In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
23
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K112812111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
Seismic S a ion RA086 S a is ical Analysis o
Ea hquake Da a Using Shake Ne and G aphe on
he Global Seismic Ac i i y: Analyzing Ea hquake
Pa e ns, Clus e ing, and Implica ions o Haza d
Assessmen
Mohammed Ali Ga ba, Ba ka Jona han, Edwin Yenika Mbiimbe, Kamu eyina Ezekiel, Mus a a Ali Ga ba
Abs ac : The pape examines ea hquake ac i i y in 2023
using da a om he ac i e seismic s a ion RA086 in he ci y o
São Tomé. Fi e housand and wen y- ou (5,224) e en s o
ea hquakes we e obse ed and p ocessed wi h ShakeNe
so wa e and G aphe . On May 20, 2023, a s ong ea hquake o
magni ude 7.6 was epo ed in he Paci ic Ocean, o he coas o
he Tanimba Islands in Indonesia, a a dep h o 105 km, and
was ollowed by equen ea hquakes. The da a e eal he
dis ibu ion o ea hquakes a ound he wo ld, which is mainly
concen a ed in ec onic ho spo s like he Paci ic Ring o Fi e,
wi h magni udes anging om e y la ge (7.6) o mode a e. The
ea hquakes a ied g ea ly in dep h, anging om shallow
c us al ea hquakes o deep-sea ed, long- ocus ea hquakes in he
subduc ion zone, wi h dep hs o e 500km. The analysis also
shows equen coalescence o mainshocks and a e shocks,
pa icula ly in subduc ion enches, indica ing con inuous
ec onic p ocesses. Ano he aspec highligh ed by he da a is ha
bo h shallow and deep seismic e en s should be moni o ed, as
ene gy eleased a di e en dep hs can a ec su ace shaking
and he po en ial o disas e .
Keywo ds: Seismic Ac i i y, Shakene , Tec onic Zones (Man le
T ansi ion Zone (MTZ, MW -Mo emen Magni ude)
Nomencla u e:
MTZ: Man le T ansi ion Zone
TIRI: Tanimba Island Region, Indonesia
STZ: Shakene , Tec onic Zones
I. INTRODUCTION
In 2023, he ac i e s a ion o São Tomé (RA086)
Manusc ip ecei ed on 21 Oc obe 2025 | Fi s Re ised
Manusc ip ecei ed on 30 Oc obe 2025 | Second Re ised
Manusc ip ecei ed on 08 No embe 2025 | Manusc ip
Accep ed on 15 No embe 2025 | Manusc ip published on 30
No embe 2025.
*Co espondence Au ho (s)
Mohammed Ali Ga ba*, Depa men o Geology, Gombe S a e
Uni e si y, Gombe, Nige ia, Email ID: mohammedaliga [email protected],
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6247-8702
D . Ba ka Jona han, Depa men o Geology, Gombe S a e Uni e si y,
Gombe, Nige ia, Email ID: joeba [email protected], ORCID ID: 0009-0003-
9861-6339
D . Edwin Yenika Mbiimbe, Depa men o Geology, Gombe S a e
Uni e si y, Gombe, Nige ia Email ID: [email protected]
D . Kamu eyina Ezikiel, Depa men o Geology, Adamawa S a e
Uni e si y, Mubi, Adamawa S a e, Nige ia, Email ID:
kamu [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4803-7772
Mus a a Ali Ga ba, Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Maidugu i.
Nige ia, Email ID: mus aphaaliga [email protected], ORCID ID: 0009-0004-
9655-0855
© The Au ho s. Published by Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing and
Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP). This is an open-access a icle unde he
CC-BY-NC-ND license h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eco ded seismic eco ds (mo e han 5,200) o ea hquakes
all o e he wo ld. The ShakeNe analysis de ec ed a
magni ude 7.6 ea hquake nea he Tanimba Islands in
Indonesia. I ou lines he mode n ec onic p ocesses a he
global scale, including he o ma ion o subduc ion zones
and aul s, and he mo emen o he plane 's ac i e c us .
The egis e ed ea hquakes anged om shallow c us
emo s o deep- ocus quakes, which we e g ea e han
500km deep. Majo deep ea hquakes we e el in po en ial
ac i e egions such as he Ke madec Islands and Fiji, which
esul om ac i e subduc ion. Such dis ibu ions and e en
clus e ing depic he complex mechanism o in e ac ion
among ec onic pla es, and a mainshock-a e shock sequence
p edomina es in ac i e zones.
The s a is ics jus i y he need o pe manen seismic
moni o ing, especially in high-haza d a eas such as he
Paci ic Ring o Fi e. Mo e ad anced o ms o analysis,
including clus e ing and ime-se ies modelling, enhance
unde s anding o ea hquakes, making eal- ime isk
assessmen s easie . The da a is c ucial o suppo ing
p epa edness and coun e ing he impac o u u e
ea hquakes wo ldwide.
The 2025 Mw 7.7 ea hquake on he Sagaing Faul was
due o oblique con e gence o he Indian and Bu mese
Pla es, and i had a shallow supe shea up u e wi h su ace
displacemen exceeding 6 m. I caused se e e shaking, mo e
han 4,900 dea hs, and widesp ead in as uc u e damage,
highligh ing acu e sho comings in seismic p epa edness and
he need o a mo e e ec i e mi iga ion s a egy [1]. Nea -
sou ce s ong-mo ion da a a e e ec i e o de e mining
up u e di ec i i y in small ea hquakes. Examina ion o he
2024 Feidong M4.7 ea hquake, wi h a s a ion 4 km sou h o
he epicen e, e ealed a 40 ° o a ion o S-wa e pola isa ion
associa ed wi h up u e p opaga ion o he sou hwes on he
Tanlu aul . This pola isa ion change was ound o be
sou ce- ela ed and con i med by compa ison wi h syn he ic
wa e o ms and local M3 e en s, unde sco ing he
impo ance o close-in obse a ions o cha ac e ising
up u e cha ac e is ics in small ea hquakes [2]. The amoun
o ma e ial inc eases in ocks du ing de o ma ion, a
phenomenon i s in es iga ed in g anula geomechanics and
since hen used o desc ibe he beha iou o b i le ocks and
o p edic ea hquake p ecu so s using he dila ancy-
di usion hypo hesis. This heo y connec s ea hquake
igge ing o changes in ock
olume and po e p essu e, bu
i has d awbacks when
scaling expe imen s o he
Ea h's c us . Recen p og ess
Seismic S a ion RA086 S a is ical Analysis o Ea hquake Da a Using Shake Ne and G aphe on he Global Seismic
Ac i i y: Analyzing Ea hquake Pa e ns, Clus e ing, and Implica ions o Haza d Assessmen
24
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K112812111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
in deep lea ning, especially physically inspi ed neu al
ne wo ks, o e s po en ial solu ions o in eg a ing his
physical knowledge in o mo e e ec i e ea hquake
p edic ion schemes, which can ha e a bene icial impac on
seismic isk mi iga ion and ea ly wa ning sys ems [3].
The e is also he p oblem o a lack o moni o ing s a ions
in A ica, so he in o ma ion may no be ecei ed when a
s a ion mal unc ions [4]. A pa ochial way o hinking seeks
o educe he magni ude o ea hquakes by con olling
seismic oci wi h mic owa e i adia ion. Ye , he magne ic-
hyd odynamic adia ion app oach o p ecisely loca ing
ea hquake oci is no iable. Al hough he heo e ical
discussion is usually subs an ia ed by empi ical e idence,
high- equency ea hquake a eas a e associa ed wi h speci ic
geologic s uc u es, including enches and olcanic egions.
Tidal ac i i y and Ea h's o a ion a ou he associa ion
be ween seismic ac i i y and Ea h's o a ional dynamics.
The p edic ion o ea hquakes would be enhanced in u u e
h ough addi ional esea ch on sola idal e ec s and
ha monic-based p edic ion. S ill, ew s udies ha e been
conduc ed based on ha monic [5]. Seismology p edic s he
occu ence o ea hquakes using chemical physics and
mechanics, bu i is ha d o g asp. O he s include eleasing
ene gy h ough mic owa es, which is no p ac ised [6]. The
a icle discusses a limi ed app oach o educing ea hquake
size by con olling seismic ocus ia mic owa e i adia ion.
Magne ohyd odynamic gene a o adia ion canno be used
o de e mine he ocus o he nex ea hquake, despi e
ad ances in ec onic physics. The au ho accep s his
dep essing conclusion, which aligns wi h he endency in
seismology o ocus on moni o ing and sea ch-and- escue
solu ions [7].
The liquid po en ial in he soil in he Rohingya e ugee
camp a ea in Ukhiya, Bangladesh, based on he S anda d
Pene a ion Tes esul , and Lique ac ion Po en ial Index.
The sandy soil con aining sil y clay alls in o he highes isk
ca ego y, indica ing ha i is suscep ible o ea hquakes o
magni ude 5.0 and abo e, ex ending o 10 me e s in dep h
and up o 15 me e s in magni ude. The pape e eals ha
sus ainable geo echnical in e en ions and isk mapping
mus also be implemen ed o help p e en po en ial
en i onmen al and humani a ian ca as ophes. This pape
sugges s ha he Al en soli a y wa e could be a good
p edic o o ea hquakes, based on pa e n analysis o
elec omagne ic wa es de ec ed by Ada o e he pas 20
yea s. Bu since his canno be seen, i should be de e mined
by he e y alen ed scien is s in as ophysics and
seismology using sophis ica ed machine y [8].
Because dis inguishing genuine eac ions om noise can
be challenging, seismologis s o en igno e he link be ween
animal beha iou and ea hquake p ecu so s. Some people
in China can sense he beginnings o ea hquakes, which
acili a es communica ion and p o ides ac ual e idence o
his occu ence. The p ojec 's objec i e is o de elop
ea hquake p edic ion sys ems inspi ed by biological
p ocesses, while accoun ing o he complexi y o he human
b ain. Fu u e ad ancemen s in human on ie echnology
may esul om a be e unde s anding o he body's
ema kable capaci y o de ec seismic p ecu so s. Cao [9].
The analysis o 2023 ea hquake da a demons a ed ha he
wo ld exhibi s a dis inc seismic pa e n, wi h Decembe he
mos ac i e mon h, possibly due o clima ic condi ions.
La ge ea hquakes end o occu along ec onic bounda ies,
no ably he Paci ic Ring o Fi e, whe eas in apla e
ea hquakes e eal in ica e changes. Haza d
comp ehension, when mul iplied by di e en magni udes
and empo al a ia ions, enhances haza d mi iga ion. Issues
wi h unde s anding he deepe causes o he ise in
ea hquake equency in Decembe a e among he esea ch
gaps he a icle aises. The possible impac s o long- e m
clima ic p ocesses, as well as he an h opogenic ea hquake
angle, a e also lacking. Singh [10]. And ea e al. [11]
demons a e ha eal- ime es ima ion o la ge ea hquakes
wi h magni udes abo e 8 is easible using speed-o -ligh
elas og a i y signals, aiding ea ly wa ning and sunami
mi iga ion. Using deep lea ning on syn he ic and eal da a, i
analyses signals p eceding seismic wa es o moni o he
g ow h o ea hquakes. Simula ions since 2003 show ha
PEGSNe can es ima e inal magni udes wi hin minu es o
signi ican e en s, hough accu acy diminishes o mino
quakes nea he sensi i i y limi s. Magne o-plas ici y plays a
c ucial ole in he magne ic con ol o ea hquakes, whe e
mic owa es ad ance disloca ions, eleasing elas ic ene gy
ha can igge seismic e en s. Mic owa e ecei e s and
e en mic owa e emi e s ha a e con inuous gene a o s a e
he oci o he ea hquake. Seismic ac i i y in e ac s wi h
mic owa es, he eby egula ing hei p oduc ion and
accele a ing c ack de elopmen . The mobili y o
disloca ions is a ec ed by magne ic con ol, which con e s
elas ic ene gy in o plas ic de o ma ion, which may
e en ually educe he s eng h o an ea hquake. This wo-
old mechanism may be s udied o help esea ch he
dynamics o ea hquakes, and i may ha e he po en ial o
emo e high-ene gy e en s and igge low-magni ude
e en s.
An explana ion can be ound in he man le ansi ion zone
(MTZ) benea h Kamcha ka o he e ec ha he e is
signi ican opog aphical dissimila i y in dep hs o 410- and
660-kilome es discon inui ies, wi h 410 ha ing upli s o 45
65 kilome es and dep hs o 15 37 kilome es espec i ely
and he dep hs o he 660 displaying some hing abou he
abe a ions o low empe a u e. Such cha ac e is ics indica e
signi ican slab hea ing in he MTZ, p obably ia ho man le
lows h ough a o n slab window, wi h implica ions o he
he mal and heological p ope ies o he subduc ing slab
and, hus, o slab dynamics in he no hwes e n Paci ic
[12]. The 2025 sou hwes e n Taiwan ea hquake (ML 6.4)
was a complex up u e in ol ing an i he ic h us s o he
old-and- h us bel , an eas -dipping o e h us , and a wes -
dipping back h us . A e shock dis ibu ions and aul slip
modelling indica ed ha hese aul s we e ac i a ed
concu en ly and we e di ec ly linked o in ense up u e
di ec i i y o he sou hwes , which was accompanied by
la ge-scale building damage. Such insigh s a e limi ed o
knowledge o he dynamic up u e p ocess and s ess-
ans e mechanisms in concu en up u es o segmen al
conjuga e aul s; u he esea ch should use high- esolu ion
geode ic da a and dynamic up u e modelling o enhance
unde s anding o aul linkage and seismic haza d in
comp essional ec onic sys ems [13]. The no he n Chile
subduc ion zone (2014–2019) shows complex seismici y: a
shallow double zone wi h a gap, clus e ing be ween 80–150
km, and deep isola ed clus e s. These pa e ns a e linked o
slab hyd a ion, me amo phic
eac ions, ension, and idge
subduc ion. Bu
mul idisciplina y esea ch is
In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
25
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K112812111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
needed o unde s and he physical mechanisms, including
slab ension and me amo phic p ocesses, d i ing ea hquake
clus e ing [14].
II. METHOD AND DATA
In 2023, 5,224 Ea hquake da a poin s we e collec ed om
an ac i e s a ion (RA086) in São Tomé (0.1864°N,
6.6131°E) wi h an ele a ion o 43 m abo e sea le el. Using
ShakeNe , he da a we e analyzed using G aphe . On
20/05/2023, a g ea ea hquake o 7.6 Reick e scale was
egis e ed a 17:47:35 a a dep h o 105km, loca ed
11105km (Tanimba Island Region, Indonesia) om he
ac i e Seismic s a ion RA086 in Sao Tome. We can quan i y
su ace de ail on Ea h, bu when we del e in o i s c us , we
lose sigh o he sec e s benea h. All con inen s and oceans
expe ience daily ib a ions due o Ea h's c us c acking and
e ol ing, as explained by ou new unde s anding o g a i y.
Ea h's sec e s emain unexplo ed e en as nume ous
ea hquakes occu wo ldwide each day. F om Augus 2021
o Decembe 2021, ShakeNe so wa e was used o ack
ea hquakes wi h magni udes la ge han o equal o ou
Reik e scale, unco e ing he sec e s o Ea h's quakes and
he isks hey pose o human li e and p ope y. Th ee
housand se en hund ed nine eco ded ea hquakes in 2021
we e he esul o i e dis inc occu ences. The deepes and
shallowes ea hquakes, measu ing 497 me e s and 0 me e s,
espec i ely, occu ed in he Chile-A gen ina Bo de Region
on Oc obe 21. A ica's moni o ing s a ions occasionally
expe ience ou ages. Seismic in es iga ions e eal nume ous
ac o s impac ing ea hquake equency and in ensi y.
Table I: Da a Showing he Magni ude, Time, Dep h, Dis ance, and Place o he Shaking
Da e
Magni ude(M)
Time
Dep h(km)
Dis ance(km)
Place
09/01/2023
7.6
17:47:35
105km
11105km
Tanimba Isl Region, Indonesia
20/05/2023
7.1
1:51:01
36km
17399km
Sou heas o Loyal Islands
21/05/2023
6.8
14:56:45
10km
6624km
P ince Edwa d Islands Region
“
6.9
6:41:22
206km
6645km
Ke madec Isl, New Zealand
07/03/2023
6
6:02:34
39km
12504km
Mindanao, Philippines
“
6
13:51:49
10km
15132km
New I eland egion, PNG
06/02/2023
5.8
20:59:59
526km
18047km
Fiji Islands egion
“
5.8
7:33:09
60km
5321km
Solomon Islands
12/03/2023
5.7
7:43:20
10km
16790km
San a C uz Islands
03/03/2023
5.6
4:53:55
10km
10km
Eas o he Sou h Sandwich Islands.
“
5.6
8:47:42
10km
55342km
Mindanao Philippines
08/03/2023
5.6
6:03:36
36km
9939km
Ku il Islands
03/03/2023
5.5
19:00:26
10km
51km
No he n Chile
“
5.4
20:43:02
10km
6512km
Mindanao, Philippines
07/03/2023
5.4
20:31:29
45km
13002km
Sou he n Molucca Sea
08/03/2023
5.4
13:43:23
10km
13214km
W. Ca oline isl, Mic onesia
11/03/2023
5.4
9:18:41
159km
8019km
No he n Colombia
03/03/2023
5.3
0:54:27
10km
10km
Vanua u Islands
07/03/2023
5.3
7:31:57
43km
11721km
Sou hwes o Suma a, Indonesia.
“
5.3
20:46:05
15408km
11234km
New B i ain Region, PNG
08/03/2023
5.3
8:32:17
495km
18525km
Sou h o he Fiji Islands
12/03/2023
5.2
0:31:53
13km
11051km
Eas o he Sou h Sandwich Islands
“
5.2
1:53:24
10km
5432km
Nea he Coas o Pe u
03/03/2023
5.2
9:41:17
51km
51km
Solomon Islands
“
5.2
20:18:07
46km
6743km
Samoa Islands Region
08/03/2023
5.2
16:10:50
10km
9835km
O he Eas Coas o Kamçha ka
“
5.2
1:09:12
10km
19954km
Sou h Sandwich Isl. Region
13/03/2023
5.2
22:50:45
137km
10160km
La Rioja P o ince A gen ina
3/03/2023
5.1
0:54:47
62km
62km
Sou he n Suma a Indonesia
“
5.1
19:25:43
57km
10km
Nea he Coas o Pe u
5.1
22:24:48
48km
565km
Hokkaido, Japan egion
12/03/2023
5.1
20:56:51
9km
16694km
San a C uz Islands
13/03/2023
5.1
19:19:15
104km
9570km
Nea he coas o Pe u
“
5
2:53:43
10km
54321km
Tu key
“
5
1:19:32
19km
4321km
Sou h o he Ke madec Islands
6/02/2023
5
7:34:49
35km
10559km
Nea he coas o cen al Chile
"
5
9:25:49
10km
11439km
Sco ia sea
7/03/2023
5
3:59:39
9km
8507km
Nea he wes coas o Colombia
08/03/2023
5
0:58:51
12km
14952km
New Guinea, P. New Guinea
"
5
4:54:52
162km
9212km
Pe u-B azil bo de egion
11/08/2023
5
11:00:57
23km
15355km
New B i ain egion
13/02/2023
5
6:11:33
551km
17680km
Fiji Islands egion
“
5
13:40:51
10km
19211km
Ke madec Islands egion
“
5
21:46:06
10km
16792km
San a C uz Islands
F om Table 1, he 2023 ea hquake da a dis inguish
a ious ea hquakes, p ima ily concen a ed in ec onically
ac i e a eas, including Indonesia, he Sou h Paci ic, Papua
New Guinea, and ce ain
sec ions o Sou h Ame ica.
The la ges ea hquake
Seismic S a ion RA086 S a is ical Analysis o Ea hquake Da a Using Shake Ne and G aphe on he Global Seismic
Ac i i y: Analyzing Ea hquake Pa e ns, Clus e ing, and Implica ions o Haza d Assessmen
26
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K112812111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
obse ed was a 7.6 magni ude on 9 h Janua y, jus o he
Tanimba Islands, Indonesia, a an in e media e dep h o 105
km. The e we e also o he majo ea hquakes wi h a
magni ude o 7.1, 36 km no heas o he Sou heas o Loyal
Islands a a dep h o 36 km, a 6.9 high- o-deep ocus
ea hquake a 206 km in he Ke madec Islands, and a deep,
6.8 magni ude ea hquake a a low dep h a he P ince
Edwa d Islands Region. Nume ous mode a e ea hquakes
(magni ude 5.0-5.8) occu ed ac oss he Paci ic Ring o Fi e,
including he Philippines, Fiji Islands, Solomon Islands,
Sou h Sandwich Islands, and Sou h Ame ica, indica ing
con inued s ain elease along majo pla e bounda ies. The
dep h o e en s is wide- anging, anging om e y shallow
ea hquakes measu ing abou 10km, ypi ying c us al
emo s capable o signi ican su ace shaking, o in ense
e en s o e 500km in he Fiji egion ha e lec a
sophis ica ed subduc ion p ocess. The lis ed dis ances,
which ange om as close as o housands o kilome es
away, a e mos likely dis ances o moni o ing s a ions o
e e ence poin s. All in all, he s a is ics indica e a li ely
yea o ea hquakes, wi h mode a e emo s occu ing
egula ly and a ew mega h us ea hquakes in he
subduc ion zone, eminding he wo ld o cu en ho -spo
scena ios and he need o keep up wi h seismic obse a o ies
in hese a eas.
III. RESULTS
F om Table 2, he ea hquake da a indica e in ense seismic
ac i i y in egions o la ge ec onic bounda ies, pa icula ly
subduc ion zones. In e es ing quakes include a magni ude
7.6 e en nea he Tanimba Islands, Indonesia, and a se ies
o o he s wi h magni udes be ween 5.0 and 7.1 a di e en
dep hs, which indica e a ious geodynamic p ocesses. The
dynamics o he in e play be ween shallow and deep
seismici y along ac i e pla e ma gins wo ldwide a e well
illus a ed by hese ea hquakes, unde sco ing he need o
con inuously moni o such a eas.
Table II: In ensi y o Ea hquake Du ing he S udy Pe iod
Place
La i ude
Longi ude
Magni ude
Dep h
Animba Islands
Region, Indonesia
-7.0
131.0
7.6
105
Sou heas o Loyal
Islands
-20.0
167.0
7.1
36
P ince Edwa d
Islands Region
-46.6
37.8
6.8
10
Ke madec Islands,
New Zealand
-29.3
178.0
6.9
206
Mindanao,
Philippines
7.0
125.0
6.0
39
New I eland egion,
PNG
-3.6
152.5
6.0
10
Fiji Islands egion
-17.7
178.4
5.8
526
Solomon Islands
-9.6
160.2
5.8
60
San a C uz Islands
-10.7
165.8
5.7
10
Ku il Islands
49.0
156.5
5.6
36
No he n Chile
-22.9
-70.0
5.5
10
Tu key
39.0
35.0
5.0
10
Sco ia Sea
-60.0
-45.0
5.0
10
[Fig.1: The Gene alised Magni ude o he Ea hquake
Wi hin he S udy Time]
[Fig.2: An Example o 2 Mon hs o Seismic Magni udes]
[Fig.3: An Example o a Poin Vec o Plo Display o 2
Mon hs o Seismic Da a]
As shown in Table 3, he ea hquakes in 2023 comp ise a
di e se mix, p ima ily in ec onically ac i e a eas associa ed
wi h subduc ion zones and complex pla e bounda ies. The
bigges was a magni ude 7.6 ea hquake nea he Tanimba
Islands in Indonesia on Janua y 9, occu ing a a dep h o
105 km, ypical o mega h us subduc ion ea hquakes. A
second de ail was a Magni ude 7.1 nea he Loyal y Islands
on May 20 a a shallow dep h o 36km, showing how
su ace loca ions a e a isk o s ong seismic shaking and
e en sunamis. O he in e es ing deep and abno mal
ea hquakes in he da a se include magni udes 6.9 along he
P ince Edwa d Islands, on May 21, which was unexpec ed
in a less ac i e egion, and deep- ocus ea hquakes, such as
magni ude 6.8 along he Ke madec Islands a 206 km dep h,
and a magni ude 5.8 in Fiji a 526 km dep h, showing he
aspec o ac i e subduc ion p ocesses deep in he ea h’s
c us . Subs an ial ec onic adjus men s we e mani es ed
h oughou he yea in mode a e ea hquakes (magni udes
5.0- 5.7). In gene al, seismic ac i i y his yea shows he
complica ed and di e se cha ac e o he ec onic sys ems o
ou plane in a ious a eas.
In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
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DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
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Table III: Key Ea hquake Loca ions
Da e
Magni ude
Dep h
(Km)
Loca ion
Desc ip ion
09/01/2023
7.6
105
Tanimba
Region,
Indonesia
La ge
subduc ion
quake
20/05/2023
7.1
36
Sou heas
o Loyal
Islands
Signi ican
quake nea
he
subduc ion
21/05/2023
6.9
10
P ince
Edwa d
Islands
Region
Shallow in
an unusual
zone
“
6.8
206
Ke madec
Islands,
NZ
Deep- ocus
subduc ion
e en
06/02/2023
5.8
526
Fiji
Islands
egion
In ense
ea hquake
Va ious
5.0 -5.7
Va ious
Mul iple
loca ions
Widesp ead
mode a e
seismic
ac i i y
[Fig.4: Wo ld Ea hquake Map Showing he Seismici y
(Online Colab. Resea ch. Google. Com)]
Table 4 displays he 2023 da a on ea hquakes, and
Figu es 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, which ha e a se ies o
ea hquakes wi h a combina ion o bo h mainshocks and
umbles, p ima ily concen a ed in zones o ec onic ac i i y
and a ew misa ibu ed o isola ed sea ches. Jus i iably, a
s ong mainshock o magni ude 7.6 was eco ded on Janua y
9 h a a la i ude o -7.0 and longi ude 131.1, which was
ecognized as clus e 0. This ea hquake p oduced a leas
one majo a e shock o magni ude 5.5 on Janua y 10 h, a a
nea by loca ion and ime, which is ypical o he a e shock
ac i i y ha ollows a la ge ea hquake. I is he same case
wi h he occu ences o he seconda y mainshock o 6.0 on
Ma ch 7 h, la . 7.0 and long. 125.0 (clus e 1) as well as o
subsequen mainshocks o 5.2 and 5.0 on Ma ch 7 h and 8 h,
espec i ely, which we e expe ienced wi h he same seismic
sequence modes. These mainshock-a e shock pai ings
emphasise s anda d p ocessing in he unc ional zones o
ac i e subduc ion and aul zones, whe e locally ini ia ed
s ess adjus men igge s se e al associa ed e en s.
On he con a y, se e al e en s a e no iden i ied in any
clus e (ma ked clus e -1), and hey a e a magni ude 7.1
quake on May 20 h a la i ude -20.0 and longi ude 167.0,
and a 6.8 magni ude quake on May 21s a la i ude -46.6 and
longi ude 37.8. The ac ha hey a e isola ed in clus e ing
analysis indica es hey could no ha e a se o well- imed o
well-loca ed associa ed o eshocks o a e shocks. I
he e o e migh indica e ei he un ela ed o independen
seismic ac i i y o incomple e da a- ela ed associa ions.
Likewise, a smalle magni ude 4.9 occu ence on June 1s a
la i ude 35.0, longi ude 70.0 is no associa ed wi h any
clus e . On he whole, his da ase displays a complex
seismic ield wi h dis inc majo shock- o-a e shock
sequences coexis ing wi h sca e ed, possibly independen
ea hquakes, suppo ing he inconsis en and
geog aphically/ egionally a ying aspec s o ea hquake
occu ence and clus e ing mechanics.
Table IV: Showing he Da e, Time, Magni ude,
Longi ude, La i ude, Clus e , and Ca ego y o he
Seismic Shocks
Da e
Time
Magni
ude
La i u
de
Longi
ude
Clus
e
Ca ego y
20/05/2
023
01:51:
01
7.1
-20.0
167.0
-1
Un ecogni
zed
21/05/2
023
14:56:
45
6.8
-46.6
37.8
-1
Un ecogni
zed
01/06/2
023
10:00:
00
4.9
35.0
70.0
-1
Un ecogni
zed
09/01/2
023
17:47:
35
7.6
-7.0
131.1
0
Mainshoc
k
10/01/2
023
12:00:
00
5.5
-7.1
131.0
0
A e shoc
k
07/03/2
023
06:02:
34
6.0
7.0
125.0
1
Mainshoc
k
07/03/2
023
08:00:
00
5.2
7.2
125.4
1
A e shoc
k
08/03/2
023
07:00:
00
5.0
6.9
124.9
1
A e shoc
k
[Fig.5: An Example o he S a is ical Dis ibu ion o
he Seismic Da a]
Seismic S a ion RA086 S a is ical Analysis o Ea hquake Da a Using Shake Ne and G aphe on he Global Seismic
Ac i i y: Analyzing Ea hquake Pa e ns, Clus e ing, and Implica ions o Haza d Assessmen
28
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DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
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(a) (b)
(b) (d)
[Fig.8: (a) Da a om ShakeNe Showing Display o Seismic Da a, (b) 7.1 Magni ude om Sou heas Loyal y Islands, (c)
7.0 Magni ude om Ke madec Island Region, and (d) 6.8 Magni ude om P ince Edwa d Islands Region]
[Fig.6: Rose Plo s o he Seismic Signals]
[Fig.7: Vec o Plo s o he Seismic Signals]
[Fig.9: The S onges Magni ude o 7.6 Reco ded by
S a ion RBD 70 Happened a he Tanimba Islands
Region o Indonesia a a Dep h o 105km a Exac ly
17:47:35 on 09/01/2023]
In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
29
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(a)
(b)
[Fig.10: (a) The G ea Ascending Ea hquake and (b)
The Vec o Plo o he G ea Ascending Ea hquake]
[Fig.11: The Q-Q Plo o he G ea Ea hquake]
[Fig.12: Display o he 7.6 Magni ude Shown by he US
Geological Su ey (USGS) (In e ne 2024)]
I is obse ed in he ea hquake da ase in he yea 2023
ha he e is a lo o seismic ac i i y ha is cen ed mainly
a ound ec onically ac i e places, which a e well-known,
like he Paci ic Ring o Fi e, which includes he Fiji Islands
egion, Indonesia, he Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and
Eas Timo Figu e 11. I has expe ienced ea hquakes
anging om mode a e (app oxima ely 5.0) o e y s ong
(up o 7.6), he la ges being a 7.6 on he 9 h o Janua y nea
he Tanimba Islands o Indonesia. They ange om e y
shallow (usually less han 10 km) o e y deep (o e 500
km), depending on he a ious ec onic p ocesses (bo h
shallow c us al aul s and deepe subduc ion zone
ea hquakes). Mos o he e en s occu along aul zones and
subduc ion enches, indica ing ac i e ec onic collision in
hese egions. The ime dis ibu ion sugges s agg ega ed
bu s s o ac i i y, as e idenced a he beginning o Ma ch
and May 2023, wi h possible sequences o o eshocks and
a e shocks.
Rega ding seismic haza d, he magni ude, dep h, and
iming o he da a can help in e p e ea hquake pa e ns and
iden i y po en ial isk a eas. Big boulde ea hquakes occu
qui e o en a inclined dep hs, which a e highly dange ous
because he ene gy eleased in subduc ion zones and
shallow ea hquakes can p oduce s ong su ace ib a ions.
The di e ences in dis ance, along wi h he p esence o deep-
ocus ea hquakes in egions such as Fiji, also illus a e he
mul iplexi y o he geodynamic p ocesses in ol ed. The
echniques unde conside a ion a e ime-se ies analysis and
da a clus e ing, which enable he iden i ica ion o g oups o
ela ed ea hquakes and he dis inc ion be ween mainshocks,
o eshocks, and a e shocks based on hei spa io empo al
p oximi y and magni ude ela ionships. The classi ica ion
helps unde s and seismic sequences, which is essen ial o
be e eal- ime ea hquake isk assessmen and
p epa edness decisions.
IV. DISCUSSION
The pape unde conside a ion is an in-dep h analysis o
he ea hquake scena io obse ed in any egion o he wo ld
in 2023, which is, i s o all, based on he esul s o he
ac i e seismological s a ion RA086 in he ci y o Sidney on
he island o ha name, as well as ShakeNe and G aphe
so wa e wi h which he esul s a e p ocessed. The
discussion o 5,224 seismic e en s p o ides ex ensi e
explana ions o he spa ial sepa a ion, empo al occu ence,
size, dep h ange, and concen a ion pa e ns o ea hquakes
wo ldwide, especially in ec onically ac i e egions such as
he Paci ic Ring o Fi e. One ou come is ha a signi ican
magni ude 7.6 ea hquake occu ed a he Tanimba Islands,
Indonesia, on Janua y 9, 2023, a an in e media e dep h o
105 km, wi hin a ec onically complex subduc ion zone.
This occu ence is a good example o wha a high-
sensi i i y, well-si ua ed ea h s a ion like RA086 (wi h a
dis ance o he sou ce exceeding 11000km) can obse e and
cha ac e ise du ing o al seismic acking. The ea hquake
da a epo ed in his ange show signi ican a ia ions in
magni udes, anging om mode a e (25- 5.0) o cons uc i e
as (7.6) and dep hs, s a ing wi h deep c us al ea hquakes
(25 10 km) and ex ending down o e y deep- ocus
ea hquakes (g ea e han 500 km in a eas such as Fiji). The
complexi y o geodynamic p ocesses, including c us al
aul ing and subduc ion dynamics, is e iden a his scale.
In e es ingly, he ac ha deep- ocus ea hquakes occu jus
indica es he ac i e
subduc ion and man le
in e ac ions, which do no
e u e he cu en bodies o
Seismic S a ion RA086 S a is ical Analysis o Ea hquake Da a Using Shake Ne and G aphe on he Global Seismic
Ac i i y: Analyzing Ea hquake Pa e ns, Clus e ing, and Implica ions o Haza d Assessmen
30
Published By:
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and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
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DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
knowledge o he geophysical communi y ha deep
seismici y e ec i ely ela es o he dynamics o he slab’s
descen in subduc ion zones. The o he impo an
obse a ion is ha he seismic e en s a e clus e ed o e
ime. The da a ep esen incidences o high seismic ac i i y,
speci ically bu s sessions in ea ly Ma ch and May 2023,
du ing which many mainshock-a e shock se ies occu ed.
The clus e ing analysis dis inguishes be ween known
clus e s (sequences o he mainshocks ha in ol ed
o eshocks and a e shocks) cha ac e is ic o ac i e
subduc ion zones and isola ed seismic e en s ha may be
isola ed o indica i e o da a gaps. This di e ence plays a
undamen al ole in eal- ime ea hquake isk e alua ion and
p edic ion, as he pa e n o s ess elease can be de e mined
and egions a isk o a e shocks iden i ied.
In haza d e ms, he esul s also show ha bo h shallow
and deep seismic p ocesses should be ca e ully moni o ed.
Ea hquakes close o he su ace a e mo e likely o cause
damage, as hei g ound shaking can be in ense. In con as ,
deep ea hquakes can be signi ican , a ec ing p ocesses
deep in he Ea h and possibly in luencing seismic haza d
h ough in e ac ions wi h complex s esses. The spa ial
dis ibu ion ha e ol es a ound ecognised ec onic ho
spo s such as Indonesia, he Sou h Paci ic, Papua New
Guinea, and some a eas o Sou h Ame ica suppo s models
o global seismici y, which co ela e high ea hquake
equency wi h ac i e pla e bounda ies and speci ic
subduc ion enches and ac u e zones. The pape 's
a gumen o he achie abili y o be e seismic moni o ing
and analysis me hods is qui e alid. The ShakeNe and
G aphe p og ams we e used o p o ide obus e en
iden i ica ion and desc ip ion. Howe e , he au ho s
ecommend a la ge ex ension o include mo e sophis ica ed
app oaches such as sequen ial clus e ing and online
desc ip i e modelling. These me hods a e also gaining wide
use in seismology and ha e he po en ial o enhance
p edic abili y by iden i ying ends in ea hquake se ies,
enabling isk assessmen and p epa edness. The esul s align
wi h he seismology li e a u e. The inadequacy o simple
Poisson models o p edic ea hquake occu ence and he
alue o clus e ing and s a is ical models in explaining
a e shock beha iou ha e been highligh ed by Ha sh
Mal iya (2025). Adding o his scheme a e he
in e dependencies among ec onic o ces, sola - e es ial
in luences, and c us al he e ogenei y, which make
ea hquake o ecas ing e en mo e complex (as obse ed in
he e iewed li e a u e). The end o mode n ea hquake
science is appa en in ecen de elopmen s in machine
lea ning, such as eal- ime magni ude es ima ion (e.g.,
PEGSNe o la ge ea hquakes), and in new physical
models, such as magne o-plas ici y. A key se back o he
esea ch is he eliance on da a om a single seismic s a ion,
which may limi he spa ial esolu ion and comple eness o
ea hquake de ec ion, po en ially a ec ing he
comp ehensi eness o he global seismic ac i i y analysis.
A. Summa y
The esea ch is a de ailed in es iga ion o he 2023
ea hquakes, as measu ed a he ac i e s a ion RA086 in he
ci y o São Tomé, using ShakeNe and G aphe so wa e o
analyse he da a. Consis ing o mo e han 5,200 eco ded
e en s, he indings indica e a wide ange o seismic ac i i y
wo ldwide, especially in ec onically ac i e egions such as
he Paci ic Ring o Fi e. Ea hquake s a is ics iden i y
ea hquakes anging om mino o e y la ge (7.6),
comp ising mode a e o la ge ea hquakes. In con as , he
occu ence o bo h seismic e en s and mainshock-a e shock
pai s is highly a iable and equi es con inuous moni o ing
a b oad scales, bo h shallow and deep.
V. CONCLUSION
The esul s poin o he ex eme necessi y o pe manen
seismic moni o ing and he de elopmen o mo e p ecise
analy ical ools o unde s and ea hquake pa e ns and isk
be e . The iden i ica ion o clus e ing ends and shallow-
deep in e ac ion can imp o e eal- ime haza d e alua ion
and p epa a ion plans. The s udy p o ides a classic example
o how he combina ion o p ecise da a a i s co e wi h
ad anced me hods o analysing in o ma ion can enhance ou
o ecas s and planning o be e manage he e ec s o
ea hquakes and p ope ly manage disas e isk in seismically
ac i e a eas a ound he globe. A key limi a ion o he s udy
is eliance on da a om a single seismic s a ion, which may
limi spa ial co e age and he abili y o ully de ec
ea hquakes, a ec ing he o e all unde s anding o global
seismic ac i i y. To imp o e he esea ch, inco po a ing da a
om mul iple s a ions wo ldwide, u ilising ad anced mul i-
s a ion and eal- ime da a in eg a ion, and applying machine
lea ning echniques can enhance spa ial esolu ion, de ec ion
accu acy, and p edic i e capabili ies.
DECLARATION STATEMENT
A e agg ega ing inpu om all au ho s, I mus e i y he
accu acy o he ollowing in o ma ion as he a icle's au ho .
▪ Con lic s o In e es / Compe ing In e es s: Based on
my unde s anding, his a icle has no con lic s o in e es .
▪ Funding Suppo : This a icle has no been unded by
any o ganiza ions o agencies. This independence
ensu es ha he esea ch is conduc ed wi h objec i i y
and wi hou any ex e nal in luence.
▪ E hical App o al and Consen o Pa icipa e: The
con en o his a icle does no necessi a e e hical
app o al o consen o pa icipa e wi h suppo ing
documen a ion.
▪ Da a Access S a emen and Ma e ial A ailabili y: The
adequa e esou ces o his a icle a e publicly accessible.
▪ Au ho ’s Con ibu ions: The au ho ship o his a icle
is con ibu ed equally o all pa icipa ing indi iduals.
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31
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K112812111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1128.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
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AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Mohammed Ali Ga ba was bo n in 1978 and hails om
Gwoza LGA o Bo no S a e, Nige ia. He a ended he
Fede al Uni e si y o Technology, Yola, o his i s
deg ee in Geology, g adua ing in 2000. He bagged his
M.Sc. deg ee in Applied Geophysics om he same
school in 2010. Also, he ea ned his PhD in Explo a ion
Geophysics om P es igious Cu in Uni e si y o Technology in Pe h,
Wes e n Aus alia, in 2018. He began lec u ing a Gombe S a e Uni e si y
in 2010, whe e he was p omo ed o he ank o Associa e P o esso in
Geophysics in 2024. Cu en ly, he has 16 In e na ional Publica ions. Also,
he is a o me le el ad ise and is now he Depa men al Examina ion
O ice o he Depa men o Geology, Gombe S a e Uni e si y. A e iewe
o Scien i ic Jou nals, amongs which a e he Asian Jou nal o Geog aphic
Resea ch and he Bima Jou nal o Science. He is also an Ex e nal Examine
a he Depa men o Geology in Adamawa S a e Uni e si y. He has
a ended bo h local and in e na ional con e ences and is also a membe o
a ious uni e si y commi ees and p o essional bodies, including ASEG,
COMEG, NAPE, and NMGS.
D . Ba ka Jona han, is an Associa e P o esso o
Applied Geophysics a he depa men o Geology Gombe
S a e Uni e si y, he is in o eaching and esea ch. He
holds a B. Tech in Applied Geology om ATBU, Bauchi,
and an M.Sc. and a PhD in Applied Geophysics om
MAUTech, Yola. His esea ch in e es s a e in he ields o G a i y,
Magne ics, Resis i i y and Radiome ics. He is ma ied and he union is
blessed wi h wo child en.
D . Edwin Yenika Mbiimbe was bo n in 1968 and hails
om he No hwes Region o Came oon. He a ended
Go e nmen High School, Kumbo, and ob ained GCE O-
Le el and A-Le el ce i ica es (1990). He a ended and
g adua ed om he Uni e si y o Jos, Nige ia, wi h a
B.Sc. deg ee in Geology and Mining (1995). Uni e si y o
Nige ia, Nsukka: Saw him h ough wi h an M.Sc. deg ee in Hyd ogeology
(2000). He ob ained a PhD in Applied Geology (Hyd ogeology&
En i onmen al Hyd ogeochemis y) om he Uni e si y o Maidugu i
(2024), Nige ia. He is cu en ly a Senio Lec u e in he Depa men o
Geology a Gombe S a e Uni e si y, whe e he has been a Lec u e since
2007. He is a e iewe o he Bima Jou nal o Science and Technology &
Jou nal o Applied Physical Science In e na ional. He is an ex e nal
examine a he Depa men o Wa e , Sani a ion, and Heal h a he
Uni e si y o Maidugu i, Nige ia. He is a membe o he ollowing
p o essional socie ies: MNMGS, MNAH, MNAPE, MNAEGE, MIAH,
MIMGA, and COMEG Regis e ed.
D . Kamu eyina Ezekiel holds a PhD in Applied
Geophysics (2022) om he Depa men o Geology a
he Fede al Uni e si y o Technology, Yola, Nige ia.
Cen al a ea o Resea ch: Applied Geophysics. His hesis:
Analysis o High Resolu ion Ae omagne ic and
Radiome ic Da a O e Soko o Basin and Adjoining
A eas, No hwes e n, Nige ia. And an M. Sc Applied
Geophysics (2007). Depa men o Geology, Fede al Uni e si y o
Technology, Yola, Nige ia. Cen al a ea o Resea ch: Applied Geophysics.
Disse a ion: Analysis o Ae omagne ic Da a o e Ga kida and En i ons,
No heas e n, Nige ia. P o essional Diploma in Educa ion (PDE) (2014),
Ins i u e o Educa ion, Ahmadu Bello Uni e si y, Za ia, Nige ia. NYSC
(2002). Depa men o Wo ks, Shaga i Local Go e nmen Sec e a ia ,
Soko o S a e, Nige ia. B. Tech (Hons) Geology (2000). Depa men o
Geology, Fede al Uni e si y o Technology, Yola, Nige ia. Thesis: Aspec s
o Bios a ig aphy and En i onmen o Deposi ion o Numanha Shale along
Aya se S eam in Guyuk Sub-Basin o Yola-A m o he Uppe Benue
T ough, No heas e n, Nige ia.
Mus a a Ali Ga ba was bo n in 1983 and hails om
Gwoza LGA in Bo no S a e, Nige ia. He a ended
Gadamayo P ima y School in Gwoza and ob ained he
Fi s Lea ing Ce i ica e in 1985. He hen a ended
Go e nmen Day Senio Seconda y School, Gwoza, and
ob ained his SSCE in 1991. He la e a ended he
Uni e si y o Maidugu i o his Fi s Deg ee in Physics in 2020. And a
Pos g adua e Diploma in Physics om Baye o Uni e si y, Kano, Nige ia,
in 2022. He bagged his M.Sc. deg ee in Physics om he Uni e si y o
Maidugu i in 2024. He s a ed eaching a Go e nmen Day Senio
Seconda y School, Gwoza, in 2021. Cu en ly, he has 2 In e na ional
Publica ions.
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and
da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he
indi idual au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o he Blue
Eyes In elligence Enginee ing and Sciences Publica ion
(BEIESP)/ jou nal and/o he edi o (s). The Blue Eyes
In elligence Enginee ing and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods,
ins uc ions, o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
