Resea ch Pape
Recommended ci a ion: Volpe, E., Simmons, D. R., & Beddoes, K. (2025). Human
Expe ise and AI in Ci il Enginee ing: Compe encies o Responsible Enginee ing
P ac ice. In Kangaslampi, R., Langie, G., Jä inen, H.-M., & Nagy, B. (Eds.), SEFI
53 d Annual Con e ence. Eu opean Socie y o Enginee ing Educa ion (SEFI),
Tampe e, Finland. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17631473.
This Con e ence Pape is b ough o you o open access by he 53 d Annual Con e ence
o he Eu opean Socie y o Enginee ing Educa ion (SEFI) a Tampe e Uni e si y in
Tampe e, Finland. This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion-NonComme cial-Sha e Alike 4.0 In e na ional License.
Human Expe ise and AI in Ci il Enginee ing: Compe encies o Responsible
Enginee ing P ac ice
E. Volpe
1
Uni e si y o Flo ida
Gaines ille, FL, USA
ORCID 0000-0001-5755-8142
D.R. Simmons
Uni e si y o Flo ida
Gaines ille, FL, USA
ORCID 0000-0002-3401-2048
K. Beddoes
Washing on S a e Uni e si y
Pullman, WA, USA
ORCID 0000-0003-2108-8884
Con e ence Key A eas: Digi al ools and AI in enginee ing educa ion; Enginee ing
skills, p o essional skills, and ans e sal skills; Con inuing educa ion and li e-long
lea ning in enginee ing; Enginee ing e hics educa ion
Keywo ds: Responsible AI, P o essional Compe encies, AI in Ci il Enginee ing, AI
E hics
ABSTRACT
As a i icial in elligence (AI) apidly e ol es, i s in eg a ion in o ci il enginee ing p esen s
bo h signi ican oppo uni ies and challenges. Th ough a quali a i e analysis o
in e iew, su ey, and e lec ion jou nal da a, his s udy explo es he pe spec i es o
ea ly-ca ee ci il enginee s ega ding he cu en and po en ial oles o AI in enginee ing
p ac ice. While AI is seen as a aluable ool o au oma ing ou ine asks and enhancing
e iciency, conce ns pe sis abou i s eliabili y, e hical implica ions, and po en ial
o e eliance. Pa icipan s emphasized he impo ance o main aining human o e sigh ,
wi h AI se ing as an aid a he han a eplacemen o enginee ing judgmen . The s udy
iden i ies key compe encies essen ial o enginee s o e ec i ely and e hically in eg a e
AI, including AI li e acy, c i ical hinking, e hics, and cybe secu i y awa eness. As AI
con inues o in luence he ield, i is c ucial o equip enginee s wi h hese compe encies
h ough educa ion and ongoing p o essional de elopmen . The pape o e s
ecommenda ions o in eg a ing esponsible AI p ac ices in o enginee ing educa ion
and he wo kplace, highligh ing he need o con inuous aining in bo h echnical skills
and e hical decision-making. This esea ch con ibu es o he g owing li e a u e on
1
Co esponding Au ho
E. Volpe
[email p o ec ed]du
esponsible AI in eg a ion, p o iding insigh s ha can guide he u u e wo k o ce in
na iga ing he complexi ies o AI-enhanced enginee ing p ac ices.
1 INTRODUCTION
As AI echnologies ad ance, ques ions a ise abou how hese ools can be in eg a ed
in o enginee ing p ac ices wi hou comp omising human expe ise. As such, he e is a
g owing need o educa ional ini ia i es o p epa e enginee s wi h he compe encies o
esponsibly u ilizing AI (Decke e al. 2024; Liang e al. 2024). Resea ch wi hin ci il
enginee ing has highligh ed se e al key e hical conce ns su ounding AI, including job
loss, da a p i acy, secu i y, anspa ency, decision-making con lic s, us , eliabili y,
sa e y, su eillance ea s, and liabili y (Liang e al. 2024). While ci il enginee ing has
his o ically been slow o adop new echnologies, he e is now inc easing ocus on he
e hical in eg a ion o AI. This shi is c i ical, gi en he signi ican impac ci il enginee ing
ou comes ha e on he buil en i onmen and socie y. This s udy explo es he
pe spec i es o p ac icing ea ly-ca ee ci il enginee s ega ding he cu en and
po en ial u u e oles o AI in hei wo k. This s udy was guided by he ollowing esea ch
ques ion: How do ea ly-ca ee ci il enginee s pe cei e he in eg a ion o AI in
enginee ing p ac ice, and wha compe encies do hey iden i y as essen ial o p epa ing
o AI's in eg a ion in o he ield?
We employed a amewo k o compe encies as a sensi izing concep , guiding ou
ini ial analysis while emaining open o new insigh s. The amewo k buil on wo
exis ing se s o compe encies. A s udy o cons uc ion indus y leade s highligh ed
c i ical leade ship-enabling compe encies ha enginee ing s uden s should de elop o
ensu e a smoo h ansi ion in o cons uc ion and enginee ing ca ee s (Simmons e al.
2020). These compe encies include communica ion skills, p o essionalism, c i ical
hinking and p oblem-sol ing, managemen , e hics and esponsibili y, big-pic u e
hinking, humili y, eamwo k, collabo a ion, ne wo king, and quali y con ol (Simmons e
al. 2020). Al hough o iginally de eloped o b oade leade ship con ex s in ci il
enginee ing, hese compe encies align well wi h he skills and knowledge needed o
p omo e esponsible use o AI in ci il enginee ing. Addi ionally, Decke e al. (2024)
iden i ied Responsible AI Compe encies o Enginee s, such as AI li e acy, enginee ing
li e acy, so wa e enginee ing e hics, enginee ing e hics, and AI e hics. Combining bo h
se s o compe encies p o ided a amewo k o unde s anding essen ial compe encies
o esponsibly engaging wi h AI in ci il enginee ing.
2 METHODOLOGY
4.1 Pa icipan s
Pa icipan s we e 17 ea ly-ca ee enginee s wi h up o 10 yea s o wo k expe ience in
p i a e and go e nmen al ci il enginee ing o ganiza ions ac oss he Uni ed S a es. Thei
subdisciplines included a ic, anspo a ion, en i onmen al, sys ems, s uc u es, and
geo echnical. Th ee pa icipan s we e ec ui ed h ough con enience sampling; u he
de ails abou hose pa icipan s can be ound in (Beddoes 2024). Fou een pa icipan s
we e ec ui ed h ough p o essional socie y lis se s and social media pos ings; u he
de ails abou hose pa icipan s can be ound in (Beddoes 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024).
4.1 Da a Collec ion
Adop ing a phenomenological app oach, his s udy aimed o deeply explo e pa icipan s'
expe iences wi h AI in he ci il enginee ing indus y (C eswell 2020). Quali a i e da a
we e collec ed h ough semi-s uc u ed in e iews, open-ended su eys, and e lec ion
jou nals. The su ey p omp s, e lec ion jou nal ques ions, and in e iew guides we e
designed o elici in-dep h esponses om pa icipan s on hei use (o non-use) o AI in
hei wo k and hei pe spec i es wha AI- ela ed compe encies p ac icing ci il
enginee s need. Fou een pa icipan s we e asked o e lec on p omp s such as: “Ha e
he e been discussions abou AI o he ole o AI in you wo k?” in quali a i e in e iews.
Th ee pa icipan s we e p omp ed wi h ha and o he p omp s such as “Wha kinds o
hings we e people ying o use i o ?” and “Wha knowledge skills o esou ces would
be help ul o be e unde s and AI in enginee ing?” in hei weekly e lec ion jou nals.
4.1 Da a Analysis
To be e unde s and he phenomenon unde in es iga ion, hema ic analysis was
employed o iden i y pa e ns in he da a using a blend o deduc i e and induc i e
coding me hods (B aun & Cla ke 2006). We combined he leade ship-enabling
compe encies ou lined by Simmons e al. (2020) and he Responsible AI Compe encies
o Enginee s by Decke e al. (2024) o c ea e a concep ual amewo k o he
deduc i e coding. Addi ionally, we used induc i e coding o allow eme gen codes o
de elop di ec ly om he da a. The i s au ho conduc ed a line-by-line coding o all
quali a i e jou nal en ies, su ey esponses, and in e iew da a, assigning a p io i
codes such as desc ip i e, emo ion, o p ocess codes o ex ac meaning om he ex
(Saldaña 2013). These codes we e hen so ed in o ca ego ies, and la ge hemes and
pa e ns we e iden i ied ac oss he da a. The second and hi d au ho s engaged in pee
deb ie ing wi h he i s au ho , challenging in e p e a ions un il consensus was eached
on he iden i ied hemes (C eswell 2020). This p ocess aimed o unco e pa e ns
ac oss pa icipan s’ expe iences, o e ing insigh s in o how ea ly-ca ee enginee s a e
discussing, using, and lea ning abou AI in enginee ing p ac ice (Saldaña 2013;
C eswell 2020; B aun & Cla ke 2006).
3 RESULTS
3.1 Pa icipan Iden i ied AI Compe encies
Compe encies iden i ied h ough induc i e and deduc i e coding a e lis ed in Table 1.
Table 1. Compe encies Iden i ied by Ci il Enginee s o In eg a ing AI in o P ac ice
Communica ion
E hics /
Responsibili y
C i ical Thinking /
P oblem Sol ing
Managemen
Big Pic u e
Thinking
Quali y Con ol
Adap abili y
People Focus
Cybe secu i y
Con inual
Lea ning
AI E hics
AI Li e acy
Human-AI
Collabo a ion
Da a
Managemen
and Analysis
Risk Managemen
Change Managemen
and Inno a ion
3.2 Themes Ac oss Pa icipan Na a i es
Theme 1: AI as a Tool, no a Replacemen o Ci il Enginee s
While he ex en o which pa icipan s cu en ly engage wi h AI in hei wo k a ied om
"No, AI can' impac ou wo k" and "I' e no hea d any discussions on [AI]" o "Yes, we
do ha e an AI commi ee," he enginee s in his s udy all discussed he po en ial u u e
ole hey saw o AI in enginee ing. Some pa icipan s sha ed ha hei o ganiza ion
al eady had p i a e, cus omized AI models ha hey we e encou aging employees o
engage wi h, while o he s had blocked all public AI pla o ms on company de ices.
Pa icipan s who we e engaging wi h AI highligh ed i s po en ial o au oma e ou ine
asks like gene a ing plans and conduc ing da abase sea ches. While AI is expec ed o
s eamline hese p ocesses, conce ns emained abou i s abili y o handle mo e
complex asks. Rega ding design, many enginee s belie e i is oo ea ly o AI o make
independen decisions bu o esee i suppo ing he design p ocess by au oma ing da a-
hea y asks and enhancing e iciency.
Pa icipan s equen ly emphasized ha AI is use ul as a ool bu should no eplace he
human expe ise and decision-making equi ed in enginee ing. The e is a s ong belie
ha AI should aid asks (like coding o au oma ing da a analysis) bu canno eplace
c i ical human o e sigh , especially in asks equi ing p o essional judgmen (e.g.,
e iewing designs, ensu ing sa e y). One pa icipan sha ed,
I [AI] is jus a ool. You' e s ill he esponsible pe son. You name goes on he
documen signed and sealed. You s ill go a s oke he pen o sign o on his
p ojec is sa e in acco dance wi h he equi emen s o he codes, and you' e
esponsible o i .[…]I ac ually see a lo o isk wi h AI in ou p o ession, […]Bu o
use i on he job means ha [enginee s a] e no hinking as much. They' e elying
on ha ool o ha e […] essen ially a c u ch o gi e hem an answe .
This pa icipan emphasized he impo ance o human judgmen , knowledge o codes
e hics, and basic enginee ing p inciples as hings like AI become inc easingly used.
Conce ns A ound Accu acy and Dependence
Many pa icipan s exp essed conce ns abou he accu acy o AI and he po en ial o
o e - eliance on i . One pa icipan exp essed a conce n a hei o ganiza ion, which did
no encou age o use AI, sha ing, “The gene al use o AI is discou aged because
people end o jus ake wha i gi es wi hou double checking he in o ma ion.”
Pa icipan s men ioned he need o ho ough checks and balances o ensu e ha AI-
gene a ed ou pu s a e us wo hy, especially in enginee ing asks whe e p ecision is
c i ical. One pa icipan s a ed, “I wasn' always co ec o accu a e, o i wasn' eally a
eliable sou ce o us o use a his poin .” Simila ly, ano he pa icipan said, “I am also
a bi wa y o he accu acy and ha ing o e iew i akes jus as much ime as doing i
mysel igh now so I would p e e o jus do i mysel .” This s a emen e lec s a conce n
abou he eliabili y o AI, whe e he indi idual eels ha e iewing AI-gene a ed wo k o
accu acy akes as much ime as comple ing he ask hemsel es. As a esul ,
pa icipan s emphasized he impo ance o ci il enginee s de eloping s ong c i ical
hinking skills and he abili y o c i ically e alua e AI-gene a ed ou pu s. O en, hey
p e e ed o handle he ask independen ly a he han elying on AI. Ano he pa icipan
con empla ed he use o AI and he impo ance o p o essional enginee s s ill
conduc ing quali y checks, “Can [AI] be us ed o p o ide accu a e and p ecise wo k?
And ha 's whe e like we as p o essional enginee s come in and do he QC [Quali y
Check].”
E hical Conside a ions and Cybe secu i y
Ac oss all pa icipan s, a s ong pa e n eme ged on he e hical use o AI, pa icula ly
ega ding p i acy, secu i y, and ensu ing i s esponsible applica ion in enginee ing
asks. Pa icipan s aised conce ns abou sha ing p op ie a y o sensi i e in o ma ion
wi h AI sys ems, especially gene a i e AI ools like Cha GPT. One pa icipan sha ed,
“I'm cu ious abou e hics […] Can AI be us ed wi h con iden ial in o ma ion? […] a lo o
p ojec s we do can be con iden ial.” Ano he pa icipan , whose o ganiza ion was no
engaging wi h AI and had blocked all AI pla o ms, sha ed,
I mean [my o ganiza ion] blocks Cha GPT on ou lap ops and e e y hing, you
know, so you can' access i igh ? Because we do ha e p op ie a y in o ma ion,
and you know, sensi i e in o ma ion om a clien […] Bu again, I don' know i i 's
he sensi i e in o ma ion ha we deal wi h ha ’s maybe keeping hem om
implemen ing some hing like ha .
This pa icipan indica ed ha hei o ganiza ion was pa icula ly conce ned abou
cybe secu i y and p i acy, which may be he eason hey we e no engaging wi h AI
ools a all. O he pa icipan s exp essed simila conce ns sha ing ha hei companies
had majo conce ns abou p o ec ing p i acy and da a.
All pa icipan s iewed AI as a ool, no a eplacemen o ci il enginee s. Pa icipan s
exp essed conce ns abou o e eliance on AI, pa icula ly ega ding cybe secu i y,
p i acy, and he p o ec ion o clien da a. While some saw AI as a aluable ool o asks
like checking wo k o analyzing la ge da ase s, many aised conce ns abou he e hical,
sa e y, quali y, and secu i y isks associa ed wi h i s o e use.
Theme 2: Empowe ing Enginee s: AI and Cybe secu i y T aining o he Fu u e
Pa icipan s emphasized he impo ance o de eloping essen ial human compe encies,
o ensu e use s unde s and AI's limi a ions, e hical conce ns, and he necessi y o
p ope aining. One pa icipan sha ed,
The dange wi h ha [using AI] is wi hou unde s anding he concep s people
could be lazy and ely oo much on i . I hink lea ning how o each people o use
i as a ool is an impo an s ep in ensu ing ha we g ow along wi h i a he han
being elian on i .
The conce n exp essed by his pa icipan was ha wi hou unde s anding basic
concep s o enginee ing and AI, people may become o e ly elian on AI, so i 's c ucial
o each how o use i as a ool o g ow h and con inue o build knowledge a ound
enginee ing concep s.
One pa icipan sha ed ha a hei ci il enginee ing consul ing i m,
[…]in consul ing, li e ally, we sell ime and i 's going o ake e en mo e ime o
each AI how o do some hing, bu hen o e ime i ac ually is way mo e e icien
[…] i 's jus he up on , so I don' know, [we need] be e unde s anding abou
how we can use i be e … unde s anding e hics
The pa icipan highligh s ha while i may ake ime o each AI o pe o m asks and
ain enginee s o engage wi h i , he long- e m e iciency gained makes i wo hwhile.
Howe e , as enginee ing consul an s, hey ha e limi ed ime in p ac ice o ocus on his
and hey exp essed a desi e o skills in using AI e icien ly and e hically. Ano he
pa icipan sha ed, "I guess people a e jus lacking aining.”
To ensu e enginee s can e ol e wi h AI and a oid e hical conce ns o o e eliance,
hese pa icipan s called o mo e ongoing educa ion and aining on he opic. One
pa icipan e en sha ed speci ic esou ces hei company was p o iding,
Resou ces speci ically […] lunch and lea ns and […] an IT AI semina So we go o
ask ques ions and [ acili a o s] ga e us esou ces o like di e en AI ools ha we
could use inside and ou side o wo k.
The pa icipan s in his s udy emphasized he need o con inuous educa ion and
aining o help enginee s e ec i ely in eg a e AI in o hei p ac ice while add essing i s
limi a ions, e hical conce ns, and a oiding o e eliance, highligh ing he impo ance o
ongoing suppo om esea che s, educa o s, and o ganiza ions.
4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Th ough a iangula ion o quali a i e da a sou ces, his s udy explo es a sample o U.S.
ci il enginee s’ pe spec i es on AI use in enginee ing and he compe encies enginee s
need o esponsibly in eg a e AI in o enginee ing p ac ice. The indings con ibu e o he
g owing body o li e a u e on Responsible A i icial In elligence (RAI) in enginee ing
(Decke e al. 2024; Downey e al. 2024), o e ing con ex -speci ic empi ical insigh s
om p ac icing enginee s ha help iden i y esponsible AI p ac ices and compe encies
in ci il enginee ing. Aligned wi h leade ship-enabling (Simmons e al. 2020) and RAI
(Decke e al. 2024) compe encies, we iden i ied 16 AI compe encies in he da a (see
Table 1), sugges ing u u e enginee s will need a blend o echnical, p o essional, and
e hical compe encies. This esea ch builds on exis ing leade ship and esponsible AI
compe ency amewo ks, highligh ing a g owing need o ocus on key compe encies,
such as e hics, quali y con ol, people-cen e ed hinking, and cybe secu i y, as AI
becomes mo e p e alen in he ci il enginee ing wo k o ce. While some o hese
compe encies go beyond hose p e iously iden i ied, hey con ibu e o a mo e holis ic
unde s anding o he knowledge, skills, and a ibu es ha u u e ci il enginee s will
need o na iga e an inc easingly echnology-in eg a ed p o ession. Two hemes
eme ged om he da a: (1) pa icipan s see AI as a ool, no a eplacemen o
enginee s and (2) aining in AI and cybe secu i y can empowe u u e enginee s. This
wo k sheds ligh on he cu en uses o AI in ci il enginee ing p ac ice in he U.S.,
e ealing conce ns abou cybe secu i y, p i acy, and he o e eliance on AI as an
enginee ing ool.
AI li e acy eme ged as a op compe ency, wi h 9 ou o 17 pa icipan s exp essing a
desi e o g ea e unde s anding, aining, and skills ela ed o he e ec i e and
esponsible use o AI in ci il enginee ing p ac ice. In oday’s echnology-d i en wo ld, AI
li e acy emphasizes he need o indi iduals o gain he knowledge and skills necessa y
o engage e ec i ely wi h AI sys ems (Alma a i e al. 2024). AI li e acy encompasses
he abili y o c i ically assess AI echnologies, collabo a e wi h AI, and apply i e ec i ely
ac oss di e en se ings, such as online, a home, and in he wo kplace (Alma a i e al.
2024). The compe ency o esponsibili y, also men ioned equen ly by pa icipan s, is
cen al o enginee ing educa ion, as he apid ad ancemen o AI unde sco es he need
o educa e enginee s abou hei ole in bo h using and de eloping AI sys ems (Decke
e al., 2024).
Based on hese indings, ecommenda ions o enginee ing educa o s and esea che s
include he in oduc ion o RAI and AI li e acy in educa ional se ings o equip u u e
enginee s wi h hese essen ial skills. Resea ch and p ac ice a e inc easingly o e ing
s a egies and ools o doing so; o example, one s udy ound ha enginee ing
s uden s gained amilia i y wi h esponsible AI p ac ices h ough an AI compe i ion
ac i i y (Downey e al. 2024). Recen li e a u e highligh s he exci ing oppo uni ies AI
p esen s, wi h he po en ial o se e as a aluable ool when emb aced esponsibly
(Ple is 2025; Uddin 2024). Howe e , i is essen ial o educa e s uden s on he p ope
use o AI, ad oca e o i s balanced and supplemen a y ole in educa ion, and
emphasize he need o con inuous e alua ion and adap a ion o hese ools wi hin he
b oade ci il enginee ing ield (Talha Junaid e al. 2024). This app oach necessi a es
o e sigh , a deep unde s anding o AI's limi a ions, and he de elopmen o c i ical
hinking skills o add ess i s e hical implica ions (Talha Junaid e al. 2024). To u he
acili a e AI li e acy, educa o s and aine s can ocus on he co e concep s o AI li e acy
iden i ied by Alma a i e al. (2024), including: ecognizing AI ools and applica ions,
unde s anding he basics o machine lea ning, using and applying AI o in e ac wi h
machines and explo e p ac ical applica ions, e alua ing and in e p e ing AI algo i hm
esul s, iden i ying po en ial biases, compa ing di e en algo i hms, and na iga ing
e hical conce ns ela ed o he human- ocused aspec s o AI, such as ai ness,
accoun abili y, anspa ency, e hics, and sa e y. Fu he mo e, s uden s should be
encou aged o c i ically discuss AI's ole and i s impac on enginee ing and socie y.
Pa icipan s in his s udy exp essed conce n ha u u e enginee s may no ully
unde s and undamen al enginee ing concep s and p o essional e hics, illumina ing a
need o con inued de elopmen o enginee ing s uden s' skills in hese wo a eas.
While acc edi ed enginee ing educa ion p og ams include cu iculum g ounded in
enginee ing basics, educa o s should con inue o ad oca e and emphasize undamen al
enginee ing concep s, skills, and knowledge e en as basic cou ses compe e wi h
eme ging echnologies and AI- ocused cou ses o cu iculum space. Howe e , i is also
c ucial o con inually upda e and imp o e e hics educa ion in enginee ing (AlSaghee &
Al-Saghee 2011; Polmea e al. 2019), especially as e hical issues a ound eme ging
echnologies and AI a ise. In he con ex o ci il enginee ing in he U.S., i is essen ial o
engage s uden s wi h e hical guides such as he Ame ican Socie y o Ci il Enginee s
(ASCE) Code o E hics (ASCE 2020), and inco po a e ac i i ies, case s udies, and class
discussions o encou age c i ical hinking abou he applica ion o e hical p inciples in AI
p ac ices. Addi ionally, enginee ing leade s should os e con inuous, li elong lea ning
wi hin hei o ganiza ions as AI and echnology apidly e ol e. By p o iding ongoing
aining, lunch-and-lea ns, semina s, and clea policies on e hical and esponsible AI
use, leade s can help ad ance he indus y and ensu e ha AI is used in a esponsible
and e ec i e manne .
In conclusion, his s udy con ibu es o he body o knowledge on ci il enginee s'
pe spec i es ega ding he ole o AI in hei p o ession, highligh ing bo h i s po en ial
applica ions and he conce ns i aises. Emphasizing he impo ance o p e-p o essional
and con inuing educa ion in undamen al enginee ing p inciples, e hics, cybe secu i y,
c i ical e alua ion o AI-gene a ed ou pu s, and da a managemen , hese insigh s a e
i al o empowe ing enginee s as c i ical hinke s. This ounda ion and ongoing suppo
helps hem na iga e he ansi ion o an AI-enhanced wo k o ce while upholding s ong
adhe ence o enginee ing e hics and p inciples. The ea ly-ca ee ci il enginee s in his
s udy o e aluable insigh s o shaping u u e educa ional p ac ices in uni e si ies and
wo kplaces ha help enginee s con ibu e o socie al deba es abou echnology
de elopmen and use in an inc easingly AI-d i en wo ld.
4.1 Limi a ions and Fu u e Di ec ions o Resea ch
This s udy explo es he expe iences and e lec ions o a small sample popula ion o
p ac icing ci il enginee s in he U.S. The pa icipan s in his s udy a e pa o a la ge ,
ongoing U.S.-based esea ch e o on ea ly-ca ee ci il enginee s. We acknowledge
he po en ial o selec ion bias due o pu posi e sampling, as hese indi iduals we e
chosen o hei con inued in ol emen in ela ed esea ch. Addi ionally, we ecognize
ha he indings e lec he localized, li ed expe iences o ci il enginee s wo king in he
U.S. con ex . While no in ended o be gene alizable, he indings may be ans e able o
o he indi iduals wo king in compa able ields. Fu u e esea ch should ocus on
explo ing addi ional me hods o aining and educa ing enginee s on compu e science,
AI p inciples, cybe secu i y, and da a managemen wi hin enginee ing con ex s.
5 Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s would like o g a e ully acknowledge he pa icipan s o hei hough ul
e lec ions and pa icipa ion and in e iews and su eys as well as he con ibu ions
made by Alison Bowe s o edi and o ganize his pape . This wo k was suppo ed by
NSF #2414042 and NSF #2429274.
