In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
32
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K113112111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1131.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
The Cos ly Jou nals Index: An Impo ance o
Fu u e Resea ch
V Ajay Sa ma, G Thippanna, R Nagesh, B Chand a Sekha
Abs ac : Inc eased cha ging om publishe s and access poin s
o da abases like Scopus, Web o Science, and e en PubMed is
bound o change he economic dynamics o in o ma ion
dissemina ion and i s a o dabili y. The Cos ly Jou nals Index
(CJI) is in oduced in he a icle as a me hod o de e mining he
cos s o au ho s and hei ins i u ions o publishing. I in eg a es
quan i a i e and quali a i e analysis o hemes such as a icle
p ocessing, subsc ip ions, au ho paymen s, and uni e si y
budge s wo ldwide. The s udy o hese dimensions e eals
inequi ies, academics' pa icipa ion and con ibu ions, and/o
shi s in he esea ch's ocus. The au ho analyses he ela ionship
be ween he cos o publishing esea ch and i s impac . The
esea ch showed ha g ea e esul s a e no ied o highe
publishing cos s. The au ho e iews he implica ions o such a
s udy o u u e esea ch, o esea ch on academic publishing, o
he CJI's impac on open access, and o he e ec s o he
Nepo ism Index in academic discou se. I emphasises he need o
balance equi y and p es ige and o egula e inequi able access
while sus aining he he e ogenei y, o iginali y, and au hen ici y o
he esea ch. The p ima y objec i es a e o b oaden access o
esea ch o all, no jus he p i ileged, and o inspi e mo e
publishe s o/adop such a model.
Keywo ds: Expensi e Index o Jou nals, Open Index o
Jou nals, Impac Fac o Rega ding he Jou nals.
Nomencla u e:
CJI: Cos ly Jou nals Index
I. INTRODUCTION
The e is no doub ha academics alue esea ch pape s.
They se e o exchange new ideas, build collabo a ions, ins il
con idence in academic endea ou s, and imp o e easoning
and w i ing skills. Mo eo e , he dissemina ion o esea ch
indings leads o new ideas, socially ele an public policies,
new unding oppo uni ies, and ca ee ad ancemen . Cu en
esea ch p ac ices enable indi iduals and ins i u ions o
ob ain and e ain c i ical schola ly in o ma ion. This p ac ice
Manusc ip ecei ed on 25 Oc obe 2025 | Re ised Manusc ip
ecei ed on 07 No embe 2025 | Manusc ip Accep ed on 15
No embe 2025 | Manusc ip published on 30 No embe 2025.
*Co espondence Au ho (s)
V Ajay Sa ma, Assis an P o esso , Depa men o CSE, D KV
Subba eddy Ins i u e o Technology, Opp. Dupadu Railway S a ion, Ku nool
(Andh a P adesh), India. Email ID: ajaysha [email protected]
D . G Thippanna*, P o esso , Depa men o CSE – AIML, D KV
Subba eddy Ins i u e o Technology, Ku nool (Andh a P adesh), India.
Email ID: g [email protected], ORCID ID: 0009-0009-6964-246X
R Nagesh, Assis an P o esso , Depa men o CSE -AIML, D KV
Subba eddy Ins i u e o Technology, Ku nool (Andh a P adesh), India.
Email ID: nagesh. [email protected]
D . B Chand a Sekha , Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Ma hema ics,
S . Joseph’s Deg ee College, Ku nool (Andh a P adesh), India. Email ID:
chand a002[email p o ec ed]om
© The Au ho s. Published by Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing and
Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP). This is an open-access a icle unde he
CC-BY-NC-ND license h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
is, in many ins ances, ied o one’s inancial capaci y. Fo
academics, uni e si ies, and lib a ies in low- and middle-
income egions o he wo ld, he ising cos s o jou nal
subsc ip ions and publishing pose signi ican challenges,
calling in o ques ion he global sys ems o equi y and
sus ainabili y in schola ly publishing. Financial esou ces
con inue o shape he publishing esea ch en i onmen and
he accessibili y o knowledge. The Cos ley Jou nals Index
can help ins i u ions, unding bodies, and policymake s in
decisions on jou nal subsc ip ions, publishe nego ia ions,
and open-access al e na i es [1][2]. Mos impo an ly, he
Index s imula es discou se on publishing e hics and he need
o build equi y in o esea ch sys ems. The Cos ley Jou nals
Index highligh s he need o u u e esea ch o achie e a
balance be ween high-quali y esea ch and low cos . I also
highligh s he need o a ocus on he economics o schola ly
communica ion.
A. E ec on Upcoming S udies
i. Imp o ed ways o Measu ing Educa ional Equi y:
Resea ch sponso s, academic ins i u ions, and
go e nmen o icials can quickly iden i y i he cu en
publica ion sys em un ai ly bene i s esea che s and
ins i u ions wi h mo e unding. The academic sec o
can se he bes assessmen no ms ha p omo e open
access and cheape publica ion op ions, bu CJI does
no like ha .
ii. Implica ions o Policy
▪Funding o ganiza ions may ee alua e hei g an
p og ams and explo e collec ing publica ion cos s,
especially o academics om low- and middle-
income na ions.
▪Publishe s may ace p essu e o p o ide lexible
p icing, a o dable op ions, o exemp ions o
esea che s wi h limi ed budge s [3].
▪Uni e si ies may modi y hei enu e o p omo ion
s anda ds o include a b oade ange o pe iodicals.
This consis s o hose ha ing a high impac o an
excellen epu a ion, as well as hose ha a e
simple o use and inexpensi e.
iii. P omo ing Open Access and O he Publishing
Op ions. The CJI can suppo he es ablishmen o
open-access jou nals, p ep in a chi es, and
ins i u ional eposi o ies, o e en he
Diamond/Pla inum OA models in which au ho s pay
no ees. I can demons a e ha high cos s do no
necessa ily mean g ea e impac and migh encou age
mo e people o adop hese al e na i es.
i . Illus a ing he Nega i e Consequences o Funding
Biases. The mos expensi e jou nals end o come
om weal hy coun ies,
and his can lead o he
publica ion o less
ep esen a i e ma e ial
The Cos ly Jou nals Index: An Impo ance o Fu u e Resea ch
33
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K113112111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1131.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
o e en he omission o ci a ions. CJI can help
illumina e he consequences o hese biases and
encou age u u e esea ch ha migh examine he
language, economic, and geog aphic ac o s ha bias
esea ch globally [9].
. P omo ing Openness and Da a-D i en Change.
Publishing and sha ing s anda d da a cos s, indexing
s a us, accep ance a es, and ci a ion impac will
become essen ial. The CJI amewo k should
encou age publishe s and jou nals o be mo e willing
o p o ide his da a.
i. Helping o imp o e publica ion decisions ha ea ly-
ca ee esea che s wi h limi ed inancial esou ces
encoun e would be bene icial o CJI. The ealiza ion
ha high p iced wo k does no co ela e wi h g ea e
ocus o espec may help al e he pe asi e iew ha
wo k should be inanced.
ii. Long-Te m Consequences on he Sp ead o
Knowledge. CJI can ad oca e o mo e accessible
sys ems o educe he long- e m consequences o high
p ices on he publica ion and eading o ma e ial,
including s agna ing scien i ic p og ess, inc easing
inequali y, and na owing academic discou se.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Wha ollows is a b ie li e a u e e iew, o ganized by
coun y and egion, ha highligh s signi ican indings and
changes wi h espec o policies and li e a u e conce ning
jou nal cos s [7]; ansi ions o open access, APCs and
wai e s, and subsc ip ions by lib a ies. I conside ed all he
majo pa s o he globe — No h Ame ica, Eu ope, Asia,
La in Ame ica, A ica, and Oceania — as well as Canada. Fo
each coun y, I documen : (a) p incipal issues ha ha e
eme ged in he li e a u e, (b) an illus a i e policy, ini ia i e,
o piece o esea ch, and (c) a b ie no e on how i connec s
wi h a Cos ly Jou nals Index (CJI).
A. Uni ed S a es (USA)
i. Deba e o e high subsc ip ion and APC cos s; mo es
o limi publishe cha ges o publicly unded
esea ch.
ii. Lib a ies con inuing o cancel “big deal” packages
while nego ia ing ans o ma i e ag eemen s.
▪ Rep esen a i e I ems
iii. NIH announced a policy o cap publishe ees o
ede ally unded esea ch (e ec i e FY2026), aimed
a con olling APCs.
i . Pe iodicals p ice su eys show comme cial publishe s
con inue o cha ge much highe a e age p ices pe
jou nal han uni e si y p esses.
. CJI implica ion: USA policy shi s (e.g., ee caps) a e
likely o a ec he global APC ma ke and would be a
signi ican ac o in any CJI weigh ing o policy
p essu e and p ice con ols.
B. Uni ed Kingdom & Eu opean Union (UK / EU)
i. S ong policy push o open access (Plan S in luence
ac oss he EU).
ii. Na ional nego ia ions and ans o ma i e ag eemen s
( ead-and-publish) domina e he li e a u e.
▪ Rep esen a i e I ems
iii. Ge many’s P ojec DEAL and o he na ional
ans o ma i e ag eemen s a e o en ci ed as a model
(o cau iona y example) o la ge-scale na ional deals
wi h publishe s.
▪ CJI Implica ion: Eu opean coun y indica o s o
CJI should include he p esence/absence o na ional
ans o ma i e ag eemen s and he pe cen age o
publica ions co e ed by “ ead & publish” deals.
C. Ge many
i. Ea ly and high-p o ile adop ion o ans o ma i e
ag eemen s (P ojec DEAL).
ii. Focus on shi ing paymen s om subsc ip ion o OA
publishing ia la ge con ac s.
▪ Rep esen a i e I em
iii. P ojek DEAL ag eemen s wi h majo publishe s (e.g.,
Else ie ) o suppo OA publishing o Ge man
au ho s.
▪ CJI Implica ion: Ge many’s policy educes some
access ba ie s domes ically bu may shi cos s (and
epo e me ics). CJI should measu e ne public cos
s. openness achie ed.
D. India (Sou h Asia)
i. Ac i e deba e abou na ional subsc ip ion s a egies
(e.g., “One Na ion One Subsc ip ion”) and
a o dabili y o he la ge, di e se highe -educa ion
sec o .
ii. Communi y publishing and open-access ad ocacy a e
s ong, bu APCs s ill ace inancial challenges.
▪ Rep esen a i e I em: Acco ding o c i ical
e alua ions, India's "One Na ion One Subsc ip ion"
migh inc ease public spending and bene i publishe s,
bu i o e s a sligh ad an age o widesp ead access.
▪ CJI Implica ion: Equi y measu es (pe - esea che
cos , co e age, and dis ibu ional implica ions) should
be included in CJI o na ions wi h la ge popula ions
and nume ous ins i u ions.
E. China (Eas Asia)
Inc easing publishing capabili y a home, con lic ing iews
on open access, and li ely edi o ial deba es on he shi o
open access.
i. The e is a na ional goal o inc ease esea ch ou pu s, bu
di e en uni e si ies ace di e en publica ion
ca ego ies [3].
▪ Rep esen a i e I em: Resea ch and su eys o
edi o s examine he edi o ial posi ions o Chinese
jou nals on open access and he adop ion a e.
▪ Implica ions o CJI: China's CJI componen should
capi alise on he ise in domes ic publishing, na ional
incen i es, and he g owing sha e o o eign
subsc ibe s.
F. La in Ame ica and B azil
Conce ns ega ding he absence o wai e s o discoun s
om in e na ional publishe s o middle-income na ions, he
lack o a obus egional open-
access in as uc u e (SciELO,
Redalyc), and lowe APC
In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
34
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K113112111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1131.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
le els compa ed o se e al high-income coun ies.
▪ Rep esen a i e I ems
i. Acco ding o s udies, a e age APCs in B azil a e a
lowe han hose elsewhe e ( o ins ance, a ound USD
250 compa ed o USD 840 globally), and access and
wai e issues a e no ed.
▪ CJI Implica ion: La in Ame ican na ions ha use
egional OA pla o ms end o ha e highe access-pe -
dolla sco es; hence, CJI should inco po a e a " egional
OA in as uc u e" componen .
G. Sub-Saha an A ica and Sou h A ica
i. Lib a y unding is limi ed; open access is expanding,
bu he e is no coo dina ion o na ional OA policies.
ii. The li e a u e emphasizes he c ea ion o na ional
policies, exemp ion access, and capaci y building.
iii. Rep esen a i e opic
i . E alua ions o open access in Sou h A ica indica e
long- e m s uc u al ba ie s o i s expansion and he
lack o a single na ional OA s a egy.
▪ Implica ions o CJI: CJI should include p opo ional
access measu es (pe capi a esea che access), discoun
ules, and he a ailabili y o exemp ions in low- esou ce
a eas.
H. Aus alia & New Zealand (Oceania)
i. The e is a na ional deba e on inancial ealloca ion o
open access models and he high ins i u ional cos o
la ge publishe s.
ii. Na ional science leade ship's ecommenda ions o
de eloping easily na igable na ional open access
pla o ms.
▪ Rep esen a i e I em
iii. Repo s and commen a y no ing ~USD $1B annually
spen by Aus alian ins i u ions on majo comme cial
publishe s and ad ocacy o a wo ld- i s na ional OA
lib a y.
▪ CJI Implica ion: Aus alia is an ins uc i e example o
high public spending; o CJI, include o al na ional
ins i u ional spending as a p ima y indica o .
I. Canada
i. Mixed p og ess on OA; ins i u ions nego ia ing
ans o ma i e ag eemen s and suppo ing diamond
OA p ojec s.
ii. Lib a y su eys show subsc ip ion declines a e
g adual and OA sha e is slowly inc easing.
▪ Rep esen a i e I em
iii. Re iews and ins i u ional epo s ou line he OA
landscape and he g adual decline in subsc ip ion-only
a icles.
▪ Implica ions o CJI: Based on Canada's his o y, CJI
needs o ake ins i u ional nego ia ion esul s and he
p opo ion o a icles ha ha e been ende ed open
access o e ime in o accoun .
J. In e na ional and C oss-Na ional Syn hesis
i. In e na ional esea ch highligh s ha ma ke
concen a ion (a ew majo comme cial publishe s)
causes high a e age p icing, ha exemp ions a e
implemen ed inconsis en ly, and ha APCs a y
g ea ly.
ii. P ice su eys and syn hesis epo s demand " ai
p icing" o public access as well as openness on
publishe expenses.
K. Rep esen a i e I ems
i. Pe iodic p ice su eys and syn hesis epo s ha de ail
publica ion p icing, cos pe ci a ion, and demands o
open cos models.
▪ Implica ions o CJI: The ollowing elemen s should
be included in a s ong CJI: (1) a e age jou nal
subsc ip ion cos s pe na ion (o conso ium); (2)
accessibili y o APCs and wai e s; (3) OA ou pu
sha e; (4) na ional policy le e s (caps/ ans o ma i e
ag eemen s); and (5) ins i u ional expendi u es pe
esea che .
L. Resea ch App oach
The CJI assesses he inancial bu den academics ace when
publishing hei wo k, in ela ion o he quali y and
accessibili y o he jou nal. I helps o de e mine how
equi able and sus ainable he global publishing en i onmen
is, aking in o accoun bo h open-access [5] ends and he
ising cos s o publishing and subsc ip ions.
An examina ion o he publica ions om 2020 o 2025 ends
in:
i. A icle P ocessing Cha ges (APCs)
ii. Subsc ip ion P ice Index [4]
iii. Open Access (OA) Sha e
i . A e age Impac Fac o [8]
. CJI (Cos ly Jou nals Index)
The analysis highligh s ha while open access inc eases, he
cos s o au ho s [6] and ins i u ions con inue o ise, keeping
schola ly publishing o e all expensi e.
A comp ehensi e, sel -con ained da a deli e y (2020–
2025) is p o ided below, including wo g aphs, ables, and a
b ie explana ion o he me hodology and esul s.
Table I: Jou nal Publishing Subsc ip ion o he Yea
2020-2025
Yea
Median
APC
(USD)
Subsc ip ion
P ice Index
(Base
100=2020)
Open
Access
Sha e
(%)
A e age
Impac
Fac o
Cos ly
Jou nals
Index
(CJI)
2020
2,500
100
28
3.00
26.99
2021
2,800
104
33
3.05
28.20
2022
2,648
108
36
3.10
27.04
2023
2,700
113
38
3.15
27.15
2024
2,850
117
40
3.18
27.87
2025
2,950
124
42
3.20
28.62
APC_no m = median APC / max (APC ac oss yea s)
Sub_no m = subsc ip ion p ice index / max (index
ac oss yea s)
OA_no m = OA sha e / 100
CJI_ aw = 0.5 * APC_no m + 0.3 * Sub_no m +
0.2 * (1 - OA_no m)
CJI = (CJI_ aw / A g_Impac _Fac o ) * 100
The Cos ly Jou nals Index: An Impo ance o Fu u e Resea ch
35
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K113112111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1131.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
Table II: Va ious P ocesso s o Pay o Jou nal Publica ion
Va iable
Desc ip ion
Impac on Cos liness
Median APC
(USD)
The a e age ee au ho s pay
o publish open-access
a icles.
↑ Highe APC = Mo e
cos ly publishing.
Subsc ip ion
P ice Index
Rep esen s ins i u ional
lib a y subsc ip ion cos s
(base 100 = 2020).
↑ Highe index = Mo e
expensi e jou nal access.
Open Access
Sha e (%)
Pe cen age o a icles
a ailable eely.
↓ Mo e OA = Lowe cos
ba ie s.
A e age Impac
Fac o
Jou nal quali y p oxy
(ci a ions pe pape ).
↓ Highe impac = Be e
alue pe cos .
CJI (Cos ly
Jou nals Index)
Composi e sco e o o e all
publishing cos liness,
adjus ed o accessibili y and
impac .
↑ Highe CJI = G ea e
inancial bu den.
G aph 1: APC and Subsc ip ion P ice T ends Du ing
2020-2025
G aph 2: Cos ly Jou nals Index (CJI) T end Du ing
2020-2025
G aph 3: Open Access and Impac Fac o T end Du ing
2020-2025
III. CONCLUSION
Due o subsc ip ion-based publica ion, ins i u ions and
academics ace ____. An example o he limi ed access o
scien i ic knowledge is he publica ion de ici be ween 2020
and 2025 and he consis en ly inc easing a es. This
inc eased endency unde sco es he need o s a egic jou nal
selec ion, unding a ionalisa ion, and he p omo ion o open
access publishing. Resea ch on o ganisa ions ha suppo he
CJI can be acili a ed. This is he i s ins ance o he CJI
add essing he p essu es on academic publishing inances and
he need o guide on main aining he public a ailabili y o
quali y esea ch. I is a ool o business and educa ion o
bo h he CJI and he publishe s. The CJI add esses he need
o publishe s o sugges al e na i e publishing op ions,
acili a e publishing in he jou nals hey manage, and inc ease
publishing e enues o he ins . and o help hem manage
publishing cos s. The CJI explains he economics o academic
knowledge dissemina ed h ough hei sugges ed publishing
op ions. Highly indexed, cos ly, ci able jou nals ha con ol
access o esea ch and expe ise a e ana hema o academics
in de eloping coun ies because hey impose limi s on access
in ela ion o publica ion cos s p esen ed o ins i u es. This
also emphasises he hiding o wo k wi h scien i ic alue when
i is no published in a popula jou nal. Tha ecogni ion and
publica ion de e mine he academic wo h o he esea che .
DECLARATION STATEMENT
A e agg ega ing inpu om all au ho s, I mus e i y he
accu acy o he ollowing in o ma ion as he a icle's au ho .
▪ Con lic s o In e es / Compe ing In e es s: Based on
my unde s anding, his a icle has no con lic s o in e es .
▪ Funding Suppo : This a icle has no been unded by
any o ganiza ions o agencies. This independence ensu es
ha he esea ch is conduc ed wi h objec i i y and wi hou
any ex e nal in luence.
▪ E hical App o al and Consen o Pa icipa e: The
con en o his a icle does no necessi a e e hical app o al
o consen o pa icipa e wi h suppo ing documen a ion.
▪ Da a Access S a emen and Ma e ial A ailabili y: The
adequa e esou ces o his a icle a e publicly accessible.
▪ Au ho s' Con ibu ions: The au ho ship o his a icle is
con ibu ed equally o all pa icipa ing indi iduals.
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In e na ional Jou nal o In en i e Enginee ing and Sciences (IJIES)
ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-11, No embe 2025
36
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe : 100.1/ijies.K113112111125
DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1131.12111125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijies.o g
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AUTHOR’S PROFILES
M . Vanam Ajay Sa ma is wo king as an Assis an
P o esso in K.V. Subba Reddy Ins i u e o Technology,
Ku nool, Andh a P adesh. He comple ed his M. Tech wi h
Fi s Class and Dis inc ion om Pullaiah College o
Enginee ing and Technology, Ku nool. He has p esen ed
a con e ence pape on “Ene gy S o age Sys em using
Digi al Twins wi h AI and IoT.”. He has good eaching expe ience and has
pa icipa ed in se e al semina s, wo kshops, and acul y de elopmen
p og ams. His a eas o in e es a e no speci ic, bu he has subs an ial
knowledge in Disc e e Ma hema ics, Objec -O ien ed P og amming h ough
Ja a, C P og amming, DBMS, SQL, and Compu e Ne wo ks.
D . G. Tippanna, P o esso , o CSE - AIML, D KV
Subba eddy Ins i u e o Technology, Ku nool, Andh a
P adesh. He ecei ed his PhD in CS & T in 2016 wi h he
hesis “E icien app oach o image enc yp ion and
comp ession using symme ic c yp og aphy echniques”
om S i K ishnade a aya Uni e si y, Anan apu , Andh a
P adesh, India. He has 17 yea s o eaching expe ience in a ious ins i u ions.
He has a ended se e al na ional and in e na ional semina s, wo kshops,
FDPs, and con e ences since 2012. He has published mo e han 80 pape s in
na ional and in e na ional jou nals in a ious ields, especially in image
p ocessing, AI, and big da a echnologies. 5 PhDs ha e been awa ded, and 3
PhDs a e unde way unde his guidance. I don' ha e any pa icula a eas o
in e es , bu I y o lea n as much as I can. Bu I ha e mainly augh subjec s
in Big Da a Technologies, Image P ocessing, Ope a ing Sys ems, Compu e
Ne wo ks, A i icial In elligence, Machine Lea ning, Da a Science,
C yp og aphy, Ne wo k Secu i y, and So wa e Enginee ing.
R. Nagesh, Assis an P o esso o CSE, in D K. V.
Subba eddy Ins i u e o Technology, Ku nool, Andh a
P adesh. I ha e 9 yea s o eaching expe ience ac oss
di e en ins i u ions, eaching subjec s including so wa e
enginee ing, compu e ne wo ks, objec -o ien ed
p og amming, da abase managemen sys ems, ad anced
da a s uc u es, algo i hms and analysis, ope a ing sys ems, In elligence,
in o ma ion e ie al sys ems, e c.
D . B. Chand a Sekha , Assis an P o esso , Depa men
o Ma hema ics, wo king in S . Joseph’s Deg ee College,
Ku nool. Recei ed a PhD awa d om GITAM Uni e si y,
Visakhapa nam, Andh a P adesh, India, in Ma ch 2025. Did
a PhD in Fluid dynamics and has o e 17 yea s o eaching
expe ience a unde g adua e and pos g adua e le els. Wi h
ac i e esea ch expe ience, I ha e a ended con e ences, p esen ed pape s
and published se e al esea ch pape s in epu ed in e na ional jou nals.
Resea ch in e es s ocus on MHD lows, Nano luids h ough po ous media,
and he mal enginee ing applica ions.
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and
da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he
indi idual au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o he Blue
Eyes In elligence Enginee ing and Sciences Publica ion
(BEIESP)/ jou nal and/o he edi o (s). The Blue Eyes
In elligence Enginee ing and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods,
ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
