In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Science and Enginee ing (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378 (Online), Volume-13 Issue-12, No embe 2025
23
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe :100.1/ijese.C053912031125
DOI:10.35940/ijese.C0539.13121125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijese.o g
Dis ibu ion and Pa hogen Va iabili y o Whea S em
Rus (Puccinia G aminis . sp. T i ici) in No h
Shewa o E hiopia
Webanchi Melkie Tilahun, Zelalem Bekako E ena
Abs ac : Whea s em us (Puccinia g aminis . sp. i ici) is he
mos des uc i e and de as a ing olia disease o whea , which
causes conside able yield losses. The objec i e o his s udy was o
assess he impo ance, dis ibu ion, and in ensi y (p e alence,
incidence, and se e i y) o whea s em us disease, and o de e mine
hei associa ions wi h biophysical ac o s, pa hogenic a iabili y,
and i ulence spec um in he No h Shewa zone o E hiopia. In 11
dis ic s, 64 ields we e assessed diagonally using 1 m × 1 m quad a s
a i e andom spo s. Acco ding o he su ey esul s, 87.5% o he
ields we e in ec ed wi h whea s em us . The highes mean disease
incidence (95%) and se e i y (68.33%) we e no ed a Minja
Shenko a, whe eas he lowes incidence (20%) and se e i y (13.69%)
we e a Basona We ana and Mo e na Ji u, espec i ely. Almos all
biophysical ac o s we e signi ican ly associa ed wi h whea s em
us epidemics (P < 0.001). Especially, ungicide applica ion plays a
signi ican ole in disease incidence and se e i y. F om he 31 mono-
pus ules/isola es, six aces (TKTTF, TTTTF, TTRTF, TKKTF,
TTKTT and TTKTF) we e iden i ied; ace TKKTF was he
p edominan one. Races TTKTT exhibi ed i ulence o 95% o he
s em us esis ance genes. Whea s em us was a se e e disease o
whea in he zones. I may cause signi ican economic losses i
suscep ible local cul i a s, Hidasse and Danda’a, we e con inued o
be g own in he a ea. A na ional su ey is ecommended o de elop
a disease dis ibu ion map and gene a e a clea pic u e o he disease
s a us o ea ly wa ning and disease deploymen . Implemen ing
in eg a ed disease managemen p ac ices and c ea ing o p omo ing
esis an whea a ie ies could be i al in mi iga ing he impac o he
s em us pa hogen and o he us diseases o whea . De eloping and
deploying s em us - esis an whea a ie ies h ough collabo a ion
be ween b eede s and pa hologis s is c i ical o p o ec smallholde
a me s.
Keywo ds: Disease in ensi y, Incidence, Race analysis, Vi ulence
Spec um.
Nomencla u e:
DP: Disease P e alence
DS: Disease Se e i y
Manusc ip ecei ed on 29 Oc obe 2025 | Fi s Re ised
Manusc ip ecei ed on 31 Oc obe 2025 | Second Re ised
Manusc ip ecei ed on 07 No embe 2025 | Manusc ip
Accep ed on 15 No embe 2025 | Manusc ip published on 30
No embe 2025.
*Co espondence Au ho (s)
Webanchi Melkie Tilahun*, Depa men o C op and Ho icul u e Resea ch
Lead Execu i e, Addis Ababa, E hiopia. Email ID:
[email protected], ORCID ID: 0009-0008-9742-5190
D . Zelalem Bekako E ena, Depa men o School o Plan Science,
Ha amaya, E hiopia, Di e Dawa, E hiopia. Email ID:
[email protected]
© The Au ho s. Published by Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing and
Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP). This is an open-access a icle unde he
CC-BY-NC-ND license h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
RH: Rela i e Humidi y
IT: In ec ion Type
GIS: Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys em
I. INTRODUCTION
Whea (T i icum spp.) The mos signi ican ce eal c op
akes up o 17% o all a able land wo ldwide [1] and [2]. I is
cul i a ed on 240 million hec a es, which is mo e land han is
used o any o he c op [3] and has a global p oduc ion a e age
o 775.4 million me ic ons [4] Whea wo ldwide inc eased
1.9% in 2022 compa ed o 2021[4] E hiopia is A ica's second-
la ges whea p oduce , a e Egyp [5]. Compa ed o o he ood
c ops, i p o ides he wo ld's die wi h mo e calo ies and p o ein
[3] Mo eo e , mo e han 90 million E hiopians ely on i as a
s aple ood, accoun ing o almos 15% o hei daily calo ic
in ake [6] [7]. Thus, i anks second a e maize and somewha
ahead o e , so ghum, and mille , each o which con ibu es 10–
12% [7].
Since he 1950s, 36 a ie ies o du um whea and mo e han
90 kinds o b ead ha e been made a ailable o p oduc ion in
E hiopia [8]. The e a e oughly 1,789,372.23 hec a es o du um
and b ead whea p oduc ion a eas, wi h an annual p oduc ion o
5,315,270 ons [9]. The [10] Repo s a es ha he a ea used o
whea cul i a ion has inc eased o 1,897,405.05 hec a es, and
p oduc ion has inc eased o 5,780,131 ons, wi h a p oduc i i y
o 3.1 ha-1. This is highe han he p e ious yea , bu s ill alls
sho o he global a e age o 3.51 ha-1 [4] and a below he
po en ial yields o 8 o 10 ha-1 [11] I is one o he mos
ex ensi ely g own ce eal c ops in he No h Shewa Zone, wi h
a o al p oduc ion o 211,060.29 ons on 73,568.4 hec a es, 2.87
ons pe hec a e, and 355,773 small-scale a me s in ol ed [10]
In con as o o he whea -p oducing na ions, E hiopia's a e age
yield has emained low despi e he c op's immense economic
and nu i ional wo h. Nume ous bio ic and abio ic a iables
ha e been implica ed in his, including inadequa e, excessi e,
o i egula ain all, insec pes s, and se e e plan diseases [12].
One o he main p oduc ion ba ie s is s em us , caused by
Puccinia g aminis .sp. i ici. Du ing epidemic yea s, yield
losses migh each 100% [13] Because u edospo es sp ead
widely, epidemics can occu on a con inen al scale [14]. A la ge
numbe o spo es a e dispe sed by wind o e long dis ances,
and hei capaci y o unde go gene ic
change esul s in he p oduc ion
o new physiological aces wi h
inc eased agg ession on
esis an whea cul i a s [15].
Dis ibu ion and Pa hogen Va iabili y o Whea S em Rus (Puccinia G aminis . sp. T i ici) in No h Shewa o E hiopia
24
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Jou nal Websi e: www.ijese.o g
Whea s em us su ey is egula ly conduc ed in E hiopia in
a eas whe e whea is cul i a ed on a la ge scale, mainly in ain-
ed and cen al highland ag o-ecologies, and pa hogenic
a iabili y in e ms o i ulence and di e si y ac oss di e en
pa s o whea -g owing a eas is being epo ed. Howe e , new
i ulen s em us aces con inue o e ol e in he pa hogen
popula ion in space and ime. The e o e, moni o ing pa hogen
dis ibu ion in ime and space and main aining eco ds is c ucial
o he us esis ance b eeding p og am. Al hough conside able
whea is also p oduced in some pa s o wes e n and
sou hwes e n E hiopia and in i iga ed whea a eas, he s a us o
whea s em us in ensi y is poo ly s udied [16]. Unde such
ci cums ances, esis ance b eeding agains an epidemic o s em
us aces canno a ge he ac ual p oblem. In addi ion, he
absence o in o ma ion abou he pa hogen ac oss loca ions can
lead o c op losses, and i s sp ead o neighbou ing dis ic s can
dec ease he coun y's GDP. Fu he mo e, because pa hogen
aces a e cons an ly changing, i is impossible o p e en us .
Al hough hos plan esis ance can be used o p e en ou b eaks,
such p e en i e s a egies canno be applied when knowledge
o he pa hogen's dis ibu ion is lacking. The e o e,
unde s anding he pa hogen's dis ibu ion, in ensi y, and
a iabili y is e y impo an o disease managemen . Hence,
he pu pose o his s udy was o assess he impo ance,
dis ibu ion, and in ensi y (p e alence, incidence, and se e i y)
o whea s em us disease, and o de e mine hei associa ions
wi h biophysical ac o s, pa hogenic a iabili y, and i ulence
spec um in he No h Shewa zone o E hiopia.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Desc ip ions o he S udy A eas
The s udy was conduc ed in he p incipal whea -g owing
dis ic s o he No h Shewa zone, loca ed in E hiopia's Amha a
and O omia egions. The egion, which has an a e age
ele a ion o 2100–3000 me e s abo e sea le el, is si ua ed
be ween la i udes 9º–11ºN and longi udes 38º–40º E (Figu e 1).
The a e age ain all is be ween 1400 and 1600 mm pe yea .
[Fig.1: Su ey A eas A ec ed by Whea S em Rus in he
No h Shewa Zone o Amha a and O omia Regions
Du ing he 2019/2020 C opping Season]
B. Disease Assessmen and Sample Collec ion
A o al o 64 ields and 11 dis ic s (Angolalla Ta a, Basona
We ana, Hage e Ma iam, Minja Shenko a, Mo e na Ji u,
Siyadeb ina Wayu, Abichu, Alel u, Be eh, Fiche, and
Kembibi ) we e co e ed om dough o lowe ing c op g ow h
s ages diagonally along each ield using a 1 m*1 m quad a a
i e spo s andomly along 5-10 km in e als. The da a on
disease p e alence, incidence and se e i y we e aken [17]
Supplemen a y in o ma ion, such as c op a ie ies, c opping
sys em, plan g ow h s age, weed s a us, c op s and, p e ious
c op and ield his o y, was eco ded (Appendix Table 1). GPS
da a on la i ude, longi ude, and ele a ion we e collec ed.
i. Disease P e alence (DP): pe cen age o diseased
ields o e he o al ields inspec ed.
DP (%)=𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 ∗100
ii. Disease Incidence (DI): plan s wi hin he quad a e
we e coun ed and eco ded as diseased/in ec ed
DI (%)=𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∗100
iii. Disease Se e i y (DS): a pe cen age o s em/lea a ea
co e ed by us disease acco ding o Modi ied Cobb's
scale [18].
DS (%)=𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗100
C. Sample Collec ion, Single pus ules isola ion and
Mul iplica ion
A o al o 56 s em us samples we e collec ed om 64
andomly assessed a me s’ ields in No h Shewa, E hiopia,
du ing he 2019/2020 c opping season. F eshly in ec ed s ems
and/o lea shea h samples we e cu in o pieces 5–10 cm in
wid h and leng h wi h he equi ed labelled in o ma ion. Fi e
seedlings we e aised in sui able eigh cm-diame e clay po s
illed wi h a mix u e o s eam-s e ilised soil, sand, and manu e
in a 2:1:1 a io. The s em us u ediospo es we e collec ed in a
capsule con aine using a mo o ised spo e collec o and dilu ed
using a ligh weigh mine al oil (SolT ol 170). When he
p ima y lea es we e ully expanded and he second lea es
began o g ow, he lea es we e gen ly ubbed wi h clean
inge s. G eenhouse inocula ions we e pe o med using
me hods de eloped by [19]. The spo e mix was sp ayed on
“McNai ” seedlings om a dis ance using a clean mo o ized
s em us inocula o . The inocula ed plan s we e mois ened wi h
ine dis illed wa e d ople s using an a omise . A e 20 min o
inocula ion, he cells we e incuba ed in a da k dew chambe a
18-22 °C o 18 h, ollowed by exposu e o ligh o ou h o
p o ide a ou able condi ions o s em us in ec ion. Seedlings
we e allowed o d y/ emo e hei dew/mois u e o abou 3-4
hou s. Following his, seedlings we e ans e ed o glass
compa men s in he g eenhouse a 18-25 °C and a ela i e
humidi y (RH) o 60-70%, wi h a 12-h pho ope iod. A e se en
days o inocula ion (when he lecks/symp oms we e clea ly
isible), lea es con aining single lecks ha p oduced single
pus ules we e selec ed om he
base o he lea es, and he
emaining seedlings wi hin he
po s we e elimina ed using
hand scisso s. Only 2-3 lea es
In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Science and Enginee ing (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378 (Online), Volume-13 Issue-12, No embe 2025
25
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe :100.1/ijese.C053912031125
DOI:10.35940/ijese.C0539.13121125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijese.o g
wi h single pus ules we e le , and each was co e ed wi h a
cellophane bag (145 × 235 mm) and ied a he base wi h a
ubbe band o a oid c oss-con amina ion [20].
A e wo weeks o inocula ion (when he mono-pus ules
we e well-de eloped), each mono-pus ule was sucked using an
elec ic powe -ope a ed acuum pump, and spo es om each
pus ule we e collec ed sepa a ely in gela in capsules. A
suspension was p epa ed by mixing u edospo es wi h a
ligh weigh mine al oil (Sol ol 170). Se en-day-old seedlings
o he suscep ible a ie y “McNai ” we e inocula ed o each
pus ule on sepa a e po s o mul iplica ion. Soon a e
inocula ion, he seedlings we e placed in a humid chambe in
he da k a 18-22°C o 18 h, exposed o ligh o ou h, and
ans e ed o he g eenhouse [19]. The seedlings we e placed
in he dew chambe in he da k 14-15 days a e inocula ion.
The spo es o each mono-pus ule/isola e we e collec ed in
gela in, aided by a powe -d i en mo o pump, and inocula ed
on di e en ial lines.
D. Race Analysis
Fi e seedlings o di e en ials and hos lines (Table 1) wi h
known esis ance genes, and one suscep ible a ie y (McNai ),
we e g own sepa a ely in 10 cm diame e po s in he
g eenhouse. The single pus ule-de i ed spo es (3-5 mg o
spo es) we e suspended wi h ligh weigh mine al oil and
sp ayed on o se en-day-old seedlings. A e inocula ion, plan s
we e mois ened wi h ine d ople s o dis illed wa e and placed
in an incuba ion chambe o an 18-hou da k pe iod a 18-22
°C, ollowed by 4 hou s o ligh , and seedlings we e allowed o
d y o abou 3-4 hou s. Upon emo al om he dew chambe ,
plan s we e placed in sepa a e glass compa men s in a
g eenhouse (a 18 and 25 °C) o a oid con amina ion and
p oduce in ec ion. Na u al dayligh was supplemen ed o an
addi ional 4 hou s pe day wi h pho osyn he ically ac i e
adia ion a 120 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, p o ided by cool-whi e
luo escen ubes posi ioned di ec ly abo e he plan s in he
g eenhouse.
Table I: Lis o Whea S em Rus Di e en ial Lines and Co esponding Resis ance Genes Used o Race [21]
No
Tes /di e en ial
Lines
S em Rus
Genes
No
Tes /di e en ial
Lines
S em Rus
Genes
1
B S 24Ag
24
11
Combina ion VII
13+17
2
W2691S T -1
36
12
IS 5-Ra
5
3
IS 7b-Ra
7b
13
IS 6-Ra
6
4
IS 8a-Ra
8a
14
W2691S 9b
9b
5
CnSS Tmp
Tmp
15
Ve ns eine
9e
6
S 31(Benno)/6*LM
PG
31
16
W2691S 10
10
7
CnS-T-. mono-
de i
21
17
B S 30Ws
30
8
T iden
38
18
CnsS 9g
9g
9
IS 9a-Ra
9a
19
IS 11-Ra
11
10
IS 9d-Ra
9d
20
McNai 701
McN
S em us in ec ion ypes we e sco ed 14 days a e
inocula ion using he 0-4 scale. Low ( esis ance) =
incompa ibili y (in ec ion ype 0, ( leck), 1, (small u edia wi h
nec osis), and 2 (small o medium u edia wi h chlo osis o
nec osis).
[Fig.2: Di e en In ec ion ypes o P. G aminis .sp. T i ici
on Whea [19]]
The a ia ions we e e ined by modi ying cha ac e s like -,
u edinia sligh ly smalle han usual o he in ec ion ype; +,
u edinia sligh ly la ge han usual o he in ec ion ype and
High (suscep ible) = compa ibili y (in ec ion ype, 3-, 3+ and
4). The IT eadings o 3 (medium-sized u edia wi h/wi hou
chlo osis) and 4 (la ge u edia wi hou chlo osis o nec osis)
we e ega ded as suscep ible (Figu e 2). Race designa ion was
done by g ouping 20 s em us di e en ial lines in o i e subse s
(Table 2). Each isola e was assigned a i e-le e ace code
based on i s eac ion o he di e en ial lines [20]. Each isola e
was assigned using a combina ion o a h ee-le e code and an
addi ional wo-le e ace code employed by [21] This inally
yielded a i e-le e designa ion based on hei eac ions o he
di e en ial lines (Table 2). Fo ins ance, low in ec ion ype (IT)
is assigned he le e B, while high IT is assigned T on he ou
hos s. The equency, dominance, and i ulence spec um o
each ace we e iden i ied.
Dis ibu ion and Pa hogen Va iabili y o Whea S em Rus (Puccinia G aminis . sp. T i ici) in No h Shewa o E hiopia
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Table II: Le e Code Designa ions o Races o Puccinia G aminis F.Sp. Ti ici Using 20 Di e en ial Single Pg -Gene
Lines in Fi e O de ed Subse s o Fou Lines
Whea Pg Gene Di e en ial Se s and In ec ion Pheno ype Coding Se Di e en ial Lines Iden i ied by he Pg Resis ance Gene
Se 1
5
21
9e
7b
Se 2
11
6
8a
9g
Se 3
36
9b
30
17
Se 4
9a
9d
10
Tmp
Se 5
24
31
38
McN
In ec ion Pheno ype: High = Vi ulen Reac ion (Suscep ible)
Pg -code
Low = A i ulen Reac ion (Resis an )
B
Low
Low
Low
Low
C
Low
Low
Low
High
D
Low
Low
High
Low
F
Low
Low
High
High
G
Low
High
Low
Low
H
Low
High
Low
High
J
Low
High
High
Low
K
Low
High
High
High
L
High
Low
Low
Low
M
High
Low
Low
High
N
High
Low
High
Low
P
High
Low
High
High
Q
High
High
Low
Low
R
High
High
Low
High
S
High
High
High
Low
T
High
High
High
High
Sou ce[21].
E. Da a Analysis
Su ey da a and ace analysis we e examined ac oss dis ic s,
c op g ow h phases, and a ie ies using desc ip i e s a is ics.
The SAS ou ines GENMOD we e used o assess he disease
incidence and se e i y using he logis ic eg ession model
de eloped by [22] The coo dina es o he collec ing si es we e
used o cons uc he s udy a ea map in he Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys em (GIS) p og am A cMap 10.3.
III. RESULTS
A. S a us and Dis ibu ion o Whea S em Rus in No h
Shewa
F om 64 o al su eyed ields 56 (87.5%) we e in ec ed by he
whea s em us . The p e alence was 88.37% and 85.71% in he
No h Shewa Zone, Amha a Region, and he O omia Region,
espec i ely (Tables 3 and 4). The disease p e alence was high
(100%) in six dis ic s, while he lowes (50%) was eco ded in
wo dis ic s. Th ee du um whea a ie ies (Koko , Mangudo,
and U uba), se en b ead whea ypes (Danda'a, Digalu, Enkoy,
Hidasse, Ho a, Kakaba, and Kubsa), and wo unknown b ead
whea a ie ies we e in es iga ed, and all a ie ies we e
in es ed (Appendix Table 2). Among he a ie ies, Danda'a was
cul i a ed p edominan ly (62.5%), ollowed by Hidasse
(17.19%). The in ensi y a ied among he g ow h s ages,
including lowe ing 20 (31.25%), milking 19 (29.69%), dough
14 (21.88%), and s i dough 11 (17.19%). The ha d dough had
he highes disease p e alence (100%), and he lowe ing s age
had he lowes (75%). Rega ding weed s a us: 43.75% weed-
ee, 14.06% wi h ew weeds ound, and 42.19% wi hou
weeds. Fungicide applica ion was common in he su eyed
a eas: 51 ields (79.69%) we e sp ayed, and 13 ields (20.31%)
we e non-sp ayed.
Table III: P e alence o Whea S em Rus Ac oss he No h Shewa Zone a Di e en Dis ic s in he 2019/2020 P ima y
C opping Season
Regions
Zone
Dis ic
Al i ude Ranges (m. a.s.l.)
No o Fields Assessed
In ec ed Fields
S em us P e alence (%)
Amha a
No h
Shewa
Angolalla Ta a
2795-2866
4
4
100
Basona We ana
2760-2822
2
1
50
Hage e Ma iam
2821-2829
2
2
100
Minja Shenko a
2139-2251
3
3
100
Mo e na Ji u
2618-2673
13
12
93
Siyadeb ina Wayu
2600-2695
19
16
84.21
Sub o al
2139-2866
43
38
88.37
O omia
No h
Kembibi
2932
2
2
100
Abichu
2611-2810
4
4
100
Shewa
Alel u
2577-2831
9
8
89
Be eh
2289-2620
4
2
50
Fiche Town
2651-2749
2
2
100
Sub o al
2289-2932
21
18
85.71
O e all
2139-2932
64
56
87.5
B. Incidence and Se e i y o Whea S em Rus
The dis ibu ion o whea s em us incidence and se e i y
di e ed ac oss dis ic s, wi h biophysical ac o s (Figu es 3 and
4). The highes (95%) mean incidence and (68.33%) mean
se e i y we e eco ded in Minja
Shenko a, whe eas he lowes
(20%) mean incidence and
(13.69%) mean se e i y we e
In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Science and Enginee ing (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378 (Online), Volume-13 Issue-12, No embe 2025
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DOI:10.35940/ijese.C0539.13121125
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eco ded in Basona We ana and Mo e na Ji u, espec i ely.
Rega ding he c op s ages, he highes mean incidence (73%)
and se e i y (47.86%) we e obse ed a he s i dough s age,
while he lowes mean incidence (8.5%) and se e i y (6.94%)
we e eco ded a he lowe ing s age. Based on his al i ude
classi ica ion, [23] F om he o al ields inspec ed, 5 (7.81%) o
he ields assessed we e loca ed in mid al i udes (1500-2300 m),
midlands anging om 2139 o 2298 m.a.s.l while he
emaining 59 ields (92.19%) we e loca ed in he high al i ude
(2300-3200 m), anging om 2530 o 2932 m.a.s.l. The disease
incidence (71%) and se e i y (51%) we e high in he midlands,
while he lowe mean incidence (27.73%) and se e i y
(18.86%) we e obse ed in he highlands (Table 5). The highes
mean disease incidence (59.15%) and he highes se e i y
(39.07%) we e obse ed in plo s wi hou weed managemen
p ac ices.
The highes and lowes mean whea s em us incidence was
eco ded in ields p e iously sown wi h onion (100%) and an
unknown a ie y (10%), espec i ely, and he highes and
lowes mean se e i y was eco ded in ields p e iously plan ed
wi h onion (60%) and len il (8.89%), espec i ely. Among he
a ie ies, Koko and Mangudo (100%) had he highes mean
incidence, and U uba (75%) had he highes mean se e i y o
s em us . The lowes mean incidence was eco ded in Kubsa
(20%), and he lowes mean se e i y was in Digalu and Kubsa
(15%). Rega ding he ield size, he highes mean incidence
(50.63%) and se e i y (28.57%) we e obse ed in he la ge ield
size (≥0). 75. In he b oadcas plan ing sys em, he e was a high
disease incidence (40.95%) and se e i y (27.95%). The highes
mean incidence (81.15%) and se e i y (52.69%) we e eco ded
in ungicide-unsp ayed ields. The incidence and se e i y o
s em us anged om 0 - 100% and 0-75S, espec i ely. The
assessed whea plan s showed suscep ible (S), mode a ely
suscep ible (MS), mode a ely esis an (MR), and esis an (R)
esponses o s em us in ec ion (Appendix Table 2).
Table IV: Ca ego iza ion O Va iables Used in Analysis o he Dis ibu ion o Whea S em Rus Epidemics in Ele en
Dis ic s (N = 64) o No h Shewa Zone, Amha a and O omia Regional S a es, E hiopia, Du ing he 2019/2020 P ima y
G owing Season
Va iable s
Va iable Class
No o
Fields
Assessed
In ensi y o whea S em Rus
Incidence Se e i y
(%) (%)
>31 <31 >20 <20
Va iable
s
Va iable
Class
No o
Fields
Assesse
d
In ensi y o whea S em
Rus
Incidence Se e i y
(%) (%)
>31 <31 >20 <20
Dis ic s
Angolalla Ta a
4
2
2
3
1
P e ious
Onion
1
1
0
1
0
Basona We ana
2
1
1
1
1
C op
Te
27
8
19
10
17
Hage e Ma iam
2
2
0
2
0
Whea
5
1
4
2
3
Minja Shenko a
3
3
0
3
0
Ba ely
4
3
1
3
1
Mo e na Ji u
13
2
11
3
10
Fallow
4
3
1
3
1
Siyadeb ina Wayu
19
3
16
6
13
La hy us
2
0
2
2
0
Kembibi
2
2
0
2
0
Faba bean
8
3
5
3
5
Abichu
4
2
2
3
1
Len il
9
1
8
3
6
Alel u
9
2
7
2
7
Field pea
1
1
0
1
0
Be eh
4
1
3
2
2
Unknown
3
0
3
0
3
Fiche Town
2
1
1
1
1
Va ie ies
Mangudo
1
1
0
1
0
U uba
1
1
0
1
0
S age o
C op
Flowe ing
20
0
20
1
19
Digalu
2
1
1
1
1
Milky
19
5
14
7
12
Koko
1
1
0
1
0
Dough
11
3
8
7
4
Danda’a
40
8
32
15
25
Ha d Dough
14
13
1
13
1
Hidase
11
3
8
3
8
Al i ude
>2300
59
17
42
24
35
Enkoye
2
2
0
2
0
<2300
5
4
1
4
1
Ho a
1
1
0
1
0
C op
sys em
B oadcas
44
20
24
27
17
Kakaba
2
2
0
2
0
Row plan ing
20
1
19
1
0
Kubsa
1
0
1
0
1
Field size (ha)
>0.75
35
21
14
27
8
unknown
2
1
1
1
1
<0.75
29
0
29
1
28
Weed
Good
28
0
28
0
28
Fungicide
Sp ayed
51
8
43
15
36
S a us
Fai
9
0
9
2
7
unsp ayed
13
13
0
13
0
Bad
27
21
6
26
1
C op
Good
20
0
20
0
20
S and
Fai
14
2
12
6
8
Bad
30
19
11
22
8
Good, ai and bad weed s a us: weed- ee, ew weeds and no
weeds du ing obse a ion. Al i udes: 500-1500 m lowlands,
1501-2300 m midlands, and 2301-3200 m as highlands
classi ied in E hiopian Ag o-ecologies. Based on his
classi ica ion, he su ey a ea anged
om 1500 o 2300 m in he
midlands and abo e 2300 m in
he highlands.
Dis ibu ion and Pa hogen Va iabili y o Whea S em Rus (Puccinia G aminis . sp. T i ici) in No h Shewa o E hiopia
28
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[Fig.3: Dis ibu ion o Whea S em Rus Incidence in he
Su ey A eas o No h Shewa Zone, Amha a and O omia
Regions in he 2019/2020 P ima y C opping Season]
[Fig.4: Dis ibu ion o Whea S em Rus Se e i y in he
Su ey A eas in No h Shewa Zone, Amha a and O omia
Regions in he 2019/2020 P ima y C opping Season]
Table V: Mean Incidence and Se e i y o Whea S em Rus in No h Shewa Zone, Amha a and O omia Regional S a es,
E hiopia, Du ing The 2019 P ima y G owing Season
Va iable s
Va iable Class
In ensi y o whea S em Rus
Mean Mean
Va iables
Va iable Class
In ensi y o whea S em Rus
Mean Mean
Incidence ±SE
Se e i y ±SE
Incidence ±SE
Se e i y ±SE
Dis ic s
Angolalla Ta a
37.5± 0.64
27.5±0.66
P e ious
Onion
100± 0.66
60±0.36
Basona We ana
20± 0.76
15±0.65
C op
Te
29.11± 0.18
22.04±0.19
Hage e Ma iam
52.5± 0.57
27.5±0.51
Whea
33± 0.00
25.83±0.00
Minja Shenko a
95± 0.49
68.33±0.46
Ba ely
50± 0.50
28.75±0.45
Mo e na Ji u
20.31± 0.19
13.69±0.16
Fallow
41.25± 0.47
27.5±0.44
Siyadeb ina Wayu
24.74± 0.00
18.16±0.00
Lay hu us
30± 0.52
22.5±0.42
Kembibi
70± 0.54
45±0.49
Faba bean
31.25± 0.28
21.25±0.21
Abichu
40.5±0.30
27.5±0.26
Len il
21.67± 0.24
8.89±0.25
Alel u
22.78± 0.19
14.44±0.19
Field pea
40± 0.67
30±0.64
Be eh
25± 0.29
17.5±0.32
Unknown
10± 0.34
10±0.29
Fiche Town
35± 0.39
22.5±0.40
Va ie ies
Mangudo
100± 0.00
60±0.00
U uba
85±0.00
75±0.00
S age o
C op
Flowe ing
8.5±0.16
6.94±0.17
Digalu
22.5± 0.56
15±0.51
Milky
25.21±0.00
14.29±0.00
Koko
100± 0.66
70±0.37
Dough
29.09± 0.20
25.83± 0.19
Danda’a
24.65± 0.31
17.08±0.28
Ha d Dough
73±0.29
47.86±0.30
Hidase
23.64±0.32
15.45±0.29
Al i ude
>2300
27.73± 0.00
18.86±0.00
Enkoy
50±0.71
35±0.61
<2300
71± 0.47
51±0.46
Ho a
70± 0.00
50±0.00
C op
sys em
B oadcas
40.95±0.17
27.95±0.16
Kakaba
70± 0.00
45±0.00
Row plan ing
9.45±0.00
6.9±0.00
Kubsa
20±0.78
15± 0.74
Field size
(ha)
>0.75
50.63±0.00
28.57±0.00
unknown
42.5±0.00
27.5±0.00
<0.75
7.55±0.40
6.31±0.39
C op
Good
7.7 ±0.00
4.9±0.00
Weed
Good
6.75±0.00
5.64±0.00
S and
Fai
19.64±0.23
14.69±0.21
S a us
Fai
22.78±0.51
17.22±0.46
Bad
52.07±0.26
36.96±0.25
Bad
59.15±0.50
39.07±0.48
Fungicide
Sp ayed
18.35±0.00
13.39±0.00
unsp ayed
81.15±0.23
52.69±0.26
SE = S anda d e o , weed s a us: Good, ai and bad weed
s a us: weed- ee, ew weeds, and no weeds du ing obse a ion.
Al i udes: 500-1500 m lowlands, 1501-2300 m midlands, and
2301-3200 m as highlands classi ied in he E hiopian Ag o-
Ecologies classi ica ion. Based on his classi ica ion, su ey
a eas anged om 1500 o 2300 m in he midlands and abo e
2300 m in he highlands.
C. Associa ion o S em Rus In ensi y wi h Biophysical
Fac o s
Excep o he c opping sys em and c op pe o mance, all
independen a iables, including
dis ip (P ≤ 0.0013), g ow h
s age, weeding, s a us,
a ie ies, p e ious c op, ield
size, and ungicide applica ion
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ISSN: 2319–6378 (Online), Volume-13 Issue-12, No embe 2025
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showed a e y highly signi ican (P ≤ 0.0001) associa ion wi h
disease incidence. Howe e , he c opping sys em (p≤ 0.)
showed e y highly signi ican (P ≤ 0.0001) associa ions
associa ed wi h disease incidence. All biophysical ac o s
( a iables), such as dis ic , al i ude, g ow h s age, weeding
s a us, a ie ies, p e ious c op, ield size, and ungicide
applica ion, showed a e y highly signi ican (P ≤ 0.0001)
associa ion wi h se e i y. Besides, c opping sys em (P≤0.0010)
and c op s a us (P ≤0.0015) showed 15 highly signi ican
associa ions wi h disease se e i y (Table 6).
When all a iables we e en e ed las in o he eg ession
model, mos ac o s, including dis ic , weed s a us, a ie ies,
p e ious c op, ield size, and ungicide applica ion, showed a
highly signi ican associa ion (P ≤ 0.0001) wi h whea s em us
se e i y. Howe e , he g ow h s age was no signi ican in his
con ex . Fo disease incidence, all independen a iables
(dis ic , al i ude, g ow h s age, weeding s a us, a ie ies,
p e ious c op, ield size, c opping sys em, c op pe o mance,
and ungicide applica ion) we e impo an when en e ed i s
in o he model. When en e ed las , mos o hese a iables
emained signi ican , excep o he c opping sys em, which los
signi icance in he educed model. Rega ding disease se e i y,
all a iables we e ini ially impo an when en e ed i s ;
howe e , in he educed model, c opping sys em, c op
pe o mance, al i ude, and g ow h s age los signi icance.
Excep o g ow h s age, al i ude, c opping sys em, and c op
s and, he o he a iables —dis ic , weeding s a us, a ie y,
p e ious c op, ield size, and ungicide applica ion — emained
s ongly associa ed wi h whea s em us se e i y when en e ed
las in o he model. These impo an a iables we e u he
es ed in educed mul iple a iable models, con i ming hei key
oles in disease incidence and se e i y.
The de ia ion analysis o hese a iables in educed mul iple-
a iable models showed a ying le els o associa ion wi h
whea s em us incidence and se e i y. The pa ame e
es ima es, s anda d e o s, odds a ios, and analyses o de ia ion
o a iables and a iable classes a e abula ed he eunde
(Tables 7 and 8). The p obabili y o whea s em us incidence
o >31% was highly associa ed wi h dis ic s Minja Shenko a
(23.5), Hage e Ma iam (22.4), Kembibi (5.7), Mo e na Ji u
(3.5), Fiche own (2.1), and Be eh (1.6), he p esence o whea
s em us along wi h g ea e . The dough (1.9) and s i dough
(4.5) s ages showed a highe p obabili y o associa ion wi h
mean incidence han he lowe ing and milky s ages. High
incidence was associa ed wi h mid al i ude (18.7), poo weed
s a us (3.7), unsp ayed ungicide ield (10.2), Digalu (5.9),
Kubsa (7.1), and Enkoy (22.9) a ie ies. The p obabili y o high
incidence was highly associa ed wi h p e ious c op plan ing:
ba ley (13.0), La hy us (11.9), and unknown c ops (3.4) (Table
7). Foul and ai c op pe o mance we e mo e likely o be
associa ed wi h highe mean incidence han good pe o mance.
A he same ime, he p obabili y o se e i y >20% was s ongly
associa ed wi h he dis ic s o Minja Shenko a (22.3), Hage e
Ma iam (2.8), Kembibi (2.6), and Fiche own (2.2). S i dough
s age se e i y, p e ious c op La hy us (2.8), unknown c op
(3.2), Digalu (2.3), Kubsa (2.2) and Enkoy (4.1) a ie ies, bad
pe o mance (2.1), and ai c op pe o mance (1.67) showed a
high p obabili y o associa ion. Fungicide applica ions we e
also es ed in educed mul iple models. High whea s em us
se e i y (>20%) was associa ed wi h an unsp ayed ield, wi h a
2.708 imes g ea e p obabili y o whea s em us se e i y han
in o he ields (Table 8).
Table VI: Logis ic Reg ession Model o Whea (T i icum Tu gidum Subsp. Du um (Des .) Husn.) S em Rus Incidence
and Se e i y, And Likelihood Ra io Tes on Independen Va iables in No h Shewa Zone, Amha a and O omia Regional
S a es, E hiopia, Du ing 2019/2020 P ima y C opping Season
Incidence o S em Rus o Whea LRT
Se e i y o S em Rus o Whea LRT
Independen
Va iable
DF
Type 1 Analysis (VEF)
Type 3 Analysis (VEL)
Type 1 Analysis (VEF)
Type 3 Analysis (VEL)
DR
P >χ2
DR
P >χ2
DR
P >χ2
DR
P >χ2
Dis ic s
10
913.48
<0.0001
104.88
<0.0001
480.23
<0.0001
34.19
<0.0001
Al i ude
1
21.81
<0.0001
8.20
0.0042
16.01
<0.0001
4.90
0.0268
G ow h s age
3
1212.41
<0.0001
35.69
<0.0001
519.38
<0.0001
3.07
0.3817
Weeding s a us
2
21.88
<0.0001
19.41
<0.0001
24.11
<0.0001
11.30
0.0035
Va ie y
10
283.96
<0.0001
83.04
<0.0001
104.30
<0.0001
24.43
0.0010
P e ious c op
9
99.39
<0.0001
95.01
<0.0001
89.57
<0.0001
45.52
<0.0001
Field size
1
200.35
<0.0001
26.31
<0.0001
118.97
<0.0001
9.98
0.0016
C opping sys em
1
13.70
0.0002
5.59
0.0181
10.87
0.0010
5.41
0.0200
C op pe o mance
2
13.26
0.0013
12.58
0.0019
13.04
0.0015
8.46
0.0146
Fungicide applica ion
1
117.69
<0.0001
117.69
<0.0001
16.15
<0.0001
16.15
<0.0001
Dis ibu ion and Pa hogen Va iabili y o Whea S em Rus (Puccinia G aminis . sp. T i ici) in No h Shewa o E hiopia
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Jou nal Websi e: www.ijese.o g
Table VII: Analysis O De iance, Na u al Loga i hms o Odds Ra ios and S anda d E o o Pe Cen o Du um Whea
S em Rus Incidence and Likelihood Ra io Tes on Independen Va iables in Reduced Model in No h Shewa Zone,
Amha a and O omia Regional S a es, E hiopia, Fo The 2019/2020 Main C opping Seasons
Va iables
Residual De iance a
D
Pg incidence (LRT)b
Va iable Class
Es ima e
Loge (odds
a io) c
SE
Odds
a io) d
DR
P >χ2
Dis ic s
2107.8156
10
0.00
0.9675
Angolalla Ta a
0.0260
0.6373
1.0263
2.51
0.1128
Basona We ana
-1.2122
0.7644
0.2975
29.56
<0.0001
Hage e Ma iam
3.1089
0.5718
22.3964
1968.39
<0.0001
Minja Shenko a
3.15789
0.4864
23.5209
14.70
<0.0001
Mo e na Ji u
0.7220
0.1883
2.0585
.
.
Siyadeb ina Wayu
0.0000
0.00
1
10.54
0.0012
Kembibi
1.7385
0.5355
5.6888
4.63
0.0314
Abichu
-0.6357
0.2953
0.5296
3.13
0.0770
Alel u
-0.3282
0.1856
0.7202
2.69
0.1011
Be eh
0.4801
0.2928
1.6162
10.44
0.0012
Fiche Town
1.2633
0.3911
3.5371
G ow h S age
490.2435
3
0.29
0.5895
Flowe ing
-0.0853
0.1580
0.9182
.
.
Milking
0.00
0.00
1
9.45
0.0021
Dough
0.6149
0.2001
1.8495
25.83
<0.0001
Ha d dough
1.4935
0.2939
4.4527
Al i ude
2086.0097
1
.
0.00
>2300
0.0000
0.00
1
2202.25
<0.0001
<2300
2.9310
0.4673
18.7463
Weeding s a us
254.3078
2
.
.
Good
0.0000
0.00
1
0.0003
Fai
-1.8562
0.5090
0.1563
<0.0001
Bad
1.2988
0.4997
3.6649
P e ious C op
1986.6148
9
0.00
0.9993
Onion
-23.1087
0.66
0.00
0.13
0.7203
Te
-0.0651
0.1817
0.9370
.
.
Whea
0.00
0.00
1
25.99
<0.0001
Ba ley
2.5656
0.5033
13.0085
54.70
<0.0001
Fallow
-3.4427
0.4655
0.0320
22.47
<0.0001
La hy us
2.4776
0.5227
11.9126
0.17
0.6834
Faba bean
-0.1156
0.2834
0.8908
0.08
0.7758
Len il
-0.0673
0.2362
0.9349
0.11
0.7409
Field pea
0.2221
0.6716
1.2487
12.93
0.0003
Unknown
1.2166
0.3383
3.3757
Va ie ies
1702.6557
10
.
.
Mangudo
0.00
0.00
1
.
.
U uba
0.00
0.00
1
10.17
0.0014
Digalu
1.7861
0.5599
5.9661
0.00
0.9993
Koko
-23.1087
0.66
0.00
1.69
0.1938
Danda’a
0.3981
0.3064
1.4890
0.02
0.8784
Hidase
0.0492
0.3218
1.0504
19.38
<0.0001
Enkoy
3.1322
0.7116
22.9244
.
.
Ho a
-24.0297
0.00
0.00
.
.
Kakaba
0.00
0.00
1
6.40
0.0114
Kubsa
1.9612
0.7750
7.1079
.
.
Unknown
0.00
0.00
1
C opping sys em
276.1858
1
5.57
<0.0001
B oadcas
0.3893
0.1650
1.4759
.
.
Row plan ing
0.00
0.00
1
Field size
289.8899
1
.
.
>0.75
0.00
0.00
1
27.77
<0.0001
<0.75
-2.0985
0.3982
0.1226
C op s and
241.0459
2
.
.
Good
0.00
0.00
1
12.39
0.0004
Fai
0.8078
0.2295
2.2430
10.38
0.0013
Bad
0.8475
0.2630
2.3338
Fungicide
123.3588
1
.
.
Sp ayed
0.00
0.00
1
99.71
<0.0001
Unsp ayed
2.3248
0.2328
10.2246
In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Science and Enginee ing (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378 (Online), Volume-13 Issue-12, No embe 2025
31
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe :100.1/ijese.C053912031125
DOI:10.35940/ijese.C0539.13121125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijese.o g
Table VIII: Analysis o De iance, Na u al Loga i hms o Odds Ra ios and S anda d E o o Pe Cen o Du um Whea
S em Rus Se e i y and Likelihood Ra io Tes on Independen Va iables in Reduced Model in No h Shewa Zone,
Amha a and O omia Regional S a es, E hiopia, The 2019/2020 Main C opping Seasons
Va iables
Residual
De iance a
D
Pg incidence (LRT)b
Va iable
Class
Es ima e Loge
(odds a io) c
SE
Odds a io) d
DR
P >χ2
Dis ic s
984.9613
10
0.17
0.6827
Angolalla
Ta a
0.2699
0.6603
1.3098
1.69
0.1931
Basona
We ana
-0.8461
0.6501
0.4291
3.99
0.0457
Hage e
Ma iam
1.0131
0.5069
2.7541
2123.80
<0.0001
Minja
Shenko a
3.10358
0.4565
22.2776
1.28
0.2581
Mo e na Ji u
0.1819
0.1608
The Amha a and O omia egions in he
.
.
Siyadeb ina
Wayu
0.00
0.00
1
3.71
0.0540
Kembibi
0.9481
0.4921
2.5808
2.77
0.0961
Abichu
-0.4313
0.2592
0.6497
8.41
0.0037
Alel u
-0.5499
0.1896
0.5770
0.07
0.7981
Be eh
-0.0830
0.3245
0.9204
4.12
0.0423
Fiche Town
0.8075
0.3978
2.2423
G ow h S age
255.7060
3
0.01
0.9409
Flowe ing
0.0123
0.1654
1.0124
.
.
Milking
0.00
0.00
1
0.92
0.3363
Dough
0.1806
0.1879
The No h Shewa Zone o Amha a and
O omia Regions in he
3.00
<0.0001
Ha d dough
0.5279
0.3048
1.6954
Al i ude
968.9474
1
.
.
>2300
0.00
0.00
1
1928.51
<0.0001
<2300
-20.3482
0.4634
0.00
Weeding s a us
101.7593
2
.
.
Good
0.00
0.00
1
2.91
<0.0001
Fai
-0.7888
0.4625
0.4544
0.21
0.6430
Bad
-0.2216
0.4783
0.8012
P e ious C op
879.3782
9
4.15
0.0417
Onion
-0.7333
0.3601
0.4803
0.05
0.8293
Te
-0.0401
0.1862
0.9607
.
.
Whea
0.00
0.00
1
11.15
0.0008
Ba ley
-1.5067
0.4512
0.2216
14.59
0.0001
Fallow
-1.6941
0.4435
0.1838
5.78
0.0162
La hy us
1.0180
0.4235
2.7677
0.74
0.3883
Faba bean
0.1825
0.2116
1.2002
0.61
0.4335
Len il
-0.1983
0.2532
0.8201
0.06
0.8103
Field pea
-0.1528
0.6366
0.8583
16.31
<0.0001
Unknown
1.1734
0.2906
3.2330
Va ie ies
775.0825
10
.
.
Mangudo
0.00
0.00
1
.
.
U uba
0.00
0.00
1
2.85
0.0911
Digalu
0.8637
0.5112
2.3719
0.63
0.4287
Koko
-0.2915
0.3683
0.7471
0.07
0.7943
Danda’a
-0.0721
0.2764
0.9304
0.00
0.9648
Hidase
-0.0128
0.2903
0.9873
5.34
0.0209
Enkoy
1.4135
0.6119
4.1103
.
.
Ho a
-21.5443
0.00
0.00
.
.
Kakaba
0.00
0.00
1
1.11
0.2916
Kubsa
0.7800
0.7396
2.1815
.
.
Unknown
0.00
0.00
1
C opping
sys em
125.8741
1
5.36
0.0206
B oadcas
0.3594
0.1552
1.4325
.
.
Row plan ing
0.00
0.00
1
Field size
136.7404
1
.
.
>0.75
0.000
0.00
1
10.83
0.0010
<0.75
-1.2898
0.3919
0.2753
C op
pe o mance
88.7144
2
.
.
Good
0.00
0.00
1
6.16
0.0130
Fai
0.5128
0.2065
1.6700
8.52
0.0035
Bad
0.7185
0.2461
2.0514
Fungicide
72.5628
1
.
.
Sp ayed
0.00
0.00
1
15.15
<.0001
Unsp ayed
0.9962
0.2560
2.7080
LRT likelihood a io es ; VEF a iable en e ed i s in he
model; VEL a iable en e ed las in he model; DR de iance
educ ion; P p obabili y o a χ2
alue exceeding he de iance
educ ion; χ2= chi squa e; DF
deg ees o eedom.
a Unexplained a ia ions a e
Dis ibu ion and Pa hogen Va iabili y o Whea S em Rus (Puccinia G aminis . sp. T i ici) in No h Shewa o E hiopia
38
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and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
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Re ie al Numbe :100.1/ijese.C053912031125
DOI:10.35940/ijese.C0539.13121125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijese.o g
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Appendix Table 1. Da a shee o whea s em us assessmen in No h Shewa Zone, O omia and Amha a egions.
Pa I: Da a Collec o In o ma ion
Su eyo name: _______ Ins i u ion: _______ Email: _________ Field code: ________ Da e (dd/mm/yy): _______ Region
______ Zone _______ Dis ic ; _____ Loca ion _________
Pa II: Field and C op Managemen In o ma ion
1. Field in o ma ion:
1.1 Size o he whea ield (in ha): ____________
1.2 GPS da a: La i ude (N) __________
1.3 Longi ude (E) __________
1.4 Al i ude (m) __________
1.5 Va ie y_____________
1.6 G ow h s age Milky Flowe ing Dough Ha d dough
2. C op Managemen :
2.1 F equency o illage/plough be o e sowing: ________________
2.2 Sowing da e (dd/mm/yy): __________________
2.3 Plan ing/sowing me hods: Row B oadcas
2.4 Field his o y (p e ious c op): ____________________________
2.5 Field sani a ion: Good Fai Bad
2.6 C op s and/pe o mance: Good Fai Bad
3. %SR P e alence: ________________
4. %SR Incidence: _________________
5. %SR Se e i y: __________________
Appendix Table 2: Incidence and Se e i y o S em Rus on Whea Va ie ies Assessed in No h Shewa Zones, Amha a and
O omia Regions, 2019/2020 Main C opping Season
Whea
Assessed
In ec ed
Ranges
Va ie y esponse
Va ie ies
ields
ields
P e alence (%)
Incidence (%)
Se e i y (%)
a ields
Danda‟a
40
36
90
0-100
0-60
0-S
Digalu
2
1
50
0-45
0-30
0-MS
Enkoy
2
2
100
40-60
30-40
MS
Hidasse
11
8
72.73
0-80
0-60
0-S
Ho a
1
1
100
70
50
MR
Kakaba
2
2
100
60-80
40-50
MS-S
Koko
1
1
100
100
70
S
Kubsa
1
1
100
20
15
S
Mangudo
1
1
100
100
60
S
unknown
2
2
100
5-80
5-50
R-S
U uba
1
1
100
85
75
S
R=Resis an , MR=Mode a ely-Resis ance, MR-MS= Mode a ely -Resis ance Mode a ely -Suscep ible MS= Mode a ely -
Suscep ible, MS-S= Mode a ely Suscep ible- Suscep ible and S=Suscep ible ield eac ion o whea .
In e na ional Jou nal o Eme ging Science and Enginee ing (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378 (Online), Volume-13 Issue-12, No embe 2025
39
Published By:
Blue Eyes In elligence Enginee ing
and Sciences Publica ion (BEIESP)
© Copy igh : All igh s ese ed.
Re ie al Numbe :100.1/ijese.C053912031125
DOI:10.35940/ijese.C0539.13121125
Jou nal Websi e: www.ijese.o g
Appendix Table 3: S em Rus Races Iden i ied om No h Shewa Zone, Amha a and O omia Regions, Du ing 2019/2020
Main C opping Season
S. No
Region
Zones
Dis ic
Al i ude
(M.A.S.L)
Whea
Spp Type
Va ie y
Race Analysis
Resul
1
Amha a
N/Shewa
Minja Shenko a
2139
DW
U uba
TTKTF
2
Amha a
N/Shewa
Minja Shenko a
2167
DW
Koko
TTKTT
3
Amha a
N/Shewa
Basona We ana
2760
BW
Digalu
TKKTF
4
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2654
BW
Danda'a
TKTTF
5
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadebe ina Wayu
2660
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
6
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2618
BW
Danda'a
TTRTF
7
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2657
BW
Hidasse
TKKTF
8
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2652
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
9
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2669
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
10
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2668
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
11
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2673
BW
Danda'a
TTKTT
12
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadebe ina Wayu
2673
BW
Hidasse
TKKTF
13
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadebe ina Wayu
2674
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
14
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadebe ina Wayu
2662
BW
Hidasse
TKKTF
15
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadebe ina Wayu
2651
BW
Hidasse
TTTTF
16
Amha a
N/Shewa
Mo e na Ji u
2648
BW
Hidasse
TKKTF
17
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadeb ina Wayu
2658
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
18
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadbe ina Wayu
2683
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
19
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadbe ina Wayu
2661
BW
Hidasse
TKKTF
20
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadbe ina Wayu
2662
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
21
Amha a
N/Shewa
Abichu
2614
BW
Danda'a
TTTTF
22
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadbe ina Wayu
2695
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
23
Amha a
N/Shewa
Siyadbe ina Wayu
2689
BW
Hidasse
TTTTF
24
Amha a
N/Shewa
Angolellana Ta a
2843
BW
Danda'a
TKTTF
25
O omia
N/Shewa
Alel u
2577
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
26
O omia
N/Shewa
Alel u
2629
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
27
O omia
N/Shewa
Alel u
2591
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
28
O omia
N/Shewa
Alel u
2586
BW
Danda'a
TKTTF
29
O omia
N/Shewa
Be eh
2620
BW
Danda'a
TKKTF
30
O omia
N/Shewa
Be eh
2289
BW
Ho a
TTKTF
31
O omia
N/Shewa
Fiche Town
2659
BW
Danda'a
TTTTF
