MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies
Abb e ia e Ti le- MRS J Mul Res S ud
ISSN (Online) 3049-1398
Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe -2025)
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license 30
PROXIMATE EVALUATION OF A NUTRITIOUS SNACK FORMULATED FOR
ADOLESCENTS USING BAMBARA NUTS, SOYBEANS, CHIA SEEDS AND
DATES
Oluwa oyin M. Jegede1*, Oluwasegun H. Jegede3, Ja a u M. Bunza2, Daikwo Moses Alilu1, and Uju Do a hy Iliemene1
1Depa men o Biochemis y, Bingham Uni e si y, Ka u, Nasa awa, Nige ia
2One Heal h Ins i u e, Usmanu Dan odiyo Uni e si y, Soko o, Nige ia
3 Depa men o Planning, Resea ch and S a is ics, Na ional Lib a y o Nige ia, Abuja, Nige ia
Co esponding Au ho : Oluwa oyin M. Jegede (Depa men o Biochemis y, Bingham Uni e si y, Ka u, Nasa awa, Nige ia.)
+2348101930624; Oluwa oyin.jegede@scienceand ech.go .ng
A icle His o y: Recei ed: 26 / 07 / 2025:, Accep ed: 06 / 11 / 2025:, Published: 17 / 11 / 2025
Abs ac : Adolescence is a c i ical pe iod o apid g ow h wi h high nu i ional demands, ye i is o en ma ked by poo die a y habi s,
including he consump ion o ene gy-dense, nu ien -poo snacks. This con ibu es o he bu den o malnu i ion. Le e aging snacking
beha iou p esen s a s a egic oppo uni y o imp o e adolescen nu i ion h ough o i ied, con enien ood al e na i es. This s udy
aimed o de elop and conduc a p oxima e e alua ion o a nu i ious snack o mula ed o adolescen s using a blend o Bamba a
g oundnu s, soybeans, chia seeds, and da es o enhance i s nu i ional p o ile. An expe imen al esea ch design was employed. The aw
ing edien s we e p ocessed in o lou (soybean, Bamba a nu ), sy up (da es), and a gel (chia seeds) and combined in o h ee di e en
snack o mula ions. The p oxima e composi ion (mois u e, ash, c ude lipid, c ude p o ein, c ude ib e, and ca bohyd a es) o he aw
ing edien s, p ocessed ing edien s, and inal snack p oduc s was de e mined using s anda d AOAC me hods and compa ed agains a
con ol cookie. The analysis e ealed ha he indi idual ing edien s possessed dis inc and complemen a y nu i ional p o iles.
Soybean was a p o ein powe house (40.10%), chia seeds we e ich in lipids (21.92%) and ib e (21.39%), and Bamba a nu lou was
high in ca bohyd a es (68.47%). The o mula ed snacks showed a signi ican nu i ional enhancemen o e he con ol. Speci ically,
hey exhibi ed a ma ked inc ease in p o ein (up o 24.84% in Sample C s. 3.79% in con ol), die a y ib e (up o 2.59% s. 0.89%),
and ash (mine al) con en (≈3.10% s. 1.55%), alongside a educ ion in ca bohyd a e con en . Mois u e and lipid le els emained
compa able o he con ol, indica ing no ad e se e ec s on p oduc s abili y and ex u e. The s udy success ully demons a es ha he
s a egic o mula ion o snacks using Bamba a g oundnu , soybean, chia seed, and da e can yield a nu ien -dense p oduc signi ican ly
supe io o con en ional op ions. This snack has high po en ial o add ess speci ic nu ien gaps and comba he iple bu den o
malnu i ion among adolescen s by p o iding a con enien sou ce o high-quali y p o ein, ib e, and essen ial mine als.
Keywo ds: Adolescen Nu i ion, Bamba a G oundnu , Soybean, Chia Seeds, Da es, P oxima e E alua ion.
Ci e his a icle: Jegede, O. M., Jegede., O. H., Alilu. D. M., Iliemene, U. D., & Bunza, J. M. (2025). PROXIMATE EVALUATION
OF A NUTRITIOUS SNACK FORMULATED FOR ADOLESCENTS USING BAMBARA NUTS, SOYBEANS, CHIA SEEDS
AND DATES. MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies, 2(11),30-35. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17658851
In oduc ion
Adolescence is a pe iod o apid physiological and
psychological de elopmen , second only o in ancy in e ms o
g ow h eloci y. This li e s age is cha ac e ized by a signi ican
inc ease in nu i ional equi emen s o suppo bone mine aliza ion,
muscle de elopmen , and ho monal changes (Das e al., 2017). The
global adolescen popula ion is subs an ial, and hei nu i ional
s a us is a c i ical de e minan o hei cu en heal h, cogni i e
pe o mance, and long- e m disease isk. Despi e i s impo ance,
adolescen nu i ion emains a equen ly o e looked a ea in public
heal h ini ia i es, leading he Lance Commission on Adolescen
Heal h and Wellbeing o label i a "hidden c isis" (Sawye e al.,
2019).
A p ima y conce n in adolescen nu i ion is he pe asi e
" iple bu den o malnu i ion"— he coexis ence o unde nu i ion,
mic onu ien de iciencies, and o e nu i ion leading o o e weigh
and obesi y (Aksee e al., 2020). Mic onu ien de iciencies,
pa icula ly o i on, a e especially p e alen . I on de iciency
anemia (IDA) is one o he mos common nu i ional diso de s
among adolescen s globally, leading o a igue, impai ed cogni i e
unc ion, diminished lea ning capaci y, and educed school
pe o mance (Salam e al., 2021). The consequences ex end
beyond he indi idual, a ec ing socie al p oduc i i y and economic
de elopmen . Wi hin he adolescen die a y pa e n, snack oods
play an in luen ial and o en de imen al ole. Adolescen s
equen ly consume a signi ican po ion o hei daily ene gy
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 30-35
31
in ake om snacks, which a e ypically ene gy-dense, high in
e ined suga s and unheal hy a s, and poo in essen ial
mic onu ien s and die a y ibe (Hess e al., 2016). This
consump ion pa e n p esen s a dual challenge: i con ibu es o
excessi e calo ie in ake while ailing o mee mic onu ien needs.
Howe e , his habi ual snacking beha iou also ep esen s a
s a egic oppo uni y o public heal h nu i ion. By de eloping and
p omo ing nu ien -dense, cul u ally accep able, and con enien
snack al e na i es, i is possible o le e age exis ing ea ing habi s
o imp o e o e all die a y quali y and add ess speci ic nu ien
gaps in his popula ion (Chacón e al., 2023).This s udy p oposes a
snack o mula ion ha s a egically combines ou nu ien - ich,
plan -based ing edien s: Bamba a g oundnu s, soybeans, chia
seeds, and da es. Each componen was selec ed o i s unique and
complemen a y nu i ional p o ile.
Bamba a g oundnu (Vigna sub e anea) is an
unde u ilized, clima e- esilien legume indigenous o A ica. I is a
aluable sou ce o p o ein (app oxima ely 18-24%), complex
ca bohyd a es, and essen ial mine als like i on, magnesium, and
zinc (Oyeyinka & Oyeyinka, 2018). I s ag onomic obus ness and
nu i ional comple eness make i a sus ainable c op o imp o ing
ood and nu i ion secu i y.
Soybeans (Glycine max) con ibu e a high-quali y,
comple e p o ein con aining all essen ial amino acids necessa y o
g ow h. Beyond p o ein, soy is a ich sou ce o iso la ones,
compounds associa ed wi h a ious heal h bene i s, including
po en ial posi i e e ec s on cogni i e unc ion and ca dio ascula
heal h (Messina e al., 2021). Recen esea ch sugges s ha soy
consump ion in school-aged child en may be linked o imp o ed
cogni i e pe o mance, including enhanced hinking and a en ion
(B is ina e al., 2023).
Chia seeds (Sal ia hispanica L.) o e a concen a ed
sou ce o omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), die a y ibe , and
essen ial mine als. No ably, hey a e an excep ional plan -based
sou ce o calcium, which is c ucial o achie ing peak bone mass
du ing adolescence (Ullah e al., 2016). The combina ion o
heal hy a s, ibe , and p o ein in chia seeds con ibu es o
sus ained ene gy elease and sa ie y, which is bene icial o
main aining ocus and p e en ing o e consump ion o less heal hy
snacks.
Da es (Phoenix dac yli e a) se e as a na u al swee ene
and binde , educing o elimina ing he need o added suga s.
Da es a e ich in die a y ibe , po assium, coppe , and an ioxidan s
(Rahmani e al., 2018). Impo an ly, e idence indica es ha da e
consump ion can e ec i ely imp o e hema ological indices. A
s udy by Eshghi e al. (2020) demons a ed ha da e
supplemen a ion signi ican ly inc eased hemoglobin le els in
emale adolescen s wi h i on de iciency, posi ioning i as a
unc ional ood o comba ing anemia.
The e o e, his s udy aims o de elop and conduc a
p oxima e e alua ion (mois u e, ash, p o ein, a , ibe , and
ca bohyd a e con en ) o a nu i ious snack o mula ed om
Bamba a g oundnu s, soybeans, chia seeds, and da es.
Me hodology
Resea ch Design
This s udy employed an expe imen al esea ch design o
de elop and e alua e a nu i ious snack o mula ed om bamba a
nu s, soybean, chia seeds and da es. The s udy in ol ed
o mula ion and p oxima e analysis o he o mula ed snack.
The aw ma e ials used in his s udy included bamba a nu s,
soybean, chia seeds and da es, which we e sou ced om a local
ma ke in Abuja, FCT, Nige ia. Equipmen and eagen s o
labo a o y analysis we e ob ained om he Sheda Science and
Technology Complex, Chemis y Ad anced Labo a o y.
Sample P epa a ion and Fo mula ion
The ing edien s we e so ed, cleaned, and p ocessed
sepa a ely. Bamba a nu s we e oas ed a 1500c o enhance la ou
and educe an i-nu i ional ac o s. The oas ed nu s we e cooled o
oom empe a u e, dehulled and milled in o lou using a ood
p ocesso . The soybeans we e soaked, e men ed, boiled, sun-
d ied, oas ed and milled in o lou . Chia seeds we e cleaned and
soaked o o m a gel-like s uc u e, while da es we e deseeded,
blended in o a pas e, s ained, boiled and cooled o o m a sy up.
All p epa ed ing edien s we e combined in a ying p opo ions o
p oduce h ee snack o mula ions (F1, F2, F3). The blends we e
mixed ho oughly, shaped in o bi e-size snacks, and baked a
150°C o 12-15 minu es. A e cooling, samples we e packaged in
ai igh con aine s o subsequen analysis.
P oxima e Composi ion Analysis
The p oxima e composi ion o he snack samples was
de e mined using s anda d AOAC (1990) me hods. The pa ame e s
analyzed included:
Mois u e con en was de e mined by o en d ying a 105°C,
acco ding o Udo and Oguwele’s (1986) me hod. Ash con en was
de e mined by incine a ion in a mu le u nace a 550°C, acco ding
o James (1995). The C ude lipid con en in he sample was
ex ac ed using soxhle ex ac ion p ocedu e, desc ibed by Udo and
Oguwele (1986). C ude ibe using he g a ime ic me hod. The
c ude p o ein o he sample was de e mined using he mic o-
Kjeldahl me hod desc ibed by AOAC (1990). Ca bohyd a e was
calcula ed by he me hod o James (1995) whe e he o al
p opo ion o ca bohyd a e in he lea es sample was ob ained by
calcula ion using he pe cen age d y me hod
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 30-35
32
Resul s and Discussion
Table 1: The p oxima e composi ion o p e-p ocessing analysis o he ing edien s used in he o mula ed snack in he s udy
Ing edien s
Mois u e
(%)
Ash (%)
C ude Lipid
(%)
C ude
P o ein (%)
C ude ib e
(%)
Ca bohyd a es
(%)
Da e
Seed(D)
6.69±0.01a
2.24±0.01a
1.40±0.02a
6.95±0.05a
3.45±0.01a
79.27±0.0a
Soya
Beans
Seed(S)
3.11±0.01b
4.70±0.02b
18.55±0.05b
42.14±0.02b
7.51±0.02b
26.49±2.51b
Bamba a
Nu s(B)
6.12±0.02a
2.88±0.04a
6.85±0.04c
18.13±0.03c
5.18±0.02c
60.84±0.01c
Chia
Seeds(C)
4.72±0.04ab
4.49±0.01b
24.46±0.02d
19.76±0.06c
22.450.03d
24.12±0.05b
F alue
45.000
71.955
963.020
354.865
453.967
460.727
p alue
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Values a e mean±s anda d e o o he mean o he p oxima e
con en o he p e-p ocessing analysis. Values wi h he same
supe sc ip a e no signi ican ly di e en a p<0.05 a 95 %
con idence in e al.
Table 2: The p oxima e composi ion o pos -p ocessing analysis o he ing edien s used in he o mula ed snack in he s udy
Ing edien s
Mois u e
(%)
Ash (%)
C ude Lipid
(%)
C ude
P o ein (%)
C ude ib e
(%)
Ca bohyd a es
(%)
Da e
sy up(DS)
77.12±0.01a
1.06±0.03a
1.11±0.01a
4.55±0.02a
0.12±0.01a
16.04±0.01a
Soya
Beans
Flou (SY)
5.27±0.01b
1.96±0.01b
19.23±0.01b
40.10±0.02b
0.52±0.01b
32.92±0.02b
Bamba a
Nu
lou (BN)
7.03±0.02c
1.52±0.04ab
5.87±0.02c
16.92±0.01c
0.19±0.01a
68.47±0.07c
Chia Seed
Soaked in
wa e (CH)
5.38±0.02b
3.87±0.05c
21.92±0.03b
19.23±0.01d
21.39±0.03c
28.21±0.04b
F alue
423.431
60.131
88.635
306.165
270.105
45.205
p alue
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Values a e mean±s anda d e o o he mean o he p oxima e
con en o he pos -p ocessing analysis. Values wi h he same
supe sc ip a e no signi ican ly di e en a p<0.05 a 95 %
con idence in e al.
Table 3: The p oxima e composi ion o pos o mula ion analysis o he cookies o mula ed in he s udy
Ing edien s
Mois u e
(%)
Ash (%)
C ude
Lipid (%)
C ude
P o ein (%)
C ude ib e
(%)
Ca bohyd a es
(%)
Sample A
(Cookies)
9.46±0.05
3.10±0.03a
15.17±0.04
19.28±0.01a
1.01±0.01ad
51.98±0.07a
Sample B
(Cookies)
8.65±0.05
3.05±0.01a
13.49±0.01
12.39±0.01b
1.49±0.01b
60.92±0.05b
Sample C
(Cookies)
9.09±0.02
3.11±0.01a
13.29±0.01
24.84±0.03c
2.59±0.04c
47.087±0.03a
Sample D
(S anda d)
9.82±0.04
1.55±0.05b
14.27±0.22
3.79±0.01d
0.89±0.01d
69.68±0.06c
F alue
1.901
75.343
2.138
43.431
46.559
32.030
p alue
0.0872
<0.001
0.0639
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Values a e mean±s anda d e o o he mean o he p oxima e
con en o he samples. Values wi h he same supe sc ip a e no
signi ican ly di e en a p<0.05 a 95 % con idence in e al.
The p oxima e Composi ion o he aw ing edien s
The p oxima e analysis o he aw ing edien s e eals
signi ican nu i ional di e si y, highligh ing hei unique and
complemen a y po en ial in ood o mula ion. The dis inc p o iles
o da e seed (D), soya bean (S), Bamba a nu (B), and chia seed (C)
sugges ha hei ca e ully planned combina ion could be
employed o de elop snack p oduc s wi h a ge ed nu i ional
bene i s. The low mois u e con en obse ed ac oss all ing edien s
is a posi i e indica o o shel s abili y. The signi ican ly lowe
mois u e con en in soya bean and chia seeds, compa ed o da e
seed and Bamba a nu , sugges s an inhe en ly lowe wa e ac i i y,
which can inhibi mic obial g ow h and ex end he s o age li e o
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 30-35
33
he de i ed lou s (Adejuyi an e al., 2020). This is a c i ical ac o
o he iabili y and ood sa e y o any p oduc de eloped om
hese ing edien s.
The ash con en , which e lec o al mine al con en , was
signi ican ly highe in soya bean and chia seeds. This inding
posi ions hese wo ing edien s as po en mine al sou ces o ood
o i ica ion. The high ash con en in chia seeds is consis en wi h
i s epu a ion as a nu ien dense ood (Ullah e al., 2016), while
he obus mine al p o ile o soya bean is well documen ed in he
li e a u e (Adebowale e al., 2022). Con e sely, he lowe ash
con en in da e seed and Bamba a nu indica es ha while hey may
p o ide ene gy and o he mac onu ien s, hey would be less
signi ican con ibu o s o he mine al densi y o a composi e
blend.
The c ude lipid analysis showed a clea g adien , wi h chia
seeds con aining he highes le el, ollowed by soya bean. This
es ablishes chia seeds as a highe lipid sou ce in o mula ions,
which is signi ican gi en i s high con en o bene icial omega-3
a y acids (Melga e al., 2021). Soya bean's subs an ial lipid
con en u he ein o ces i s s a us as a majo oilseed c op. In
con as , he low lipid con en o Bamba a nu and he e y low
le el in da e seed ma k hem as low- a ing edien s, which would
be ad an ageous in c ea ing snacks wi h educed a con en .
The p o ein con en showed a iabili y, wi h soya bean
exhibi ing a ma kedly supe io concen a ion. This esul
unde sco es soya bean's alue as a plan -based p o ein sou ce o
comba ing p o ein-ene gy malnu i ion in de eloping egions
(Mune, 2022). The mode a e and s a is ically simila p o ein le els
in Bamba a nu and chia seeds a e no able; Bamba a nu , an
indigenous A ican legume, demons a es a p o ein con en
compa able o he chia, highligh ing he po en ial o unde u ilized
local c ops (Oyeyinka e al., 2021). Da e seed, wi h i s low p o ein
con en , would unc ion p ima ily as a sou ce o ca bohyd a es
a he han p o ein in a composi e o mula ion.
The c ude ib e esul s posi ion chia seeds as an excep ional
sou ce o die a y ib e, con aining signi ican ly mo e han he o he
ing edien s. This high ib e con en is bene icial o gas oin es inal
heal h and sa ie y, a key a ibu e o heal hy snacking (Sla in,
2020). The in e media e ib e con en o soya bean and Bamba a
nu adds o hei nu i ional po olio, while da e seed's low ib e
con en sugges s i s p ima y nu i ional ole lies elsewhe e. The
ca bohyd a e con en e ealed ha , Da e seed and Bamba a nu
we e iden i ied as high-ca bohyd a e ing edien s, making hem
sui able as base ing edien s o p ima y sou ces o ene gy in snack
o mula ions. The signi ican ly lowe and simila ca bohyd a e
con en o soya bean and chia seeds is a di ec consequence o hei
high le els o o he componen s—p o ein and lipids in soya bean,
and lipids and ib e in chia seeds. This in e se ela ionship is
expec ed in p oxima e composi ion and con i ms he dis inc
mac onu ien specializa ion o each ing edien .
P oxima e Composi ion o P ocessed Ing edien s
In he cu en s udy, aw ing edien s we e p ocessed in o
mo e unc ional o ms including da e sy up, soya bean lou ,
Bamba a nu lou , and soaked chia seeds.
The excep ionally high mois u e con en o da e sy up is
cha ac e is ic o i s sy upy, concen a ed o m and aligns wi h i s
p ima y unc ion as a na u al swee ene and humec an in ood
p oduc s. This high wa e ac i i y necessi a es ca e ul
conside a ion in p oduc o mula ion o ensu e shel s abili y,
po en ially equi ing low mois u e in o he componen s o he use
o p ese a i es. In con as , he low and s a is ically simila
mois u e con en s o soya bean lou and soaked chia seeds a e
ideal o powde -based o mula ions, ensu ing mic obial s abili y
and a longe shel li e (Adejuyi an e al., 2020). The sligh ly highe
mois u e in Bamba a nu lou , hough s ill low, may equi e
moni o ing du ing s o age o p e en clumping o spoilage.
The e was signi ican educ ion in he ash con en o soya
bean and Bamba a nu ollowing p ocessing in o lou , compa ed
o hei aw seed alues. This sugges s ha ce ain mine al- ich
componen s, such as he seed coa o hull, may ha e been los
du ing p ocessing in lou p oduc ion (Oyeyinka e al., 2021).
Soaked chia seeds, howe e , e ained a signi ican ly highe ash
con en han he o he p ocessed ing edien s, ein o cing i s s a us
as a mine al-dense componen e en a e hyd a ion, making i a
aluable ing edien o boos ing he mine al con en o he inal
p oduc .
The lipid p o ile emained la gely consis en wi h he aw
ing edien s, wi h soaked chia seeds and soya bean lou con aining
he highes and s a is ically simila le els. This con i ms ha he
p ocessing me hods employed did no lead o subs an ial oil
ex ac ion o loss, p ese ing hese ing edien s as excellen sou ces
o die a y lipids. The high lipid con en in chia seeds con ibu es o
i s ene gy densi y and unc ional p ope ies, while soya bean lou 's
lipid con en adds o i s o e all nu i ional alue. The low lipid
con en in da e sy up and Bamba a nu lou u he de ines hei
oles as low- a ca bohyd a e and p o ein sou ces, espec i ely. The
p o ein con en solidi ies he dis inc oles o each ing edien . Soya
bean lou is he p o ein powe house, wi h a concen a ion
signi ican ly highe han all o he s, unde sco ing i s ole as a
p ima y p o ein o i ican s in plan -based p oduc s (Mune, 2022).
Soaked chia seeds and Bamba a nu lou p o ided mode a e and
dis inc le els o p o ein, making hem excellen complemen a y
p o ein sou ces. Da e sy up, wi h i s low p o ein con en , unc ions
p ima ily as a ca bohyd a e-based swee ene a he han a p o ein
con ibu o . Soaked chia seeds e ained an excep ionally high ib e
con en , es ablishing i as he p emie ing edien o enhancing he
die a y ib e and associa ed heal h bene i s. This is simila o he
epo o Adebowale e al., (2022). The ca bohyd a e con en in
Bamba a nu lou eme ged as he p ima y high-ca bohyd a e
ing edien , making i a sui able base o p o iding ene gy densi y.
Soya bean lou and soaked chia seeds, wi h hei mode a e and
simila ca bohyd a e le els, e lec hei balanced mac onu ien
p o iles, whe e signi ican po ions o hei mass a e comp ised o
p o ein and lipids/ ib e, espec i ely. Da e sy up's su p isingly low
ca bohyd a e con en , gi en i s na u e as a sy up, is likely because
i s composi ion is domina ed by i s high mois u e con en ; on a d y
weigh basis, i s ca bohyd a e le el would be subs an ially highe
(Adebowale e al., 2022).
P oxima e Composi ion o Fo mula ed Cookies
The p oxima e composi ion o he o mula ed cookie
samples e eals a success ul nu i ional ans o ma ion, wi h he
composi e lou blends signi ican ly enhancing he die a y quali y
o he snacks compa ed o he con en ional con ol. The esul s
demons a e ha s a egic o mula ion can e ec i ely modula e he
mac onu ien p o ile o c ea e a mo e balanced and nu ien -dense
p oduc .
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 30-35
34
The non-signi ican di e ences in mois u e and lipid
con en be ween he expe imen al samples and he con ol a e
a ou able indings om a p oduc de elopmen pe spec i e. This
indica es ha he inco po a ion o da e sy up, soya bean lou ,
Bamba a nu lou , and chia seeds did no ad e sely al e
undamen al physical a ibu es ela ed o shel -s abili y and ex u e
ha a e c i ical o consume accep ance (Adebowale e al., 2022).
Fo he ash, p o ein, ib e, and ca bohyd a e p o iles, he e is
signi ican inding. The signi ican ly highe ash con en in all h ee
o mula ed samples (A, B, and C) compa ed o he con ol is a
di ec indica o o a supe io mine al con en . This inding aligns
wi h he ini ial analysis o he aw ing edien s, which iden i ied
soya bean and chia seeds as ich mine al sou ces. The ele a ed ash
con en con i ms ha hese o i ied cookies can se e as a mo e
e ec i e ehicle o deli e ing essen ial die a y mine als such as
calcium, phospho us, and zinc han he con en ional e ined lou -
based cookie, add essing a key aspec o mic onu ien de iciency
(Oyeyinka e al., 2021). The p o ein con en in he o mula ed
samples showed inc ease, wi h Sample C achie ing a le el
app oxima ely 6.5 imes ha o he con ol. This p o ound
enhancemen can be di ec ly a ibu ed o he high-quali y p o ein
om soya bean lou , an ing edien well-es ablished o i s ole in
comba ing p o ein-ene gy malnu i ion. This inding is simila o
ha o Mune, (2022). The g aded le els o p o ein ac oss Samples
A, B, and C a e likely a unc ion o he a ying inclusion a es o
he p o ein-dense ing edien s, pa icula ly soya bean lou , wi hin
hei espec i e composi e blends. This demons a es he po en ial
o p ecise nu i ional ailo ing in p oduc o mula ion. A simila ,
hough mo e a ied, end was obse ed o c ude ib e. Sample C
demons a ed a signi ican ly highe ib e con en , which can be
linked o he inclusion o chia seeds, p e iously iden i ied as an
excep ional sou ce o die a y ib e. The mode a e inc ease in
Sample B and he non-signi ican di e ence be ween Sample A
and he con ol sugges di e ing p opo ions o ib e- ich
componen s in hei o mula ions. The enhanced ib e con en
con ibu es o imp o ed sa ie y and diges i e heal h, o e ing a
unc ional bene i o e con en ional snack op ions (Sla in, 2020).
The signi ican educ ion in ca bohyd a e con en in he o mula ed
samples, pa icula ly in Samples A and C, is a di ec and expec ed
consequence o nu ien dilu ion. As he p opo ions o non-
ca bohyd a e componen s speci ically p o ein, ib e, and ash
(mine als) inc eased in he composi e lou s, he ela i e
pe cen age o ca bohyd a es necessa ily dec eased.
Conclusion
The p oxima e e alua ion success ully demons a es ha
he s a egic o mula ion o snacks using Bamba a nu , soybean,
chia seed, and da e ing edien s ep esen s a signi ican nu i ional
imp o emen o e con en ional e ined lou -based p oduc s. The
composi e lou blends e ec i ely enhanced he die a y quali y o
he inal cookies, ma kedly inc easing hei p o ein, die a y ibe ,
and ash con en while educing he ela i e p opo ion o simple
ca bohyd a es. This nu i ional ans o ma ion was achie ed
wi hou comp omising key p oduc a ibu es like mois u e and
lipid con en , which a e c i ical o shel -s abili y and consume
accep ance. The dis inc ye complemen a y p o iles o he
indi idual ing edien s we e ins umen al in his success: soybeans
se ed as a p o ein powe house, chia seeds con ibu ed excep ional
ibe and mine al densi y, while Bamba a nu s and da es p o ided a
solid ene gy base and na u al swee ness, espec i ely. The e o e,
his s udy alida es he po en ial o le e aging unde u ilized c ops
and unc ional oods o de elop nu ien -dense snacks ailo ed o
add ess he speci ic nu i ional equi emen s and comba he iple
bu den o malnu i ion among he adolescen popula ion.
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