In e na ional Jou nal o Li e Science and Ag icul u e Resea ch
ISSN (P in ): 2833-2091, ISSN (Online): 2833-2105
Volume 04 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/ijlsa /V04I11Y2025-06
Impac Fac o : 7.88 , Page No : 675-680
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 806| 675 P a g e
Response o B ead Whea C op o Tillage Sys ems and Chemical He bicides
Unde Supplemen al I iga ion
Salim H. An a 1, Islam A. Al ijabo2, Aws. M. Mohamad3, Fadi go ges4, Ama Y. Ali5
1,2,3,4,5 Cen e o A id Fa ming and Conse a ion Ag icul u e Resea ch (CAFCAR) Uni e si y o Mosul
ABSTRACT
The expe imen was ca ied ou a Ag icul u al season 2024-2025 a mid own o Mosul ci y, he
expe imen was include wo ac o , illage sys em (con en ional illage wi hou he bicide) and
conse a ion illage wi h using limi less he bicide, and he second ac o he a ie ies o so
whea (Kalla , Adena, Ebaa). he seed we e sowing a mid o Decembe o 2024 by 100 kg / h-1,
add he e ilize acco ding o ecommenda ions o Ag icul u e Minis y (100 kg o DAP) wi h
plan ing o seeds. The expe imen was applied acco ding ac o ial expe imen s using Randomize
Comple e Block Design wi h h ee eplica ion. Limi less he bicide was sp aying a las week o
Feb ua y. The conse a i e ag icul u e sys em wi h he use o pes icide was supe io o he
adi ional ag icul u e sys em in plan heigh , educing he numbe o na ow-lea ed weeds and
hei d y weigh , as well as he d y weigh o b oad-lea ed weeds by 5.23 cm, 4.44, 14.22 and
15.77 g/m2, while he wo sys ems did no di e in he es o he s udied cha ac e is ics. The
Pha aonic cul i a was supe io o he o he wo cul i a s in plan heigh and yield by (26.5 and
45.33 cm) (2.17 and 13.17 g/m2). The bes plan heigh o he Pha aonic cul i a wi h
conse a i e ag icul u e and he use o pes icide was (97.33 cm). The Najia cul i a was supe io
wi h adi ional ag icul u e in he amoun o g ain yield (353.67 g/m2). The aim o he esea ch
was o dissemina e conse a ion ag icul u e echnology sys em in Nine eh Go e no a e he
esea ch was conduc ed in coope a ion wi h he Wo ld Food P og am (W.F.P).
KEYWORDS: conse a ion illage, lim less he bicide, Kalla , Adena, Ebaa
Published Online:
No embe 20, 2025
Co esponding Au ho :
Salim H. An a
INTRODUCTION
T i icum aes i um L. conside he i s sha e in he g oup o ce eal c ops ha a e g own in he I aq as well as he A ab wo d,
gi en he impo ance o his plan in achie ing ood secu i y o all he A ab popula ion in addi ion o i s ole in economic
de elopmen Salim e al (2025) and Al-jaddi (2023)) The cul i a ion o b ead Whea is sp ead in a wide a ea o a able land in he
wo ld and his plan occupies he Ad anced place in wo ld ag icul u al yield. The a ea plan ed wi h Whea in he A ab wo ld is
es ima ed a app oxima ely 30.46% o he o al cul i a ion o o he c ops and a p oduc ion a e o up o 48.02% o he p oduc ion
o hese c ops (Abdul ahman (2023). This pe cen age eaches app oxima ely 3.07% o he wo ld yield o his c op, which was
es ima ed a abou 749.46 million ons. I aq con ibu es 12.92% o he A ab coun ies' yield. The e a e many p oblems acing he
ag icul u e, especially whea cul i a ion, including na ow wand b oad lea es weed, ha a e p esen in high densi y wi h i Hussain
(2024). In I aq, he e a e mo e han 15 ypes o b oadlea weeds and 10 ypes o na ow lea e weeds. These weeds cause losses
damage o up o 50% o he yield, in addi ion o he de e io a ion o he quali y o he c op. Resea che s a e eso ing o in es iga ing
new scien i ic p ocesses o inc ease c op yield and imp o e i s quali y, such as he use o he ze o illage sys em, which is one o
he mode n scien i ic me hods o ag icul u e. This sys em has achie ed posi i e esul s in Nine eh Go e no a e compa ed o
adi ional ag icul u e Al-Jobou i and Alaba (2021). Also keeping he emains o he c op ha ha es ing a las yea in he g ound
and no dis u bing he a m in his ype o plowing led o ob aining impo an esul s compa ed o o he sys ems. The esea ch aims
o sp ead o ze o illage in he ain- ed a eas in no he n I aq in o de o educe he e ec s o clima e damage ha is cu en ly
a ec ing he wo ld An a and Ahmed (2020) The aim o he esea ch was o dissemina e conse a ion ag icul u e echnology sys em
in Nine eh Go e no a e, he esea ch was conduc ed in coope a ion wi h he Wo ld Food P og am (W.F.P).
Salim H. An a e al, Response o B ead Whea C op o Tillage Sys ems and Chemical He bicides Unde
Supplemen al I iga ion
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 806| 676 P a g e
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The expe imen was ca ied ou a Ag icul u al season 2024-2025 a mid own o Mosul ci y, he expe imen was include wo ac o ,
illage sys em (con en ional illage wi hou he bicide) and conse a ion illage wi h using limi less he bicide, and he second ac o
he a ie ies o so whea (Kalla , Adena, Ebaa). he seed we e sowing a mid o Decembe o 2024 by 100 kg / h-1, add he e ilize
acco ding o ecommenda ions o Ag icul u e Minis y (100 kg o DAP) wi h plan ing o seeds. he expe imen was applied
acco ding ac o ial expe imen s using Randomize Comple e Block Design wi h h ee eplica ion. Limi less he bicide was sp aying
a las week o Feb ua y, The ain all was e y li le a his season , he ield was wa e ed an needed, he impo an ai s which
s udied a e plan high, No o illage m No o Spikes / m2 Spike leng h (cm), No o g ain (spike), Weigh o 1000 g ain (g), Yield
g ain kg/ dounum, Biological yield kg / dounum, Numbe o na ow lea es weeds, D y weigh o na ow lea es weeds, Numbe o
wide lea es weeds, D y weigh o wide lea es weeds. he da a we e analyzed acco ding o ac o ial expe imen s using R.C.B.D.
and using Duncan mul iple ange es o compa e among he ea men s a p obabili y le el 5%.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1- Table (1) indica es signi ican di e ences be ween he illage sys ems used in some o he s udied whea c op ai s.
Conse a ion a ming, which used he he bicide Limi lis, ou pe o med con en ional a ming, which did no use i , in he
numbe o g ains pe spike, housand-g ain weigh , and o al g ain yield by 5.67 g, 7.22 g, and 25.44 kg, espec i ely. This
may be a ibu ed o be e soil wa e e en ion and mo e uni o m plan spacing, which esul ed in highe plan heigh . These
esul s a e consis en wi h hose o Al-Jubou i and An a (2021). Con en ional a ming also ou pe o med conse a ion
a ming by 1.78 cm and in biological yield (65.66 kg). No signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he wo sys ems in
he emaining ege a i e and p oduc i e ai s, such as plan heigh and numbe o spikes. This may be because
supplemen al i iga ion educed he di e ences be ween he wo sys ems. These esul s a e consis en wi h hose o
Abdullah (2024). Rega ding weed cha ac e is ics, he numbe o na ow-lea ed and b oad-lea ed weeds dec eased in
conse a ion ag icul u e compa ed o con en ional ag icul u e by 5.89 g and 14.55 g o na ow-lea ed and b oad-lea ed
weeds, espec i ely, by 3.78 g and 11.78 g o b oad-lea ed and na ow-lea ed weeds. This may be a ibu ed o he
he bicide's educ ion o bo h weed popula ions. These esul s a e consis en wi h hose o Al-Hanoush (2021) and Al-
Rajabo (2022).
Table (1) e ec o illage sys em on ai s o whea and he weeds ha accompany i .
Tillage sys em
Plan high
(cm)
No o ille s
No o Spikes
Spike
leng h
(cm)
No o g ain
(spike)
Weigh o 1000
g ain (gm)
Con en ional
59.22 a
341.00 a
294.67 a
7.00 b
38.78 a
42.33 a
Conse a ion+
limi less
he bicide
60.33 a
335.11 a
292.56 a
8.78 a
33.11 b
35.11 b
Tillage sys em
Yield g ain (kg /
dounum
Biological yield
kg / dounum
Numbe o
na ow
lea es
weeds
D y
weigh o
na ow
lea es
weeds
Numbe o
wide
lea es
weeds
D y weigh o
wide lea es
weeds
con en ional
349.11a
1160.67b
7.89 b
30.89 b
4.78 b
56.89 b
Conse a ion+
limi less
he bicide
323.67 b
1226.33 a
13.78 a
45.44 a
8.56 a
68.67
2-Table 2 indica es signi ican di e ences be ween he s udied a ie ies in hei e ec on he s udied cha ac e is ics o
whea . The Kla a ie y ou pe o med he Adna and Abaa a ie ies in plan heigh by 6 and 27.16 cm, espec i ely, while
he Adna a ie y ou pe o med he Abaa a ie y by 21.16 cm. This may be due o gene ic ac o s. These esul s a e
consis en wi h hose o Gali (2021). The Adna a ie y also ou pe o med he Kla and Abaa a ie ies in he numbe o
ille s and he numbe o spikes by 49.16 and 91.16, espec i ely, and 14.50 and 107.17, espec i ely. This may be due o
Salim H. An a e al, Response o B ead Whea C op o Tillage Sys ems and Chemical He bicides Unde
Supplemen al I iga ion
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 806| 677 P a g e
he ailu e o some seeds o ge mina e. The wo a ie ies did no di e om each o he in spike leng h and housand-g ain
weigh . The Adna and Abaa a ie ies we e signi ican ly in e io o he Kala a ie y in spike leng h and numbe o g ains
pe spike by 1.33 and 1.53 cm (4.67 and 5, espec i ely). Howe e , in e ms o housand-seed weigh , he Kala and Abaa
a ie ies ou pe o med he Abaa a ie y by 9 and 7.66 g. No signi ican di e ences we e obse ed among he h ee a ie ies
in yield. The Kala a ie y ou pe o med he Adna and Abaa a ie ies by 235.0 kg/dunum (468.0 kg/dunum), while he
Adna a ie y ou pe o med he Abaa a ie y by 233.0 kg/dunum. The h ee a ie ies did no di e in he numbe o na ow-
lea ed weeds. The Kala a ie y did no di e om he Adna a ie y in he d y weigh o na ow-lea ed weeds, while he
d y weigh o na ow-lea ed weeds was lowe in he Abaa a ie y compa ed o he o he wo a ie ies. Adna and Abaa
di e ed om he Kala a ie y in he numbe o b oadlea lea es compa ed o Kala by (0.33 and 0.17) in he d y weigh
o b oadlea weeds, while bo h su passed Kala in he d y weigh o b oadlea weeds. Adna and Abaa did no di e in he
d y weigh o b oadlea weeds, while bo h su passed Kala in he d y weigh o b oadlea weeds. These esul s a e consis en
wi h hose o (Menhas, 2023).
Table (2) e ec o ypes o a on ai s o whea and he weeds ha accompany i .
Va
Plan high
(cm)
No o ille s
No o Spikes
Spike
leng h
(cm)
No o g ain
(spike)
Weigh o 1000
g ain (gm)
Kalla
70.83 a
335.67 b
319.67 b
8.83 a
39.17 a
42.17 a
Adena
64.83 b
384.83 a
334.17 a
7.50 b
34.50 b
40.83 a
Ebaa
43.67 c
293.67 c
227.00 c
7.33 b
34.17 b
33.17 b
Va
Yield g ain
kg / dounum
Biological
yield kg /
dounum
Numbe
o na ow
lea es
weeds
D y
weigh o
na ow
lea es
weeds
Numbe
o wide
lea es
weeds
D y
weigh o
wide
lea es
weeds
Kalla
340.67 a
1427.83 a
10.50 a
40.17 a
7.50 a
58.17 b
Adena
337.00 a
1192.83 b
11.0 a
40.33 a
6.17 b
66.67 a
Ebaa
331.50 a
959.83 c
11.0 a
34.0 b
6.33 b
63.50
3- Table No. (3) indica es ha he in e ac ion be ween illage sys ems and a ie ies has a signi ican e ec on he s udied
ai s, whe he ege a i e o p oduc i e. The Kala a ie y, when using conse a ion illage, su passed he es o he
ea men s in plan heigh (70.33 cm) compa ed o he es o he ea men s, ollowed by he Kala and Adna a ie ies wi h
adi ional illage (66.67 cm). The lowes heigh was ound o he Abaa a ie y when using bo h ypes o illage. The
eason may be due o he gene ic ac o , and his esul is consis en wi h wha was ound by Al-jade and Abdulla (2025)
and Al-Kaby e al (2025). The able also indica es signi ican di e ences be ween he ea men s in hei e ec on he ai
o he numbe o ille s and he numbe o spikes pe squa e me e , as he wo a ie ies Kala and Adna we e supe io wi h
adi ional illage and he Adna a ie y (379.67, 379.67 and 390.0) wi h conse a ion ag icul u e compa ed o he es o
he ea men s. The ea men s did no di e be ween hem in hei e ec on he ai s o spike leng h and numbe o g ains
pe spike, while he in e ac ion be ween he ea men s had an e ec on he ai o a housand g ains, as he Kala a ie y
was supe io wi h conse a ion ag icul u e (49.33) compa ed o he es o he ea men s, while he lowes weigh o a
housand g ains was in he Abaa a ie y wi h adi ional ag icul u e (32.33). These esul s a e consis en wi h he esul s o
Jawad e al (2025) and Akol (2021). The in e ac ion be ween he ype o cul i a ion and he a ie ies also a ec ed he
yield quan i y, as he Adna a ie y was supe io wi h conse a ion cul i a ion and he use o he he bicide Limi less (362.0
g/m2), while he lowes yield quan i y was o he Kala and adna a ie y wi h adi ional cul i a ion and no use o he
he bicide (312.0). The Kala a ie y was supe io wi h conse a ion cul i a ion in he quan i y o biological yield (1436.33
kg), while he lowes quan i y o biological yield was o he Abaa a ie y wi h adi ional cul i a ion (948.67 kg/dunum).
Salim H. An a e al, Response o B ead Whea C op o Tillage Sys ems and Chemical He bicides Unde
Supplemen al I iga ion
www.ijlsa .o glable a : iA a 806| 678 P a g e
As o weed cha ac e is ics, he numbe o na ow-lea ed weeds dec eased o he h ee a ie ies wi h conse a ion
cul i a ion and he use o he he bicide compa ed o adi ional cul i a ion and no use o he he bicide. This was e lec ed
in he d y weigh o he na ow-lea ed weeds, which beha ed in he same way as he numbe . Likewise, he numbe o
b oadlea weeds dec eased o all h ee a ie ies wi h conse a ion ag icul u e and pes icide use compa ed o adi ional
ag icul u e and no pes icide use. Also, he d y weigh o b oadlea weeds dec eased in he wo a ie ies, Kala and Abaa,
wi h conse a ion ag icul u e and pes icide use compa ed o adi ional ag icul u e and no pes icide use. These esul s a e
consis en wi h he esul s o Shada (2025) and Woźniak and Gandía (2021).
Table (3) e ec o in e ac ion be ween illage sys ems and ypes o a on ai s o whea and he weeds
ha accompany i .
Tillage
sys em
Va
Plan high
(cm)
No o ille s
No o
Spikes
Spike
leng h
(cm)
No o
g ain
(spike)
Weigh o
1000 g ain
(gm)
con en ional
Kalla
70.33 a
340.00 b
322.67 ab
6.67 b
36.0 a
49.33 a
Adena
63.00 c
390.00 a
334.33 a
7.00 b
35.33 a
43.67 b
Ebaa
44.33 d
293.00 c
227.00 c
7.33 b
35.00 a
34.00 cd
Conse a ion+
limi less he bicide
Kalla
66.67 b
379.67 a
334.00 a
8.00 b
33.67 ab
38.00 c
Adena
66.67 b
379.67 a
334.00 a
8.00 b
33.67 ab
38.00 c
Ebaa
43.00 d
294.33 b
227.00 c
7.33 b
33.33 ab
32.33 d
Tillage
sys em
Va
Yield g ain
kg / dounum
Biological
yield kg /
dounum
Numbe
o
na ow
lea es
weeds
D y
weigh o
na ow
lea es
weeds
Numbe
o wide
lea es
weeds
D y
weigh o
wide
lea es
weeds
con en ional
Kalla
354.00 ab
1436.33 a
8.0 b
35.0 b
6.0 b
49.0 c
Adena
362.00 a
1074.67 c
8.0 b
34.0 b
3.67 c
65.33 a
Ebaa
331.33 bc
971.00 d
7.67 b
23.67 c
4.67 bc
56.33 b
Conse a ion
Kalla
312.00 c
1311.00 b
13.0 a
45.33 a
9.0 a
67.33 a
Adena
312.00 c
1311.00 b
14.0 a
46.67 a
8.67 a
68.0 a
Ebaa
331.67 bc
948.67 e
14.33 a
44.33 a
8.0 a
70.67 a
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