
pla o m bo h as ull collec ions and as single pape s wi h an indi idually assigned
DOI. Six ou o he eigh ecen p oceedings a e hos ed on he Zenodo pla o m
(2017-2021 and 2024). The p oceedings om 2022 and 2023 we e published on wo
di e en pla o ms.
2.2 Documen Selec ion
The da a se o his s udy is limi ed o he SEFI annual con e ences which ha e
published a comp ehensi e con e ence p oceedings as well as he indi idual pape s
wi h a DOI on a publishing pla o m. Acco dingly, only he eigh SEFI annual
con e ences om 2017 un il he mos ecen edi ion in 2024 a e included. The da a
se only includes he pee e iewed pape s, so keyno es e c. a e no conside ed.
2.3 Sea ch S a egy
A consis en sea ch and e ie al p ocess is needed as only wo p oceedings a e
published on a pla o m which o e a ull- ex sea ch and he emaining six
p oceedings a e published on a pla o m which allows sea ches only wi hin i les and
abs ac s a he han ull ex s. Fi s , he ull collec ion was sea ched and hen he
e ie ed indi idual pape s we e collec ed om he publishing pla o m. The sea ch
s ing o each con e ence p oceeding was *democ* as his includes all possible
a ia ions such as “democ acy” o “democ a ic” as well as compound wo ds which
a e a he uncommon in English. The sea ch s ing is limi ed o *democ* as o he
e ms like pa icipa ion and collabo a ion a e only de i ed om he e m democ acy
o only add ess a speci ic aspec o democ acy like eedom, equali y and solida i y.
2.4 Da a Ex ac ion and P ocessing
The Iden i ied pape s a e collec ed in a single olde . Nex , he me ada a o each
pape is ex ac ed and collec ed in a single ow o a s uc u ed sp eadshee . In an
addi ional shee , he ci ekey is connec ed o each di ec quo e which includes he
sea ch s ing along wi h he su ounding ele an ex as i was deemed necessa y.
In addi ion, his shee con ains he codes o he quali a i e con en analysis o each
hi , see below. The sp eadshee is p o ided as open da a.
2.5 Desc ip i e s a is ics
The collec ed da a is analyzed in a quan i a i e manne by coun ing he occu ences
o he sea ch s ing in each pape which allows o iden i y how ele an he e m is in
he o e all pape . Nex , he numbe o pape s which include he sea ch s ing is se
in ela ion o he o al numbe o pape s o he espec i e annual con e ence. This
allows o iden i y possible ends ac oss he yea s. Fu he mo e, he numbe o
pape s is analyzed wi h ega d o he au ho s o he pape s as his allows o iden i y
whe he he e m is only used by ew ecu ing au ho s o by a b oad ange o
au ho s. Las ly, i is checked how au ho s a e ela ed wi h each o he and wha ole
ins i u ions migh play, ha is o check whe he au ho s om speci ic ins i u ions
migh be mo e p one o use a wo d which ma ches he sea ch s ing.
2.6 Quali a i e con en analysis
The quali a i e con en analysis desc ibed by May ing (2008) is acknowledged o i s
scien i ic igou , i s ex ensi e me hodological app oach and hus widely used.
Howe e , his s udy has a limi ed scope due o i s explo a i e na u e and hus i uses
a simpli ied e sion o he quali a i e con en analysis desc ibed by May ing (2008).
A i s semi-deduc i e coding is done o iden i y whe he he hi s o he sea ch s ing
*democ* a e used only in a pe iphe al way, o example as pa o a coun y’s name
o as i le o a book o pape in he e e ences and o he s. The emaining hi s o he
sea ch s ing ac ually add ess democ acy wi hin he conc e e con ex o an
enginee ing educa ion, ha is o example h ough desc ibing o ms o democ a ic
eaching, sui able lea ning ac i i ies, assessmen s and e alua ions. A second
induc i e coding assigns each quo e one o se e al desc ip i e labels which cap u e
i s meaning. These labels a e ypically e e ed o as codes and hey a e e ined
h ough a second coding which aims a a ha monisa ion o simila codes. Codes ha
add ess ela ed issues a e la e g ouped o comp ehensi e ca ego ies which e lec
b oade pa e ns. This induc i e app oach o a con en analysis is done in o de o
cap u e he ull ex en o how he e m democ acy is used wi hin he pape s in
pa icula and wi hin enginee ing educa ion in gene al.
3 RESULTS - DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
3.1 To al and ela i e numbe o pape s
Fo he eigh mos ecen SEFI annual con e ence p oceedings om 2017 o 2024,
he sea ch s ing *democ* yielded 219 hi s ac oss 79 pape s ou o 1.824 pape s in
o al, ep esen ing 4,3%. On a e age each con e ence p oceedings included 228
pape s wi h 9,9 pape s. The lowes numbe o ele an pape s is 2 o he annual
p oceedings o 2017 while he highes numbe o pape s is 23 o he yea 2023.
O e he yea s he e has been a sligh bu consis en inc ease o pape s in o al
numbe s as well as in ela i e numbe s which ma ch wi h he sea ch e m. See Table
1 o u he in o ma ion.
3.2 To al and ela i e numbe o hi s pe pape
Ac oss he yea s each o he 79 pape s which esul ed in a leas one hi o he
sea ch e m had 2,3 hi s on a e age. Howe e , om yea o yea he numbe o
a e age hi s pe pape a ies signi ican ly om 1,0 in 2020 o 4,4 in 2023. The
lowes numbe o ma ches pe pape is 1 and he highes numbe o ma ches o one
pape is 61 ollowed by 19, 12 and 9 hi s, see Table 1. Ac oss all yea s, 52 pape s
ha e only one ma ch o he sea ch e m ha is 65,8% o all pape s. A o al o 2 hi s
ha e 15 pape s (18,9%), h ee pape s ha e 3 hi s and wo pape s ha e 4 hi s. All
o he numbe s o hi s occu only once.
3.3 Published pape s pe yea
The e a e h ee yea s which clea ly show a much highe numbe o pape s in which
he sea ch s ing was ound, ha is he yea s 2017, 2023 and 2024. Fo his, he
quali a i e analysis in chap e 4.1 shows ha he inc ease in 2017 is due o he
wo ding o a key a ea o his con e ence. The quali a i e analysis below o he
yea s 2023 and 2024 shows ha he inc ease is due o occu ences o he sea ch
e m in he pape s hemsel es, see Table 1.
3.4 A ilia ion o Au ho s
The au ho s o he pape s come om 87 di e en o ganisa ions. Au ho s om 66
o ganisa ions only published one pape con aining he sea ch e m, while au ho s
om 21 o ganisa ions published a leas wice such pape s. The op h ee
o ganisa ions a e Aalbo g Uni e si y whose a ilia ed au ho s published se en
pape s, TU Be lin wi h six pape s and KU Leu en wi h i e pape s. Au ho s om
Chalme s Uni e si y, TU Eindho en and Uni e si y o Cape Town published ou
pape s each, while hose om Tampe e Uni e si y, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de
Ca alunya, Uni e si y College London, Uni e si y o Texas a San An onio, Uni e si y
o Twen e and Vi ginia Tech published h ee pape s each. Au ho s a ilia ed o he
ollowing uni e si ies published wo pape s: Budapes Uni e si y o Technology and
Economics, EPFL, G enoble Alpes Uni e si y, Is anbul Technical Uni e si y, TU Del ,
TU Dublin, TU Hambu g, Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id and Uni e si y o
Johannesbu g.
Table 1. Pape s con aining he sea ch s ing.
Yea
Pape s in
o al
Pape s
wi h
*democ*
% Pape s
wi h
*democ*
Numbe
o hi s in
o al
Lowes
numbe
o hi s
Highes
numbe
o hi s
⌀ hi s pe
pape
2017
188
2
1,1%
6
1
5
3,0
2018
168
4
2,4%
5
1
2
1,3
2019
219
17
7,8%
40
1
9
2,4
2020
175
5
2,9%
5
1
1
1,0
2021
176
9
5,1%
11
1
2
1,2
2022
281
7
2,5%
10
1
3
1,4
2023
339
23
6,8%
101
1
61
4,4
2024
278
12
4,3%
41
1
17
3,4
To al
228
9,9
4,3%
219
1
61
2,3
3.5 Publishing Au ho s and Ne wo k o Au ho s
The pape s o he SEFI annual con e ence p oceedings lis a o al numbe o 243
au ho s, be i i s o co-au ho s. Due o di e en app oaches owa ds he lis ing o
au ho s his is no u he conside ed o analysis. The e a e 218 unique au ho s who
published a pape . A as majo i y o 199 unique au ho s (91,3%) published only one
pape which includes he sea ch s ing while 19 au ho s (8,7%) published a leas
wice such a pape . A o al o 14 au ho s (6,4%) published wo pape s which
ma ched he sea ch s ing. Th ee au ho s (1,4%) published h ee pape s, hese a e
he ollowing: And é Baie published h ee pape s ac oss h ee annual con e ences
om 2017 o 2023 and accoun s o 3 pape s ou o 6 pape s o TU Be lin.
Hannu-Ma i Jä inen and Ulla-Tal ikki Vi a o Tampe e Uni e si y published hei 3
pape s ac oss h ee annual con e ences om 2020 o 2023 and accoun o all 3
pape s o Tampe e Uni e si y. Joel Alejand o Mejia published h ee pape s all in he
annual con e ence o 2023 and accoun s o all 3 pape s o he Uni e si y o Texas a
San An onio. The highes numbe o pape s pe au ho is ou . Co inne Shaw,
published hese ou pape s in h ee succeeding annual con e ences om 2021 o
2023 and accoun s o ou pape s by he Uni e si y o Cape Town. The publishing
ne wo k o Co inne Shaw includes ou di e en au ho s including Zack Simpsonon
an au ho om he Uni e si y o Johannesbu g who also published one pape
independen ly wi h ano he co-au ho . All o he au ho s don’ ha e a signi ican
ne wo k in he da a se .
3.6 Sho p esen a ion o he h ee pape s wi h he highes numbe o hi s
The highes numbe o hi s ha e he ollowing h ee pape s:
And é Baie (2023) o TU Be lin published a i s quan i a i e and quali a i e analysis
on how he e ms democ acy an democ a ic a e used in he s anda d cu iculum as
well as in he egula s udy p og ams o TU Be lin. The analysis shows ha bo h
e ms ha dly occu . This pape has 61 hi s.
Ve o Es ada-Galiñanes (2024) o EPFL published a pape wi h 17 hi s. The pape
desc ibes a cou se design and i s implemen a ion since 2019 which acili a es a
“hands-on in oduc ion o echnologies o human sel -o ganiza ion” ad oca ing a
b oad decen aliza ion.
An on Schae e (2023) o TU Be lin published a pape wi h 12 hi s. The pape
desc ibes he design o a me apho ical oolbox on disman ling he unde lying
s uc u es o echnology and socie y and i s use wi hin a module.
4 RESULTS - QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS
In he ollowing, i he numbe o e e ed pape s is i e o below, hey a e di ec ly
lis ed i i is deemed help ul o lis hem. Fo all o he codings please see he whole
coded sp eadshee p o ided h ough a pe malink/da a eposi o y a e he
publica ion.
4.1 Pe iphe al and “acciden al” hi s
A i s deduc i e coding iden i ies hi s whe e he sea ch e m is used only in a
pe iphe al o “acciden al” manne . O e all, 55 ou o 219 hi s (25,1%) use he sea ch
e m *democ* in such a way. The e a e 47 ou o 79 pape s (59,5%) coded as such.
Hi s a e conside ed pe iphe al in he ollowing cases:
A numbe o pape s ha e hi s only in hei in oduc ion o in hei e e ence lis . O he
pape s ha e only one hi whe e he sea ch e m is used in an enume a ion wi h o he
e ms. I hese a e he only hi s o a pape hey a e coded as “ e e ence-only”,
“in o-only” and “lis ing-only”.
In cases whe e he sea ch e m only appea s in he e e ence lis i is sa e o assume
ha hey a e appea ing acciden ally in he pape in he sense o an unin en ional use
o he sea ch e m. The code “ e e ence-only” is applied o 21 hi s (9,6%) which a e
included in 19 pape s (24,0%). Jus in compa ison, he code “ e e ence” is assigned
ele en imes (5,0%) in cases whe e he e a e also hi s o he han in he in o,
e e ence lis o in a lis ing.
The e a e 9 hi s in 9 pape s (4,1% espec i ely 11,4%) whe e he sea ch e m
appea s only in he in oduc o y chap e . These hi s a e coded wi h “in o-only” as a
use o he e ms democ acy and/o democ a ic in he in oduc o y chap e indica es
ha hey play only a pe iphe al ole in he whole pape .
The sea ch e m appea s en imes in an enume a ion wi h o he e ms which a e
coded wi h “lis ing-only”. This code is assigned o 8 hi s (3,7%) and 7 pape s (8,9%).
Two o hese pape s a e also coded “in o-only”. In compa ison, only h ee o he hi s
a e coded wi h “lis ing”.
The SEFI annual con e ence o 2019 had as one o i s key con e ence a eas “S ong
demand o democ a ic in ol emen in educa ional p ocesses”. The assigned code
o his is “key con e ence a ea” which is applied o 16 hi s (7,3%). The naming o he
key con e ence a ea accoun s o a o al o 16 hi s ou o 40 hi s o his annual
con e ence. Fo his yea , he e a e 11 ou o 17 pape s which ha e only his one hi
which makes i an acciden al use o sea ch e m. Howe e , Table 1 shows ha he
annual con e ence o 2019 s icks ou in he numbe o hi s as well as pape which
include he sea ch e m in compa ison o he p eceding and ollowing yea s. This
sugges s ha he naming o key con e ence a eas has an impac on he pape s ha
a e submi ed and i i is only he impac o assigning a key a ea..
Th ee hi s a e coded wi h “coun y”. All h ee hi s e e o he Democ a ic Republic o
Congo and come om wo pape s (Finelli 2023, Mejia 2023]. Bo h pape s a e w i en
by au ho s a ilia ed wi h wo di e en o ganisa ions loca ed in he Uni ed S a es o
Ame ica. The e is no appa en connec ion o ela ion be ween he au ho s,
o ganisa ions and he Democ a ic Republic o Congo.
The code “con e ence i le” was assigned in he case o wo hi s which e e o
con e ence i le which con ained he sea ch e m. Bo h hi s we e in he same pape
bu i also con ains ano he hi which is no deemed pe iphe al o “acciden al” so ha
he pape is no conside ed as such (Val ins 2024).
4.2 Use o he sea ch e m in i le, abs ac , keywo d and/o heading
A o al o 5 pape s (6,3%) use he sea ch e m in he i le, abs ac , keywo d and/o a
heading, his accoun s o 18 hi s (8,2%).
The h ee pape s wi h he highes numbe o hi s p esen ed abo e in chap e 3.6
also use he sea ch e m in hei abs ac (Baie 2023, Schae e 2023,
Es ada-Galiñanes 2024]. Two o hese pape s he sea ch e m also occu s as a
keywo d (Baie 2023, Es ada-Galiñanes 2024) and/o in he i le o he pape (Baie
2023, Schae e 2023).
The e a e only wo o he pape s whe e he sea ch e m appea s in such a cen al
pa o a ex . Isabell Blanckae (2019) o KU Leu en uses he e m in a heading
“Wo k low and democ a ic in ol emen ” o a chap e which essen ially desc ibes a
selec ion p ocess ha is no based on i s come i s se e, ins ead i ensu es an
in ol emen o he s uden s and anspa ency. Jeane e Engzell and Cha lo e
No man (Engzell 2023) o Linköping Uni e si y use he sea ch e m in he abs ac
o hei pape which desc ibes he use o podcas s in highe educa ion in o de o
p o ide a mix o me hods which ca e o he needs o a di e se s uden body.
4.3 Equali y, Access, Di e si y, Inclusion and In e disciplina i y
The sea ch e m is used o add ess a numbe o issues which can be ca ego ized
unde he b oad e m o equali y. A o al o 24 hi s (11,0%) a e coded as such which
occu in 17 pape s (21,5%). As he wo pape s p esen ed in he p eceding pa ag aph
show, he use o he sea ch e m is o en used o desc ibe equal access and
inclusion which also is conside ed as g an ing a comp ehensi e access o
knowledge. This accoun s o 19 hi s in he equali y ca ego y (8,7%) in 13 pape s
(16,5%). One hi in one pape add esses equali y wi hin he con ex o academia by
ad oca ing o close he ising gap be ween he disciplines and p omo ing
in e disciplina i y. The emainde o 4 hi s occu s in 4 pape s which add ess equali y
only in b oad and gene al e ms.
4.4 Democ a iza ion, Decision Making and Collabo a ion
Di ec ly linked o codes o he p eceding sub-chap e is he ques ion o how
decisions a e aken. Ac oss 6 pape s (7,6%) he e a e 15 hi s coded acco dingly
(6,8%). They add ess a b oad ange o decision making such as how s uden s make
decision in hei eam wo k and how o equip hem wi h he necessa y skills. Simila
o his, bu on a di e en le el a e 20 hi s (9,1%) ac oss 9 pape s (11,4%) whe e
ei he he e m democ a iza ion is di ec ly used by he au ho s o whe e he wo ding
and con ex imply an immedia e call o ac ion o indi iduals, g oups, o ganisa ions
and socie ies o ad oca e democ acy and o ac mo e democ a ically. O he usages
in his ca ego y include among o he s collabo a ion wi h 8 hi s (3,7%).
4.5 Lea ning: Highe educa ion, cou se design, ou comes, ac i i ies, su eys
The e a e 101 hi s (46,1%) ac oss 23 pape s (29,1%) whe e he sea ch e m is used
in a di ec con ex wi h lea ning. This ca ego y consis s o he ollowing i e codes: 1)
The code “highe educa ion” is assigned in cases whe e he sea ch e m is used in a
comp ehensi e sense whe e o ins ance he goals o educa ion a e add essed. This
code is assigned o 25 hi s (11,4%) in 6 pape s (7,6%). 2) The code “cou se design”
is assigned o 15 hi s (6,8%) con ained in 8 pape s (10,1%). He e he design o a
cou se is ei he done in a democ a ic manne , i implemen s a democ a ic
s uden -cen e ed design o lea ning o he cou se as a whole has a leas one o i s
ocus poin s on democ acy and democ a ic ac ion. The lea ning ou comes o a
cou se as well as he ela ed compe ences a e coded as such and show 12 hi s
(5,5%) in 4 pape s (5,0 %). In con as o he cou se design, he desc ip ion o single
ac i i ies is coded wi h “lea ning ac i i y” which has 28 hi s (12,8%) in 11 pape s
(13,9%). Only he hi s in one pape a e coded wi h all h ee ha codes, ha is cou se
design, lea ning ou come and lea ning ac i i y (Schae e 2023). The sea ch e m is
used in h ee su eys which ha en been add essed in h ee pape s, whe e wo
pape s ha e one hi each as i is an i em (Vi a 2020, Vi a 2023). The o he pape is
he abo e desc ibed su ey on he use o democ acy in he cu iculum o TU Be lin
(Baie 2023).
5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
This explo a i e s udy p o ides a i s o e iew o how democ acy is add essed in
SEFI annual con e ence p oceedings om 2017 o 2024. While he e m *democ*
appea s in 4,3% o all pape s, a close quali a i e analysis e eals ha many
occu ences a e pe iphe al, ha is 55 ou o 219 hi s (25,1%) and 47 ou o 79
pape s (59,5%). As a esul o he high pe iphe al usage o he sea ch e m, he
ela i e numbe o pape s d ops ac oss all he annual p oceedings om 4,3% o
1,75% o o 32 ou o 1.824 pape s.
Howe e , i emains s ill unclea o which ex en hese 32 pape s a e ac ually
p omo ing democ acy wi hin enginee ing educa ion. Thus, he e is con inued
in-dep h heo e ical esea ch needed which iden i ies wha ypes o democ a ic
educa ion ac ually ake place. The comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew on democ a ic
educa ion by Edda San migh p o ide a i s se o codes o such deduc i e coding
as pa o a quali a i e analysis.
O e all, his explo a i e s udy gi es only a i s glimpse on he ole o democ acy in
enginee ing educa ion which should be expanded owa ds he leading jou nals like
he EJEE and JEE. And ye , he e is a much highe need o c ea i e, play ul and
democ a ic educa ional design esea ch h ough which new ac i i ies, cou ses and
s udy p og ams a e c ea ed, es ed and implemen ed which ocus enginee ing
educa ion on democ acy - no as an add-on bu ully in eg a ed in o enginee ing
educa ion and p o ession. A small s a o his is Inco po a ing he e m democ acy
in a key con e ence a ea as happened in 2019.
A las , an hono able men ion goes o he pape by Sø en Rosenlund F imod -Mølle
(2019) o Aalbo g Uni e si y who compa es he wo k o an enginee ing eam wi h he
wo k done by an o ches a o a ock band. This philosophical pape ies oge he he
democ a ic collabo a ion wi h he c ea i e p ocess o sol ing conc e e p oblems on
hese wo mic ocosms all he while e lec ing on wha is happening on socie al le el.
