PINNGORTITALERIFFIK · GREENLAND INSTITUTE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Sus ainable Ha es o Seaweed
in G eenland (SUSHi)
Op imising ha es · Minimising impac s
Scien i ic Repo om G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
Susse Wegebe g & Ole Gee z-Hansen
Technical Repo No. 115, 2021
Da a shee
Ti le: Sus ainable ha es o seaweed in G eenland (SuSHi). Op imising ha es .
Minimising Impac s.
Au ho s: Susse Wegebe g1 & Ole Gee z-Hansen2 (eds).
Please see au ho s o sepa a e chap e s.
Ins i u ions: 1Aa hus Uni e si y, Depa men o Bioscience; 2G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces
Se ies: Technical Repo No. 115, 2021
Yea o publica ion: 2021
Publishe : G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Resou ces
URL: h p://na u .gl
Financial suppo : No dic Council o Minis e s’ A c ic Co-ope a ion P og amme
Please ci e as: Wegebe g, S. & Gee z-Hansen, O. 2020. Sus ainable ha es o seaweed in
G eenland. Op imizing ha es , minimizing impac . G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces, 45 pp.
ISBN: 87-91214-93-9
ISSN (elec onic): 1397-3657
EAN: 9788791214936
Numbe o pages: 45
In e ne e sion: The epo is a ailable in elec onic o ma (pd ) a
h p://na u .gl
Con en s
P e ace 1
Summa y 2
Sammen a ning 4
Eqikkaaneq 6
1 In oduc ion 9
1.1 Backg ound 9
1.2 S a e o seaweed ha es and egula ion in G eenland 9
1.3 De elopmen o a moni o ing p og amme 10
1.4 Ha es me hodologies and d ying; e iciency and quali y 10
1.5 Ma ke ing; ma ked and s o y elling 11
2 Re iew o seaweed ha es managemen , impac , and
egula ion / socio economics 12
2.1 Managemen ; ha es s a egy, me hodology and yield 16
2.2 Cascade e ec s on seaweed suppo ed communi ies 16
3 Wo kshop; key poin s and ou come 17
3.1 Key poin s 17
Ha es and cul i a ion po en ial o kelp in
G eenland 17
Regula ion and moni o ing equi emen s in
G eenland 19
Ha es op imiza ion in G eenland 21
3.2 Ou come 22
4 Baseline and moni o ing p og amme ou line o G eenland 23
4.1 Baseline and s anding s ock es ima es 23
4.1.1 Dis ibu ion o esou ce; e ically and
geog aphically 23
4.1.2. Reg ow h and ecoloniza ion 24
4.2 Moni o ing p og amme ou line 24
4.2.1. Ques ions o be answe ed by baseline and
moni o ing p og amme 24
4.2.2 Moni o ing p og amme componen s 25
4.2.3 Moni o ing me hods, p oposals 25
4.2.4 Moni o ing p og amme ou line 26
5. Knowledge ans e om Acadian Seaplan s, No a Sco ia,
Canada. 28
5.1 Seaweed ex ac plan and he James S C aigie esea ch
Cen e in Co nwallis 28
5.2 Ya mou h p ocessing plan 29
5.3 Ha es a Cla k’s Ha bou 29
5.4 On land cul i a ion acili ies a Cha les ille 30
5.4.1 His o y 31
5.4.2 Up-scaling in open-ai cul i a ion 31
5.5 Regula ion o seaweed ha es in No a Sco ia,
Depa men o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e 32
5.5.1 Leases 33
5.5.2 Lease p ice and oyal ies 33
5.5.3 Ha es egula ion 33
5.5.4 S ock and ha es e alua ion 33
5.5.5 Moni o ing and epo ing 34
6 Seaweed indus y de elopmen in G eenland,
ecommenda ions 34
7 Knowledge gaps 35
8 Re e ences 37
Appendix 1: Wo kshop p og amme 41
1
P e ace
This s udy aims o bend he bow om sus ainable ha es o ma ked, as ana-
lysed wi h expe ise om in es iga ions o he G eenland idal seaweed and
kelp o es , en i onmen al impac assessmen s o bulk ha es o kelp in
No way, expe ience om ha es and d ying o seaweed as well as expe i-
ence in job c ea ion and seaweed ma ke ing in G eenland and a seaweed in-
dus y in No a Sco ia, Canada.
The s udy includes 1) a li e a u e e iew o seaweed ha es in gene al;
me hodologies and impac ; 2) a wo kshop in Sisimiu , July 2017, i led Sus-
ainable ha es o seaweed in G eenland (SUSHi). The wo kshop had six
pa icipan om Denma k, G eenland and No way; 3) a moni o ing p o-
g amme ou line based on 1) and 2); 4) p oceedings om a isi a Acadian
Seaplan s in No a Sco ia, Canada; and 5) he wo kshop’s ecommenda ions
o seaweed indus y de elopmen in G eenland and iden i ied knowledge
gaps.
Thus, his epo has i e pa s:
Pa I Li e a u e e iew o seaweed ha es ing moni o ing in ele an coun-
ies; Canada, I eland, No way.
Ole Gee z-Hansen & Susse Wegebe g
Pa II Wo kshop; Key poin s and ou come.
Susse Wegebe g, Henning S een, Kje s i Sjø un, Ul ik Lybe h, Klaus Be g & Ole
Gee z-Hansen
Pa III Moni o ing p og amme ou line.
Susse Wegebe g, Ole Gee z-Hansen, Kje s i Sjø un, Henning S een, Ul ik Lybe h,
Klaus Be g
Pa IV Acadian Seaplan s, No a Sco ia, Canada. Knowledge ans e om
isi ing:
- Seaweed ex ac plan and he James S C aigie esea ch Cen e in
Co nwallis
- The d ying and milling acili ies in Ya mou h
- Ha es a Cla k’s Ha bou
- On land cul i a ion acili ies a Shag Ha bou
- Depa men o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e by Wendy Visse s
Susse Wegebe g & Ole Gee z-Hansen
Pa V Seaweed indus y de elopmen in G eenland, ecommenda ions and
iden i ied knowledge gaps.
Susse Wegebe g, Henning S een, Kje s i Sjø un, Ul ik Lybe h, Klaus Be g & Ole
Gee z-Hansen
The p ojec was inancially suppo ed by he No dic Council o Minis e s’
A c ic Coope a ion P og amme.
2
Summa y
The global seaweed indus y is g owing 5 – 6% pe yea and while wild ha -
es is less han 5 % o he o al p oduc ion i s ill amoun s o abou a million
ons pe yea wo ldwide. Despi e he as esou ce a ailable along he ex-
ensi e coas line, ha es o seaweed o indus ial pu poses is s ill i s in-
ancy in G eenland, and only ew licenses ha e been issued. The adminis a-
i e p ocedu e is no easy o he new local en ep eneu s.
We ha e iden i ied a need o guidelines and an adminis a i e p ac ice ha
p omo e a u u e ecologically and economically sus ainable use o he com-
mon seaweed esou ce in G eenland. This epo con ibu es o ha wi h 1) a
sho li e a u e e iew, 2) p oceeding om a wo kshop in Sisimiu on Sus-
ainable seaweed ha es in G eenland, 3) an ou line o moni o ing p o-
g ams suppo ing sus ainable use o he seaweed esou ce 4) knowledge
ans e om Acadian Seaplan s L d in No a Sco ia, Canada and om he
local No a Sco ia au ho i ies esponsible o he managemen o he e-
sou ce, and a las 5) iden i ica ion o bo lenecks in de eloping a sus ainable
seaweed indus y in G eenland, and o knowledge gaps o a u u e de el-
opmen .
The li e a u e e iews emphasize he need o managemen adap ed o local
species composi ion and en i onmen condi ions, bu also o socioeconomic
condi ions and e.g. owne ship o he land. Kelp and in e idal seaweed a e
key o ganisms s uc u ing and ueling he ecosys em. Hence, o e exploi a-
ion o he esou ce may, in addi ion o educing he yield, impac o he
pa s o he ecosys em’s oodweb, e.g., ish and bi ds.
The wo kshop p o ided aluable insigh and expe ience om G eenland
and No way co e ing he seaweed ecology, ha es me hods, local adminis-
a i e p ac ices, economy, and he in e na ional selling ma ke . The ou -
come was some ecommenda ions o he eme ging seaweed indus y in
G eenland, ou line o a baseline and moni o ing p og amme, and iden i i-
ca ion o knowledge gaps wi h espec o de elopmen o a sus ainable sea-
weed ha es in G eenland.
A baseline and moni o ing p og am was ou lined based on he ques ions i
should answe . Biological key componen s and me hods we e discussed o
di e en ha es in ensi ies.
Visi ing Acadian Seaplan s L d p o ided insigh in a mul i-million-dolla
seaweed indus y mainly based on ha es ing o Ascophyllum nodosum and
Chond us c ispus cul u e as well as de eloping inno a i e end p oduc s o
high alue based on scien i ic achie emen s.
The Depa men o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e, No a Sco ia, p o ided us
wi h de ailed insigh in o he complex managemen o he aluable bu lim-
i ed seaweed esou ce h ough licensing, quo as, and a s ic s ock assess-
men and moni o ing p og am.
Bo lenecks and ba ie s o he de elopmen o a sus ainable seaweed in-
dus y based on ha es a e iden i ied: Es ima es o s anding s ock o ha -
es able seaweed and eg ow h a e a e lacking. The adminis a i e p ocess
is ime consuming and di icul o handle o he local small-scale en ep e-
neu s, pa ly because seaweed ha es ing is no ancho ed p ope ly in he
3
adminis a i e sys em. Hygienic equi emen s o d ying seaweed a e consid-
e ed o be unnecessa y high, which lead o d ying o seaweed as a bo le-
neck and a ba ie o he ha es and d ying in he se lemen s.
Se e al impo an knowledge gaps a e iden i ied. Among o he s: S anding
s ock, eg ow h and ecoloniza ion es ima es o di e en egions and cli-
ma e zones. Holis ic su eys o kelp o es o iden i y impac s om ha es
and po en ial cascade e ec on e.g. bi ds and ish. Ha es s a egy and
me hodology. D ying me hodology. Re iew o equi emen s o expo o
seaweed wo ldwide. Requi emen s o ce i ica ion o sus ainable ha es
(Ø, ASC-MSC). Ma ke ing o G eenland as a quali y b and, design, s o y ell-
ing, e c.
4
Sammen a ning
Den globale angindus i okse med 5 – 6% p . å , og mens høs a ang e
mind e end 5 % a den o ale p oduk ion, så beløbe de sig il omk ing en
million ons p . å på e densplan.
Til ods o de o en ede s o e mængde a ang langs G ønlands eno me
kys s ækning så e komme ciel anghøs s adig i sin o den i G ønland. Til-
delingen a høs license e kun å, og den adminis a i e p ocedu e e ikke
le a gå il o nye lokale i æ ksæ e e.
Vi ha ko lag beho e o ejledning og en adminis a i p aksis, de kan
p omo e e en em idig økologisk og økonomisk bæ edyg ig udny else a
ang essou ce ne i G ønland. Denne appo bid age il en sådan p oces
med 1) e ko li e a u - e iew, 2) konklusione ne a en wo kshop i Sisi-
miu med i len: Sus ainable seaweed ha es in G eenland, 3) en ski se il
h ad e o e ågningsp og am bø indeholde, og som skal unde s ø e en
bæ edyg ig udny else a ang essou ce ne, 4) idenso e ø else a e besøg
hos Acadian Seaplan s L d i No a Sco ia, Canada sam a besøg hos myn-
dighede ne i No a Sco ia, som e ans a lige o egule ingen de es ang es-
sou ce, og il sids 5) iden i ika ion a laskehalse i o bindelse med ud ik-
ling a en bæ edyg ig angindus i i G ønland, he unde idensbeho il
emme a en ønskelig ud ikling.
Li e a u - e iewe unde s ege beho e o en egule ing, de e ilpasse
den lokale a ssammensæ ning og miljø o hold sam idig med a egule in-
gen ilpasses de socioøkonomiske o hold og gene elle eje skab. De s o e
blad angsa e og angen i ide andszonen e således nøgleo ganisme i
økosys eme , h o de e habi a danne e og også udgø e ødeg undlag o
høje e led i ødekæden. En o e udny else a essou cen kan de o , udo e
a esul e e i mind e høs udby e, også ø e il ind i kning på x iske- og
uglepopula ione .
Wo kshoppen ga en æ di uld indsig i e a inge ne a No ge og også
G ønland, he unde angøkologi, høs me ode , lokal/na ional adminis a i
p aksis, økonomi, og de in e na ionale ma ked o angp oduk e . Wo k-
shoppen esul e ede i anbe alinge o den g yende angindus i i G ønland,
en ski se o h ad o e ågningsp og amme i o bindelse med anghøs bø
indeholde, sam ko lægning a idenshulle i o hold il en bæ edyg ig
anghøs i G ønland.
Ski se ing a e o e ågningsp og am ble base e på h ilke spø gsmål e
sådan skal kunne bes a e. Biologiske nøglekomponen e og me ode ble
disku e e i o hold il de o skellige me ode s høs in ensi e .
Besøge hos Acadian Seaplan s L d i No a Sco ia, Canada, ga indsig i e
mul i-million-dolla angindus i. Indus ien a ho edsagelig base e på
høs a bule ang (Ascophyllum nodosum) og dy kning a Chond us c ispus. De -
udo e ha de i mae en s o o skningssa sning på ud ikling a inno a i e
og høj- æ di slu p oduk e .
Minis e ie o Fiske i og Ak akul u (Depa men o Fishe ies and
Aquacul u e) i No a Sco ia, ga os en de alje e ind ø ing i den komplekse
5
egule ing a den æ di ulde, men beg ænsede ang essou ce gennem ilde-
ling a license , biomassek o e og k a om ko lægning a essou cen sam
o e ågningsp og am.
Til sids e laskehalse og ba ie e o ud ikling a en bæ edyg ig udny else
a den g ønlandske ang essou ce ko lag , he unde manglende es ima e
o den høs ba e ang essou ce sam gen æks . Den adminis a i e p oces e
u de e il a æ e idsk æ ende og s æ a hånd e e o en lokal i æ ksæ -
e . De e skyldes il dels a anghøs ikke e ig ig o ank e i de admini-
s a i e sys em. De udo e mene man, a de sundheds k a o ø ing a
ang e unød endig høje h o ed ø ingen bli e en s opklods o høs og
ø ing a ang i bygde ne.
Adskillige idenshulle ble ko lag , bl.a.:
Viden om ang essou cens s ø else, gen æks og ekolonise ing i o skellige
egione og klimazone i G ønland
Økologiske unde søgelse a angsko il ko lægning a ind i kning a høs
og e . kaskadee ek e på x iskea e og ugle
Ud ikling a høs s a egie og –me ode
Unde søgelse a ø ingsme ode
Unde søgelse a k a ene i o bindelse med en ekspo a angp oduk e
Beho e o ce i ice ing a bæ edyg ig anghøs (Ø, ASC-MSC)
Hjælp il ma keds ø else a e G ønland, som p oduce e k ali e sp oduk e ,
he unde hjælp il design og his o ie o ælling (s o y- elling) mm.
12
2 Re iew o seaweed ha es managemen , impac , and egula ion / socio
economics
Ole Gee z-Hansen & Susse Wegebe g
The key poin s om a li e a u e e iew (Table 1) can be o ganised in o:
1. Managemen ; ha es s a egy, me hodology and yield
2. Ha es impac on seaweed communi y
3. Regula ion and socioeconomics
Table 1. Key poin s o li e a u e e iew including seaweed ha es managemen , impac and egula ion.
Re e ence
Topic/species / loca ion
Key poin s
1. Managemen ; ha es s a egy, me hodology and yield
Bailey & Owen (2014)
Ad ice ega ding ha es me hodology o edible seaweed spe-
cies in England
Tables 3, 4 and 5 o b own, g een and ed seaweed species,
espec i ely
Gui y & Mo ison (2013)
Sus ainable ha es ing o Ascophyllum nodosum in I eland
I is assessed ha 159,000 (±45,000) and 75,000 we ons we e
a ailable o ha es ing. The la ge di e ence is due o he
me hods employed, bu he e a e su icien unha es ed a eas
o sa is y any equi emen s o conse a ion.
Seeley & Schlesinge
(2012)
Sus ainabili y o A. nodosum
Ascophyllum i s all c i e ia o la ge impac s on he es o he
ecosys em; low- ophic le el, high p opo ion o biomass,
highly connec ed in he ood web.
Uga e & Sha p (2001)
A new app oach was applied o he managemen o A.
nodosum; maximum exploi a ion a e, cu ing heigh , gea e-
s ic ions, and p o ec ed a eas we e managemen measu es
wi hin a p ecau iona y pilo ha es plan
The consensus was ha he ha es impac on he habi a a -
chi ec u e was minimal and o sho du a ion, he e o e, i was
ad ised o con inue he ha es bu o main ain he p ecau-
iona y app oach o managemen .
Vande meulen (2013)
Re iew; ha es o Chond us, Ascophyllum, kelp
Recommenda ions o egula ion; landing egis a ion, ha es
me hodology ( ine spacing), closed a eas e c.
Vea & Ask (2011)
The No wegian sus ainable ha es managemen plans o Lam-
ina ia hype bo ea
a sus ainable managemen p og am o he ha es was c e-
a ed wi h a 5-yea cycle and o a ing zones in ields
13
Vega e al. (2014)
Compa ison be ween ha es a eas o Lessonia nig escens
managed by Managemen A eas o Exploi a ion o Ben hic Re-
sou ces (MAEBR) and Open Access A eas (OAA)
The ecological indica o s ein o ced he concep o co-manage-
men in MAEBR as a iable ha es ing adminis a ion sys em
along he Chilean coas , and indica ed a high-ha es ing p es-
su e in OAA.
Gonzáles e al. (2014,
2015)
Coalescence in Lessonia spica a and L. be e oana
Ha es me hodology should be conside ed wi h espec o ge-
ne ic sus ainabili y; Gene pool exchange h ough hold as s; he
adap i e alues o coalescence in hese species should be e al-
ua ed.
2. Ha es impac on seaweed communi y
Kelly (ed.) (2005)
Assessmen o he likely h ea s o seaweed ha es ing incl. po-
en ial impac s on ma ine bi ds, ish, in e eb a es, lo a and
p oduc i i y
In gene al, mechanical kelp ha es ing should no be con-
duc ed nea impo an a eas o bi ds. The ecosys em e ec s
o mechanical kelp ha es ing a e likely o depend on ha es -
ing equency, ha es ing in ensi y and biomass emo al a es,
and wi h an ecosys em app oach, ca e ul managemen and
egula ion o a sus ainable kelp ha es ing indus y, he po-
en ial o impac s upon bi ds can be minimised
Kelly e al. (2001)
E ec o mechanical and hand ha es ing on A. nodosum e-
gene a ion and biodi e si y
Richness a ied o e ime bu an e ec o ha es ing was no
de ec ed. A. nodosum was nea ing eco e a e 11-17 mon hs.
Le i e al. (2002)
Ecklonia maxima; he e ec s o kelp ha es ing on i s eg ow h
and he unde s o y ben hic communi y and a new me hod o
ha es ing kelp onds
Al hough ha es ing o whole kelp has a minimal e ec on he
unde s o y bio a and kelp i sel eco e s wi hin wo yea s, se-
lec i e cu ing o onds allows plan s o emains ali e and p o-
duce a highe yield. This me hod is likely o minimize damage
o he kelp bed sys em
Lo en sen e al. (2010)
G ea co mo an o aging e iciency in ela ion o ha es in-
ensi y o L. hype bo ea,
Seaweed ha es leads o dec ease in ish abundance and
hence o aging e iciency
No denhaug e al. (2020)
Ecosys em-le el e ec s o la ge-scale dis u bance in kelp o -
es s
La ge-scale expe imen al dis u bances on habi a o ming spe-
cies (Lamina ia hype bo ea) ha e ecological consequences ha
ex end beyond he decline o he single species o a ec mul i-
ple ophic le els o he b oade ecosys em including in e e-
b a es and ish.
Ro hman e al. (2006)
The e ec s ha di e en ha es ing me hods ha e on he
g ow h o sub-canopy kelps, kelp popula ion s uc u e and kelp
ec ui men we e es ed in a kelp bed o Ecklonia maxima
Cu en ond-ha es ing me hods (le hal and
non-le hal) do no a ec he g ow h (s ipe elonga ion)
a e o sub-canopy E. maxima plan s, hei densi y o
ec ui men o ju eniles in a shallow-wa e , dense kelp
bed in Sou h A ica
14
Sha p e al. (2006)
Ecological impac o Ascophyllum ha es ing in Canada
A an exploi a ion a e o 17% i was no possible o de ec
changes in he s uc u e o A. nodosum beds a a landscape
scale.
S een e al. (2015)
Ha es ing o L. hype bo ea in ela ion o ish and c ab ca ch
Fish and c ab ca ch in ela ion o kelp ha es ing; no signi ican
e ec s o kelp ha es ing on ish and c ab ca ches we e ob-
se ed
S een e al 2016
Reg ow h a e kelp ha es ing in No d-T øndelag, No way
L. hype bo ea biomass appea ed es o ed 4 yea s a e ha -
es ing. Kelp ec ui s al eady p esen as unde s o y ege a ion
p io o ha es ing seems o ha e con ibu ed o he es ock-
ing.
Vásquez e al. (2012)
Tes he e ec s o Lessonia nig escens ha es ing on he ol-
lowing popula ion a iables: (1) abundance, (2) dis ibu ion, (3)
ju enile ec ui men , (4) plan mo phology, (5) equency o e-
p oduc i e plan s, and (6) biodi e si y o he mac oin e e-
b a e communi y associa ed o kelp hold as s
Despi e he eno mous ha es ing p essu e on Lessonia densi y
and biomass, he associa ed mac oin e eb a e ichness has
been main ained, due o no mal plan g ow h and high e-
c ui men all yea ound
3. Regula ion and socioeconomics
Acadian Seaplan s L d
ASL is a company wi h h ee comme cial “legs”: 1) Ex ac om
Ascophyllum nodosum o bios imulan p oduc s in Co nwallis;
2) D ied and milled Ascophyllum (and Fucus esiculosus) o
animal eed in Ya mou h; 3) Cul i a ion o Chond us c ispus o
Hana-Tsunoma a™ in Cha les ille. ASL employs abou 600 pe -
sons in No a Sco ia, New B unswick, I eland and Sco land, and
is a $ 100 million business.
See Chap e 5
Dunningham & A ack
(2012)
Ne Algae; egula ion o seaweed indus y in No way and UK
P esen a ion o egula ion o wild ha es , seaweed cul i a ion
and IMTA in he di e en egions
Regula ion o seaweed
ha es in No a Sco ia,
Canada
Depa men o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e
See Chap e 5
Meland & Rebou s
(2012)
Ne Algae; The No wegian seaweed indus y
P o ides an o e iew o he No wegian seaweed indus y, i s
his o y, e olu ion and cu en s a us, he documen ou lines
he scale, scope, alue and he key aw ma e ials used by he
indus y. The egula o y and managemen sys ems in No way
is also desc ibed
15
MacMonagail e al.
(2017)
Sus ainable managemen o he “wild” seaweed esou ce
Mo e han 1 million ha es ed annually om wild s ocks glob-
ally. Ha es and u iliza ion o seaweed a e o en linked cul-
u al iden i y o coas al communi ies. Owne ship o he e-
sou ce a e impo an o sus ainable managemen .
Vásquez & Wes e meie
(1993)
Fac o s in luencing yield om na u al beds o ma ine algae in
Chile
(1) he p essu e o in e na ional ma ke s o aw ma e ial, (2)
unemploymen le el o coas al wo ke s, which inc eases he
numbe o seasonal ha es e s, (3) he low le el o egula ion
en o cemen along Chile's ex ensi e coas , (4) he low le el o
educa ion and income o algal ha es e s, and (5) excep o
G acila ia, he lack o a managemen plan o algal esou ces
Vásquez (2008)
Recommenda ions o a managemen p og am o sus ainable
ha es o Chilean kelp subjec ed o in ense ha es ing
(1) o ha es he en i e plan including he hold as ; (2) o
ha es plan s la ge han 20 cm in diame e ; (3) o ha es
plan s spa sely, selec ing mayo specimens; (4) o a ion o ha -
es ing a eas; and (5) o Mac ocys is, o cu he canopy 1–2 m
om he su ace.
16
2.1 Managemen ; ha es s a egy, me hodology and yield
The di ec e ec o seaweed ha es ing on local communi ies will depend
mainly on he size o he a ec ed a ea, on amoun o biomass ha es ed pe
a ea uni , on eg ow h capaci y o he seaweed ha es ed and on he ec ui -
men capaci y and mobili y o associa ed species. I may also depend on he
ha es ing me hod. Fo example, in he ha es ing o Ascophyllum nodosum i
is o en unde lined ha emo al o he whole plan o oo much biomass
should be a oided; since ec ui men om ge mling s age is low (e.g. Uga e
2011). I a ce ain pa o he basal onds a e le in ac , his may p omo e
mo e apid eg ow h and also less impac o he ha es ing on he es o he
in e idal communi y. This is on he o he hand no he case o kelp species,
whe e eg ow h does no occu om he s ipe pa s, which may be le a e
ha es .
2.2 Cascade e ec s on seaweed suppo ed communi ies
Cascade e ec s a e la ge-scale e ec s in ol ing se e al ophic le els and
ha lead o conspicuous changes in ophic ela ionships. A ypical example
is he impac o p esence o no -p esence o p eda o s on sea o e s on kelp
habi a in he no heas Paci ic. I sea-o e s a e hun ed o p eda ed on by
man o kille whales, he educ ion o sea o e s leads o he o ma ion o
la ge sea u chin popula ions, which g aze he kelp and o m ba en
g ounds. Whene e sea-o e s a e no subjec o p eda ion hey will keep he
sea u chins in check, and kelp o es s will p e ail (e.g. Es es e al. 1998).
Ha es ing o Lamina ia hype bo ea emo es he kelp canopy in smalle o
la ge pa ches o a eas, wi h a co esponding se e e impac on associa ed
auna and epiphy ic algae. In s udies o eg ow h o L. hype bo ea a e ha -
es ing in No way, i has been ound ha while kelp biomass eco e ed el-
a i ely quickly, ha i ook much longe ime o he associa ed auna and
lo a o e-es ablish (Ch is ie e al. 1998, S een e al. 2015, No de haug e al.
2020). Local communi y e ec s ha e also been obse ed a e ha es ing o
L. hype bo ea. In a s udy o co mo an o aging on ish and he po en ial e -
ec on his by emo al o he kelp habi a by awling, Lo en sen e al. (2009)
obse ed ha he e we e lesse densi ies o small gadoids in newly awled
a eas.
17
3 Wo kshop; key poin s and ou come
Susse Wegebe g, Kje s i Sjø un, Henning S een, Klaus Be g, Ul ik Lybe h & Ole
Gee z-Hansen
A wo kshop was held in Sisimiu 13.-15. June 2017 i led Sus ainable ha es
o seaweed in G eenland (SUSHi), and wi h ollowing pa icipan s wi h hei
2017 a ilia ions (Fig. 3.1):
Klaus Be g, senio ad iso , Klaus Be g Consul , Denma k
Ole Gee z-Hansen, senio esea che , G eenland Ins i u e o Na u al Re-
sou ces
Ul ik Lybe h, owne and ounde o MAKI Seaweed G eenland
Kje s i Sjø un, p o esso , Be gen Uni e si y, No way
Henning S een, senio esea che , Ins i u e o Ma ine Resea ch, No way
Susse Wegebe g, senio ad iso , Aa hus Uni e si y, Denma k
The wo kshop panel hence possessed expe ise/expe ience in seaweed biol-
ogy and ecology, ha es , d ying and sale as well as ma ke ing/inno a ion:
Please ind he wo kshop p og amme in Appendix 1.
The wo kshop was ini ia ed wi h p esen a ions by he pa icipan s and ex-
pe s on di e en a eas. The key poin s o he p esen a ions and subsequen
discussions a e compiled below.
Fig. 3.1. Pa icipan s o he SUSHi wo kshop in Sisimiu . Back ow om le :
Ole Gee z-Hansen, Ul ik Lybe h, Susse Wegebe g. F on ow om le :
Henning S een, Klaus Be g, Kje s i Sjø un.
3.1 Key poin s
Ha es and cul i a ion po en ial o kelp in G eenland
Seaweed species di e si y, dis ibu ion (geog aphical and e ical) and
biomass in G eenland (Susse Wegebe g)
18
• The numbe o species in he No h A lan ic seaweed lo as shows a lin-
ea dec ease wi h inc easing la i ude. The G eenland seaweed lo a has
137 species compa ed wi h 375 species in Denma k
• The G eenland lo a has a highe p opo ion o b own algae species han
lo a om lowe la i udes
• The dominan idal zone species in G eenland a e:
Ascophyllum nodosum
Fucus dis ichus
Fucus esiculosus
• Dominan G eenland kelp species a e:
Ala ia esculen a
Agaum cla h a um
Lamina ia solidungula
Saccha ina la issima
Hedophyllum nig ipes
• The e ical dis ibu ion o species in he kelp o es shows a mix o spe-
cies (Aga um cla h a um, Ala ia esculen a, Saccha ina spp., Hedophyllum
nig ipes) un il 20 m’s dep h. The ea e Aga um cla h a um is comple e
dominan un il app. 40 m dep h on he wes coas o G eenland
• P esence o species and hei biomass a e de e mined by ollow ecologi-
cal ac o s/d i e s:
o Deg ee o wind / wa e exposu e
o Ice scou ing
o G azing by sea u chins
• Biomass o idal seaweed ege a ion may each ca. 7 kg o we weigh in
a e age in he Nuuk a ea
• Biomass o kelp may each ca 4 kg o we weigh in a e age, bu can
each a maximal biomass o 13 kg in he Qaqo oq a ea
• Con en o iodine om a single specimen o Saccha ina li issima om
G eenland was 1400 µg /g, which co esponds o he iodine con en o
same species om Maine, US, and B i ish Columbia, Canada.
The s a us o seaweed ha es in G eenland (Ole Gee z-Hansen)
F om se e al wo kshops held du ing 2015 (Comme cialisa ion o Science in
G eenland, wo khop in Nuuk, 17 h -18 h No embe 2015, Pola o skning-
skon e encen, Aalbo g, 3 d -4 h Decembe 2015 (Wegebe g 2016)), i has be-
come clea ha adminis a i e issues a e challenging due o small one-man
en e p ises, whe e he same pe son mus co e and pe o m ha es , pack-
ing, sale, ma ke ing, de elopmen e c.
In No way, kelp o es s o mixed species (incl. Saccha ina la issima) in jo ds
a e no ha es ed. Howe e , i is assessed ha his could be an indus y bu
is no exploi ed due o en i onmen al conside a ions (s anding s ock decline
as esul o inc easing empe a u es leading o e osion o S. la issima
(A mi age e al. 2017)) in compa ison wi h he o he wise la ge biomasses o
Lamina ia hype bo ea o sho e. I is conside ed o p oduce S. la issima in No -
way bu hen by cul i a ion. A p esen , he kelp cul i a ion, especially o
19
suga kelp, is on he ise in No way and in ol e a p esen 8 companies
(h ps://www.no wegianseaweed a ms.com/ a me s
I is assessed ha cul i a ion is a ealis ic al e na i e o ha es o G eenland
kelp o es due o single species p oduc ion and high quali y.
I is also assessed ha he po en ial o ha es and cul i a ion o kelp spe-
cies equals hose o No way.
The le el o ha es o Ascophyllum nodosum in No way is no known due o
lack o egula ion (no ha es egis a ion equi emen s) as he idal zone
belongs o land owne s. He e i is hence no assessed he po en ial o ha -
es o ucoids in G eenland.
Regula ion and moni o ing equi emen s in G eenland
Maximal Sus ainable Yield (MSY) (Kje s i Sjø un, Henning S een)
To egula e and moni o ha es o seaweed species, he e-g ow h a e is
basic.
Sea u chins a e conside ed as a dynamic and unp edic able s esso . I is
well known om No way and G eenland (e.g. Upe na ik a ea) ha a eas
exis whe e kelp o es is e ased by sea u chins. In No way he es ablish-
men o sea u chins is s able o an unknown pe iod o ime, whe e hei ex-
cessi e p esence and con inuous g azing p ohibi he kelp o e-es ablish.
This is in con as o he known cyclic (ca- 4 yea ) ela ionship be ween kelp
o es es ablishmen and sea u chin bloom on he wes coas o No h Ame -
ica. In G eenland, i is unknown whe he he ela ionship is cyclic o he
isoyake si ua ion is ch onic o e.g. ela ed o deple ion o p eda o s o sea u -
chin (No de haug & Ch is ie 2009).
Some moni o ing o en i onmen al condi ions would show changes, and
make i possible o wa n o possible s esso s, and hence cumula i e impac s
om, e.g., empe a u e and salini y changes as a esul o clima ic changes
and inc easing glacie mel ing. As Saccha ina la issima (longic u is) exp esses
op imal g ow h a es a 10C, i is assessed ha a ise in empe a u e may
lead o an inc eased g ow h a e o he species un il 10C is eached.
The b yozoan Memb anipo a memb anaceae has been in oduced o he No h-
Wes A lan ic, and i may wi h inc easing sea empe a u es sp ead no h-
wa ds o G eenland. I has p o en o be a common epiphy e on kelp whe e
i may co e he lamina and esul in lowe ed yield and quali y o kelp bio-
mass.
In No way, egula ion s ipula es ha es o s ips o 1 NM e e y i h yea .
Howe e , he e a e ends ha indica e a decline in ha es in he adi ional
egions, which may be assigned o less ha es e o (in oduc ion o new
ha es a eas) o a decline in s anding s ock.
Me hods used o biomass mapping and moni o ing:
• Sampling by SCUBA di e s
• Visual ( ideo, ROV)
• Acous ic
• Remo e sensing
20
Mapping o o al kelp biomass in No way is assessed o be insu icien , and
hence he deg ee o ha es may be la ge ea lie p esumed. Modelling o
kelp biomass has been ini ia ed.
No way use ideo mapping in ha es ed and awl- ee e e ence a eas. Es-
ablished ideo ansec s a e isi ed and analysed o kelp condi ion; canopy
co e age, heigh , densi y, p esence o sea u chins and ish. Fo baseline also
sampling o de e mina ion o weigh , age, epiphy es is pe o med. Sam-
pling si es co e a wide deg ee o wind exposu e g adien .
Ecosys em Based Moni o ing (EBM) (Henning S een)
E ec o kelp ha es on ecosys em se ices and kelp associa ed o ganisms
(ex en , magni ude du a ion e e sibili y) has no been ully iden i ied in
No way, al hough ish and c ab s udies a e pe o med, and is assessed o
equi e u he s udies.
Fish s udies me hodology includes ime lapse came a ( emo e unde wa e
ideo (BRUV), howe e , ish ca ch using common ishing gea may gi e an
in eg a ed p esence o ish in he kelp o es o e day.
Edi o ial no e
Since he wo kshop, ollowing pape s ha e been published ha elucida e
some o he abo e men ioned e ec s:
H. S een, F.E. Moy, T. Bod in and V. Husa. 2016. Reg ow h a e kelp ha -
es ing in No d-T øndelag, No way. ICES Jou nal o Ma ine Science, 73:
2708–2720. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/icesjms/ sw130.
K. M. No de haug, K. Filbee-Dex e , C. F ei as, S.-R. Bi kely, L. Ch is ensen,
I. Melle ud, J. Tho ma , T. an Son, F. Moy, M. Vázquez Alonso, H. S een.
2020. Ecosys em-le el e ec s o la ge-scale dis u bance in kelp o es s. Ma-
ine Ecology P og ess Se ies. h ps://doi.o g/10.3354/meps13426.
T.C. an Son, N. Nikolioudakis, H. S een, J. Alb e sen, B. Rugaa d Fu e ik,
S. El enes, F. Moy, K.M. No de haug. 2020. Achie ing eliable es ima es o
he spa ial dis ibu ion o kelp biomass. F on Ma Sci 7:107.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3389/ ma s.2020.00107.
Li e a u e e iew (Ole Gee z-Hansen)
Managemen , including ha es s a egy, me hodology and yield, o he e-
sou ce should be conside ed and aligned wi h a p inciple o sus ainabili y.
“Sus ainabili y” may be in e p e ed as: 1) Maximum sus ainable yield
(MSY), o 2) Ecosys em based managemen (EBM). Howe e , knowledge o
he ex end o he esou ces as well as he ha es yield i po en ial may sus-
ain is as impo an o coming ha es e s as he en i onmen al impac , in-
cluding cascade/side e ec s is impo an o o he ecosys em se ices. Base-
line will gi e inpu o decisions on ha es s a egy: clea cu , s ip cu o
“pluk hugs ”, which, again may depend on species (e.g., cu o Ascophyllum
nodosum compa ed o ha es by ake sledge o Lamina ia hype bo ea).
Ha es impac on seaweed communi y in G eenland acco ding o ha es
s a egy may be in luenced by complex opog aphy o sea bed in G eenland,
and he mixed species kelp communi ies. Howe e , will ha es esul in
change in kelp communi y s uc u e owa ds a shi in species dominance? I
is assessed ha mo e s udies a e needed.
21
Rega ding egula ion and socioeconomics, he bo lenecks in G eenland a e
iden i ied o be, e.g., lack o adi ion o comme cial ha es , lack o adi-
ion o indus y inno a ion, and ha ju isdic ion and legisla ion is no ully
de eloped. One man companies equi e a sui e o skills.
The pa icipan s ag eed on ha a moni o ing p og amme should accommo-
da e a sus ainabili y p inciple app oach ha secu es o he ecosys em se -
ices. This includes a baseline including all ophic le els and managemen
o he esou ce owa ds no only MSY bu also minimizing cascade e ec s.
Ha es op imiza ion in G eenland
Seaweed ha es ing in G eenland (Ul ik Lybe h)
One one-man seaweed ha es company is ac i e in G eenland; MAKI Sea-
weed G eenland by Ul ik Lybe h in he Sisimiu a ea.
Fucus esiculosus and Saccha ina la issima (s ipe and lamina) is he p ima y
p oduc sou ces.
Mi iga ion conside a ions o make seaweed ha es ing in he Sisimiu a ea
sus ainable a e:
• Collec ion o d i seaweed om s o ms
• Ha es ing by a h ee spli ancho and no awl o sledge
• D ying o seaweed by ai , no use o ene gy.
The expe ience o dis ibu ing seaweed p oduc s in G eenland shows a su -
p isingly la ge p opo ion o sale o he se lemen s compa ed o he il-
lages.
I is assessed ha he domes ic ma ke is sa u a ed by he p oduc s o MAKI
Seaweed G eenland, and he ision is o expand ab oad.
D ying o seaweed in G eenland is easy due o he d y ai . Howe e , la ge
amoun s o seaweed a e labou demanding, which challenge is sough o be
me by assis ance om se lemen inhabi an s, al hough he in e es is lim-
i ed and adminis a ion comp ehensi e.
Adminis a i e p ocedu es a e, in gene al, challenging. Acco ding o he e -
e ina ian au ho i ies, he company shall de elop a sel -con ol p og amme
o cleaning o acili ies o each species p oduc ion. All p ocedu es con-
nec ed wi h, e.g., ha es license, quali y assu ance and expo a e long las -
ing and oublesome, which is exagge a ed by cons an exchange o case o -
ice s.
Comme cialisa ion and in es men in G eenland seaweed indus y
(Klaus Be g)
Ini ia i es on seaweed exploi a ion and p oduc ion in G eenland we e in
o de o suppo he economies in he G eenland se lemen s. The e o e, p o-
duc ion companies in Rode Bay, Disko Bay, (Rode Bay Fish) and in Denma k
we e es ablished o each in e na ional ma ke s.
I is acknowledged ha he e a e a eas in G eenland ha may be mo e o
less ich in seaweed s ocks. The e o e, expe knowledge is impo an o
localising and mapping he esou ce in a speci ic a ea be o e u he ini ia-
i es ega ding p oduc ion a e aken.
28
5. Knowledge ans e om Acadian Sea-
plan s, No a Sco ia, Canada.
Susse Wegebe g & Ole Gee z-Hansen
P oceedings and knowledge ans e om isi ing Acadian Seaplan s L d
(ASL) in No a Sco ia
1
.
ASL is a company wi h h ee comme cial “legs”:
1) Ex ac om Ascophyllum nodosum o bios imulan p oduc s in Co nwallis
2) D ied and milled Ascophyllum (and Fucus esiculosus) o animal eed in
Ya mou h
3) Cul i a ion o Chond us c ispus o Hana-Tsunoma a™ in Cha les ille
ASL employs abou 600 pe sons in No a Sco ia, New B unswick, I eland
and Sco land, and is a $ 100 million business.
The isi was o ganised h ough D Raul Uga e, Resou ce Scien is , who
ook his ime, wi h his eam, o show us he h ee ASL plan s as well as ha -
es ing. Fu he , Raul o ganised a mee ing o us wi h he egula i e body
o seaweed ha es ing in No a Sco ia, Wendy Visse s. We also included a
wo kshop whe e G eenland seaweed ege a ion and s a us o ha es ing
was p esen ed by us, and whe e Raul p esen ed seaweed s ock e alua ion
me hodologies in mo e de ails.
5.1 Seaweed ex ac plan and he James S C aigie e-
sea ch Cen e in Co nwallis
In Co nwallis, he ex ac ion plan , he De eau Cen e , (Figu e 5.1) is lo-
ca ed. He e ex ac ions o Ascopyllum nodosum is used o a bios imulan
p oduc o ag icul u e.
Figu e 5.1. Acadian Seaplan s L d’s De eau Cen e o esea ch in and
p oduc ion o bios imulan s om Ascophyllum nodosum ex ac ion.
In he associa ed esea ch cen e, The James S C aigie Resea ch Cen e , e al-
ua ion o he e ec s o applying he bios imulan p oduc a e pe o med as
well as main enance o seed s ock o a numbe o ed, b own and g een sea-
weed species.
The esea ch in he cen e is o ganised in a numbe o p og ammes, one o
which is a seeding p og amme: main enance o seed s ock o pa icula
Chond us c ispus, bu also o he ed, b own and g een seaweed species, clone
selec ion.
1
As an edi o ial disclaime , all in o ma ion is s a ed as gi en a he isi s
and has no as such been e i ied om o he sou ces.
29
5.2 Ya mou h p ocessing plan
The Ya mou h p ocessing plan is o milling o d ied p ima ily A. nodosum,
bu also Fucus esiculosus is p ocessed.
The ha es ed seaweed biomass is d ied on an old ai s ip (Fig. 5.2) o
abou one day in a hin laye ; i is sp ead using a manu e sp eade , collec ed
and chopped by a hay ha es e . Bulldoze s a e used o handling he bio-
masses on he ai s ip. When laid ou o d ying, a seagull sca ec ow is used
o keep he bi ds away om he biomass.
Figu e 5.2. D ying o ucoid biomass on an old ai s ip.
A e ai d ying, he biomass is en e ing a u he d ying p ocess. The d ied
seaweed biomass is milled in o di e en quali ies/ ineness.
The milled p oduc is bough by odde companies, which ha e hei own
o mulas o he odde blend.
5.3 Ha es a Cla k’s Ha bou
We isi ed Cla k’s Habou a low ide o go ou wi h boa o see Ascophyllum
ha es . The specialised, and by ASL de eloped, ha es e ake (Figu e 5.3)
was demons a ed, and he po en ial ha es by a ained ha es e was a
ull seaweed dingy (5-6 onnes) wi hin an hou . The dingy is specialised o
seaweed ha es in being e y shallow and b oad (Figu e 5.4).
30
Figu e 5.3. Seaweed ha es e ake used by ha es e s p o iding seaweed
biomass o Acadian Seaplan s L d.
Figu e 5.4. Full seaweed dingy specialised by being shallow and b oad.
5.4 On land cul i a ion acili ies a Cha les ille
ALS p oduces d ied Chond us c ispus in h ee colou s; ed, yellow and g een,
he Hana-Tsunoma a™ p oduc . I is p oduced om cul i a ed C. c ispus.
ALS’s cul i a ion and p ocessing acili ies o Chond us c ispus a e loca ed in
Cha les ille, sou heas o Ya mou h. The cul i a ion acili ies includes up-
scaling labo a o y and “g eenhouses” o he cul u e ini ia ed in Co nwallis
in he James S C aigie Resea ch Cen e (see abo e).
We we e isi ing he acili ies and we e expec ed by Allan A chibald, he
si e manage , and a e a sho in oduc ion o he acili ies, p oduc and his-
o y o he p oduc ion, Allan ook us on a guided ou .
31
5.4.1 His o y
The acili ies we e s a ed in 1978 on ma ine colloids om Chond us c ispus,
he llamda ca ageenan, which is ob ained om he diploids s age, he spo-
ophy e, o he species ( he less aluable kappa ca ageenan is ob ained om
he haploid s age, he game ophy e). Howe e , he sale o his colloid p o-
duc ion wen down, and 20 yea s ago, he p oduc ion o he Hana-Tsuno-
ma a™, he icolou Chond us (Figu e 5.5), was ini ia ed and became a huge
success as sales p oduc o Japan.
Figu e 5.5. The h ee colou s o Chond us c ispus which cons i u e he
Hana-Tsunoma aTM p oduc om Acadian Seaplan L d o he Japan
ma ke .
5.4.2 Up-scaling in open-ai cul i a ion
Chond us c ispus biomass was up-scaled in aceways wi h ae a ed sea-
wa e a Cha les ille, No a Sco ia, Canada (Figu e 5.6).
Biomass is ha es ed om he aceways simul aneously, and p ocessed
on si e o he inal p oduc .
32
Figu e 5.6. Raceways wi h ae a ed seawa e o Chond us c ispus cul i a-
ion by Acadian Seaplan s L d a Cha les ille, No a Sco ia, Canada.
5.5 Regula ion o seaweed ha es in No a Sco ia, Depa -
men o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e
The Depa men o Fishe ies and Aquacul u e o he p o ince No a Sco ia
is loca ed in Co nwallis, and on F iday 31s May 2019, we me wi h Wendy
Visse s, who is biologis and esou ce ad iso o Ma ine Plan s o in o -
ma ion ega ding seaweed ha es egula ion in Canada and No a Sco ia.
The in o ma ion below is based on ou mee ing wi h Wendy Visse s, bu
also in o ma ion om Raul Uga e has been included.
Please ind he o icial documen s wi h ega d o egula ion, including
Ocean’s Ac he e:
h ps://nslegisla u e.ca/si es/de aul / iles/legc/s a u es/ ishe -
ies%20and%20coas al%20 esou ces.pd
(Sec ion VI, page 30)
Regula ions: h ps://www.no asco ia.ca/jus / egula ions/ egs/ c -
weed.h m
Leasing applica ion and p o ocol o s ock assessmen as Appendix 4.
Wi h espec o sale o seaweed o human consump ion, his is egula ed by
he Canadian Food Inspec ion Agency. A ce i ica e has been de eloped o
hum consump ion seaweed p oduc s o go o expo , while domes ic sales
do no need ce i ica e.
The ha es egula ion is de eloped and implemen ed by he p o inces in
Canada, whe eas he idal zone belongs o he p o inces, bu he sub idal is
ede al.
In No a Sco ia, he kelp o es canno be ha es ed due o being a nu sing
g ound o lobs e s. Ca ching lobs e s a e among he bigges indus y in
No a Sco ia.
Sco land applies he same sys em as in Canada, while in I eland, no egula-
ion as such has been es ablished, bu is based on adi ions, al hough a ea
conse a ion is a subjec o bo h poli ical and public impo ance.
33
5.5.1 Leases
No a Sco ia is he only p o ince wi h a lease sys em. The p o ince can g an
leases, which a e de ined by ha es po en ial o a meaning ul ou come o
he ha es e s and companies. When he companies apply, hey may sugges
he ou line o he lease.
Applica ion o leases shall be ollowed by a business plan and a esou ce
managemen plan.
The applica ion o lease(s) is ollowed by a public hea ing, and he appli-
can mus in o m he public.
Fo small scale ope a o s / lease holde s unding can be p o ided o p o-
incial s ock assessmen . They can be g an ed “op ion o lease”, which
means ha he lease is pu on hold, and hen hey ha e 6 mon hs o do he
s ock assessmen whe e a e lease may be issued.
The lease is g an ed o max. 15 yea s; ini ially o 2-3 yea s, and i lease e-
sou ce is well-managed and ound in good condi ion, he lease is g an ed up
o 15 yea s.
I no ha es ing ac i i ies, he lease mus be handed back a e 5 yea s.
Ha es a ailable esou ce is es ima ed by applican bu assessed by 3 d
pa y.
The lease holde has he ul ima e esponse o he lease s ock and hence he
ac i i ies o he ha es e s. When ha es ing ou side leases, he ha es e s
a e esponsible o s icking o egula ion. The ha es e s need a pe mi o
ha es ing and a ha es e ID.
Only hand-ha es ing is allowed.
The leases a e di ided in o a numbe o sec o s o sp ead ha es ing along
he lease. Each sec o has i s own ha es quo a.
5.5.2 Lease p ice and oyal ies
Lease ee is CAN 663 pe yea + CAN 2.45 pe onnes we weigh . The i s
270 onnes a e oyal y ee, which means ha o e e y onne ha es up o
270, he oyal y pe onne educes he annual ee:
CAN 663 – 2.45 x onnes landed
Fees and oyal ies a e paid o he P o ince.
5.5.3 Ha es egula ion
Fo e alua ion o s ock and impac on seaweed communi y, also a high ide
whe e ish may be p esen , an EIA shall be de eloped o he ha es ing ac-
i i ies and amoun o landings pe sec o . Fo ASL, he EIA was de eloped
o e 5 yea s and included s udies on eg ow h, use o habi a e c.
In No a Sco ia, and in he leases o ASL, he sus ainable ha es limi is es i-
ma ed o 40% on a scien i ic basis. Howe e , he h eshold limi o ha es
is a conse a i e 20%. I he a eas a e e y well-moni o ed, he ha es limi
may go up o 25%.
In New B unswick, he ha es h eshold limi is max 17% o s ock based on
es ima ion o eg ow h om a o al clea ed a ea.
5.5.4 S ock and ha es e alua ion
To e alua e he ha es pe cen age o s ock o sus ainable ha es , he
amoun o s anding s ock and eg ow h mus be es ablished.
34
F om ae ial pho os a low ide he a ea wi h seaweed ege a ion is es ima ed
( his a ea seems no o change much o e ime) ollowed by g ound- u hing
by andom sampling in he mid idal zone, he s anding s ock is es ima ed.
Leng h and weigh o plan s as well as densi y (numbe o plan s) pe m2 a e
es ablished by using 50 50 cm squa es. 0.25 m2 is ound o be he igh size
in e ms o labou and minimising edge-e ec s. I squa es a e oo small, like
25 25 cm, he e ec om ela i e long edge in ela ion o a ea is ound o
gi e a s ock o e es ima ion o 30%.
Plan s a e measu ed om hold- as o “bush”-leng h. Including he longes
shoo s may gi e an o e es ima ion o he o al s ock. When cu o biomass
es ima ion, 10 cm a e le o eg ow h, and a e no conside ed o be signi i-
can in he o al biomass es ima ion.
Fo sou hwes No a Sco ia, he biomass is 10-11 kg pe m2. I is conside ed,
ha a biomasses < 6 kg pe m2, ha es ing is no du able.
5.5.5 Moni o ing and epo ing
E e y yea , he o al amoun o landings mus be epo ed.
Moni o ing o sec o s is pe o med a e “ ui ing” season (a e June in
No a Sco ia). Biomass los o ui ing is es ima ed o be 5%. The moni o ing
includes:
• Visual inspec ion o obse a ion o damage o he s ock om na u al
e en s such as ice scou ing, and which may al e he sus ainable ha es
amoun .
• Biomass es ima ions o assess i ege a ion biomass is s able (June-Sep-
embe ), and which is pe o med e e y yea i sec o is ha es ed
Audi ion is pa o he seaweed ha es egula ion.
6 Seaweed indus y de elopmen in G een-
land, ecommenda ions
Susse Wegebe g, Kje s i Sjø un, Henning S een, Klaus Be g, Ul ik Lybe h & Ole
Gee z-Hansen
A p esen , he es ima e o s anding s ock o seaweed and eg ow h a e is no
es ima ed. A p elimina y s udy has been pe o med in he Qaqo oq a ea
(Wegebe g e al. 2005, Wegebe g 2007), howe e , mo e de ailed s udies a e
needed acco ding o Chap e 5. The e o e, we ope a e only wi h small, me-
dium o indus ial scale in his epo wi hou designa ed he ha es ing
amoun limi s o hese ha es scale classi ica ion. As he business may de-
elop and he baseline s udies ha e been accomplished, mo e accu a e
amoun s can be designa ed o delimi a e he scale classi ica ion.
Excep om he lack in knowledge ega ding s anding s ock and ha es ing
po en ial, which knowledge may se e o p omo e he business, i is assessed
ha , a p esen , he e is a numbe o adminis a i e bo lenecks and ba ie s
o b ing he business o seaweed ha es o wa d in G eenland.
These bo lenecks and ba ie s a e iden i ied as:
I seems ha seaweed ha es ing is no ancho ed wi hin he au ho i ies and
hence he applica ion o seaweed ha es , sale o p oduc s and expo p oce-
du e and equi emen s a e no clea . I esul s in ha he p ocess is e y e o
demanding and ime consuming o he applican .
35
Applica ion o seaweed ha es , sale o p oduc s and expo a e a p esen o
se e al au ho i ies, which may make he applica ion p ocess unnecessa y
complica ed.
In e nal con ol p og amme has p esen ly o be de eloped and app o ed by
he au ho i ies o each p oduc ype (species), al hough he p oduc p ocesses
a e simila .
O ganisa ions ha ha e been es ablished o suppo and enhance business
de elopmen in G eenland seem no gea ed o suppo seaweed ha es e s as
well as de elopmen and ma ke ing o seaweed p oduc s.
Requi emen s o d y seaweed a e a p esen conside ed o be unnecessa y
high, which lead o d ying o seaweed a bo leneck in he p oduc ion phase.
I is ecommended ha :
One doo p inciple o app o al p ocedu es ega ding ha es licenses, qual-
i y assu ance and sel -con ol, expo , including ad ice panel on biology and
ha es me hodology de elopmen
Cla i ica ion and se lemen o ju isdic ion and de elopmen o legisla ion o
ha es licenses and seaweed expo
Reconside a ion o equi emen s o d ying o seaweed, as na u al d ying
condi ions (sun, wind) gi e bes quali y o he p oduc s, while a he same
ime, necessa y e e ina y equi emen s a e me .
Simpli ica ion o in e nal con ol p ocedu e o p oduc ypes wi h same p o-
cess.
7 Knowledge gaps
Susse Wegebe g, Kje s i Sjø un, Henning S een, Klaus Be g, Ul ik Lybe h & Ole
Gee z-Hansen
Following knowledge gaps ega ding a sus ainable ha es o seaweeds in
G eenland we e iden i ied by he wo k-shop pa icipan s who possessed ex-
pe ise/expe ience in seaweed biology and ecology, ha es , d ying and sale
as well as ma ke ing/inno a ion:
1) Iden i ica ion o egions wi h homogenous kelp ege a ion
2) S anding s ock es ima es o egions
3) Reg ow h es ima es o di e en clima ic egimes
4) Holis ic su eys o kelp o es o iden i y impac s om ha es and po en-
ial cascade e ec
a. Kelp p oduc ion as ca bon sou ce o ood webs
b. In e eb a es
c. Fish – di e si y, abundance, s omach con en o ood web map-
ping
d. Bi ds
5) Sea u chins as con ibu o o cumula i e impac s
- I is assessed ha he uppe e ical limi o sea u chins is de e mined
by empe a u e and salini y in No way (Husa e al. 2014). Logging o
salini y and empe a u e has been ini ia ed oge he wi h a cha ac e i-
za ion o he e ical dis ibu ion o sea u chins in Kobbe jo d, Nuuk.
6) Recoloniza ion
36
7) Ha es s a egy and me hodology
8) D ying me hodology
9) Cul i a ion echniques as al e na i e o ha es
- Fo single species ha es as he kelp o es in G eenland o en is
mixed by se e al kelp species, and o mo e homogeneous and op imal
quali y
10) Re iew o equi emen s o expo o seaweed p oduc s wo ld wide
11) Ma ke s su ey o G eenland seaweed p oduc s; G eenland b and/na a-
i e/p oduc p esen a ion and design
12) Ce i ica es equi emen s o G eenland seaweed p oduc s (Ø, MSC)
37
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compe i ion in a wa me ocean: a ield expe imen wi h a non-na i e and wo
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Bailey E, Owen K. 2014. Seaweed ha es ing. Na u al England’s Ad ice.
h ps://www.wes ga eonsea.go .uk/sha ed/a ach-
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o=Algae%2Dha es ing%2DNE%2DSeaweed%2DHa es ing%2DAd-
ice%2D2014%2Epd .
Ch is ie H., F ed iksen S., Rinde E. (1998) Reg ow h o kelp and coloniza ion
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Sea O e s Linking Oceanic and Nea sho e Ecosys ems. Science 282: 473-476.
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