In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijcs /V8-i11-22, Impac Fac o : 8.048
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E ec o Di e en Times o Budding on Budding Success and Subsequen
Seedling G ow h in Peach
Mohammad A zal Rohani*1, Mohammad Qayom Mangal2, Ma iullah Akba i3
1,3 Depa men o Ho icul u e, Pak ia Uni e si y, Pak ia P o ince, A ghanis an
2 Depa men o Ag onomy, Pak ia Uni e si y, Pak ia P o ince, A ghanis an
ABSTRACT: The p esen expe imen en i led “E ec o di e en imes o budding on subsequen seedling g ow h o Peach” was
ca ied in open ield condi ions a ui nu se y, Depa men o Ho icul u e, Pak ia Uni e si y, Ga diz, Pak ia p o ince, A ghanis an
du ing he yea 2018-2019. Peach c . Benidic was T-budded on peach seedling oo s ocks wi h ou di e en imes (May 9; June
13; July 7 and Augus 23, 2018). The objec i e o his in es iga ion was o ind ou he app op ia e ime o budding in o de o
ob ain igo ous budded saplings unde clima ic condi ions o Pak ia p o ince. The expe imen was laid ou in Randomized
Comple ely Block design wi h 10 eplica es. The esul s showed ha di e en budding imes had signi ican ly a ec ed he bud ake
success a e and ege a i e g ow h o budded saplings. Budding in Augus and June (T4 and T2) e ealed he highes bud akes
success a e (87% and 83,33%) espec i ely, howe e budding in May (T1) wi h lowes bud ake success a e (20%). Budding in
June (T2) and Augus (T4) had no showed signi ican di e ence among hemsel es. Budding in May (T1) ob ained i s ank wi h
highes a e age numbe o la e al b anches (14,85), s em diame e (13,73mm), longes sp ou leng h (104,7cm) and highes a e age
numbe o lea es (207,7), hough budding in June (T2), July (T3) and Augus (T4) had no showed signi ican di e ence in ege a i e
g ow h pa ame e s like numbe o la e al b anches and s em diame e . Acco ding o Fishe ’s LSD es budded saplings in Augus
(T4) ob ained he sho es sp ou leng h (53,8cm), Howe e , he sp ou leng h among he budded saplings in May (T1), June (T2)
and July (T3) was no ound signi ican ly di e en . The highes a e age numbe o lea es (207, 7) and lowes a e age numbe o
lea es (54, 2) was eco ded unde T1 (May budding) and T4 (Augus budding) espec i ely, Meanwhile he a e age numbe o
lea es was no signi ican ly di e en among T2 (June budding) and T3 (July budding) budding imes.
KEY WORDS: Bud ake success, Economical impo ance, Peach, Time o budding, Vege a i e g ow h.
INTRODUCTION
Peach (P unus pe sica L.) is one o he en mos impo an ui c ops globally, p ima ily consumed esh. Acco ding o FAO (2004),
global peach p oduc ion was eco ded a 17.5 million ons (Awas hi & Negi, 2016). In A ghanis an, peaches a e cul i a ed in mos
p o inces, co e ing a o al a ea o 2,498 hec a es, wi h an o e all p oduc ion o 27,934 ons (A ghanis an Ag icul u al S a is ics,
2015).
Peach seedlings can be p opaga ed h ough seeds, cu ings, g a ing and budding. Al hough peach ees a e sel -pollina ing, sexual
p opaga ion does no p ese e he o iginal ai s o he plan . The e o e, oo s ock plan s a e i s ob ained h ough sexual
p opaga ion, ollowed by g a ing desi able scion a ie ies using di e en g a ing echniques (Malik, 2009; Li e al., 2015). While
p opaga ion h ough cu ings is possible, i is no widely p ac iced due o en i onmen al cons ain s (Ca alho e al., 2017; Cha e jee
& Du a, 2011).
Peaches a e p ima ily p opaga ed asexually h ough shield (T-budding) o ing budding echniques (Sala i, 2015). In nu se ies, he
oo s ock should be ained as a single-s em plan , and he budding p ocess should be ca ied ou when sap low is op imal
(Hamzakhel, 1980; Bouniols & Ponce , 2008). Budding is a g a ing me hod in which a single bud is inse ed in o he oo s ock.
The bud may include a small po ion o wood o only he bud and ba k issue. A ghan ho icul u is s ypically inse he bud wi hou
wood, as wood educes he success a e (Sala i, 2015).
Budding echniques including T-budding, in e ed T-budding, pa ch budding, chip budding, and ing budding a e p ac iced in
A ghanis an. Budding is p e e ed o e scion g a ing due o i s simplici y, sho e ime equi emen , and minimal need o
specialized ools (Hamzakhel, 1980; Malik, 2009; Ga cía-López e al., 2015). I maximizes he use o scion b anches, educes labo ,
and enhances e iciency when scion plan s a e limi ed (Fayaz & Haide , 2014; Mason e al., 2013).
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
ISSN: 2581-8341
Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijcs /V8-i11-22, Impac Fac o : 8.048
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Budding is pe o med du ing ac i e g ow h when he ba k easily sepa a es om he wood and cambium cells a e ac i ely di iding.
Low wa e a ailabili y, lea d op, o dec eased empe a u e can educe g a ing success (Hansen e al., 2012; Olesen e al., 2014).
Chip budding does no equi e ba k sepa a ion and can be done on young ees o b anches wi h 1–3 cm diame e (Da is e al., 2008;
Ve ma & Kuma , 2011). Skilled ho icul u is s can g a 2,000–3,000 seedlings pe day (Ha mann e al., 2011; Kuma & Singh,
2014). Budding c ea es a s onge union han scion g a ing, educing b eakage isk du ing s ong winds (Hamzakhel, 1980; Singh
& Ragha , 2000; Zhao e al., 2014).
En i onmen al ac o s including empe a u e, humidi y, and ligh in ensi y signi ican ly in luence bud ake success and seedling
igo (Ba yla & Kaplan, 2012; Al-Khade & Al-Re ai, 2010; Iqbal e al., 2016). Ea ly budding allows longe ege a i e g ow h,
while la e budding inc eases bud ake success bu may limi g ow h due o sho e emaining season (Khoshkhui & Chala i, 1995;
Sha ma e al., 2012; Singh e al., 2013)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This s udy was conduc ed in he ield nu se y o he Ho icul u e Depa men , Facul y o Ag icul u e, Pak ia Uni e si y, loca ed in
Ga dez, he capi al o Pak ia p o ince. The esea ch was ca ied ou du ing he yea s 2018-2019. The geog aphical coo dina es o
he s udy si e a e 69°13′57″ E longi ude, 33°38′60″ N la i ude, and an al i ude o 2,384 me e s abo e sea le el.
This s udy e alua ed he e ec s o budding ime on he success a e o budding and he ege a i e g ow h o he subsequen
seedlings. The Benedic a ie y was budded on Peach seedling oo s ock. The expe imen included ou ea men s:
• T1: 2nd week o May
• T2: 2nd week o June
• T3: 1s week o July
• T4: 4 h week o Augus
T ea men
Desc ip ion
T1
2nd week o May
T2
2nd week o June
T3
1s week o July
T4
4 h week o Augus
Each ea men was eplica ed 10 imes, and each eplica e included 10 seedlings, making a o al o 400 seedlings unde
in es iga ion. The s udy was a anged in a Randomized Comple e Block Design (RCBD). The peach oo s ock seeds used in his
s udy we e ob ained om he local peach nu se y egis e ed wi h Pe ennial Ho icul u e De elopmen P ojec and b ough om
Jalalabad P o ince, he eas e n pa o he A ghanis an. These seeds we e subjec ed o a h ee-mon h s a i ica ion pe iod in mois
sand be o e being plan ed in nu se y ows in he sp ing (Ca alho e al., 2017). The spacing be ween seedlings was 20 cm, and he
ow spacing was 75 cm espec i ely. Ag icul u al p ac ices we e uni o mly applied ac oss all ou blocks, and a 50 cm bu e zone
was main ained a ound he blocks o minimize ex e nal e ec s. The bud wood scions we e collec ed om an 8-yea -old Benedic
peach a ie y mo he s ock, egis e ed in Pe ennial Ho icul u al De elopmen P ojec . The bud s icks we e selec ed based on hei
mode a e diame e . A e collec ion, he scion b anches we e w apped in mois clo h and kep in he shade un il use. The T-budding
me hod was applied a 10 cm abo e he g ound le el, aligning wi h he smoo h pa o he oo s ock ba k. The T-budding me hod
was pe o med ollowing Ha mann e al. (2011) p ocedu es. The p ocess in ol ed making a ho izon al cu one- hi d o he s em
diame e deep, ollowed by a e ical cu s a ing om he middle o he ho izon al incision and ex ending 2.5 cm downwa d. The
scion bud was sepa a ed om he scion b anch and inse ed in o he p epa ed T-shaped incision, hen w apped wi h budding ape.
The ollowing pa ame e s we e s udied;
1. Budded seedling heigh (cm):
o The shoo leng h o each g a ed seedling was measu ed in millime e s wo weeks a e success ul bud sp ou ing.
o Measu emen s we e aken a 5 days and 15 days pos -budding o de e mine in ial g ow h a e o e a 10-day pe iod.
2. S em Diame e (mm):
o The s em diame e was measu ed using a Ve nie calipe a 5 days and 15 days pos -budding, and he di e ence
was used o assess adial g ow h o e a 10-day pe iod.
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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3. Numbe o La e al B anches:
o The numbe o la e al b anches was eco ded six mon hs a e budding.
4. Numbe o lea es:
o The o al numbe o lea es pe budded seedling was eco ded six mon hs a e budding.
5. Budding Success Ra e (%):
o The Budding success a e was calcula ed using ollowing p ocedu e;
𝐵𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒% = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ×100
o A bud was conside ed success ul i i g ew ≥2 mm (Mahmoud & Hussein, 2011; Jones e al., 2010).
The collec ed da a we e analyzed using SAS (S a is ical Analysis Sys em) so wa e. To de e mine he e ec s o budding ime on
seedling g ow h and success a e, ANOVA (Analysis o Va iance) was pe o med. The means we e compa ed using Fishe ’s Leas
Signi ican Di e ence (LSD) es a a 5% p obabili y le el, ollowing Gomez and Gomez's s a is ical me hodology. G aphs and
igu es we e gene a ed using MS Excel (Gomez & Gomez, 1984; Canali e al., 2013).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This s udy analyzed he impac o budding ime on he success a e o budding, la e al b anch coun , s em diame e , longi udinal
g ow h, and lea coun in budded saplings. The esul s showed ha budding success signi ican ly a ied depending on he ime o
budding, wi h he highes success a e (87%) obse ed wi h T4 and he lowes (20%) wi h T1 and we e signi ican ly di e en (Fig.1).
La e al b anch coun was signi ican ly a ec ed by budding ime, wi h saplings wi h T1 had he highes numbe o b anches (14.85),
whe eas he saplings wi h T3 had he ewes (6.9) (Fig.2). Simila ly, he s em diame e was ob ained la ges (13.73 mm) wi h T1 and
smalles (9.89 mm) wi h T4 (Fig.2). Longi udinal g ow h o saplings ollowed he same end, wi h he g ea es heigh (104.7 cm)
eco ded o saplings budded wi h T1 and he leas (53.8 cm) o T4 (Fig.3). The numbe o lea es was also signi ican ly impac ed,
wi h he highes coun (207.7 lea es) ound in saplings budded wi h T1 and he lowes (54.2 lea es) wi h T3 (Fig.3). S a is ical
analyses con i med ha as he budding ime p og essed om sp ing o au umn, he success a e and o he g ow h pa ame e s we e
signi ican ly in luenced. The esul showed ha budding in he May can educe he p oduc ion pe iod o peach seedlings om wo
yea s o one yea . Howe e , he only d awback is he lowe budding success a e o he budded seedlings. In con as , budding in
he mon h o Augus esul s in a highe budding success a e, bu he main limi a ion is ha he seedlings can only be ma ke ed a e
wo yea s. In addi ion o he high budding success a e, budding in he mon h o May also esul s in a g ea e numbe o la e al
b anches in he budded seedlings. This cha ac e is ic is pa icula ly impo an as i enhances he b anching po en ial o he seedlings.
Fig 1. E ec o di e en Budding imes on budding success a e.
c(
20.667
)
a(
83.333
)
b(
66.667
)
a(
87
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T1
T2
T3
T4
Budding Success Ra e (%)
Budding T ea men s
LSD<
0.05
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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Fig 2. E ec o di e en budding imes on numbe o la e al b anches (le side), E ec o di e en budding imes on s em
diame e ( igh side).
Fig 3. E ec o di e en budding imes on Heigh (le side), E ec o di e en budding imes on Numbe o lea es ( igh
side).
The indings o his s udy e eal ha he iming o budding exe s a signi ican in luence on bo h he success a e o budding and
he subsequen ege a i e de elopmen o seedlings (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3). Likewise, key g ow h pa ame e s, including he
numbe o la e al b anches, s em diame e , plan heigh , and lea coun , we e ma kedly a ec ed by he iming o budding (Table 1).
The esul s sugges ha budding conduc ed in ea ly sp ing ends o exhibi a lowe success a e, likely due o he educed low o
cellula sap and he inc eased igidi y o he ba k in bo h he scion and he budding sapling.
S a is ical analysis showed ha Budding ea men s signi ican ly in luenced budding success a e (Table 1).
Table 1. ANOVA o a ious pa ame e s o Budding ea men s (2018-19).
SOV
DF
MS
Budding
Success
(%)
Numbe o
la e al
b anches
S em
Diame e
(mm)
Heigh (cm)
Numbe o
lea es
Block
9
192.72
14.126
14.3159
264.21
8375.4
T ea men
3
8137.41
103.447
32.6332
4934.57
45817.5
E o
27
122.59
22.524
8.1201
247.57
10645.1
CV (%)
17.81
52.13
25.77
18.29
8.46
a(
13.736
)
b(
10.55
)
b(
10.06
)
b(
9.89
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
T1
T2
T3
T4
S em Diame e (mm)
Budding T ea men s
LSD<
0.05
a(
207.7
)
ab(
156.6
)
c(
54.2
)
bc (
94.4
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
T1
T2
T3
T4
Numbe o Lea es
Budding T ea men s
LSD<
0.05
a(
14.854
)
b(
7.463
)
b(
6.9
)
b(
7.2
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
T1
T2
T3
T4
Numbe o la e al b anches
Budding T ea me ns
LSD<
0.05
a(
104.7
)
a(
92.9
)
a(
92.8
E)
b(
53.8
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
T1
T2
T3
T4
Heigh (cm)
Budding T ea men s
LSD<
0.05
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew
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The esul s o his s udy clea ly indica e ha he iming o budding has a signi ican impac on bo h he bud ake success a e and
subsequen ege a i e g ow h o peach seedlings. Among he ou budding imes in es iga ed, he highes budding success a es
we e achie ed in Augus (87%) and June (83.33%), while May budding showed he lowes success a e (20%). These indings
sugges ha en i onmen al condi ions du ing Augus and June in he Pak ia egion, such as mode a e empe a u es and su icien
sap low in oo s ocks, a e mo e conduci e o success ul g a union o ma ion. Simila obse a ions we e epo ed by (Ba yla &
Kaplan, 2012; Olesen e al., 2014), who ound ha bud ake success in peach and o he empe a e ui s is s ongly in luenced by
empe a u e and humidi y a he ime o budding.
Despi e he lowe success a e in May, his ea men p oduced he mos igo ous seedlings in e ms o sp ou leng h, numbe o
lea es, la e al b anches, and s em diame e . This can be a ibu ed o he ex ended g owing pe iod a ailable o May-budded
saplings, allowing o mo e pho osyn he ic ac i i y and biomass accumula ion. These indings align wi h he esul s o ea lie s udies
(Khoshkhui and Chala i, 1995; Sha ma e al., 2012 ; Singh e al., 2013; Singh & Ragha , 2000; Zhao e al., 2014; Li e al., 2015),
which epo ed ha ea ly budding, al hough iskie , p o ides ample ime o ege a i e g ow h when success ul.
In e es ingly, while Augus budding showed he highes bud ake success, he ege a i e g ow h pa ame e s we e signi ican ly lowe ,
wi h he sho es sp ou leng h (53.8 cm) and he ewes numbe o lea es (54.2). This could be due o he limi ed ime a ailable o
g ow h be o e he onse o do mancy in la e au umn, p e en ing he ull de elopmen o newly o med shoo s. Such indings we e
also highligh ed by Singh and Ragha (2000), who no ed ha la e-season budding o en leads o weak and unde de eloped saplings
ha a e less sui able o ield plan ing in he ollowing season.
The June and July budding ea men s p esen ed in e media e esul s in e ms o bo h bud success and seedling igo , showing no
signi ican di e ences om Augus budding in mos ege a i e ai s. These esul s sugges ha mid-season budding may o e a
easonable balance be ween success a e and g ow h pe o mance unde he en i onmen al condi ions o Pak ia P o ince.
O e all, he s udy highligh s a c i ical ade-o be ween budding success a e and seedling igo . Ea ly budding (May) is
ad an ageous o p oducing obus saplings eady o sale o ansplan ing wi hin one yea bu comes wi h a highe isk o ailu e.
In con as , la e budding (Augus ) ensu es high p opaga ion success bu may delay he plan ’s eadiness o ma ke o ield
es ablishmen . Consequen ly, budding in June and July a e conside ed as an op imum ime o budding unde he abo e men ioned
loca ion and i ’s en i onmen al condi ions. Howe e , nu se y manage s mus ca e ully conside hei p opaga ion objec i es and
en i onmen al condi ions when selec ing op imal budding imes.
CONCLUSION
The s udy demons a ed ha he iming o budding has a signi ican impac on bo h he success a e o bud ake and he subsequen
ege a i e g ow h o peach seedlings. Budding in Augus (T4) and June (T2) esul ed in he highes budding success a es (87% and
83.33%, espec i ely), whe eas May budding (T1) showed he lowes success a e (20%). Despi e his, May-budded seedlings
exhibi ed supe io ege a i e g ow h, including he highes sp ou leng h, numbe o lea es, la e al b anches, and s em diame e ,
likely due o he longe g ow h pe iod a ailable be o e do mancy. Con e sely, Augus -budded seedlings, al hough showing highe
success a es, had educed ege a i e g ow h due o he limi ed g ow h pe iod. June and July buddings p o ided a balance be ween
success a e and seedling igo , sugges ing ha mid-season budding is op imal o combining success ul p opaga ion wi h
sa is ac o y ege a i e g ow h unde he en i onmen al condi ions o Pak ia P o ince. These indings indica e a ade-o be ween
bud ake success and seedling de elopmen , emphasizing he impo ance o selec ing he app op ia e budding ime acco ding o
p opaga ion objec i es and clima ic condi ions.
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ISSN: 2581-8341
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IJCSRR @ 2025
www.ijcs .o g
5663 *Co esponding Au ho : Mohammad A zal Rohani Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025
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Ci e his A icle: Rohani, M.A., Mangal, M.Q., Akba i, M. (2025). E ec o Di e en Times o Budding on Budding Success
and Subsequen Seedling G ow h in Peach. In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Science Resea ch and Re iew, 8(11), pp. 5658-
5663. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.47191/ijcs /V8-i11-22
