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Publishe
Sus ainabili y o Regions
10
RENEWABLE ENERGY LANDSCAPES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LITHUANIA’S,
EUROPE’S AND AFRICA’S GREEN STRATEGIES
*
Zineb Chiki 1*, Yous a El bou albi 2, Chaimaa Ja aan 3, Joana Ka ina 4, Najiba El Am ani El Id issi 5,
Taj-din Lamcha i 6, Nou eddine Id issi Kand i 7
1,2,3,5,6,7 Signals, Sys ems and Componen s Labo a o y (SSC), Facul y o Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah Uni e si y,
Rou e Imouzze , BP2202 Fez, Mo occo
2,3 P ocesses, Ma e ials and En i onmen Labo a o y (LPME), Facul y o Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
Uni e si y, Fez, Mo occo
4Depa men o Business Technology and En ep eneu ship, Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y, Vilnius, Li huania
4Depa men o Compu a ional and Da a Modeling, Ins i u e o Compu e Science, Vilnius Uni e si y, Didlaukio s . 47, LT-
08303 Vilnius, Li huania
E-mail: 1*[email p o ec ed]c.ma (Co esponding au ho )
Recei ed 15 Sep embe 2024; accep ed 24 Janua y 2025; published 30 Ma ch 2025
Abs ac . This s udy explo es he enewable ene gy ajec o ies o Li huania, Eu ope, and A ica, ocusing on hei s a egies,
achie emen s, and p ospec s. I highligh s Li huania's signi ican in es men in wind and biomass ene gy, e alua ing i s p og ess wi hin he
b oade Eu opean con ex and i s ole in he Bal ic egion's ene gy ansi ion. The analysis unde sco es Eu ope’s leade ship in enewable
ene gy, no ing i s ad anced policies and echnological inno a ions ha se global benchma ks. In con as , A ica’s enewable ene gy
po en ial is examined alongside i s in as uc u al and inancial challenges, e ealing oppo uni ies and ba ie s. Key indings include
Li huania's subs an ial eliance on wind and biomass, Eu ope's p ominen ole in enewable ene gy adop ion, and A ica's p omising ye
une en p og ess. This compa a i e s udy p o ides insigh s in o di e se app oaches o enewable ene gy and hei implica ions o he
global ansi ion owa ds sus ainable ene gy.
Keywo ds: Renewable Ene gy; Li huania; Eu ope; A ica; G een S a egy
Re e ence o his pape should be made as ollows: Chiki, Z., El bou albi, Y., Ja aan, Ch., Ka ina. J, El Am ani El Id issi, N., Lamcha i,
T., Id issi Kand i, N. 2025. Renewable ene gy landscapes: a compa a i e analysis o Li huania’s, Eu ope’s, and A ica’s g een s a egies.
Insigh s In o Regional De elopmen , 7(1), 10-23. h ps://doi.o g/10.70132/c7824282627
JEL Classi ica ions: O32; Q2
Addi ional disciplines: ecology and en i onmen ; elec ici y elec onic en i onmen al enginee ing; ene ge ics and he moene ge ics
*
This esea ch was suppo ed by he p ojec ,which has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union's Ho izon Eu ope
P ojec 101129820 Clus e o inno a i e ene gy (CLUSTER-INN), he p og am "HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01"
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1. In oduc ion
The ansi ion o enewable ene gy has eme ged as a c i ical global p io i y, spu ed by he u gen need o comba
clima e change and bols e ene gy secu i y. Fo na ions like Li huania, his shi is no only an en i onmen al
impe a i e bu also a s a egic mo e o lessen dependence on impo ed ossil uels and di e si y ene gy sou ces
(A. Adesina and G. Demas 2022; Eu opean Commission 2021a; Lie u os Respublikos ene ge ikos minis e ija
2024). Li huania's commi men o enewable ene gy posi ions i as a key playe in he Bal ic egion’s ene gy
ans o ma ion, aligning wi h b oade Eu opean objec i es o cu g eenhouse gas emissions and achie e clima e
neu ali y (A. Adesina 2022; In e na ional Ene gy Agency 2023b; IRENA 2023).
Li huania's enewable ene gy ajec o y is ma ked by ambi ious a ge s and signi ican p og ess. The coun y has
made conside able in es men s in wind, sola , and biomass ene gy (CAN Eu ope 2024; Eu opean En i onmen
Agency. 2022), e lec ing i s de e mina ion o educe i s ca bon oo p in and enhance i s ene gy independence.
By adop ing a o wa d- hinking ene gy s a egy, Li huania aims o balance i s enewable ene gy po olio while
na iga ing he challenges o a smalle na ional ene gy ma ke (REN21 2022; Wo ld Bank G oup 2004).
As Li huania pu sues i s enewable ene gy goals, i is c ucial o e alua e how i s achie emen s and challenges
measu e up agains he b oade Eu opean landscape. This a icle del es in o Li huania’s enewable ene gy
jou ney, compa ing i s p og ess wi h ha o o he Eu opean na ions (bp 2023; Eu opean Commission 2023a). We
will explo e he d i e s behind Li huania's ene gy policies, assess he implica ions o i s successes and se backs,
and conside how i s expe ience i s in o he la ge Eu opean con ex (A elys 2018; Uni ed Na ions En i onmen
P og amme 2022).
Fu he mo e, o p o ide a comp ehensi e iew o he global enewable ene gy mo emen , his a icle will also
o e a compa a i e pe spec i e on A ica's enewable ene gy landscape. A ica, wi h i s as po en ial o sola
and wind ene gy, p esen s bo h oppo uni ies and obs acles ha pa allel hose aced by Li huania (Alex 2022;
Sola Powe Eu ope 2023). By examining hese di e se con ex s, we aim o con ex ualize Li huania's enewable
ene gy e o s wi hin a global amewo k and highligh he in e connec ed na u e o he enewable ene gy
ansi ion (Ramí ez, F aile, and B indley 2019; Kou 2023; Eu opean clima e ounda ion 2024; Mu phy 2022).
2. Li huania’s Renewable Ene gy Landscape
Li huania, a small Bal ic na ion, has made commendable p og ess in enewable ene gy de elopmen , pa icula ly
gi en i s his o ical eliance on impo ed ene gy sou ces. The closu e o he Ignalina Nuclea Powe Plan in 2009
ma ked a signi ican u ning poin , leading Li huania o p io i ize ene gy secu i y and sus ainabili y. This shi has
been ma ked by a ocused e o o inc ease he sha e o enewables in i s ene gy mix. As o 2023, Li huania
gene a es abou 50% o i s elec ici y om enewables, a signi ican achie emen o a coun y wi h a ela i ely
small ene gy ma ke (Gece ičius and Ka aliauskas 2021; Jo genson e al. 2024; Kle as, S eimikiene, and
G iks ai e 2007). This sec ion de ails Li huania's enewable ene gy achie emen s and u u e a ge s as shown in
Figu e 1.
Wind Ene gy
Wind ene gy has eme ged as he mos success ul enewable sou ce, wi h wind a ms gene a ing 11.5% o he
na ion’s elec ici y in 2021(Lie u os ejo elek iniu asociacija 2022). Li huania’s in es men in onsho e wind
a ms, pa icula ly along he Bal ic Sea coas , has le e aged a o able wind condi ions ha bols e hei e iciency
(Wind 2024). Wind powe is he la ges con ibu o , p oducing app oxima ely 25% o he na ion's elec ici y
(Janeliūnas 2021; Janke ičienė and Kanapickas 2023).
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Biomass Ene gy
Biomass has also become a co ne s one o Li huania’s enewable ene gy s a egy, especially in he hea ing sec o .
Biomass, sou ced om local wood was e and ag icul u al esidues, now accoun s o 70% o dis ic hea ing,
signi ican ly educing dependence on impo ed na u al gas and suppo ing local job c ea ion (Jonynas e al. 2020).
Biomass, le e aging Li huania’s ag icul u al and o es y byp oduc s, p o ides abou 20% o he coun y’s
ene gy, demons a ing i s c ucial ole in he na ional ene gy mix (Va nagi y e-Kabasinskiene e al. 2019).
Sola Ene gy
Sola ene gy, while less p ominen due o lowe sola i adiance compa ed o sou he n Eu ope, has been g owing
s eadily (Guigai ė and Jakuba ičius 2022). As o 2023, sola powe con ibu es app oxima ely 7% o Li huania's
elec ici y gene a ion, suppo ed by inc easing esiden ial and comme cial ins alla ions (Gece ičius and
Ka aliauskas 2021; Kozlo as e al. 2023).
Fu u e Ta ge s
The Li huanian go e nmen has been p oac i e in os e ing enewable ene gy h ough policies like he Na ional
Ene gy Independence S a egy, which aims o 100% enewable elec ici y consump ion by 2050, and
ad ancemen s in ene gy s o age echnologies like he K uonis Pumped S o age Plan wi h a capaci y o 165 MW
(Eu opean In es men Bank 2024; Lie u os Respublikos ene ge ikos minis e ija 2018; Media 2020). Addi ionally,
decen alized ene gy p oduc ion is on he ise, wi h inc easing ins alla ions o sola panels suppo ed by
go e nmen incen i es (Ka inas and Ma ke icius 2006; Vezzoli e al. 2018).
Figu e 1. Li huania’s Renewable Ene gy S a is ics and Ta ge
Sou ce: Lie u os ejo elek iniu asociacija (LVEA) and In e na ional Renewable Ene gy Agency (IREA)
3. Renewable Ene gy in Eu ope
Eu ope has been a global leade in he adop ion o enewable ene gy, d i en by he u gency o add essing clima e
change, educing g eenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing ene gy secu i y. The Eu opean Union (EU) has
implemen ed se e al pi o al policies o spea head his ansi ion, wi h he Eu opean G een Deal being a
co ne s one (Sand i e al. 2023). This ambi ious ini ia i e aims o make Eu ope he i s clima e-neu al con inen
by 2050, wi h a a ge o inc easing he sha e o enewable ene gy in g oss inal ene gy consump ion o a leas
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40% by 2030 (Eu opean Commission 2022; Eu opean Pa liamen 2022). This sec ion e iews Eu ope’s o e all
enewable ene gy p og ess, key con ibu o s, and challenges.
Renewable Ene gy Sha e
By 2022, he EU had made signi ican s ides, wi h enewable ene gy sou ces accoun ing o app oxima ely
22.1% o i s o al ene gy consump ion, a conside able inc ease om jus 9.6% in 2004 (Fig.2.b) (Eu os a S a is ic
Explaine 2024). The apid g ow h o wind and sola powe has been a no able success s o y (Fig.2.a). Wind
ene gy alone con ibu ed 16% o he EU's elec ici y gene a ion in 2020 (Eu opean Commission 2023b), while
sola powe accoun ed o nea ly 6% (In e na ional Renewable Ene gy Agency 2024). This g ow h has been
unde pinned by obus na ional policies, gene ous subsidies, and he es ablishmen o an in eg a ed Eu opean
ene gy ma ke ha acili a es c oss-bo de elec ici y ade. The EU’s €1.8 illion in es men unde he Eu opean
G een Deal In es men Plan unde sco es i s commi men o his g een ansi ion, posi ioning Eu ope as a global
leade in en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Eu opean Commission 2021b).
Figu e 1. Wind and sola ene gy con ibu ion in EU elec ici y gene a ion (a), he e olu ion o enewable ene gy sha e du ing yea s (b)
Sou ce: Eu opean Commission, Eu os a , and Eu opean pa liamen .
(a)
(b)
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Coun y-Speci ic Insigh s
Denma k is a on unne in wind ene gy, wi h wind u bines supplying nea ly 50% o he coun y’s elec ici y in
2022, hanks o ex ensi e in es men s in bo h onsho e and o sho e wind a ms (Agnolucci 2007). Spain and I aly
a e key playe s in sola ene gy (Fig.3.a), wi h Spain boas ing o e 20 GW o ins alled sola capaci y and I aly
su passing 25 GW as o 2023, d i en by suppo i e policies and a o able wea he condi ions (Fe a a e al. 2024;
In e na ional Ene gy Agency 2023a; Red Eléc ica 2024). Hyd opowe emains a co ne s one o enewable ene gy
in coun ies like Sweden and Aus ia, whe e i supplies app oxima ely 40% and 60% o hei elec ici y needs,
espec i ely, owing o hei abundan wa e esou ces and ad anced hyd opowe in as uc u e (Wagne e al.
2015; Wang 2006; Zhong, Bollen, and Rönnbe g 2021) (Fig.3.b). This ich apes y o enewable ene gy sou ces
ac oss Eu ope no only highligh s he egion's commi men o educing g eenhouse gas emissions and imp o ing
ene gy secu i y bu also unde sco es i s leade ship in echnological inno a ion and sus ainabili y p ac ices.
None heless, Eu ope aces subs an ial challenges in achie ing i s enewable ene gy goals. The ecen ene gy
c isis, exace ba ed by geopoli ical ensions such as he wa in Uk aine, has highligh ed ulne abili ies in Eu ope’s
ene gy supply chains and he u gen need o accele a e he shi owa ds domes ically p oduced enewable ene gy
(Kuzemko e al. 2022; Skalame a 2023). While coun ies like Ge many and Spain a e making no able p og ess,
he pace o ansi ion a ies signi ican ly ac oss he EU, wi h some na ions s ill hea ily elian on coal and o he
ossil uels (Eyl-Mazzega and Ma hieu 2020).
Sou ce: In e na ional Ene gy Agency, and IEA
4. A ica's Di e se Renewable Ene gy Resou ces
A ica’s enewable ene gy po en ial is as , encompassing sola , wind, hyd opowe , biomass, and geo he mal
ene gy (Fig.4). This sec ion explo es A ica’s p og ess, key p ojec s, and challenges.
Sola Ene gy
Sola ene gy is a majo ocus, wi h A ica’s high sola i adiance enabling signi ican sola powe p ojec s. Fo
ins ance, Mo occo’s Noo Oua zaza e Sola Complex, wi h a capaci y o 580 megawa s (MW), is one o he
wo ld’s la ges sola ins alla ions and demons a es he con inen ’s sola po en ial (Can oni and Rignall 2019;
Wo ld Bank G oup, A ican De elopmen Bank, and Eu opean In es men Bank 2017).
(a)
(b)
Figu e 2. Sola ene gy po en ial in Spain and I aly (a), Hyd opowe p oduc ion in Sweden and Aus ia (b)
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Wind Ene gy
Wind ene gy is also expanding, pa icula ly in egions wi h a o able wind condi ions. Kenya’s Lake Tu kana
Wind Fa m, he la ges in A ica, boas s a capaci y o 310 MW and plays a c ucial ole in he coun y’s ene gy
mix (Mukh a e al. 2023; Simbe g-Koulumies 2024).
Hyd opowe
Hyd opowe emains a signi ican componen , wi h he G and E hiopian Renaissance Dam expec ed o p o ide
app oxima ely 6,450 MW, subs an ially inc easing egional ene gy capaci y (Ahmed e al. 2024; Lie sch, Koch,
and Ha e mann 2017), (Ji egna Tadese 2020).
Biomass and Geo he mal Ene gy
Biomass ene gy, de i ed om ag icul u al esidues and wood, suppo s u al ene gy needs and small-scale
indus ies. Geo he mal ene gy, while less de eloped, shows conside able p omise in he Eas A ican Ri egion,
wi h E hiopia and Kenya leading explo a ion e o s. E hiopia’s Alu o Langano Geo he mal Plan con ibu es 70
MW o he na ional g id, showcasing he po en ial o geo he mal de elopmen (Ben i e al. 2023; Sam ock e al.
2020). Toge he , hese enewable sou ces add ess c i ical ene gy access issues and posi ion A ica as a key playe
in he global clean ene gy ansi ion.
Figu e 3. Top Renewable Ene gy Sou ces in A ica (2022)
Sou ce: In e na ional Renewable Ene gy Agency (IRENA)
5. Compa a i e Analysis
Compa ing Li huania’s enewable ene gy achie emen s wi h hose o o he Eu opean coun ies and A ica e eals
di e ing le els o p og ess and po en ial. Li huania and Eu ope a e bo h ad ancing in he ealm o enewable
ene gy, hough hei app oaches and achie emen s e lec hei unique con ex s. In Li huania, app oxima ely 50%
o elec ici y is de i ed om enewable sou ces, wi h wind powe and biomass. Sola ene gy, while expanding,
emains limi ed due o he coun y’s lowe sola i adiance compa ed o sunnie egions. This mix is la gely
shaped by Li huania’s geog aphic ad an ages o wind and biomass esou ces and he ongoing e o s o enhance
i s sola in as uc u e (Eu os a n.d.; Janeliūnas 2021). In con as , Eu ope's enewable ene gy landscape is mo e
a ied and ad anced (Fig.5). Denma k s ands ou wi h wind powe gene a ing app oxima ely 50% o i s
elec ici y, hanks o ex ensi e in es men s in bo h onsho e and o sho e wind a ms (Danish Ene gy Agency
2023). Addi ionally, hyd opowe plays a signi ican ole in no he n and cen al Eu ope (In e na ional Ene gy
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Agency 2022). Eu ope’s b oade enewable ene gy po olio is suppo ed by comp ehensi e policies and
subs an ial in es men s om he EU and membe s a es, enabling a mo e di e si ied app oach o enewable
ene gy (Eu opean Commission 2021b). Ge many, despi e i s challenges wi h phasing ou nuclea powe and educing
coal dependence, has made subs an ial p og ess. By 2022, Ge many gene a ed 40% o i s elec ici y om
enewables, wi h wind and sola powe being pi o al (Ago a Ene giewende n.d.). The Ene giewende policy has been
c ucial in his achie emen , es ablishing Ge many as a majo playe in he global enewable ene gy ma ke (Hake e
al. 2015). In con as , Li huania’s p og ess is mo e modes , hough imp essi e gi en i s size and economic capaci y.
Among he Bal ic s a es, Li huania is leading in enewable ene gy de elopmen , wi h La ia hea ily elian on
hyd opowe (abou 40% o i s ene gy mix) (S eimikiene and Kle as 2007) and Es onia s ill depending on oil shale,
al hough e o s o di e si y wi h wind and biomass a e unde way (Miskinis e al. 2020). Li huania’s ocus on wind
and biomass p o ides a balanced app oach, bu challenges emain, pa icula ly in expanding o sho e wind and
sola ene gy capaci y (Lie u os ėjo elek inių asociacija 2022). In summa y, while Li huania ocuses on ha nessing
wind, biomass, and g adually inc easing i s sola capaci y, Eu ope le e ages i s di e se geog aphy o suppo a
wide a ay o enewable echnologies, bols e ed by obus policy amewo ks and signi ican in es men s.
Figu e 4. Elec ici y gene a ion om enewable sou ces in 2022
Sou ce: In e na ional Hyd opowe Associa ion (IHA), Bundesne zagen u (Ge man Fede al Ne wo k Agency), Danish Ene gy Agency,
Eu os a
Compa ing Eu ope's enewable ene gy landscape wi h A ica’s e eals a s a k con as in p og ess and po en ial.
Eu ope, wi h i s ad anced in as uc u e and subs an ial inancial in es men s, has made signi ican s ides in
enewable ene gy. In con as , A ica, despi e ha ing abundan enewable esou ces like sola and wind, aces
di e en challenges. In A ica, sola ene gy p esen s a signi ican oppo uni y, gi en he con inen ’s high sola
i adiance le els. Coun ies like Mo occo and Sou h A ica a e leading he way, wi h Mo occo’s Noo Oua zaza e
Sola Complex and Sou h A ica’s Renewable Ene gy Independen Powe P oduce P ocu emen P og amme
(REIPPPP) demons a ing subs an ial in es men s in sola powe (Minis y o You h, Cul u e and Communica ion 2016).
Howe e , he con inen ’s o e all enewable ene gy capaci y emains unde de eloped compa ed o Eu ope’s
ad anced in as uc u e. As o 2022 (Fig.6), enewables accoun ed o abou 21% o A ica's o al ene gy
gene a ion, wi h a s ong emphasis on hyd oelec ic powe , which cons i u es a la ge po ion o he con inen ’s
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enewable ene gy mix (OECD 2022). Compa ing Li huania wi h A ica shows ha A ica has signi ican
enewable po en ial, pa icula ly in sola and wind, bu aces challenges such as inancial cons ain s and
in as uc u e gaps (Amoah e al. 2020; Global Renewables Ou look 2020).
Figu e 5. Eu ope and A ica's Renewable Ene gy Sha e o 2022
Sou ce: Eu os a , In e na ional Renewable Ene gy Agency (IRENA)
Challenges in A ica include limi ed inancial esou ces, inadequa e in as uc u e, and poli ical ins abili y, which
can hinde he de elopmen and deploymen o enewable ene gy p ojec s. Addi ionally, many A ican coun ies
ace signi ican ene gy access issues, wi h a la ge po ion o he popula ion lacking eliable elec ici y (Gab ah,
Amoako, and Ampong 2023). Despi e hese challenges, he e is a g owing ecogni ion o he po en ial o
enewables o d i e economic de elopmen and imp o e ene gy access ac oss he con inen (Juju e al. 2020).
Ini ia i es such as he A ican Renewable Ene gy Ini ia i e (AREI) aim o mobilize in es men and suppo la ge-
scale enewable ene gy p ojec s, e lec ing a commi men o ha nessing he con inen ’s enewable po en ial
(Maged 2023).
Conclusions
Li huania’s ad ancemen s in enewable ene gy a e no able, ye hey mus be iewed wi hin a b oade Eu opean
and global con ex ha showcases he di e se s a egies and ou comes in he ansi ion o sus ainable ene gy.
Li huania has made signi ican s ides, pa icula ly in wind and biomass ene gy, which a e c ucial o i s na ional
ene gy s a egy and e lec i s commi men o educing ca bon emissions and enhancing ene gy secu i y.
Howe e , i s p og ess is pa o a la ge Eu opean landscape whe e na ions ha e adop ed a ied app oaches o
mee ambi ious clima e goals. Eu ope’s ad anced enewable ene gy po olio, cha ac e ized by leading
echnologies and ex ensi e in as uc u e in es men s, con as s wi h he eme ging bu challenging enewable
ene gy landscape in A ica. While A ica holds as po en ial o sola and wind ene gy, i s de elopmen is
hinde ed by in as uc u al limi a ions and inancial cons ain s. This compa a i e analysis highligh s he
complexi y o global ene gy ansi ions, emphasizing ha he pa h o sus ainabili y is no uni o m bu shaped by
egional con ex s and capabili ies. I unde sco es he need o con inued in es men in enewable echnologies,
suppo i e policy amewo ks, and s eng hened in e na ional collabo a ion o d i e p og ess and o e come
ba ie s. By add essing hese challenges collec i ely, he global communi y can be e suppo di e se
app oaches and enhance he o e all ad ancemen o enewable ene gy de elopmen wo ldwide.
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ISSN 2669-0195 (online) h ps://jssidoi.o g/i d/
2025 Volume 7 Numbe 1 (Ma ch)
h ps://doi.o g/10.70132/c7824282627
18
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